MS5041

Renewable Energy
Assignment 1

Nama

: Gita Maya Luciana

NIM

: 23115305

Dosen

: Dr. Yuli Setyo Indartono

Tanggal Penyerahan

: 29 August 2016

FAKULTAS TEKNIK MESIN DAN DIRGANTARA

PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2016

Energy Composition in New Zealand

Primary energy
Primary energy measures the amount of energy available, in the form it is first accessed from
natural sources. In the early 2000s New Zealands energy came from fossil fuels such as oil, gas and
coal, and from renewable sources water, geothermal energy, wind and solar power, and wood. [1]
In 2013 primary sources of energy were:

Figure 1. Primary source of energy in 2013[2]

Primary Sources of energy is divided into two :

1. Primary energy production is total amount of energy production by New Zealand.
2. Primary energy supply is the total amount of energy supplied for use in New Zealand.
This is calculated as domestic production plus imports, less exports and energy used for
international transport.[3]

Figure 2. Total Primary Energy Supply Trend 1974-2014[3]

New Zealands total primary energy supply (TPES) is relatively diversified but dominated by
oil and natural gas, which between them provide 57% of supply. Geothermal and hydro sources
provide 15% and 11.3% respectively, while coal provides 10%. New Zealands share of geothermal
energy in TPES is the highest in the IEA and is second only to Iceland among OECD countries.

Figure 2. shows New Zealands TPES (Total Primary Energy Supply) by fuel since 1974.
Total primary energy supply (TPES) is the total amount of energy supplied for use in New Zealand. In
2014, renewable energy made up 39.5% of New Zealands TPES. This level of contribution from
renewable energy was slightly up on last years value of 38.4%, and was the highest on record. The
latest international comparison shows that New Zealand has the third highest contribution of
renewable energy to TPES in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
(behind Iceland and Norway). [3]
The rapid increase in renewable energys share of TPES in the last few years has been driven
by increased electricity generation from geothermal energy and reduced electricity generation from
coal. As geothermal fluid is much lower in temperature than steam produced by a coal or gas boiler,
the transformation efficiency of geothermal energy is significantly lower. The low transformation
efficiency of geothermal energy (approximately 15%) contributes to New Zealands relatively high
renewable TPES compared with most other countries. [3]
Although geothermal energys share has increased rapidly over the last five years, oil
continues to dominate New Zealands TPES. In 2014, oil accounted for 31%, gas for 23% and
geothermal energy for 22%. TPES was up by 5.7% in 2014 and has increased by an average of 3% per
annum since 2009. [3]
New Zealandss Energy Future Goal and Programs

Figure 3. Future energy goal and programs[4]

Energy future underpins economic future

Energy is more than just another commodity: it is an essential input to all sectors. New
Zealands economic competitiveness rests on its ability to respond positively to global energy risks
and opportunities. [4]
The future is one in which we expect: [4]
1. The cost of greenhouse gas emissions to be increasingly factored into world markets.
2. Technological advances to occur in energy production electricity systems, and energy
management in buildings, industry and transport.
3. The price of oil to rise and become more volatile.
The main goal
The governments goal is for New Zealand to make the most of its abundant energy potential, for the
benefit of all New Zealanders. [4]
This will be achieved through the environmentally-responsible development and efficient use of the
countrys diverse energy resources, so that:
1. the economy grows powered by secure competitively priced energy and increasing energy
exports.
2. the environment is recognised for its importance to our New Zealand way of life.
Programs : [4]
1. Develop resources
Areas of focus : Develop petroleum and mineral fuel resources,Develop renewable energy
resources, and Embrace new energy technologies
New Zealands energy resources already contribute to economic growth and promote the wellbeing of New Zealanders.
They can contribute further, by:
1. Bringing wealth to New Zealand through the export of energy products expertise and
technologies.
2. Providing diverse sources of reliable energy at competitive prices within New Zealand
This section sets out three broad areas in which the government will focus its efforts to facilitate
the commercialisation of energy resources.
For simplicity, the first area of focus covers petroleum and mineral fuels (all non-renewable
resources) and the second covers renewable energy resources. The third is about research and
development of all types of energy resources.
2. Secure and affordable energy
Areas of focus : Competitive energy markets deliver value for money, Oil security and transport,
and Reliable electricity supply.
High standards of energy security are critical to New Zealands economic performance and social
well being particularly in relation to oil and electricity.
Affordable energy is also fundamentally important to people, at home and in business.
The government considers that secure and affordable energy is best achieved through competitive
markets. In the longer term, investment in oil alternatives will boost transport energy security. An
ongoing focus on the reliability of electricity is also needed to ensure we have robust electricity
infrastructure in the 21st century.

3. Efficient use of energy

Areas of focus : Better consumer information to inform energy choices, Enhance business
competitiveness through energy efficiency, An energy efficient transport
system, and Warm, dry, energy efficient homes
Improving the efficiency of energy use is a priority because it is an enabler rather than a goal in
itself. It leads to a range of beneficial outcomes that support all the other priorities in this
strategy, from economic growth to greenhouse gas reduction to energy security.
The three sectors where significant improvements can be made to energy efficiency are transport,
business, and homes. In each of these areas, government policies to support improvements in
energy efficiency can in themselves provide opportunities for businesses, as well as improving
energy performance and productivity. If the economys energy and emissions intensity levels
trend downward more quickly than our competitors, our productivity will improve and the
economy will benefit.
Further detail on government policies for energy efficiency is provided in the New Zealand
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy later in this document.
4. Environmental responsibility
Areas of focus : Best practice in environmental management for energy projects and Reduce
energy-related greenhouse gas emissions
New Zealand has an enviable and proud reputation as a clean, green country. We are determined
to maintain it by maximising development opportunities that benefit both the environment and
economy, and by responsible environmental management.
Integrating responsible environmental management into the development and efficient use of
energy resources is essential to New Zealands long-term economic competitiveness in
increasingly carbon-sensitive international markets, particularly for our agricultural exports and
tourism.
Over time, sourcing an increased proportion of New Zealands energy from low-emissions
renewable energy will assist us to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions.

Source:
[1]. Energy supply and use
http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/graph/21441/electricity-consumption-and-use
[2]. New Zealand Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1
https://books.google.co.id/books?isbn=1329076796
[3]. Energy in new zealand 2015
http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/energy/energy-datamodelling/publications/energy-in-new-zealand
[4]. New Zealand Energy Strategy
https://static2.stuff.co.nz/files/Govtenergyplan.pdf