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ADVANCED TRANSPORT
PROCESSES /
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
2. Introduction to Transport Phenomena
3. Introduction to Momentum Transport
Course outcome
CLO1
Explain the theoretical aspect of momentum, mass and
energy transport
Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux
Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux
1. Introduction to
Transport Phenomena
Chemical Plant
Ammonia Reactor
10
11
Heat Exchangers
In heat exchangers there will be
Momentum transfer
Due to the movement of the
heating and cooling medium into
and out of the heat exchanger
Heat transfer
Because heat transfers from the
heating medium to the cooling
medium
12
Example
Distillation Tower.mp4
13
Distillation Column
In Distillation column there will be
Momentum transfer
Due to the movement of
Feedstock into the distillation
Liquid down the column
Vapor up the column
Heat transfer
Between the liquid and vapor
In the condenser
Re-boiler
Mass Transfer
Movement the light component and
heavy component in the vapor and
liquid phase
14
15
How mass,
momentum &
energy change?Macroscopic
balance
equations
What is happening in
the small region?Microscopic
Equation of Change
What is happening at
molecular level?
16
17
Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux
18
driving force
Rate of transfer process
resis tan ce
Momentum transport- Newtons Law
Heat transport Fouriers Law
Mass Transport Ficks Law
19
A
Y
yx
(1.1-1)
dv x
dy
(1.1-2)
kinematic viscosity,
dv x
dy
yx
(1.1-4)
20
yx
dv x
dy
21
T1 T0
Q
k
A
Y
dT
q y k
dy
(9.1-1)
(9.1-2)
22
D AB
j Ay D AB
A0 0 (17.1-1)
Y
d A
dy
(17.1-4)
23
2. Introduction to
Momentum Transport
24
Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux
25
Momentum Flux
What is momentum?
Momentum = Mass Velocity
Momentum [= ] (kg x m/s)
Momentum Flux = rate of transfer of momentum / area
kg m
s
Rate of Transfer of Momentum [= ]
m
m
kg 2
s s N Pa
m2 s
m2
m2
kg
26
yx
dv x
dy
27
ij
( 3 )
y
z
ij
(1.2-6)
Where
i, j = x, y, z
= dilatational viscosity / not important in this course/
Note:
1. For gasses you can assume = 0
2. For liquids the second term becomes zero because they are
incompressible
3. For shear stress (i j, i.e., yx, zx ) the second term becomes zero
For case 2 and 3
v j vi
ij
j
i
28
1 if i j
ij
0 if i j
29
v j vi
j
i
For i =y and j = y
v y v y
yy
y
y
v
2 y
30
v
v
x x
y
y
v x v y v z
2
( )
3
y
z
v x v y
x
y
yx
( i j)
31
v x v y
x
y
Since vy = 0
yx
dv x
dy
32
Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux
33
Definition of viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance
to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile
stress. It is also defined as fluids resistance to flow.
Viscosity
For Newtonian fluids
dv x
yx
dy
The viscosity of all gasses and all liquids with molecular weight of less
than about 5000 can be described by the above equation and such
fluids are referred to as Newtonian fluids.
Polymeric liquids, suspensions, pastes, slurries, and other complex
fluids are not described by the above equation and are referred to as
non-Newtonian fluids.
Kinematic viscosity :- viscosity divided by density () is some times
used and is known as kinematic viscosity.
35
Estimation of Viscosity
When experimental data are lacking , the viscosity
can be estimated by empirical methods, making use
of other data on the given substance
Corresponding-state correlation
Illustrates the general trends of viscosity with
temperature and pressure
The Principle of Corresponding States(PCS) says that
all gases behave alike at the same reduced
conditions.
36
Estimation of viscosity
The reduced viscosity can be estimated from the
reduced temperature and pressure using
r f (Tr , Pr )
where
T
P
r , Tr , Pr
c
Tc
Pc
c 7.70 M 1/ 2 Pc2 / 3Tc1/ 6
[ c ] micropoise, [ Pc ] atm
~
[Tc ] K ,
[Vc ] cm 3 / g mole
37
Example
Estimate the viscosity of N2 at 50 oC and 854 atm, given
M=28.0 g/g-mole, Pc=33.5 atm, and Tc=126.2 K.
The critical viscosity can be estimated using
c 7.70(28.0)1/ 2 (33.5) 2 / 3 (126.2) 1/ 6
189 micropoise 189 10 -6 poise
Reduced temperature and pressure
Tr
273.2 50
854
2.56 Pr
25.5
126.2
33.5
MT
2 y
(1.4-14)
where
2.44(Tc / Pc )1/ 3
0.841V~1c/ 3
/ 0.77Tc
y f ( / K )
Use Table E2
39
40
mix
where
1 M
8 M
1 / 2
S x
1...N
1/ 2
1/ 4
x
x11 x2 2
... N N
S1
S2
SN
42
Example
Example:- Estimate the viscosities of the following
gas mixtures at 1 atm and 293 K from the given data
on the pure components at the same temperature
and pressure.
Species
CO2
O2
N2
Mole fraction
x
Molecular
Weight
0.133
44.01
0.039
32.00
0.828
28.02
Viscosity
(g/cm.s)
-7
146210
-7
203110
-7
175410
43
Example
Solution
0.7634
1.0574
1.0489
Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux
45
ij p ij ij
Molecular
stresses
Pressure
stress
viscous
stress
xx p xx
yy p yy
yy p yy
Shear stress
xy xy
xz xz
yz zy
47
Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux
48
Convective Transport
In addition to molecular transport momentum can
also be transferred by the bulk movement of the
fluid and this process is called convective transport.
y momentum m y
z momentum m z
49
Convective Transport
The momentum by convection per unit volume is given by
m x
x momentum
x
V
m y
y momentum
y
V
m z
z momentum
z
V
The momentum flux ( rate of momentum per unit area) by
convection across the area normal to x (Ax) is given by
x momentum flux across Ax
Q
x x x x x
Ax
Q
y x y x y
Ax
Q
z momentum flux across Ax
z x z x z
Ax
50
Convective Transport
The momentum flux by convection across the area normal to
y (Ay) is given by
Q
x momentum flux across Ay
x y x y x
Ay
Q
y y y y y
Ay
Q
z y z y z
Ay
Area of
momentum
transfer
Ax
Ay
Az
x-momentum
y-momentum
z-momentum
v x v x
v x v y
v y v x
v y v y
v x v z
v y v z
v z v x
v z v y
v z v z
52
53
xx p xx v x v x
(1)
v x
v x v x
x
x
v
xx p 2 x v x v x
x
xx
54
yx p yx yx v y v x yx v y v x
v
yx
x
x
x
v x
y
55
56
Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and the general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux
57