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Materials Engineering II

Dendritic Solidification

Dr. Nicols J. Hendrichs


Professor of Materials Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Tecnolgico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey
nicolas.hendrichs@itesm.mx

Dendrites: a 3D Structure
Co-Sa-Cu

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

(C) Nicols J. Hendrichs

Why do Dendrite Form?

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

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Breaking into a Cellular


Growth Pattern

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

(C) Nicols J. Hendrichs

Cellular Growth

The following observations of solidification in progress have been provided by courtesy of H. Esaka, J. Stramke and W. Kurz of the
Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland. They represent "Metal-like columnar
dendritic growth in succinonitrile-aceton alloys". The succinonitrile-aceton is an organic system which is translucent to light, making
the solidification process visible in an optical microscope. For the theory of dendritic growth see: W. Kurz, D.J. Fisher
"Fundamentals of Solidification", Trans Tech Publ. Ltd, Switzerland, 4th ed. 1998.
The Phase Transformation Group, University of Cambridge

(C) Nicols J. Hendrichs

Cellular Growth

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

(C) Nicols J. Hendrichs

Cellular Growth

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

(C) Nicols J. Hendrichs

Breaking up of Cells
into Dendrites

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

(C) Nicols J. Hendrichs

Breaking up of Cells
into Dendrites

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

(C) Nicols J. Hendrichs

Dendrite Fromation

The following observations of solidification in progress have been provided by courtesy of H. Esaka, J. Stramke and W. Kurz of the
Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland. They represent "Metal-like columnar
dendritic growth in succinonitrile-aceton alloys". The succinonitrile-aceton is an organic system which is translucent to light, making
the solidification process visible in an optical microscope. For the theory of dendritic growth see: W. Kurz, D.J. Fisher
"Fundamentals of Solidification", Trans Tech Publ. Ltd, Switzerland, 4th ed. 1998.
The Phase Transformation Group, University of Cambridge

(C) Nicols J. Hendrichs

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Dendrite Ripening

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

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Influence of Solidification Velocity


on the Dendritic Structure

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

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Influence of Nucleation
on the Dendritic Structure

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

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Composition Variations
within the Dendritic Structure

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

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Typical Dendritic Structures

Cu 30% Ni
Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

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Numerical Simulation of the


Dendritic Growth Phenomenon

Dendritic solidification in Fe-0.11 wt% C, velocity 10 mm/s, temperature gradient 100 K/mm.

Have a careful look at the development of the secondary dendrite arms. The initial spacing
between the secondary dendrite arms is much finer than in the final microstructure. This is
because of coarsening - some of the finer arms dissolve as the coarser ones grow. The later
stages also show the coalescence of the dedrite arms (both primary and secondary).
Phase Transformation Group, University of Cambridge.
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Secondary Dendrite Arm


Spacing (SDAS)
SDAS ktsm
for aluminum alloys :
k 8 x104 cm

sm

m 0.42

Source: D.R. Askeland & P.P. Phul, The Science and Engineering of Materials, Intl. Student Ed. Thomson, Canada, 2006.

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SDAS in other Alloy Systems

Fe-25% Ni

Steel with 0.1% a 0.9% C

Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

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SDAS y su Influencia
en las Propiedades Mecnicas

Source: D.R. Askeland & P.P. Phul, The Science and Engineering of Materials, Intl. Student Ed. Thomson, Canad, 2006.

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Nicols J. Hendrichs 4719

SDAS influence
on Mechanical Properties

Source: D.R. Askeland & P.P. Phul, The Science and Engineering of Materials, Intl. Student Ed. Thomson, Canada, 2006.

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Tiempo de Homogenizacin
nB nB 0 e

l2
2
D
es el tiempo de relajacin, esto es, el tiempo que tarda en reducir las diferencias de
concentracin a un factor de 1/e.
Si los coeficientes de difusin son del orden de 10-13 m2/s
y los espaciamientos de los brazos de las dendritas pueden variar de 10-3 a 10-4 m
Los tiempos de homogenizacin pueden variar de pocos minutos a varias horas.
Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

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Nicols J. Hendrichs 4621

Homogenization
Heat Treatment
nB nB 0 e

D
2

is the relaxation time, i.e. the time it takes to reduce the differences in
concentration by a factor of1/e.
If the diffusion coefficients are of the order of 10-13 m2/s and the dendrite arm
spacing may vary from 10-3 to 10-4 m, homogenization time may vary from a
few minutes to several hours.
Source: M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, EUA, 1974.

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