RETENTION OF ENERGY IN FISH

By :
Name
Student ID
Entourage
Group
Assistant

: Lukman Adi Nugroho

: B1K014018
: VII
:2
: Lucky Pratama Suharto

PRACTICUM REPORT OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY I

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER

EDUCATION
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
PURWOKERTO
2015

I.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Retention of energy is the amount of feed consumed energy living
creatures that can be stored in the body. Retention or level of energy efficiency
can be reflected from the ratio of the amount of energy the body to increase the
amount of energy consumed by the fish feed (Djayasewaka, 1990). The amount of
feed terkontribusi energy in the body's energy body energy gain is also illustrated
by the retention of energy (Lupatsch, 2010). Retention of energy in fish only a
small portion allocated to growth and half of the total energy obtained from food
into waste in the form of feces and excretions. The converted energy of feed
consumed, most of which will be lost in the form of heat and only about 1/5 of the
total energy is obtained in the form of growth. Retention of energy reflects how
much energy feed contribute to increase the body's energy. The ratio of the
amount of energy the body to increase the amount of feed consumed energy will
reflect the level of energy efficiency of feed or energy retention. Metabolism is all
the chemical reactions that occur in the body of organisms that includes the
anabolism and catabolism. Oxygen consumption is one physiological parameter
that can be used to estimate the rate of metabolism indirectly, by measuring the
oxygen used in the oxidation process (Karim, 2007).
The amount of feed given to the fish should be 5-10% of the total weight
and frequency of feeding as much as 2-4 times a day. The amount may vary
depending on the ambient temperature, the lower the temperature, the amount of
food consumed less. Feed given to fish, normally should contain protein,
carbohydrates and fats are in good quality and sufficient nutrient content, because
all three will be converted into energy for activity (Djajasewaka, 1990).
The proportion of energy allocated to the various components of the
energy budget changes with increasing body size. Decreased growth rate in fish is
not only caused by changes in the retention of energy, but also by several factors:
the decrease in energy intake, increasing the proportion of energy that is lost
through feces, increasing the energy lost through the urine, increasing the energy
used to produce heat, increasing the energy content of the body relative to the fish

that are relatively large. The energy obtained from food is used for voluntary
activities and replace damaged tissues and others lost in the form of feces and
metabolic waste excreted (Elliot, 1997).
1.2 Purpose
To see how of the energy feed that fish consumed can be stored in the
body. Study whether differences feed quality also results in a difference of energy
retention.

II.

MATERIAL DAN METHODS

2.1 Materials
The tools used in this lab are an aquarium, fish feed, scales technically,
thermometer, heater, ovens, and bomb calorimeter.
The materials used in this lab is catfish (Pangasius sp.).
2.2 Methods
1. Prepare two ago aquarium filled with water as high as 25 cm, place the heater
between the two aquariums.
2. Weigh the fish and scatter with densities of 3-4 fish in each aquarium.
3. Perform feeding on the third day after the fish stocked as much as 2.5% of the
total weight of fish in each aquarium. Feeding carried out for 7 days of
maintanances.
4. Calculate the dry weight of the fish beginning by way of multiplying the
initial wet weight of fish with a dry weight percentage.
5. Perform measurement of calorie value of feed, fish samples beginning and
end of the fish using a bomb calorimeter.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Result
Data:
Initial wet weight: 0,83 gram
Initial dry weight: 0,6 gram
Final wet weight: 3,65 gram
Final dry weight: 0,62 gram
Initial bomb energy: 5064,2865 cal / gr
Final bomb energy: 6811,8457 cal / gr
Bomb energy of woof: 3983,67 cal / gr
Calculation:
1. Initial energy of fish = Initial dry weight x initial bomb energy of fish
=0,6 gr x 5064,2865 cal / gr
=3038,5719 cal
2. Final energy of fish = Final dry weight x final bomb energy
=0,62 gr x 6811,8457 cal / gr
=4223,34433 cal
3. Consumption of woof =2,5 % x initial wet weight x 7
=2,5 % x 0,83 x 7
=0,2905 cal
4. Woof energy

= consumption of woof x bomb energy of woof

=0,2905 x 3983,67 cal / gr
=1157,2561 cal

5. ANER

= Final energy initial energy 100%

woof energy
= 4223,34433 3038,5719 100%
1157,2561
= 102,37 %

3.2 Discussion

Based on the results of experiments that have been conducted showed

energy retention of large fish by 102,37%. The proportion of energy allocated to
the various components of the energy budget changes with increasing body size of
fish. Fish fed with different compositions show different energy retention. The
greater the weight of the feed, the greater the energy retention. The amount of
food eaten fish only 10% is used for growth, while the other is used for power or
simply can not be digested. The energy obtained from food, mostly used for
metabolic activity and partly lost in the form of feces and trash metabolic secreted
(Elliot, 1997).
Retention of energy is the amount of energy consumed fish feed can be
stored in the body. According to Buttery and Landsay (1980) states that the
normal energy retention was 60% - 68%, while the percentage is greater practical
result is 102.37%, this happens because of possible practical ways of working are
less accurate. Stored energy is used in the synthesis of cell components and used
as fuel in the production of cellular energy. Most energy-eating should be stored
internally for future use, animals whose size can survive longer without food. The
more energy is stored, the more that can be used for energy expenditure processes
such as growth, reproduction, migration, hibernation or values that spur spending
on environmental temperature changes.
Energy retention value is obtained by calculating the amount of energy the
final fish reduced the amount of energy divided by the number of early fish feed
energy then multiplied by 100%. The tools used to determine the amount of
energy or feed fish is Bomb Calorimeter. The fish are kept in an aquarium with
feeding of 2.5% of body weight is formed into pellets by means of dried fish for
one week, then grind them and 1 gram to form pellets. Fish pellets was measured
amount of energy by means of a bomb calorimeter. Energy consumed fish feed
should also be known in advance to determine how long pemeberian feed and
what percentage of feed consumed fish. Fish feed should also be known energy by
using a bomb calorimeter. Once obtained all the data, then can be calculated by
using a formula that is readily available. The formula used to calculate Aner (Net
Energy Apparent Retention) (Kalita, et al., 2008).
These results were obtained from the amount of energy the end of
4223,34433 cal fish reduced the amount of energy early as 3038,5719 cal fish is

then divided by the amount of energy obtained feed cal 1157,2561 and multiplied
by 100%. According Yuwono & Moon (2001), most of the energy being converted
from food consumed is lost in the form of heat and only about one-fifth of the
total energy of a feed that is obtained in the form of growth. Retention of energy is
the amount of energy consumed fish feed that can be stored in the body.
According Lupatsch (2010) states that the normal energy retention is 60-68%,
while the results of the lab, the percentage of which is 102.37%, do not fit the
theory.
Stiawati, et al., (2003) reported the consumption of the same value on
different media turned out to provide the rate of growth, retention of protein and
fat retention are different on the red tilapia. It is closely related to the utilization of
feed energy, where the highest feed efficiency (118.19%) contained in tilapia
reared in medium salinity of 20%, while feed efficiency at 15% salinity media
together with the maintenance of tilapia in freshwater (0% ) ranged between 81.91
to 94.15%. Although the fish feed efficiency in maintenance medium salinity
equal to 10% relative to the media 5%, which is lower than others, but the value is
still quite baikyaitu feed efficiency 77.87%.
Associated with the probability value because of the energy produced little
use for metabolism, reproductive activity, biosynthesis and is lost as heat. Stored
energy is used in the synthesis of cell components and used as fuel in the
production of cellular energy (Villee & Barnes, 1988). According to Kumar &
Tembre (1997), retention of energy associated with protein content of feed,
because feed in addition to carbohydrates and fat, also contains proteins that are
useful as a source of energy and growth. According Ningrum (2008), the highest
requirement of the intake of fish lies precisely lipids (fats) and proteins in fish
feed. Both are influential on growth, dry weight or wet weight of the fish. The
movement of the fish itself is regulated by the intake of fat and muscle are fish.
Feed function among others for the benefit of the structural, functional growth,
tissue respiration, reproduction, animal graduation normal life and to maintain
animal health.
Feed function for survival and growth. Feed contains a variety of nutrients
including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Protein, fat and
carbohydrates in the diet when consumed fish after undergoing a process of

digestion and absorption to be used as a source for Voluntary activity, replace the
damaged tissue, reproduction and growth. One of the nutrients needed and the fish
need to be met in order to achieve optimal growth is protein, because protein is
the biggest part of the flesh of fish and in determining nutritional needs (Halves,
1987).
Retention of energy is the amount of energy consumed fish feed that can
be stored in the body. Nutritionists have standardized the use of pure benzoic acid
as a standard for analysis of total energy use bomb calorimeter. The total energy is
generally performed by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter bomb calorimeter is
an instrument used to measure the amount of calories (calorific value) which was
released in complete combustion (in O2 excess) of a compound, groceries, fuel. A
number of samples were placed in oxygenated tube submerged in a heat-absorbing
medium (calorimeter), and samples will be burned by the electric fire of a metal
wire inserted into the tube. Bomb calorimeter is a tool for determining the
calorific value of nutrients carbohydrate, protein or fat (Ningrum, 2008).
Factors affecting retention is a measure of the body's energy. Energy
proportion allocated to the various components of the energy budget changes with
increasing body size fish (Kumar and Tembhre, 1997). Retention of energy is also
affected by a number of factors such as declining energy intake, increasing the
proportion of energy that is lost through feces, urine, increased energy
dipakaiuntuk heat production, increasing the energy content of the body, relative
to the fish that are larger in size (Cui and Zhu, 1996). Stunted growth and
conversion of nutrients during stress conditions have been marked changes in
metabolism. This effect is based on the assumption that the effect of increased
stress causes energy lost fish, supposedly for growth. Conversely a decrease in
feed consumption, interaction behavior and water quality might demand an
increase in metabolism and increase energy consumption occurs in the cost to
grow. Of course, in a short time, the use of quick connect metabolic stress
conditions of increased need of oxygen, which directly measure the rate of
metabolisi, on the other hand, conditions of severe stress caused influence appetite
and growth (Lupatsch, 2010).
In addition, the energy retention is influenced by temperature. When the
temperature rises, the metabolic processes will also rise dansemakin a lot of

energy stored. According to Elliot (1997) at a temperature of 30-40 0 C will

increase very fast metabolism that will increase energy retention. However at
extremely high temperatures will occur denaturation of proteins. Carbohydrates
are an energy source that is low in fish feed. Different species have the ability to
utilize different carbohydrates. The big difference in the ability of fish to utilize
carbohydrates between species feed partly due to differences in produce enzymes
that digest carbohydrates (a-amylase) or the production of insulin (Mokoginta,
2004).
The function of the equipment and materials used include bomb
calorimeter is a useful tool to determine the amount of energy in the body of the
fish, and is able to measure the body heat generated by the burning of fish. Oven
serves to heat the test materials with the working principles of dehydration in test
animals and droughts in the sample. Scales used to determine the weight of fish
and aquarium to keep the test animals such as aquatic animals. In addition, tools
such as tweezers or clamp serves to take samples. Timer is used to set the time
required. Printer pellet serves to form a pellet form with test materials that have
become flour. Fish strainer serves to take the fish out of the aquarium, aluminum
foil is used to cover the fish when placed in the oven and the last. Blender is
useful to change the shape of the solid material that previously shaped into the
form of flour (Anggorodi, 1979). Materials used as pellets serve as feed or food
for animals in the case of this animal test fish, while the catfish (Pangasius sp.)
Serves as the experimental animals in the lab "Energy Retention". While the
function of water is useful as a medium for the fish to stay alive (Anggorodi,
1979).
Retention of energy can be measured using a bomb calorimeter. Bomb
calorimeter component of which is an oxygen tank to hold oxygen, to maintain the
temperature of the condenser, water handling system for balancing the bomb
calorimeter temperature, recorder for recording and printing the results, and a
sample home to put the sample to be burned. Fish that have been dried in an oven
destroyed by mortal and plate, formed into pellets in the form of tablets. Weight
pellets should not exceed 1 gram, and then weighed with an analytical balance.
Pellets included in a bomb tube, with a tungsten wire that formed the letters U, the
pellets are put up balanced. Tubular components mounted bomb, the bomb tube is

inserted in the main engine and filled with oxygen after it is filled with distilled
water. Bomb calorimeter is an instrument used to measure the amount of heat
(calorific value) which was released in complete combustion (in O2 excess) of a
compound, groceries, fuel. A number of samples were placed in oxygenated tube
submerged in a heat-absorbing medium (calorimeter), and samples will be burned
by an electrical fire from a metal wire inserted into the tube. Bomb calorimeter
consists of a thick steel tube with an airtight lid. A certain number of substances to
be tested are placed in the cup of platinum and a "coil metal" known weight
(which will also be burned) placed well in the cup of platinum so that attaches to
the substance to be tested. The capacity of the heat (or the price of water) "bomb",
calorimeter, stirrer, and thermometer are determined by separate experiments
using a known agent with proper combustion heat (usually benzoic acid)
(Mudjiman, 1989).

IV. CONCLUSSION
Based on results and discussion it can be concluded that:
1. The value retention of energy at the beginning of catfish weighing 2
grams fed with a total of 3983.67 cal energy is equal to 102.37%.

2. Energy retention value can be affected by the quality of feed and the

amount of feed as well as external factors such as temperature or ambient

temperature. Feed given to fish, normally should contain protein,
carbohydrates and fats are in good quality and sufficient nutrient content,
because all three will be converted into energy for activities.

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