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Teratology
Malformations
Disruptions result in morphological alterations of already formed
structures and are caused by destructive processes. Vascular accidents
leading to transverse limb defects and defects produced by amniotic
bands are examples of destructive factors that produce disruptions
Deformations result from mechanical forces that mold a part of the
fetus over a prolonged period. Clubfeet, for example, are caused by
compression in the amniotic cavity
Syndrome is a group of anomalies occurring together that have a
specific common cause.
Embryonic Development
Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and
develops, until it develops into a fetus. It starts with the fertilization of
the ovum (or egg) by sperm. The fertilized ovum is referred to as
a zygote. The zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions with no significant
growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation,
leading to development of an embryo.
Fertilization (0 Day)
Fertilization
a. Fertilization, the process by which male and female gametes
fuse, occurs in the ampullary region of the uterine tube
b. Functions of fertilization
c. Transmission of genes
d. Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes reduced
during meiosis
e. Determination of the sex
f. Initiation of cleavage
Gonads
The gonads main function are generate the gamates and produce sex
hormones
The gonads acquire male or female morphological in the seventh
week of development.
Definitive (embryonic)
endoderm cells displace
the hypoblast.
Mesoderm spreads
between endoderm
and ectoderm.
Migrational path of the primordial germ cells along the wall of the hindgut
and the dorsal mesentery into the genital ridge
21. Meiosis I
Reductional division: reduction of chromosome number from 2n to 1n
and DNA from 4d to 2d
Prohpase I
Leptotene: Chromosomes appear. Sister chromatids attached
to each other by meiosis specific cohesion complexes
Zygotene: Close association of homologous chromosomes
forming synaptonemal complex
Pachytene: Crossing-over (transposition of DNA strands
between two different chromosomes)
Diplotene: Synaptonemal complex dissolves. Homologous
chromosomes begin to separate. Chiasmata: junction that
remains once separation starts. Indicative that crossing-over
occurred
Diakinesis: Condensation of homologous chromosomes.
Disappearance of nucleolus and nuclear envelope
22. Meiosis I
25.
Oocyte
27. Follicular development in cortex