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of thederivative
withoutthe assumption
of the continuity
f'(Z) on theclosed
500
[October
theoremscorrespondilng
to thetwoprilncipalforms*
principalCAUCHY-GoURSAT
of CAUCHY'Stheorem.
Lf(z) =f,
z jIS
z=at
If(3)
f I<
8R)
Lf(z) =J(a) ,
z IS
z=a
FUNDAMENTAL
1900]
CAUCHY-GOURSAT
Lf(z) -f(a)
501
THEOREM
__
z=a
+ A(z),
(zlS, Iz-al <
al
S )
of a.
forall pointsz of the set S withinthe Be-neighborhood
4'. An equation: z = F(t), whereF(t) is a complexsingle valued function
of the real variable t on the interval to... T, definesin the z-planea curve
C,- a path* of the pointz fromz0 wF(to) to Z=F(Tl).
The curve C is continuouswhenthe functionF(t) is continuous.
The arc z0Z of the curve C has as lengtht the limit,if uniquelyexistent,of
thelengthof thebrokenline zo7i1z2 * * *znZ whoseverticescorrespondto the n + 2
pointst0t1t2* tnT of a partitionof theinlterval
toT into n + 1 subintervals-the
decreasewiththe indefinite
limitas the lengthsof all subintervalsindefinitely
increaseof n. If the arc z0Z has a length,so does its everyarc-part.
A rectifiablecurveis a continuouscurve withlength.
It is easy to see in how far the path-curvein definitionand propertiesis independentof the particularparametert.
5?. The definiteintegralof a functionf(z) definedupon a path C along that
path has the definition:
.
ff(z)dz
CSK=O
~~~~~n
E f(K)(ZK+-1
K=O
K)
K_ KK0
OKOO
By a proofsimilar to that cited above one has the theorem: this definiteintegral exists if the
path C is rectifiableand the functionsP(z), Q(z) are continuouson C. I take occasion to refer
to this existence theoremsince it seems to be neither in JORDAN'S
Cours d'Analyse nor in
PICARD'S
Traited'Analyse,and since PRINGSHEIM
(loc. cit., pp. 48-55, 1895) carefullyexpounds
fora certain class of curves a definitionand an existencetheoremwhich are in factspecial cases
of the definitionand theoremjust given. PRINGSHEIM
seems to be unfortunatelyout of touch
with the currentnotionof the general rectifiablecurves (Cf. pp. 48, 49, 55, 59, 60).
502
E. H. MOORE:
[October
The definiteintegr-al
ff(z)dz
1900]
503
f'(z).
valluedderivative
0.
f (z)dz
The proof* is indirect. We set
Xf f(z)dz
(IJ<1=t11)
< n c'
+
+ nyj,
+ niv
504
[October
E. H. MOORE:
Jv= Xf (z)dz
is the sum of the integralsof f(z)dz over these curvesso described; further,
vv v
Jv
2yz2-v.
')f( ) + A (z)
(zJR; |-1<6
Choosingv7so that the square Sv lies withinthe circle ( J,8e) e. g., so that
27Y02-E
2-v
(zIRv
v?vc).
f
v
A(z)dz;
J4=
v
Then
Xv 4ry02?v
+ XvX
1900]
505
whereXvis the total lengthof the arcs of the original curve C on the square
S,, of perimeter4ryo2-v. Hence, by hypothesis2), for all v's greater than a
certain*vO
Xv < 4yo2v p
(v> vo),
while
(v
VE; V
>
=o1,,*
vq
4v no(v
VO),
ov
since mo
> 0 . Thus we reach the contradictionneeded to completethe proof
of the theorem.
? 3. The Cauchy-Goursat theorem
for integralsover a closed rectifiablecurvelying on a continuum.
We may with HURWITZ (IOC. cit., pp. 101-103)
fiunction
fAz)is synectic.
506
E. H. MOORE:
OF CHICAGO.