Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Impreso en Espana
Printed in Spain
Autor: Rako Ptrov
Editor: Federacin Espaola de Lucha
I.S.B.N.: 84-500-1771-8
PREFACE
The International Wrestling Federation has defined Technical Assistance as a programme of work of primary importance.
Nowadays, all over the world, great differences in the level of development between the nations and continents are manifest not only in the
sphere of economy, culture, science and education, but also in sports.
Such differences can be encountered in wrestling too.
Even before I wass elected President of the IWF I had intended to
submit to the International Federation my programme of Technical
Assistance, with the aim of bridging the gap between the developed
and underdeveloped countries in wrestling. This programme has been
improved since the IWF Congress in Munich in 1972. The only thing to
do now is to adapt it to the current conditions of life. Of course, it goes
without saying that this is not only my personal task, but also the task
of all the national wrestling federations, members of the IWF.
5
cause, more than any other sport, it significantly affects the development and shaping not only of the body but also of the personality of
the individual. We can expect that the historical and traditional role
of wrestling to make a man a man will acquire an ever increasing
importance in our times characterized By hypodynamics an a widespread desire to live a confortable life. For that reason wrestling will
remain a social necessity and it is our task to show its beauty to the
spectators and win the hearts of millions of children and adolescents
all over the world in order to secure for it a place it deserves in the
world family of sports.
The development of sports talents should start at a very early age.
Also, the practice of early training in wrestling stimulates the development of scientifics theories, which has already born fruit, so that now
we already have a number of outstanding wrestlers trained during the
last few years. In some republics of the USSR, in Mongolia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Japan, Iran and some other countries it is a centuries
old tradition to start training in wrestling at a very early age. Contemporary scientific works and practice denote that wrestling is a
sport absolutely accessible to children and emphasize its paramount
importance both for their physical and psychological development. In
fact, wrestling meets the natural aspiration of young boys to develop
their strength, virility and physical beauty. Is there a single man who
did not go in for wrestling when he was young? Even in the countries
where wrestling is not a popular sport at school everybody kneows who
is the best wrestler in his class.
There is no doubt that children all over the world can be trained
in wrestling. Yet, it is indispensable to establish regional rules of the
game of wrestling and have at the disposal the necessary space for
organizing such games and making them popular. For the time being
it is not possible to adopt uniform rules, because such an attempt
would not be in line with the tradition of the game of wrestling,
which varies from one country to another. On the other hand the
folk tradition of this nature could play a very important role. In fact,
traditional folk games of wrestling could be transformed into modern forms and serve as an introduction to wrestling as a contemporary sport.
The ways and means for developing the knowledge on wrestling
and motivate young people to go in for that sport can be classified
into four groups:
Simple forms of wrestling.These are various exercises with a
partner in the gymnasium. The purpose of these exercises is to practice the elements of resistance which fit into the framework of wrest8
their possibilities. Beside this, groups and sections for wrestling with
attractive names, such as: The Young Wrestler, Hercules, etc,
should be founded at schools and in sports clubs and an evaluation
system introduced according to which young wrestlers would be awarded special titles, diplomas, insignia, etc. This should be the first step
in the promotion of our strategy.
As a rather late echo of research work performed and recommendations made by outstanding pedagogues of all the centuries wrestling
has been introduced in school curricula in many countries. Well argumented proposals repeatedly submited to the Ministry of Education
of various countries could also pave the way for the development of
wrestling.
Children and adolescents are endowe with a great ability to assimilate the complex technique of wrestling and apply it skillfully during
the trainings and competitions. For that reason it is indispensable to
take advantage of the most suitable period for the biological, physical
and social formation of the individual by strictly respecting the peculiarities of a given age.
The individual development depends on permanent changes in the
structure and functions of the body. The young wrestlers differ from
the adult ones not only physically, but also psychologically and physiologically. All the systems and organs do not develop simultaneously
and in an identical manner. The unequal and often contradictory development of the body limits its ability to cope with great physical
changes and call for a rational distribution of work in order to develop various qualities and complex motor habits.
Although the age limit should be taken into consideration only
conditionally, sports pedagogues, when organizing the trainings, should
bear in mind the age of the group. It is also preferable to take into
account the social environment, feeding habits, work load and anamnesis of the diseases (rachitis, rheumatism, malfunction of endocrine
glandes, etc.) because they influence the development of the individual
which which means that some trainees should be transfered from one
age group into another. The sports doctor and pedagogue should organize the training of their wrestlers by assigning them to attend the
age group which suits best their overall development.
very stable. For that reason it is necessary to begin to learn the tech
nique of wrestling at a very young age and in a very correct manner,
because it is very difficult to correct mistakes in the technique of
wrestling one got used to at a young age.
During childhood (age 7 to 12) the main features of the nervous
system are rather poor memory and wandering attention, which create
difficulties in acquiring new motor habits. During his work a sports
pedagogue should use a very appropriate language and show in a very
precise manner all the movements the children should acquire. In or
der to be efficient the work should be conducted in an animated and
emotionally pleasant atmosphere.
The sensorial mechanism develops most at the age of 13 or 14.
The perfectioning of the sense of touch and motor and vestibular me
chanisms is of particular importance for wrestlers. For that reason
special methods should be applied in order to develop them, based on
the results achieved both in theoretical and practical work (R. Petrov).
During puberty adolescents manifest a continuous desire to commit
creative or heroic deeds, and, consequently imitate the behaviour and
training of famous sportsmen. At that age they have a rather well
develop sense of equity and a rather good logic.
The French psychologist Henri Villon has described the main fea
tures of that age in the following manner: At that age feelings are
pronouncedly contradictory; very often shyness is combined with boastfulness and modesty with coquettishness. Extreme egoism and extreme
altruism go hand in hand and it seems that it onlv depends on given
circumstances whether this that quality will prevail. For that rea
son the sports pedagogue should comply with the natural development
of his pupils and be aware of these psychological features of their age
in order to provide them a well balanced education.
Significant results in sporis can be achieved only if the training of
children and adolescents has in view well defined aims and if it is
based on the achievements of modern science. The sports pedagogue
should study and channel the motivations of the wrestlers in order to
transform the training into a life long necessity.
14
tive and negative influences. For that reason his education is inconceivable without combined pedagogical efforts on the part of all the
institutions, organizaitons and individuals involved in his social and
sports activities.
Evidently, at tne presente stage de velopment of socit and sport
the aims and content of work of the coach have undergone and are
still undergoing significant changes. Nowadays, the coach is an educator, teacher, the one who explains science, organizer and director of
all the aspects of preparation for sport. All these functions by far
exceed the obligations the coach used to have in the past and for that
reason he is fully entitled to be called a sports pedagogue.
The pedagogical work of a specialist in wrestling should be based
on well established rules and principles. Their diversity and the way
they are applied depend on the pedagogical concepts of the specialist
himself, the characteristics of young wrestlers and concrete conditions.
The aims of education.The sports pedagogue should carry out
his pedagogical work in the manner he personally considers as best
and adapted to the individual qualities of the wrestlers he trains. His
main and obligatory aim is to develop in them a high social and
humane moral. Not only the positive natural propensities but also mistakes commited should ne put to advantage with the aim of developing in young wrestlers the qualities of moral purity.
The development of qualities of high moral and persevereness is a
sine qua non prerequisite of every training and theoretical work. Only
courageous, strong willed and viril wrestlers can achieve outstanding
results in the sport they go in for. They should get used to surmounting by themselves and consciously all the obstacles they encounter in
everyday life and during trainings. Also, they should endeavour to
achieve perfection in their sport, studies and work, get used to controlling their feelings and bearing a great physical and nervous strain.
An experienced pedagogue is always able to conduct his pedagogical
work in a competent and purposeful nanner.
Harmonizing education, studies training and private life.Education, studies, and sports training are closely interconnected. If the pedagogue subordinates studies and training to educational aims the sports
evolution of his pupil accelerates. Also, private life is closely linked with
the achievements in sport. For that reason the work of the pedagogue is not limited to the training only. He must be well acquainted
with the family life of his trainee, his behaviour, free time activities
and performance at school. Only then he will be able to take the
most appropriate decisions in sports pedagogy and methodology.
16
ble for the increase of physical strength. Exercises which increase the
tension of the muscles can be practiced to various degrees in order to
develop the ability to consciously control this tonus.
Vigour.In wrestling strength is manifested in various ways; such
as: its volume, intensity and duration. Its increase depends on the
improvement of other motor qualities. Dynamic trainings of swiftness
increase the strength, and the other way round. This relationship is
particularly important since every grip requires swiftness, strength and
ability to move in space. A combination of strength and swiftness
gives rise to a new quality vigour.
.,.
Vigour =
Work
Time
SM
T
=s
M
T
= SSj.
Development of agility.The development of agility can successfully start after the age of 10 or 11. This quality implies that the
wrestler is able to grasp the complex and unusual situation during the
constest as quickly and efficiently as possible and react in the most
appropriate technical and tactical manner. Agility can be developed by
means of gymnastics and acrobatics, various jumps, throwing and
putting, thrusting, diving, sports games, etc. These exercises constitute
the introductory part of the training and they should not be practiced
on a large scale because they require, not only a considerable physical
effort, but also a considerable nervous tension.
Special exercises and exercises of grips are of particular importance.
Development of flexibility.The degree of flexibily is measured by
the amplitude and articulation of the movements performed by an
individual. It mainly depends on the elasticity of articular muscles and
ligaments. The systematic impact of streching formes increases the
amplitude of the movements and the ability to articulate and sustain
a bigger load. The wrestling technique requires an outstanding articular mobility and plasticity of movements. Flexibility and plasticity develop best at of the age of 12 or 13. Young wrestler should practice
every day in order to consolidate and stabilize their wrestling bridge.
Also, special exercises should be carried out every day for the maintenance of flexibility, particularly between the age of 14 and 18 because, otherwise, it gradually diminishes.
The inappropriate amount of exercises for the development of
strength, swiftness (speed) and flexibility is very often responsible for
disproportion in the development of the motor mechanism, which entails permanent morphological and functional changes. As a rule muscles are affected by hypertrophy, whereas strength, when pushed beyond its optimal limit, negatively affects the amplitude, speed and
coordination of movements.
Development of endurance.In modern wrestling endurance plays
a decisive role in winning the match.
Special kind of endurance indispensable to wrestlers is developed
on the ground of general physical endurance, which can be developed
through various sports, sports games, gymnastics, running at a middle
and long distance, hiking, canooing, skiing, camping, etc.
Special kind of endurance can be developed by means of special
exercises and contest trainings.
The sports pedagogue shlould be very carefull when working on
the development of endurance in children. Children should perform
natural and short exercises which *are dynamic and emotionally grati22
fying. Also, easy exercises should alternate with the more difficult
ones. In addition, periods of physical activity should alternate with
the periods of rest. Training in wrestling for children should never be
too strainous because of their limited strength which prevets them
from performing difficult grips and those grips which require static
strength.
Endurance of wrestlers in directly related to their breathing. A
young wrestler should learn how to breath correctly at the very begin
ning of his training this sport. This is the only way to overcome the
problem of arhythmic and withheld breathing, which are peculiar to
wrestling.
The method of intervals is the most suitable one for children and
adolescents. This method becomes more efficient if the training time
of wrestling itself is diminished and two pauses introduced.
The basic elements of this method are: the following:
by assigning two or three partners to wrestle in turns with one proficient wrestler, the task of each of them being to wrestle during his
fraction (round) with maximal swiftness and instensity.
When the wrestlers prepare themselves for a competition their training matches take place twice a day during two or three consecutive
days. Yet, this pattern of work can be applied only if the wrestlers
are at least 16, or older. Four matches are the maximum number for
two consecutive days.
Improvement of sensorial function,. In order to master a sport it
is necessary to improve the sensorial functions, the kinesthetic mechanism in the first place. A very refined diffrenciation of muscular
sensibility is, to a great extent, responsible for the awareness of one's
own movements, authenticity of motor actions, precision of movements and ability of the wrestler to quickly assimilate the new techniques and movements.
Methodology for the development of muscular sensibility should be
based on exercises for the improvement of various functions. For
example, the ability to asess one's own muscular tension and resist
external pressure can be improved by means of exercises for the improvement of the muscular tonus and development of agility.
During the wrestling match the visual sensation very often diminishes, whereas the cutaneous and muscular sensibility increases.
Usually the visual control is much greater at the beginning of the
training in wrestling. Later on, along with the development of motor
habits in gradually diminishes to the advantage of muscular sensibility.
Evidently, the importance of the visual mechanism should not be
underestimated in wrestling. For certain grips the eyesight is of paramount importance. Thus, for example, the desequilibrium and overtun
forward by locking the legs is only possible if the wrestler has a good
eyesight which enables him to marke a good visual appreciation of
the situation.
The vestibular apparatus also plays an enormous imprtance in
wrestling, particulary when the wrestler wants to throw on the ground
his opponent who reacts by opposing himself with his equilibrium.
Due to a complex relationship between the motor, visual and tactile
apparatuses all the actions the aim of which is to decrease the equilibrium sensibility threshold and increase the stability of the vestibular
apparatuses, which requires the same amount of work as that reqired
for the development of physical qualities.
24
25
logical order. Namely, the work should develop from the simle to the
complex, from the easv to the difficult and from the known to tne
unknown.
First, various standing and ground positions should be trained including the assesment of the distance and various controls and movements on the ground. Only after that very simple grips on the ground
and in standing position should be studied.
The next stage is the practice of the parades, returns and counter
grips. All the nwHously practiced grips should b<= repeated at the beginning aim at the end of each lesson (training). The most convenient
approach is to start with counter grips.
Anticipated results of pedagogical work.This principle is based
on forcasting the development of each individual wrestler and, consequently, the results in wrestling both on the national and international
level.
In order to implement this principle in practice it is necessary to
analyse the overall qualities of each individual wrestler and improve
them by having in view his future opponents. This principle is observed in practice, although it has not been described in technical literature so far. It should be mentioned that there is a great number of
lost talents because the principle of anticipated result was not observed in the past.
Accessibility.According to this principle the pedagogue should
adapt the exercises to the characteristics of the age, state of health,
spiritual and physical development and the level of preparation of
each individual wrestler. The volume of physical work imposed and
the nature of the grips studied should be suited to the capacities of
each trainee. For example, it is possible to practice the lift reverse
with rebours hold only after the trainee has acquired a solid technique in performing the bridge. Insufficiently prepared children or adolescents taking part in matches with older and heavier wrestlers are
exposed to serious dangers of physical and psychological nature. The
defeat can be responsible for the inferiority complex which cannot be
easily overcome.
Continuity in training.Each new training programme should be
established on the ground of the level of physical preparation and
experience of the trainee. His creative individuality can develop only
if the pedagogical, methodological and stylistic requirements are met.
A new coach does not necessarily continue along the lines of the
former one, which means mat the trainee is often obliged to meet
completely different requirements, so that, instead of improving his
technique he almost starts his physical preparation from the very be26
ture of the grips to be studied. Thus, for example, when studying the
flexibility grips the trainees usually get afraid (self-defence reflex).
They can overcome their fear by practicing special exercises. It goes
without saying that it is much easier to study simpler grips. Yet, in
spite of great differances in the structure of various grips and individual abilities of the wrestlers involved wrestling technique should be
taught according to a general methodological pattern, which contains
the following elements:
28
When studying the grip the exact order of items in the above pattern need not be, necessarily, observed. Besides, during one lesson or
training it is not possible to take up all the above items. The above
pattern, in fact, only provides a general methodological framework
for acquiring the technique (fig. 2).
In fact, it is up to the sports pedagogue to judge whether he will
teach the grips in a simplified or more complex manner. The best
29
Exercices de
similitude
Caractristiques
thoriques de la prise
Demonstration
I
idatorique
\Excution analytique^
A Excution dynamique
l
avec mannequin de lutte
avec partenaire
'xcution
en situation
'xcution
symtrique
5
5
s
s
Introduction tactique
Handicap
^
<0
Excution complexe
Qj
>3
Excution acclre
Fig. 2
Variqtion de la
resistance
s
s
approach is to base the work on the degree of resistance of the partner or his ability to perform the parades returns and specific counter grips.
Further improvement of the technique and tactics of wrestling is
achieved in matches with a partner. These matches can be conventional, free-style or competitive.
The contemporary way of teaching and improving the technique
and tactics of wrestling is based on a differenciated pedagogical work
during the lesson or training. Also, the subject studied should be presented in a concrete manner. This can be achieved in various ways,
some of which are considered traditional, with a more restricted sphere of activities, whereas the others, also traditional, include elements
of physical education. In practice theoretical work and training depend on the competence of the coach and the methodological approach
he implements. It should be emphasized that a diversified methodological approach of the coach makes his work more efficient and accessible. Consequently, the trainees learn more easily and more rapidly
improve their technique and tactics of wrestling.
the contest and improve their specific endurance. The pace of the
contest can be changed unilaterally, by one of the wrestlers, or bilaterally, as a result of the efforts of both partners. The pace of the
training should be similar to the rhythm of regular competitions.
The conventional opponent.The sports pedagogue assigns the
partner various tasks of technical and tactical nature. He also determines: the nature of the parades and returns (counters), the tactical
variant prepared in advance, the style of the contest by having in
mind the style of a future opponent, the tactics of the contest by
having in mind the tactics of a future opponent, etc.
Blind performance.The aim of this approach is to improve motor, vestibular and tactile functions. The grips and exercises are performed without visual control.
Performance with the assistance of the coach.The sports pedagogue can help his trainee perform a grips by correcting his control
with one hand, or by retaining or lifting the opponent in order to
facilitate the performance of the grip. The coach can also make remarks and signs or give explanations.
Analytical performance.Every grip is performed stage by stage
in order to better understand its structure.
Performance of details.Only some details of the grip are performed, e.g. break between the legs of the opponent, performance of
one control, projection from the at ease position up to the hip contact with the partner.
Synthetic performance.According to this method the whole grip
is performed without breaking it down into stages.
Performance in static position.This approach is applied in case
of a ground grip from an initial position or determined control. In
some cases the sports pedagogue can discontinue the contest make
him better understand the committed mistake.
Slowed-down performance.The grips is performed in a sloweddown manner in order to better understand all its peculiarities and
important details.
Corrective performance.If the wrestler does not perform a given
grip correctly he is requested to repeat the mistake in a slightly different manner, which is, at the same time, close to the correct performance. For example, if the trainee, when beaking between the legs of
his opponent falls down on both knees, instead of falling down on
one knee only, in his repeated attempt he is not allowed to touch the
ground even with one knee.
Guided performance.During the trainings for the improvement of
a given grip the coach describes the situations in which it is possible
32
We are going to dwel longer on self-confidence because of its particular importance. In fact, self-confidence depends on three mutually
related elements:
The cognitive element provides information both the opponent and
one's own qualities and advantages. It also enables the wrestler to
assess his own chances for success. According to Clipared only individuals confident in themselves that are able to avoid danger do not
feel any kind of fear whatsoever. For that reason in order to be selfconfident sportsmen should develop a reliable information system of
this nature, because the analyses of their own possibilities and those
of their opponents should be impartial and correct. The so called trainings of analogous models are of particlar importance because the
conditions under which they take place are similar to those characteristic of competitions.
The emotional element is responsible for the vivacity of the spirit,
gaity, emotional enthusiasm of the wrestler, etc.
Sports pedagogues and sports psychologists should be able to
channel the emotions accompanying wrestling their intensity and all
the other aspects by developing strong will in their trainees. In that
way the volitive acts will be able to control the emotional ones.
The volitive element is related to the general self-confidence resulting from a good preparation of the wrestler to, his confidence in the
positive issue of the competition, his desire to concrete actions, the
strenght of his will, etc. A strong relationship between cognitive and
emotional elements is evident.
Self-confidence also plays me role of a stabilizing factor responsible for general mental health.
If a sportsman wants to actively and effectively participate in competitions he must have a good control over his mental capacities. This
can achieved by means of:
explanations which will enable the individual to establish an
exact self-diagnosis, help him conciously overcome obstacles of
psychological nature ana achieve full control over his mental
condition;
psychosomatic (autogenous) training;
development of confidence in a happy issue of the competition
and mobilization of the total intellectual and volitive potential;
adaptation and choice on the ground of emotional factors
(change of environment, lack of information on the opponent,
avoiding to talk about possible failure, etc.);
36
37
38
Deviations from the standards observed for technical equipment used during the trainings and competitions:
3.
Nowadays we are faced with a trend to constantly decrease the lower age limit for young wrestler. This means that they have less time
to prepare themselves for that sport, which also affects the system of
training and selection of children and adolescents.
Early sports preparations and recruiting of young sportsmen from
among young children constitute an integral part of both the theoretical and practical approach to all modern sports. Coaches of swimming, artistic skating, track and field, etc. select their trainees not only
from among elementary school pupils, but also from among children
in kindergardens. Yet, this approach is not always justified from the
scientific point of view. Very often the aim of the so called scientific
theories is to justify the lowering of the lower age limit in order to
attract children to go in earlier for the sports that have, so far, been
the tabu sports for their age groups. The aim of such theories is
not only to promote certain sports, but also justify an early selection
of those children and adolescents who will be able to achieve outstanding results.
It is still a contraversial issue when young wrestler should start
their sports preparation. In some countries it is the age of 8 or 9, in
some others 11 or 12. The number of those supporting the view that
preparation for wrestling should start at the age of 14 or 15 is constantly decreasing. In Bulgaria the most suitable age is considered 10
or 11, whereas special preparation in wrestling beging at the age of
13 or 14.
Preparatory groups for children should have 25 trainees. It is preferable that they all attend the same school, or at least live in the
same neighbourhood and attend school at the same hours of the day.
This is very important for regular attendance of trainings.
The second stage of true selection begins after the preparatory
training course for children. It is based on the standards established
41
Operational planning
Operational plans in fact consist of working plans for one training
cycle or competition. The following is the most usual pattern:
Basic aim
of the
training
Content of
theoretical and
practical work.
Effort required
Methodological .
remarks
44
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The closer the day of the competition the shorter the duration of the training contest so that at the end it coincides
with the time set by the rules.
The training match should be organized at the same hour of
the day when the competition itself takes place.
If the competition takes place in the afternoon the wrestlers
should rest in the morning so as to have both strength and
desire to wrestle with maximal intensity.
When there is no training in the morning, the morning gymnastics represents a mini-training and can last up to 35 minutes.
During the preparation of a tournament the most loaded
week should be the one a fortnight before the competition.
Ten to twelve days before the competition the load should be
dosed in such a way so as to help the wrestlers maintain
their form.
The programme of training matches should coincide with the
programme of the competition.
The aim of trainings during the period of competitions is to
help maintain the acquired form and beneficially affect the
central nervous system.
On the same day trainings for general physical preparation
should be preceded by trainings for special preparation. The
reversed order is not recommended.
Complete rest before the competition is not necessary. A light
warming up should take place on the day before the competition.
The closer the day of the competition, the smaller the
amount of exercises for general physical preparation, the
shorter the duration of the match* and the greater its intensity.
The sports pedagogue should work out a summary plan for each
training, in conformity with the general plan, level of preparation of
the trainees and their age group.
Owing to the fact that the sports pedagogue represents the leading
figure in the process of planning and implementation of the programme of sports preparation his role should be described in a more detailed and elaborate manner.
Together with his trainees the sports pedagogue works out a programme of physical preparation (fig. 3). The plan of each individual
training constitutes an integral and logical part of the overall programme of sports preparation. The point x of the channels a
45
?
Corree - "<
S fions eipro
grammation
Comptiteur
flan de plusieurs annes
Pdagogue
sportif
Plan annuel
Plan d'une priode
de travail
Plan del ley
I~
on
Sance de la leon
Changements dans
L'organisme
Effet
cumulatif
Competitions
Normes de contrle
Observations pdagogiques
Etudes
biomdicales
et
psychologi ques
Fig. 3
feed-back information system by means of magnetic tapes, pulsometers, electromyographes and other modern apparatuses increases the
reliability of a given information. All the changes in the organism
caused by the training are responsible for the accumulation of a functional and psychologycal potential called the cumulative effect
(C).
The level of sports preparation can be measured by means of
pedagogical observations, biomedical and psychological studies, control tests, results achieved at competitions, etc. The relationship between K and Kl enables a comparative analyses between the initial information and the model of the plan of work. After a detailed
analyses it is possible to introduce corrections and even make completely new plans.
A considerable part of each individual programme is devoted to
the scientifically grounded forcasi of the development of each individual wrestler and his possible opponents. A realistic forcast of this
nature should be made on the ground of serious scientific works, rational and realistic sports information and a manysided interpretation
of all the data. Very often an information valuable today becomes
obsolete the next year. For that reason it is necessary to keep
abreast with the latest achievements in science.
Optimal planning in sports is based on the following basic sources
of information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Information on the development trends in wrestling (A), including the new rules, styles, systems, methodology, etc.,
Information on the possible opponent (B), his school, style,
physical characteristics, tactics, technique, psychology, age,
etc.,
Information on the latest achievents in science and innovations in the theory and practice of wrestling (C),
Information on general strategy in wrestling implemented in
the country,
Information on former theories and pratice (E), if possible
translated into parameters of measurable figures,
Assessment of anticipated future development of each individual wrestler on the ground of his talent, age, training conditions, etc. (F).
Information on anticipated changes in the training system,
Information on the material, financial and technical conditions (H).
47
The tactics of wrestling implies the ability of the wrestler to achieve a strategic aim by creatively implementing, during the match his
technical knowledge and putting to advantage his physical and psychological qualities in all the changing situations on the ground of all
the information he has on his opponent.
The tactics represents the most subtle aspect of the sports preparation of wrestlers, because its successful implementation depends on
their intellectual capacities and other various and numerous factors.
For that reason all dogmatism in the approach to this subject, its
rules and patterns, should be rejected as inappropriate. The evolution
in this sphere is so rapid that sometimes serious changes should be
introduced in the previuosly established plan even during the same
competition.
Various aspects of the tactics include:
..
opportunities against his opponent, and also opportunities for his personal defense and counter-offensive. Besides, he also introduces in the
match the elements of dynamics and surprise and assures for himself
the advantage to see well and control the actions of his opponent.
There are three on guard standing positions: high, middle and
low. They depend on the position of the body of the wrestler.
The on guard ground position also has there variants: The on
guard high, the on guard middle and the on guard lying position.
After the obligatory period of ground wrestling has been deleted
from the rules, together with all its advantages, some underestimate
the importance of this position. Yet, I would like to emphasize that
two thirds of all the victories on fall can be achieved by ground
grips.
Controls
By means of various controls the wrestler, in fact, exercises a mechanical influence on his opponent. In wrestling pushes, drags and
grips can be performed by means of various controls which can be
classified into two groups:
1. Controls leading to a grip, and
2. Controls for modifying the position of the opponent.
Grips
In wrestling a victory can be won thanks to the grips. So far the
exact number of grips has not been established but it is certain that
their number amounts to several hundred. This enormous technical
wealth is, usually, not used during the competitions, because all
wrestlers tend to implement the most efficient technique Normally,
during one competition in Graeco-Roman style 20 to 25 grips are
performed and 25 to 35 in free-style wrestling. Yet, every grip can be
performed in several ways. That is why there is an infinite number of
combinations of the controls and movements in wrestling.
50
Tactical means
In spite of the fact that there is no clear cut boundary between
the technical and tactical means in wrestling in some actions it is a
tactical element that predominates. For that reason we are going to
consider such actions as purely tactical.
Throws.It is very difficult to maintain the equilibrium in wrestling because all the time each wrestler endeavours to throw his opponent forward, backward or on the ground.
The throw represents a basic tactical moment in the performance
of numerous grips (fig. 4). It is not only considered as a stage in the
performance of numerous grips, but also as a means for exercising a
moral influence on the opponent to puzzle and exhaust him in order
to create favourable conditions for the attack. A wrestling match with
constant movements, pushes, drags, halts and other means which help
frighten the opponent and make him nervous offers excellent opportunities for various attacks.
In order to successfully perform a throw it is necessary to be familiar with the technique of wrestling and biomechanics and attend
special trainings for the improvement of vestibular functions.
Maneuvres.This a tactical approach in which all the combinations of various movements, wrestling stances, controls and distances
are implemented in order tu upset the opponent and create favourable
conditions for technical actions. This approach is adopted by all contemporary wrestlers and thanks to it individual wrestling matches acquire specific features.
The maneuvre is also implemented together with other tactical
means, such as: throw, menace, obstruction, etc. It can be performed
52
by the movements of the legs, arms or body, and very often of all
the three together.
Through the maneuvre the wrestler also strives to secure the advantageous position on the mat, impose the stance, distance or a given activity. This approach also increases the militancy of the wrestler
who implement it and, at the same time, crushes down and paralyzes
the opponent because it exhausts him both physically and psychologically.
Threat.This is, in fact, a feint offensive action. Its aim is to
channel the defence of the opponent in one direction only and make
him break guard so as to be able to carry out a one's own premeditated technical action. In fact, the wrestlers who implement this approach perform a feint of control or grip. They persist in their attempts to mislead and deceive the opponent until he becomes vulnerable to the premeditated attack.
Some wrestlers attack in such a way that their opponents understand the nature of the feint action and they keep repeating in until
the opponent calms down: Only then they actually carry out the feint
grip.
Repeated and serial attacks.After the wrestler has repelled an attack his vigilance always diminishes and very often he very slowly
returns to his usual position, distance or control. All good wrestlers
take advantage of this opportunity and at that finally they attack
with all their strength.
The repeated attack means the repetition of the initial grip or performance of another grip under favourable circumstances. When the
wrestler attacks several times by repeating the same grip only then he
performs a serial attack.
Allurement.The aim of this tactical approach is to create feint
offensive possibilities which induce the opponent to attack. This enables the wrestlers to get acquainted with the technical and tactical
qualities of his opponent. In many cases the wrestler must play his
role very naturally in order to deceive the most sceptical opponent
and make him believe his feint actions. He can do that in various
ways, such as:
II.
Tactical means in wrestling embrace all the elements practiced during the match, particulary those which pave they way for a grip and
lead to the actions which provide information on the opponent, disguise one's own intentions, set the rythm of the match help develop
moral superiority, etc.
Information
Information has a great general importance. Here, however, we
are going to speak only about the information directly connected with
the wrestling match.
Previous information.Provides data on the nature of the match
and the opponent. These information are used both for theoretical
work and trainings.
Information on the opponent.This kind of information can be
obtained before, during and after the match. Information obtained
before the match are used for tactical planning; those obtained during
the match to check the tactical plan and, if necessary, make corree54
tions; those at the disposal after the match to make tactical preparations for the following competition.
Previous information on the opponent include:
sports results and classification, victories over outstanding
wrestlers, defeats and their reasons, results achieved at the latest match,
present form and condition of the opponent,
for how long he has been wrestling, how old he is and, if rather old, how much worn out,
morphological data (size, length of extremities, condition of
muscles, weight, fatness, etc.),
information on his health,
information on his physical and motor qualities,
information on his technical and tactical qualities (grips, distances, controls, tactical means),
information on his weak points in offensive and defensive actions,
information on his moral and volitive stability.
Information during the match.The tactical plan should also provide for the possibility of obtaining information on the opponent during the match, particularly if an unknown wrestler is in question. The
basic aim of information during the contest is the following:
to determine the nature of physical qualities of the opponent.
In fact, physical qualities should not be considered as constant
values. Due to fatigue during the match physical qualities deteriorate, which should be kept in mind and taken advantage of,
get acquainted with the psychological and mental qualities of
the opponent. In spite of the fact that it is impossible to get
thorough information of this nature it is possible to discover in
the opponent concern, uncertainty or emotion. The unfavourable
mental state in the opponent can be detected by his general appearance, and the way he looks and moves even before the beginnin of the match and by his violent reaction to feint threats.
Young and less experienced wrestlers are always very excited at
the beginning of the match. This should be taken advantage of
for the attack already during the first minute, because later the
opponent gets calmer and starts wrestling according to his possibilities. During the match every wrestler should endeavour to
inform himself about the mental state of his opponent and, at
the most appropriate moment, take advantage of all the negative changes:
55
corps contest the ability to make a distinction between real and feint
actions is of paramount importance.
The pattern of the tactical plan of the opponent is gradually revealed during the match. Yet, it is much easier to understand it
before the match the wrestler has some information on the ranking,
position and general tactical approach of his opponent.
New tactical decisions are determined by concrete situations. Alert
ness to tactical opportunities is always bilateral. Every wrestler always
has in mind the way his opponent would react. Outstanding wrestlers
can always anticipate changes in the tactical approach of their oppo
nents.
Every wrestler should always keep in mind the fact that his oppo
nent is animated by the same kind of curiosity. For that reason he
sould use his best endeavours to conceal the core of his own tactical
plan.
Information after the competition.A tactical analyses of the
match provides numerous information on the opponent. It is necessa
ry to write them down and memorize some of them in order to ap
propriately plan all future technical and tactical trainings. These infor
mation should be completed by the observations on the opponent
made by other wrestlers during the previous matches.
The ability to conceal one's plan.The wrestler should be able not
only to reveal the plan and tactical approach of his opponent, but
also to conceal his own. He should deceive his opponent about his
strength, swiftness, endurance, agility and technical flexibility. He can
achieve this by means of feint grips, wrestling stances, distances, con
trols, feint parades, intentional slowing down of pace, manifestations
of feint concern, intentional uncoverings, etc.
56
Every wrestler should use his best endeavours to prevent his opponent discover his plan of attack and weak points in his system of
defense and make it impossible for him to concentrate on the he intends to carry out. This can be achieved by various tactical means
such as: maneuvres, threats, allurements and blocking, for which concealment constitutes an integral part of the under taken action.
The informative plan of every wrestler should also include all the
means which can help him conceal each individual stage of his plan.
loses support for his actions of strenght and can be very easily
turned over by the first grip (leg lock). If the attacking wrest
ler unhooks his leg he can perform a reverse thigh ac
tion, etc. Almost all these parades lose their efficiency when
the attacking wrestler implements a technico-tactical block.
3. The combined technico-tactical block.This block can repre
sent a continuation of an initial position (or control) or a reac
tion to the riposte by the attacked wrestler.
The combined technico-tactical block can be divided into two ma
jor groups: the offensive and counter-offensive one.
Other classifications are also possible within this block.
The attack can develop from one grip to another, which depends
on the controls and parades of the opponent. The number of passa
ges also determines the number of maneuvres.
Are passage from one grip to another can be carried at any stage
of the performance of agrip, namely, after the preparation of the
grip, after the performance of a control, after the grip has been per
formed and after the final actions.
The technico-tactical blocks are based on the links existing between
various grips. They can be structural, functional, structural and func
tional and functional and structural. In structural technico-tactical
blocks the attacking wrestler goes directly from one grip to the next,
without making feint movements or attempting to attack by means of
other grips. In this case the link is direct. On the other hand, if a
performed grip is preced by attempts to perform other grips then the
link is an indirect one.
In the case when the attacking wrestler starts a log lock grip and
then can perform tac half Nelson and ga back to the leg lock the
is two directional. On the other hand, when the attacking wrest
ler goes from one grip to another without being able to return to his
initial grip then the link is one directional. The link is afferent if it
goes from the periphery to the center, and efferent if it goes from
the center to the periphery.
In some cases one grip can be performed in two or three ways. If
there is only one way the link is single, if there are two ways itm is
double, if there are three ways treble, etc.
It goes without saying that the efficiency of all the connections is
not the same. Each technico-tactical block should indicate its most
efficient connections. They are called cardinal connections and, accor
ding to their efficiency they can be of the first, second and third
degree.
58
Control of Pace
A very intensive pace of the match exhausts the strength of the
less prepared opponent because he has to react to actions which are
not natural to him, and face technical and tactical situations he has
no time to analyse, which undremines his moral stability. That is why
the ability to impose his own pace of the match can never be too
emphasized. That is why good wrestlers maintain a high level of tension throughout the match. In that way their vigilance remains intact
and they menage to impose their will on the opponent.
Mistakes
Mistakes are almost always responsible for defeats. Some are caused by skillful tactical and technical actions of the opponent, some
are caused emotions and lack of attention, whereas some can result
from rough accidental tactical and technical mistakes of the opponent.
Yet mistakes are not a frequent phenomenon and, for that reason,
every wrestler should be ready to take advantage of them. First of
all, during the match every wrestler should very carefully watch the
movements of his opponent. Some wrestlers try to impose a fierce
pace of the match because, in that case, their opponents are much
more prone to committing mistakes. For example, most wrestlers mostly commit mistakes on the edge of the mat. Every wrestler should be
able to anticipate the mistakes of his opponent in a given situation
and ready to take advantage of them.
ber of grips immediately after the referee's signal for the beginning of
the match, before his opponent is able to take his favourite position.
Very often the better wrestler strives to occupy the center or the inside edge the mat in order to have a position which will enable him to
carry out the planned technical and tactical actions.
Ofensive actions on the edge of the mat depend on the structure
of the grips. The wrestler on the inside edge of the mat can perform
various grips in the direction of the center, whereas in the opposite
direction he can perform a throw or a leg lock. The latter can successfully be performed when the wrestler withdraws and takes advantage
of the offensive movements of his opponent. This position is also
favourable for performing a lift with cross body hold, standing rear
body lock and lift, etc. Grips can be prepared in various ways. It is
much easier to throw the opponent after a grip loosening in the edge
zone. Some wrestlers carry out grip loosening and blocking on the
edge of the mat, as if they were discontinuing the match. This maneuvre creates favourable conditions for attacking.
If the situation is too dangerous for him the wrestler on the edge
can always get off the mat, but he will get a bad mark for that.
The Offensive
Lately, wrestling has rapidly developed the counter-offensive and
defensive, which has diminished the importance of the offensive and
deprived this sport of its true dynamism, dramatic aspects and beauty. On the other hand, the offensive has become more precise and
complex, including the contest for the control, position, distance, space, pace and the implementation of technical means for the preparation and performance of a grip. All offensive actions consist of one
or several attacks. All attacks leading to a grip are considered as fundamental, whereas the others are considered as complementary.
61
Every attack is limited in time and space and most often has a
determined tactical aim. The time of the attack is divided into three
stages:
preparation of the attack,
development of the attack, and
conclusion of the attack.
Al technical and tactical means should be implemented for the
preparation of an attack. The development of the attack means the
performance of a grip (technical action). The conclusion of an attack
means the result achieved. Fundamental attacks carried out successfully can bring about victory on points or by fall. On the other hand,
complementary attacks pave the way to favourable situations which
make possible a successful fundamental attack.
It has already been mentioned that, according to tactical tasks,
attacks can be real or feint. These two kinds of attacks should be
similar. Otherwise the opponent will easily be able to notice the difference, which will diminish the possibilities of the wrestler to transform the feint attacks into the real ones.
According to the offensive actions of the wrestlers their attacks
can be sincere, surprise or against an opponent defending himself.
There are three kinds of attacks which depend on the movement:
attack by moving towards the opponent,
attack on the spot, and
attack by withdrawing from the opponent.
According to the position of the wrestler with regard to his opponent the attack can be:
frontal, which includes: lift with cross body hold, overturning
fackward and forward by leg lock, etc.
lateral, which includes: arm grip, arm lock, Nelson, half Nelson, etc.,
rear, which includes: holding in bridge, throwing forward after
having gained the position behind the opponent, etc.
The offensive become permanent when the opponent only defends
himself and carries out passive controls and wrestling stances. If a
permanent offensive does not lead to grips, at least it makes the opponent passive.
62
The Defensive
The wrestlers organize their defense not only by means of various
parades on the grips, but also through various tactical actions, such
as: blocking, threat, maneuvre, throw, a simulated action, attack on
the edge of the mat, push off the mat, contest on the edge of the
mat, etc. However, the parade remains one of the most important
aspects of the defense. It represents the opposition to the attack and
prevents its development by impeding it.
It is very difficult to classify the defense according to its forms.
Universal defense implies a low wrestling stance, and wrestling
from the distance by impedeing the opponent to move by holding his
arm in grip.
Specific defense implies the defense againts a given grip.
Some form of universal defense can be carried out even before the
contact with the opponent. For example, when wrestling from the distance the wrestler who defends himself lowers his stance (on guard)
and arms even before being attacked. This is preliminary defense.
The wrestler can react to the attack either by responding to it or
avoiding it.
Specific defense is a reaction to given grips. The attacked wrestler
can decide to implement the so called deaf defense in order to impede and discontinue the actions of his opponent. For example, if
one his legs is attacked he can jump backwards. This is passive defense. When the wrestler retreats but in such a way that his opponent
falls on the kness, which means finds himself in a position suitable
for counter-attack, then it is called active defense. Every wrestler of
the modern times should be able to judge the situation and determine
whether he should carry out an active or passive defense.
The Counter-Offensive
Dynamism and beauty of modern wrestling greatly depend on the
counter-offensive. Without it every wrestling match would leave the
impression of a disconnected series of rare and isolated offensive episodes and lose its suspense and pleasant feeling of danger.
The counter-offensive can be direct and indirect. It can use various
allurements and be organized on the ground of complex technical and
tactical principles. In modern wrestling the counter-offensive as a tac63
partner an offensive and organized match in which all offensive actions are followed by a solid and efficient defense. This tactical approach, is usually adopted by wrestlers of equal standing.
The Defensive-Offensive Approach of Form favours the premeditated counter-attack. This approach is usually applied by some older
wrestlers with glower motor reactions, imperfect technique or insufficient . moral stability. Sometimes the match itself imposes this approach.
The Defensive Approach of Form can be applied against an outstanding opponent. Usually the inferior wrestler endeavours to hold
out against his opponent in order to lose the match on points only.
This is also ta favourite approach of some wrestlers with undermined
moral stability.
' (
A wrestler of the mqdern times should have the mastery of all the
tactical forms and implement them according to the situation and
characteristics of the opponent.
65
4. Final Actions
We have already mentioned that there is a wide range of initial
positions. The same can be said of final actions. Their variety mostly
68
The opponent is lifted at the moment when he places his left in line
with the right one. Very strong muscles of the legs help him perform
the lift and maintain the balance. With his arms he drags closer opponent, which means that their respective centers of gravity also get
closer. The dorsal muscles straighten up the bust of the attacking
wrestler and facilitate the ligting (fig. 6).
When the wrestler attacks the legs of his opponent with tlje aim
of lifting him he creates a specific biomechanical system, the so called
wrestler to wrestler system. On the other hand it is evident that
70
before lifting his opponent the attacking wrestler has to place the center of his gravity lower than the center of gravity of his opponent is,
and as close as possible to his vertical projection. After having lited
his opponent from the ground the stability of the attacking wrestler
diminishes because the wrestler to wrestler system now has a different joint center of gravity which is much higher, and has a reduced
angle of stability and a smaller general support surface. Besides, the
lifted opponent does his best to gesticulate in order to tip the balance. He can be held in the air only thanks to a graet effort performed
by the muscles of the legs and body of the attacking wrestler, a great
stimulation on the part of the attacking wrestler, a great stimulation
en the part of the vestibulary apparatus and increased distance between the legs. Lifting from the ground begins in the following manner: the attacking wrestler sinks under the body of his opponent.
After that, by performing a diving movement he continues upwards
and to the right. From the very beginning his chin is slightly lifted
and he moves his head upwards and backwards. His spinal cord alternatively straightens up and slightly down. By taking advantage of the
inercia gained by performing the break between the legs the attacking wrestler lifts his opponent by pivoting about 45 on the leg place forward. After the total weight of the opponent has been placed
on the right shoulder the left arm releases the control and grips the
thigh from inside (fig. 7). After that follows the drag of the controled thigh to the left and a step forward of the right leg. The attacking wrestler turns over his opponent almost parallely to the mat by
holding his weight mainly with his right hand. The throw on the
ground is performed thanks to the potential energy accumulated at
the moment of lifting. The attacking wrestler bends his right knee
towards the ground, embraces the neck of the opponent with his right
hand and falls on his right knee. The left leg remains bent almost
forming the right angle. It is on that leg that fall the thighs of the
attacked wrestler. His back is the first to touch the mat because his
legs are lifted with regard to the body. After that the attacking wrestler draws towards him the controlled thigh of his opponent, grips the
back of his head and keeps him (fallen) on the ground (fig. 8).
Double Front Leg-Lock (airplane)
The attacking wrestler makes a very quick break between the legs
of his opponent, with open arms. By controling grom outside the two
opposite thighs he brings his right leg in line with his left leg. After
71
having lifted the opponent on his shoulder the attacking wrestler tightens his thighs (fig. 9). Afthen hastily bends forward dragging the legs
of his opponent to his left and drops his right knee on the mat
(fig. 10).
Overturning Backwards
This is one of the grips by means of wchich the attacked wrestler
can be thrown on the ground and find himself in a critical position
on his back as a result of a sudden push, whithout having previously
been lifted from the mat. This grip is of particular importance and
provides a wide range of possibilities for combinations. For that reason we are giving here a great number of these grips under a new
classification, because, so far, many of them have been considered as
overturns forward or throws by leg pick-up.
Fi
19
Fig. 20
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
locks it slightly above the knee, whereas with his right and he holds
his ankle on the level of the Achillean heel (fig. 24). The attacking
wrestler exercises a great pressure on the leg with his left sholder and
lifts it (the leg) with his right hand. In order to have support the
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Fig. 30
Fi
s-
31
I
I
Second Variant. After having locked and lifted frorq the mat the
leg of the opponent, placed forward, the attaching Wrestler also grips
his popliteal pit with his right hand. His left hand very rapidly releases the control of the leg and leans from inside on the popliteal pit
of the right leg. The push forward combined with the act of leaning
on the popliteal pit breaks the balance of the opponent and he falls
on the ground, most often on his back (fig: 27 and 28).
Third Variant.The attacking wrestler locks the right leg of his
opponent, with the left hand he controls his thigh and with the right
hand his Achillian heel (fig. 29). Without trying to drag aside the leg
of his opponent the attacking wrestler lifts his own leg, pushes forward with all his weight and pivots to th left. His push with the
shoulder and drag with the right hand are carried out in the opposite sense. The attacking wrestler falls on his shoulder whereas his opponent falls on his back oh the side (fig. 30 and 31).
*
Fig. 33
Fig. 32
by throwing him or locking one of his legs. For that reason, most
often, the attacked wrestler decides to fall down with his chest facing
the mat (figs. 32 and 33). Without releasing the control with his chest
of his opponent's thigh the attacking wrestler energetically pushes him
aside, and by controlling his thigh and shoulder keeps him on the
ground.
Fig. 34
tion of the lower part of his opponent's right leg. After that he
thrusts himself forward with his right foot, squats and with his left
hand grips from outside the right leg of his opponent, in the area
round the knee (fig. 34). After that the attacking wrestler performs a
quick movement and makes an 180 rotation clockwise by leaning on
his right hand. When passing behind his opponent he grips with his
right hand the right ankle of the attacked wrestler and by pushing his
thighs from behind he throws him on the mat with his shoulder.
There is a great nember of possible grips leading to a nreak between the legs. Since there is also a great number of possible controls
the ripostes very often call for a creative approach to the grip and
possible modifications of its structure. The choice of a given riposte
depends, above all, on the technical qualities of the wrestler and the
concrete situation. There are four groups of possible ripostes to his
grip:
riposte when the legs have not been locked by the opponent;
riposte after the legs have been locked by the opponent;
riposte after the legs have been locked by the opponent, with
the head outside, and
84
ripost after the legs have been locked by the opponent, with
the head inside.
This new classification of the se ripostes is mainly based on general characteristics of the position of the attacking wrestler and opens
up a wide range of possibilities for preliminary planning and improvement of the counter-offensive technico-tactical block, both functionally and structurally.
Halter (control of head from above and control of the opposite
arm)
Immediately after the attacking wrestler has broken between the
legs of his opponent the attacked wrestler, with his right hand, the
head of his opponent placed (the head) under his armpit and thrusts
backwards his own legs. His left arm is under the right arm of his
opponent and their hands locked under the chin (fig. 35 and 36). The
aim of the pressure under the chin is to slightly turn left the head of
the opponent. After a tight and firm contol the attacked wrestler suddenly drags towards him the opponent and, at the same time, moves
his legs backwards. The opponent loses the balance and falls on his
knees. This fall is caused by the drag of the attacked wrestler and the
weight of his body. The right leg of the attacked wrestler is stretched
backwards so that his stiff body can exercise pressure with his whole
weight on the upper part of the back and neck of his opponent.
Without reducing the strength of his control. The attacked wrestler,
with his left hand, locks the left hand of his opponent and, holding
or dragging it, swiftly passes back, on the left (fig. 37).
85
Fig. 38
Fig. 39
86
Fig. 40
Fig. 41
Fig. 42
drags his opponent towards him by holding him round the waist. After that he embraces his hips and releases the control of his body
(fig. 39). The attacked wrestler completes his grip by lifting and with
87
his right leg strongly swinging the body of his opponent until he is
completely overturned and covered.
Passage Behind (Rear Passage)
With his arms the attacked wrestler exercises pressure on the shoulders of his opponent, thus compelling his to remain in a kneeling
position, unable to control his legs (fig. 40). By exercising a downward pressure on the shoulders of his opponent the attacking wrestler limits his attack and stretches his legs backwards (fig. 41). After
that the attacked wrestler moves behind his opponent by pivoting
round his right shoulder. The initial thrust for his pivoting derives
from his left leg and arm. After that, with his right hand, he embraces the body of his opponent and throws him on the ground (fig. 42).
Wrapping
The attacking wrestler locks the right leg of his opponent. With
his right hand the attacked wrestler controls his head from above.
Then, by slightly turning to the left, with his other hand he locks
from outside, rear the right thigh of his opponent. After that he continues to move to the left and, with both hands, embraces the body
of the attacking wrestler by the neck and popliteal pit of his left knee
until their hands gat hooked. His next movement is a backward roll
performed by a turn on his right shoulder, without releasing control
with his hands. This position is very suitable for the performance of
the inside hook (crochet( from above by hooking with his left leg the
left leg of the opponent.
Now that his opponent is on his back the wrestler in top position
sometimes remains in a half-bridge (semi-bridge( position. In spite of
thot he has full advantage because this positions assures him the victory by fall.
Reverse Lock After of One Leg
After the attacking wrestler has locked the right leg of his opponent the attacked wrestler slightly turns to the right the controlled
leg and makes a step forward with his other (free( leg. At the same
time he squats on the controlled leg and with both hands graips the
right thigh of his opponent. He will use best the initial inertia of the
attacking wrestler by overtuning him over the head, which means by
performing a modified grip of the thigh from behind (fig. 80). The
actual grip is characterized by a deeper break through of the right
hand and an overturn of the opponent over the head. At the very
88
last moment the wrestler who ripostes turns so that his chest faces the
mat and with his legs exercises pressure on the opponent thrown on
the ground.
Backward Roll
This grip almost always follows the attack of the opponent. The
attacking wrestler locks the leg placed forward. The attacked wrestler
controls the head of the attacking wrestler with his right hand, and
with his left hand locks from above the right hand of his opponent.
The locked leg of the attacked wrestler is deeply between the legs of
the attacking wrestler. By taking advantage of the initial inertia of the
Fig. 43
Throw after Single Arm Pick-up and Lift with one Leg
After the attempt of the attacking wrestler to lock one leg of his
opponent, the attacked wrestler control his arms under the arm-pit
and takes a lateral position (hip-to-hip). He bends forward by lifting,
with his right leg, the left leg of his opponent. Also, with his hands
he drags his opponent to the right. During the second stage of this
throw the attacked wrestler lifts his opponent from the mat and
throws him on his back. At the very last moment the wrestler performing this throw should use his best endeavours to diminish the enormous inertia resulting from these, actions by throwning himself on
the opponent (figs. 44 and 45).
90
Fig. 46
wrestler
achieves
wrestler
forward
91
Fig. 47
Diving
The attacking wrestler is in the position of a low left wrestling
stance (on guard). The upper part of his body is leaned forward
and almost parallel to the mat. His head is under the right arm-pit of
his opponent, whereas with his left arm he strongly embraces his
body. With the left hand he controls the right hand of his opponent.
The attacking wrestler falls on the knee of his leg placed behind.
After that he energetically straightens up backwards by strongly pushing the opponent under his arm-pit. In this way the attacked wrestler
losses his balance forward, also as a result of the flexion backwards
of his spine and a blow in the same direction on the back of his
head. The attacking wrestler releases the control of his head with his
right hand and by means of a lateral pendulum movement performed
together with his opponent, he increases the flexion of his spine and
the intensity of the push backwards. With his right arm he embraces
the body of his opponent which helps him draw him closer and also
serves as a dynamic support for his moving behind (rear passage) by
pivoting. During the attack the attacking wrestler remains in a kneeling position all the time. By giving his opponent a forward thrust
(impulse) the attacking wrestler easily moves behind (fig. 48).
92
Fig. 48
Parade.The attacked wrestler must not allow the attacking wrestler to perform a control. In order to prevent him the attacked wrestler should take a high or very low wrestling stance (on guard) and
release himself from all control, including the halter.
Mill
Mill on External Knee (simple crotch-lift)
The attacking wrestler controls one arm of his opponent and takes
advantage of his offensive movements forward. By rapidly thrusting
his head under the controlled arm he kneels on the leg placed behind.
At the same time he locks from inside the thigh of his opponent's
opposite leg he is kneeling on and with the other arm performs a
lateral throw (projection) in the direction of his opponent's movement
forward by taking advantage of the inertia of his body. The perfor93
Fig. 49
he completes the movement of both bodies to the left and the overturning of the attacked wrestler to the right, face-to-face with him
(the attacking wrestler).
Fig. 51
Fig. 52
actions undertaken by the wreetler are analogous to those perfor overturning forward by rear embrace and chass with
Only, instead of a trip the wrestler performs a barrage of
parallely to the same leg of his opponent (fig. 53).
Throw Forward by Rear Embrace and Single
Leg Hook From Inside
With the heel of his foot placed forward
the attacking wrestler performs a hook and
with his chest suddenly pushes his opponent
who falls on the ground belly-flop.
Throw Backwards by Rear Embrace and
Single Led Hook from Outside
Fig. 53
96
same time the attacking wrestler pushes his opponent whit his chest
and makes him fall on the ground belly-flop. After that he can perform a grapevine or a lateral embrace in bridge.
Throw Forward by Single Leg Lock
The attacking wrestler has embraced with his right arm the body
of the attacked wrestler. With his left hand he very rapidly locks
from outside the left ankle of his opponent and energetically drags it
backwards. At the same time with his chest he pushes his opponent
forward and makes him fall on the mat.
Throw Forward by Lock of Both Legs
The attacking wrestler releases the embrace of his opponent's body
and bends his knees in order to locks from inside his both ankles. As
sudden push forward with his chest finally throws his opponent on
the ground. After that the wrestler can perform an overturn after the
lock of crossed legs.
Throw (Projection) by Rear Embrace and Single Leg Trip
After having performed a solid rear embrace of his opponent's
body the attacking wrestler lifts him backwards and with his right leg
very unexpectedly makes a trip upwards and to the left on the detached left leg (fig. 54). After that the attacking wrestler leans left.
Kneels down on one knee and keeps his opponent in bridge or belly-
flop position. The legs of the opponent should be placed on the right
of the attacking wrestler.
The wrestler in rear embrace can also undertake an attack or
counter-attack against his opponent behind.
Fig. 57
Fig. 58
Fig. 59
right shoulder under the controlled arm of his opponent, with his
right hand grips the forearm of the latter above the elbow and finally, from outside, places his right leg on his opponent's right ankle.
Afther that, by suddenly pulling his arm and performing a coordinated movement upwards of his pelvis he carries out a lateral or forward throw (projection). The right leg of the attacking wrestler impedes the movement of the opponent's leg and prevents him from gaining lateral or front or support. As one of the possible variants (fig.
60) the attacking wrestler can perform a throw (projection) over the
back with external barrage.
Riposte.After having made a step aside and to ,the right with his
left leg the attacked wrestler performs a trip from behind on the popliteal pit of one or two legs of his opponent.
100
Parade.It consists in a low wrestling stance (on guard) or support with one arm against the back of the opponent, with the right
leg placed in the direction of the lateral throw (projection).
Hooks (Crotches)
The grips, throws (projections), and overturns forward or backward can be performed by hooking one opponent's leg with the foot,
the lower part of the leg, with both of them and by means of various
controls with the arms. All these actions are called hooks (crotches).
Thanks to these grips, borrowed from the Georgian style in wrestling
tchidaoba, the Soviet wrestlers have won and are still winning important victories. The Bulgarian wrestlers also successfully implement
at international matches some of the variants of this style.
Sit-back with Arm-lock and Grapevine (Kliket)
With his left hand the attacking wrestler locks the right arm of his
opponent from above the arm-pit. After that, by leaning on his right
leg with his left leg and foot he performs an internal hook of the
Fig. 61
Fig. 62
right leg of his opponent. With his right arm he controls his opponent's body and the other arm. After that the attacking wrestler stretches the leg which serves him as a support, drags towards him, upwards, his opponent's right arm, bends backwards and begins to fall
down while energetically lifting the hooked leg. Before touching
(which is not obligatory) the mat with his shoulder he pivots in the
sense of the hooked leg with the aim of surpassing (overtopping) his
opponent (fig. 61 and 62).
101
Riposte.At the moment when the attacking wrestler slips his leg
between the legs of his opponent the latter locks it from behind in a
twist (fork). After that he ligts the locked leg and performs a throw
backwards (head under arm and crotch-lift).
After the hook has been performed the attacked wrestler makes a
small step with his free leg in order to takes a face-toface position
and embrace the body of his opponent. After that he suddenly lifts
his hooked leg and performs a throw (projection).
Parade.The control of the arms should not be allowed. In case
it has been performed the endangered leg should be moved backwards.
Fig. 63
pushing the latter with his chest he throws him on the ground
(fig. 63).
Backward throw by inside hook can also be achieved by feint drag
of the opponent's head. The reaction consists in dragging the body
backwards and shifting the center of gravity beyond the area of sup
port. The attacking wrestler should push his opponent with his chest,
shoulder or arm in order to throw him on the ground.
Riposte.The attacked wrestler sits on his right thigh, drags the
right arm of his opponent and, by turning to the right, locks his
right thight and brngs it down on the ground. From that position he
can easily perform the reversed thight grip.
If the attacking wrestler hooks one leg of his opponent without
being able to throw him on the ground the latter can hood one the
legs of the former and perform a throw (projection) by hook.
Parade.A low wrestling stance (on guard), loosening of con
trols and ability to carefully discriminate the feint from the real ac
tions of the opponent.
As a variant of this grip a backward throw with rear body embra
ce can be oerformed.
Backward throws by hook yield excellent results. By carrying out
one variant of this grip Enio Valtchev has triumphed over his most
dangerous opponents and bacarne the world champion in 1962.
External Hook and Single Arm and Body
After having embraced the body and controlled the right arms of
his opponent the attacking wrestler drags him closer and hooks from
Fig. 64
outside his right leg. The push of the attacking wrestler, with his
chest, foreward and to the left and the- drag of the hooked leg force
the opponent to fall on his back (fig. 64).
103
Riposte.The attacked wrestler can also perform a hook from inside by single arm and body control of his opponent, or perform a
barrage of the lateral leg, a throw (projection) over the chest, etc.
Parade.Low wrestling stance (on guard), loosening of the control and moving behind of the threatened leg.
Trip (Chass)
This is a group of grips characterized by the attack with legs. A
trip is performed either by placing one foot on the foot of the opponent or by placing the foot on his lower part of the leg. There is a
very wide range of possible controls of the legs and arms.
Lateral Trip (Front Trip with Single Arm and Neck Control)
The attacking wrestler controls the right arm and the neck of his
opponent. After having dragged his opponent closer the attacking
wrestler with his left leg makes a quick trip upwards and to the right.
Leg opposite on the of the attacked wrestler. At the same time he
pushes him backwards. With his left leg the attacking wrestler blocks
the body of his opponent and lufts him from the mat (fig. 65). By
bending his chest downwards the attacking wrestler holds his opponent on the back.
It is possible to perform in the same manner a front trip with
single arm and body control of the opponent.
Riposte.Moving of the threatened leg and blocking by front embrace of the opponent attempting to perform rear attack.
Parade.Low wrestling stance (on guard) and moving behind of
the threatened leg.
104
Fig. 66
Fig. 67
his opponent. After riveting the controlled foot under his left arm-pit
with the help of his free arm he crosses his legs and, together with
his arms, forms a knot. After that the attacking wrestler straightens
up and with the help of his right leg, stands up and, without loosening the control, swings his opponent right and left, from bridge to
shoulder and from shoulder to bridge. In order to keep his opponent
in this position the attacking wrestler should, as best as possible, grip
and rivet under his elbow the right hand of his opponent (fig. 67).
Fig. 68
It is possible to perform another very efficient variant of leg crossing from the same initial position. After having gripped and riveted
106
under his arm-pit the farther leg of his opponent the wrestler in top
position also grips with his right hand the low part of the latter's
right leg, from behind, and drags it upwards. His right arm slips
from outside along the right thigh of his opponent and locks from
inside his other leg (fig. 68). From this position the attacking wrestler
can perform a backward throw (projection) with half bridge or stand
up on his legs and hold the opponent by the head.
Riposte.A throw (projection) can be performed by locking the
heel of the near foot.
Parade.Take a low defense position (on fuard) by sitting on
the feet.
Fig. 69
with his shoulder the attacking wrestler places his legs on both sides
of the head of the attacked wrestler underneath and places his knee
on the back of his opponent's head. The overturning mainly takes
place through the effort of the arms exercising further bar half Nelson reverse arm bar and side arm bar of the controlled arm (fig. 69).
It is very difficult for the wrestler underneath to get up because of
his opponent's pressure on the back of his head with his knee. Also
107
this knee serves as a pivot for an overturn. After it has been performed the wrestler in top position performs his final control by streching out his body.
Riposte.The attacked wrestler should turn and face his opponent. After that he should perform a grip locking one or both legs of
the attacking wrestler.
Parade.After having been reduced to a belly-flop position the
wrestler underneath should use his best endeavours to resume a high
defense position.
Fig. 70
head bar and single leg scissor. The attacking wrestler is placed on
the right side of the wrestler on the ground and with his hands he
simultaneously loks from above the left foot (with his left hand) and
the right thigh (with his right hand) underneath his leg near the opponent. After that he performs a snach upwards and stands up on his
legs.
108
Fig. 71
self on the right side of his opponent and from behind and underneath controls the near thigh of the latter. With his right hand he
grips the left shoulder of his opponent and stands up on his legs. The
attacking wrestler does not reamin in a static position. He lifts his
opponent's left leg and high in the air performs a gravepine from
inside (fig. 71). The final actions of all the variants are almost identical.
109
Fig. 72
nent's right arm. The auxilliary actions of the left arm may be a
push with support on the right shoulder of the opponent or a trip of
110
Fig. 73
the left thigh of tne attacked wrestler. By leaning on the mat with his
right arm the attacking wrestler concentrates the weight of his body
in the area of pelvis. With his left arm he encircles his opponent's
head in the area of forehead or chin (fig. 74).
Ill
Fig. 75
lies down on his lett side. Without releasing control of his opponent's
left leg by grapevine the attacking wrestler places the gripped arm...
From the grapevine position the attacking wrestler can perform
grips such as: Head lock with single leg scissors, reverse thighs, etc.
112
Fig. 76
After the attacking wrestler has performed the overturning the attacked wrestler should keep his right arm tight against his body and
by making a brutal movement upwards disengage his head from
control.
Head Lock (bar) and Single Leg Scissors
Apparently, this is the only grip in wrestling which can be performed in so many different ways. That is why this grip represents a
113
Fig. 77
Fig. 78
his body on his attacked leg and leans on his right arm. The attacking wrestler gives up the lateral overturn of his opponent and performs a half Nelson by inserting, from outside, his right arm under
the latter's arm-pit.
After having surmounted the resistance of his opponent's neck the
attacking wrestler projects his right leg over the wrestler underneath,
firts hooks his pelvis from the right and then his right thigh without
decreasing pressure exercised with his arms. Simultanously with hooking the leg of his opponent the attacking wrestler should insert his
righ arm under the former's arm-pit. After that the attacking wrestler
pushes downwards and to the right the head of his opponent and
drags towards him the hooked thigh of the latter. In order to achieve
victory by fall the attacking wrestler should strongly push backwards
the legs of his opponents and, at the same time, exercise pressure on
his arm-pit, right hand and neck by pulling them down (fig. 77
and 78).
Second Variant.The wrestler underneath is kneeled bahind his
opponent and performs a feint side embrace in bridge, to the left.
After that he keeps dragging the body and pressing the left arm of
his opponent until the latters falls on his side. After that the attacking wrestler loosens his control as if he were to give up the attack
and by taking advantage of his opponent's return to his initial position inmediately hooks his right thigh and climbs on his back
(fig. 79). The attacking wrestler's right hand, assisted by his left
114
hand, easily succeeds to control the opponent's neck from under the
arm-pit. After that, through coordinated effort of his extremities and
body the attacking wrestler overturns his opponent on the back.
Ripostes.The attacked wrestler can perform the control of his
opponent's feet or overturn him backwards.
In case of feints on the part of the attacking wrestler the attacked
wrestler ripostes successfully because the efforts of his opponent are
neither optimal nor directed towards a specific aim.
Fig. 79
the muscles of his legs and body. The most precise throw can be
performed around the transversal axis of the opponent's body. The
attack begins by an extension of the knees, combined with the drag
upwards of the arms and pressure with the left arm-pit on the oppone n t ' s back, forward and in the direction of his pelvis. The attacked
wrestler can not riposte because all his stregth is in his arms leaning
Fig. 80
on the mat. If, on the other hand, the attacked wrestler decises to
bend one arm he overturns by hiemself. After the attacking wrestler
has stood up (on his legs) he performs a throw by bending backwards
and vigorously jerking his abdomen upward. Finally, by making a
maneuvre with his arms he makes the wrestler underneath topple so
that he falls on his shoulder.
There is a great number of variants of this grip. Depending on the
controls, beside the above described procedure, the throw can be performed by reserve lock of one thigh and both feet. Throws and overturnings can be performed from almost all positions: low, kneeling
and standing. The grip can be performed in both cases: when the
attacking wrestlers previously brings upon him the weight of his opponent, or does not do that.
The direction of the throw can be: forward, backwards or lateral
half drop-back (sit-back) (fr. demi-soupless), backwards or lateral
drop-back (soupless) or lateral with a screw.
From the controls for reverse lock of one thigh several other grips
can be performed, most often the inside grapevine, simple grapevine
throw forward by body lock from above, throw by control of crossed
legs and throw by reverse embrace.
Ripostes.During the throw the wrestler underneath inserts his
right leg between the legs of his opponent and grips his left ankle
116
(fig. 81). After that the attacked wrestler drags the controlled leg,
performs a trip to the popliteal area of his opponent's left leg and
throws the latter on his back.
Parade.The wrestler underneath does not allow the wrestler in
top position to claso his hands underneath, by sitting on his right
knee and bringing his thighs tight one against the other.
Fig. 81
If the wrestler in top position mnages to achieve control the attacked wrestler should insert his near leg between the legs of his opponent.
ting his right hand under the latter's right arm-pit. Then he drags his
foot forward by lying down on the side, thus toppling his opponent
in the direction of his right shoulder. With his abdomen in lalf-bridge
he should also make a push upward and forward. The attacking wrestler performs the turn over of his opponent by an energetic movement
of his left hand when the wrestler underneath is in critical position on
his back (fig. 82).
An analogous grip can be performed by grip of the near foot
(fig. 83).
Fig. 83
1
Fig. 84
elbow. Very cautiously, without being notice, he slips his left foot
under the right ankle of his opponent.
By dragging his waist in a coordinated manner and bending forward his righ arm the attacking wrestler breaks the balance of the
wrestler underneath. After that, with his foot under the opponent's
ankle the attacking wrestler hooks and abruptly drags towards him
the opponent's leg in the air. As a result of this maneuvre wrestler
lies on the side and concludes the attack with his foot (fig. 84).
Riposte.Loosen the hooked leg and perform a cover.
Parade.Loosen the hooked leg and its tension between the legs
of the opponent, opposite of the embrace.
Turn Over With Body and Single Hand Lock
After having embraced from behind the opponent's body and his
left arm the attacking wrestler places his right knee in front of the
knee of the wrestler underneath (fig. 85). After that he should make
and effort to drag his opponent against its left leg. The right leg of
the attacking wrestler is bent behind his pelvis. Without changing the
embrace the attacking wrestler puts his head on the mat and, by energetically thrusting his abdomen, takes a bridge position by making his
opponent do the same, or let the former pull him down on his back
(fig. 86 and 87).
Ripostes.a) A trowh (projection) over the back by control of the
wrist of the free hand (of the rolled arm);
119
b) When the attacking wrestler lies on the side the attacked wrestler throws his near leg over the former and covers him. The atacking wrestler remains in bridge on his back.
Parade.Low ground position and arms extended forward.
action the attacked wrestler is pulled over the leg of the attacking
wrestler placed underneath (fig. 89). After that the attacking wrestler
puts his head on the mat and performs a lateral embrace in bridge
Fig. 88
Fig. 89
Fig. 90
his best endeavours to prevent being turned over along the longitudinal axe of his body.
121
Fig. 91
latter of his right elbow he suddenly pivots to the left round his own
axis by slipping his left arm over his opponent's arm in order th grip
his left thigh (fig. 92). Then, by thrusting himself with his right hand
Fig. 92
Fig. 93
3.
Battle of Roosters.Two wrestler take a face-to-face standing position. Their arms are extended forward. Each wrestler
performs feints in the aim of breaking the balance of his opponent. The winner is the wrestler who makes a smaller number of steps during the exercise (fig. 95). The same contest can
take place in a squatting position.
125
Fig. 97
Fig. 96
" " -
Fig. 98
127
Fig. 99
Fig. 100
Fig. 101
128
Fig. 102
Two wrestlers are inside a circle or another previously marked out geometrical surface. The task of each of them is
Fig. 104
Fig. 105
Fig. 106
7.
Fig. 108
wrestler 01 each group clasp their hands. After a given signal each group pulls backwards. The team (group) which
transgresses the fixed limit is considered as defeated (fig. 107).
This game can be played on the mat, in water, on sport
grounds and courts, etc.
Contest for Getting Hold of One Object:
Two wrestlers are in standing position, tneir backs turned.
With their backs turned they clasp each other's (right or
left) same hand and try hard to pull the partner and win
the object placed 1 or 2 m. away (fig. 108^
131
Fig. no
Fig. i l l
step on his opponent's foot. The winner is the wrestler who, within a
determined time limit (1 to 3 minutes) succeeds to step more times on
his opponent's foot.
Tyrollienne Wrestling.Consists in hooking each other's middle
fingers and pulling consecutively. The loser is the wrestler who unhooks first his middle finger.
Norvgien Wrestling.Requires special caps. The wrestlers stand
back-to-back. The back of their caps are tied with a piece of rope.
After a signal both wrestlers pull hard until one of them is on the
back of the other.
133
motor habits important in attacks aimed at various throws of the opponent over the chest (by lock souplesse) or half lock (demi-soupless)
and with turn over woth body hold. These exercises also help build
up defensive motor habits. These exercises should be practiced daily
and are part of all special trainings.
Fig. 112
Fig. 113
135
Fig. 114
Fig. 115
Fig.
116
5.
Fig. 117
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Lying on his chest the wrestler grips from behind his own
feet and several times lifts his chest from the mat. The chest
can be lifted higher up if the legs are wider apart (fig. 117).
Lying on his back and with his knees bent the wrestler holds
behind his head a medicine ball or a basket-ball ball. He ma
kes a bridge from this position with the only support with
his hands on the ball. (fig. 118).
The wrestler inversely sits on the back of his partner, who
is in ground wrestling stance (on guard), and hooks his
thighs with his own feet. After that he strongly bends back
wards, his desire being to touch the mat. After that he re
turns to his initial position (fig. 119).
The wrestler sits on the back of his partner who is in ground
wrestling stance (on guard). Their bodies face the same di
rection. With his hands the partner presses the feet of the
wrestler who bends as if he were to make a back bridge.
After that he returns to his sitting position (fig. 120).
Wrestling Bridge.The wrestler lies down on his back, his
knees bent and his elbows folded. With his hands, on both
sides his head, he leans on the mat. He lifts his pelvis up
and forward by bending his spinal column in the lumbar tho
racic and cervical area. The points of support of the wrest
ler are his feet, his head and his palms (fig. 121).
137
Fig. 120
Fig. 121
sembles the swinging. It is possible to make variants by turning the head right and left.
13: From bridge position the wrestler stretches out his arms leaning on the mat, lifts upper his pelvis and alternates the
bridge position in wrestling with that in gymnastics (fig. 123).
15. Turning Round the Head.Leaning on his head and with his
legs slightly apart the wrestler makes a few steps to the right,
Fig. 125
throws over his left leg and takes a bridge position without
changing the position of his head. After that he repeats his
Steps in the same direction, throws over his right leg and returns to his initial position (fig. 125).
Fig. 126
16. Surpass of a Wrestling Bridge by the Head with the Assistance of a Partner.The wrestler in bridge position grips the
Fig. 127
ankles of his partner. After a slight movement forward towards his legs he energetically thrusts himself upwards. With
141
Fig. 128
his legs straddling his partner. The tractions force of the arms
contribute to the performance of this maneuvre. After that
the wrestler returns to his initial position (fig. 126).
Fig. 129
Fig; 130
20.
21.
Simulation exercises
Rear Wheel.One of the partners bends backwards, the other leans
forward so that they frontally embrace each other. Their bodies are
lined up one after the other. The partner leaning forward straightens
up and lifts the other wrestler on his shoulders. After that he keeps
144
bending backwards until the legs of his partner touch the ground.
After that they exchange roles (fig. 132).
Throw (projection) of a Dummy with Assistance of a Partner.The
wrestler embraces a dummy and moves backwards. His partner supports his back in order to regulate his movements. In that aim he
puts his knee under the wrestler's waist and teaches him how to bend
his knees during the final stage of the throw (projection) and turn on
the side (fig. 133). The arms can regulate the direction of the projection force. This exercise is intended for beginners.
Fig. 134
Fig. 135
Fig. 136
Fig. 137
Fig. 138
Fig. 139
Fig. 140
jections) over the chest with a partner (throw by fall-back). The following' grips are excellent preparation for free-style wrestling:
Throw over the chest by lateral embrace (fig. 137).
Throw (projection) over the chest by rear embrace (fig. 138).
Throw (projection) over the chest by front embrace (fig. 139
and 140).
In its development today wrestling in the world follows the dynamic pace of our cosmic era. Its theoretical and practical aspects get
richer every day. New methods help a more rapid and thorough development of motor qualities and their integration in the technique and
tactics of wrestling.
In fact, the technique of wrestling, which has been developing during several millenniums, very rarely introduces completely new elements. On the contrary. In fact well known grips acquire new va147
riants and nuances which depend on the style morphological, functional and psychological feature of wrestlers, on the one hand, and modern biomechanical analyses of technical action, on the other.
It is the wrestling tactics that has progressed more remarkably.
Whenever the dreams of the wrestlers turn around in magic circles
without taking advantage of real possibilities results are mediocre. Today the way of thinking should be changed. It is on the ground of
achievements in science, and not romantic daydreaming, that the boldest tactical projects can become reality. In order to successfully organize and carry out the training the coach must trasform the mat into
a scientific laboratory. Only excellent pedagogues, devoted to wrestling and always eager to research can efficiently teach, train and educate young wrestlers.
148
BIBLIOGRAPHY
x , . . . , ,
1956.
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. , II,
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, . .
.
. . . . , ,
1964.
e , ., . .
,
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, . 3. . , .
, , 1962.
e , . . , . , ,
1964.
, . ., . . e U.
, .
, . 10, 1962.
, . , .
, , 1961.
, . , . , , 1964.
, . , .
, , 1966.
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, . 2, , 1956.
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-
. , 1962.
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149
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.,
e , . , .
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150
152
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pg.
Preface .......................%............................
10
12
13
15
15
19
25
27
31
37
38
*
41
43
44
49
49
51
51
61
64
67