Lecture 3

Bernoullis Equation
Definition

The differential equation of the form

dy
p (x ) y f (x ) y n
dx

(1)

Where n any real number is called Bernoullis Equation

If n=0, equation (1) is linear equation
If n=1, equation (1) is separable equation

For n0 and n1 the substitution

u y 1n
reduces any equation of the form (1) to a linear equation

Let

u y 1n

du
dy
(1 n ) y n
dx
dx

(2)

Divinding equation (1) by y n , gives

1 dy
y

p
(
x
)
f (x )
n dx
n
y
y
dy
p (x ) y 1n f (x )
dx
By Multiplying equation (3) by (1-n), we obtain
y n

dy
(1-n)y
(1 n ) p (x ) y 1n (1 n )f (x )
dx
Equation (4) can be written, according to the substitution (2), as
n

du
(1 n ) p (x )u (1 n )f (x )
dx
Which is a linear equation

(3)

(4)

Example 1

Solve

dy
y x2 y2
dx

Example 2

Solve

dy
1
x
y 2
dx
y

Example 3

Solve

dy
x
y (x y 3 1)
dx

Homogeneous Equations
Definition
If a function f has the property

f (tx ,ty ) t f (x , y )
for some real number , the f is said to be Homogenous Function of degree

Example
f (x , y ) y 2 +x 2
is a homogeneous function of degree 2, since
f (tx ,ty ) (ty )2 (tx )2 t 2 ( y 2 x 2 ) t 2f (x , y )
Note
f (x , y ) y 2 x 2 1 is not homogeneous function

A first order DE in differential form

M (x , y )dx N (x , y ) dy 0

(1)

is said to be homogeneous if both coefficients M and N are homogeneous

functions of the same degree
Note:
If M and N are homogeneous functions of degree then equation (1)
can be written in the form
dy
y
f ( )
dx
x
The substitution y ux will reduce a homogeneous equation to a separable
first order differential equation

Example 4

Solve

(x 2 y 2 )dx ( x 2 xy )dy 0

Example 5

Solve

dy x 2 y 2

dx
xy

Example 6

Solve

x dy y dx x 2 y 2 dx