DAY 1

Physics, Technology and Society

Units
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DAY 2
Derived Units
SI System for Units
Error
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DAY 3
Dimensional Formulae and Dimensions
Application of Dimension Analysis
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DAY 4
Significant Figures
Accuracy and Precision of Measuring
Instruments
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DAY 5
Frame of Refrence
Motion in Straight Line
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DAY 6
Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
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DAY 7
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Graphical Representation of Uniformly
Accelerated Motion
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DAY 8
Motion of a Freely Falling Body
Relative Velocity
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DAY 9
Motion in a Plane
Motion in Two-Dimension
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration in
Two Dimensional Motion
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DAY 10
Projective Motion
Relative Motion in Two-Dimension
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DAY 11
Different Type of Problems Based on
Relative Motion
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DAY 12
Scalar Quantity
Vector Quantity
General Points Regarding Vectors
Properties of Vectors
Operation of Vectors
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until you develop confidence in

these topics.
DAY 13
Definition of Circular Motion
Kinematics of Circular Motion
Terms Related to Circular Motion
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DAY 14
Centripetal Forces
Application of Centripetal Forces
Application of Centrifugal Forces
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DAY 15
Concept of Forces
Types of Forces
Inertia
Impulse
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DAY 16
Newtons Law of Motion
Different Types of Example Based on
Newtons Law of motion
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DAY 17
Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces
Linear Momentum
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DAY 18
Static and Kinetic Friction
Laws of Friction
Rolling Friction
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DAY 19
Work
Work Done by a Constant Force
Work Done by a Variable Force
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Damped Oscillation
Forced Oscillation
Resonance

DAY 29
Angular Momentum
Rotational Kinetic Energy
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DAY 30
Motion of Block Rolling Without
Slipping
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MENTORS VOICE Bending of cycle,

Banked road, Racing Track problems,
circular path of any vehicle etc. are
important problems related to day 13.
Topics 3 & 4 day 15 are very
important for direct questions while,
Topics 1 & 2 of same day are
required for basic applications.
Working on days 16, 17 and 18 can
be clubbed together. Topics 2 & 3 of
day 21, Topic 3 day 25, all topics
days 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 are very
important for direct questions.
Random and planned (Complete
Mechanics) testing is required to
judge the exact learning after 30th
day as a major portion of mechanics
is finished. For topics underlined
above learning with direct solved
examples will be beneficial

DAY 41
Elasticity
Stress
Strain
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DAY 42
Hooks Law and Coefficient of
Elasticity
Hydrostatics
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DAY 43
Hydrodynamics
Equation of Continuity
Surface Tension
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DAY 44
Excess Pressure
Angle of Contact
Capillarity
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DAY 45
Concept of Temperature
Thermal Expansion
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DAY 46
Heat and Specific Heat
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DAY 47
Phase Change and Latent Heat
Principle of Calorimetry
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DAY 48
Water Equivalent
Heating Curve
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DAY 20
Energy
Types of Energy
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Law of Conservation Energy
Work-Energy Theorem
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DAY 21
Power
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in
One-Dimension
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DAY 22
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in
Two-Dimension
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DAY 23
Newtons Law of Gravitation
Acceleration due to Gravity
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MENTORS VOICE Topic 1, days 1,2 is

asked in boards only. Questions of this
portion are asked as fillers only. However
this portion of syllabus serves as the basic
need to grip the subject. In JEE one
question is usually asked on topic 1 day 3.
Repetitive readings of Topic 1 days 5, 6 are
required to develop the logic, its application
is seen in numericals. Topic 1 days 7,8 and
topic 1, days 10, 11 are very important
especially for bullet, rain drop, swimmer
and boat type problems. Day 12 topics are
essential for applications in numericals.
Random testing is required initially to test
your understanding of first 12 days. As
most of the part of first 12 days serves as
the basis for gripping the subject, thus it is
advisable not to move on day 12th topics

DAY 28
Rotational Motion
Moment of Intertia
Torque

DAY 24
Gravitational Field
Gravitational Potential
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DAY 25
Escape Velocity
Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion
Universal Law of Gravitation
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DAY 26
Artificial Satellite
Terms Related to Artificial Satellite
Geostationary Satellites
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DAY 31
Sound Waves
Velocity of Sound
Wave Motion
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DAY 32
Progressive Waves
Principle of Superposition of Waves
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DAY 33
Interference of Waves
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DAY 34
Reflection of Waves
Standing or Stationary Waves
Nodes and Anti-nodes
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DAY 35
Fundamental Tone, Overtones and
Harmonics
Beats
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DAY 36
Dopplers Effect
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DAY 37
Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
Simple Harmonic Motion
Kinematics of SHM
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DAY 38
Simple Pendulum
Spring Pendulum
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DAY 27
Centre of Mass
Centre of Mass of Some Symmetrical
Bodies
Rigid Body
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DAY 39
Series Combination of Spring
Parallel Combination of Spring
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DAY 40
Free Oscillation
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DAY 49
Degree of Freedom
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DAY 50
Molecular Theory of Gases
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
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DAY 51
First Law of Thermodynamics
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DAY 52
Cyclic Process
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DAY 53
Second Law of Thermodynamics
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DAY 54
Heat Engine and Refrigerator
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DAY 55
Carnot Engine
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DAY 56
Heat
Heat Transfer
Different Types of Heat Transfer
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DAY 57
Perfectly Black Body
Kirchhoff s Law
Stefans Law
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DAY 58
Newtons Law of Cooling
Wiens Displacement Law
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MENTORS VOICE All Topics day 34,

day 39, day 56 and day 58 are required
for basic applications. Topic 1 of days
35, 36 topic 3 of day 37, topics 1 & 2
of day 38 topics 3 & 4 of day 40,

topic 1 , day 44, topic 1 of day 47,

topic 1 of days 54,55 are very
important for direct questions.
Especially look for direct questions
involving streamline flow, interference
of waves, nodes and anti-nodes,
Dopplers effect, Mechanical spring
ball model, compressing the cylinder,
Heat pump and green house effect,
these are important. Use random
testing for Topics till Day 40th for self
analysis and use planned tests in two
sections i.e.
(a) Day 31st to 40th (Sound of SHM)
(b) Day 41th to 58th (Mechanics) for
proper assessment and to gain
confidence.
DAY 59
Electric Charge
Coulombs Law
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DAY 76
Torque on a Current Carrying Loop
Inside a Magnetic Field
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DAY 77
Bar Magnet as Equivalent Solenoid
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DAY 78
Bar Magnet
Magnetic Field due to Bas Magnet
Magnetic Field Lines
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DAY 79
Magnetic Dipole in Magnetic Field
Earths Magnetism
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DAY 80
Magnetic Elements of Earth
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DAY 81
Some Important Terms Related to
Magnetism
Magnetic Properties of Materials
Type of Magnets
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DAY 60
Electric Field
Electric Flux
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DAY 82
Magnetic Flux
Electromagnetic Induction
Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic
Induction
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DAY 61
Gausss Theorem and its Application
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DAY 62
Electric Potential
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DAY 63
Electric Dipole
Conductors and Insulators
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DAY 64
Electrical Potential Energy
Electrical Capacitance
Capacitors
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DAY 65
Combination of Capacitors
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DAY 66
Electric Current
Current Density
Drift Velocity
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DAY 67
Ohms Law and Resistance
Combination of Resistance
DAY 68
Electro-Chemical Cell
Electrical Energy and Power
Combination of Cell
DAY 69
Colour Code of Resistance
Kirchhoff s Laws
DAY 70
Potentiometer
Galvanometer
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DAY 84
Self-Induction
Mutual Induction

DAY 97
Total Internal Reflection
Refraction from Spherical Surface
Lens
Refraction through a Prism
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DAY 98
Microscope
Type of Microscope
Terms Related to Microscope
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DAY 85
Energy Stored in an Inductor
Combination of Inductors
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DAY 86
Alternating Current and Voltage
Alternating Current Circuits
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DAY 87
Impendance
Reactance
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DAY 88
Power in AC Circuit
Power in Different Cases AC Circuit
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DAY 89
Series AC Circuit
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DAY 90
Waltless Current
Electric Generator
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DAY 91
Transformers
Type of Transformers
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DAY 92
Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwells Equation
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DAY 93
Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
Uses of Electromagnetic Waves
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Excitation Energy and Potential

DAY 108
Radioactivity
Radioactivity Disintigration
Nuclear Reaction Types
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DAY 109
Energy Bands in Solids
Semi-conductor
P-N Junction Diode
P-N Junction Diode as a Rectifier
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DAY 110
Transistor
Types of Transistor
Transistor as Amplifier
Transistor as a Switch
Transistor Characteristics
Oscillator
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DAY 111
Digital Electronics
Basic Logic Gates
Combination of Logic Gates
Universal Logic Gates
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DAY 96
Refraction of Light
Refractive Index

DAY 107
Nucleus
Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones
Mass Defect and Binding Energy

DAY 95
Reflection of Light
Mirror Formula

DAY 99
Telescope
Types of Telescope
Terms Related to Telescope
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DAY 112
Communication System
Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave
through Atmosphere
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DAY 113
MODEM
Different Types of Communication
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DAY 114
Mobile Telephony
GPS
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DAY 115
Practice Set (Full Syllabus)
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DAY 100
Wave Nature of Light
Interference of Light
Youngs Double Slit Experiment
Diffraction of Light

DAY 116
Practice Set (Full Syllabus)
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DAY 101
Laws of Reflection Using Huygens
Principle
Laws of Refraction Using Huygens
Principle
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DAY 102
Polarisation of Light
Plane of Vibration and Plane of
Polarisation of Plane of Polarised Light
Polariod
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DAY 103
Dual Nature of Matter
De-Broglie Wavelength Associate with
Orbital Electron
Partical Nature of Light
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MENTORS VOICE The Topics after day

43rd belongs to class 12th and will be
fresh in your memory. Thus, these
require less effort to gain perfection. All
the topics till day 68th require vector
DAY 74
Force on a Current Carrying Conductor applications as well time to time. From
in Magnetic Field
this part problems related to
superposition & quantization of charges,
DAY 75
thin & thick plane sheets, dielectric,
Force between Two Parallel Current
mobility of charged particles, field
Carrying Conductors
potential and its calculation power
Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole
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DAY 71
Heating Effect of Current
DAY 72
Magnetic Field due to Current
Amperes Circuit Law
Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
DAY 73
Motion of Charged Particle in
Magnetic Field
Moving Coil Galvanometer

DAY 94
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Use of Electromagnetic Spectrum

DAY 83
Motional Electromagnetic Induction
Motional Electromagnetic Induction
Loop
Dynamic EMF due to Rotational Motion

dissipated by cells important to be asked

as direct questions. All Topics of days
61, 67, 72, 85, 86, 88, 89 and 90 are
required essentially for basic
applications. Topics 1, 2 of day 73, Topic
2 of day 73, all Topics days 78 , 79, Topic
2 day 81, All Topics days 83, 84,85 Topic
2 day 86, Topic 2 day 87 are important
for direct questions like KE of cyclotron,
conversion of galvanometer into
ammeter and voltmeter, neural point ,
angle dip, hysteresis curve, dynamo,
induced emf and transformers based
questions. Begin this complete section
everyday with randomized check through
random test to analysis your points of
emphasis for your preparation.

DAY 104
Photo Electric Effect
Laws of Photo Electric Effect
Davisson-Germer Experiment
Hertz and Lenerds Observations
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DAY 105
Scattering of Alpha Particle
Rutherfords Atomic Model
Bohrs Atomic Model
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DAY 106
Hydrogen Spectrum
Ionisation Energy and Potential
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DAY 117
Practice Set (Full Syllabus)
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DAY 118
Practice Set (Full Syllabus)
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DAY 119
Practice Set (Full Syllabus)
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DAY 120
Revision of Important points
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MENTORS VOICE This last segment

of your preparation is very very
important as considerable numbers of
questions are asked from this portion.
These topics, on the contrary, are
easy to revise and prepare as well
because a major portion of this
segment show overlapping with
Chemistry syllabus.
All topics days 95 & 96, are required
for basic application. Direct questions
can be asked from topics of days 94,
95, 96 and 97 of segment 1 (topics),
give special emphases on problems
involving lens maker formula, angular
dispersion and dispersive power,
YDSE and polaroid. In the segment 2
(Modern Physics) most of the portion
is overlapped with chemistry syllabus.
Give special emphasis on
photoelectric effect, stopping
potential, radioactivity.

Revision The Ultimate Tool

Toppers are in the habit of doing the things differently. Here surely the word differently has the art of
revision or reconciliation of learning in its basis especially for the toppers of entrance examinations.
Revision plays a prominent role in preparation of school, college or other entrance exams. Once syllabus is
covered, revision is a mandatory requirement for better scoring, even, if one had not covered 100% of
syllabus but only 70% or so, still he has to revise what syllabus has been covered.

How to Revise?

Special Mantras

In a generalised methodology to be adopted during revision following steps are

followed:
Step 1 Read your notes and seek answers to questions of your own. Try to be as
active in your reading as possible. Your activeness can be in the form of talking
to your self, walking around the room etc., Try to recollect what you have
learned
Step 2 When you feel that you have understood and can remember what you have
read. Then close your source of information (copy, book, notes etc.,)
Step 3 Try to recall the contents you were reading so far. You may pen down the
same roughly and quickly on a new waste paper (if you are going for the first
revision). This will help in filtering the remembered and non-remembered
portions.
Step 4 Check the new notes with the old content. You may find certain points at
which your memory is washed out. These points only require attention again.
Try to answer a previous question paper i.e. past papers to see your progress
once you revise.
Step 5 You may recheck your memory in random manner after a certain period of
time too. The washed out memory points may increase or decrease. Repeated
attention on these points can kill them then- n - there and boost up your
confidence.
Step 6 Repetition of the same procedure for the same content many a times
reduces the quantity of content requiring attention.

Remember, revision is not something that starts in the end of academic session
rather it is what you can do on daily basis; in fact you can initiate it right from the
very first day of your learning.

How to Revise Physics

The mode of revision depends upon the topic or subject we are about to cover.
Revision is exactly the point where YOUR planning and creativity comes in to play.
In a class, it is your teacher who chooses the way of instruction while back home at
the time of revision it is YOU who decide.
In Physics we make mistakes in derivations, fundamental units representing
force, surface tension etc, problems & exercise solving. So get thorough with them
In objective type competitive exams we mess up with finding right way to solve and
using suitable formula to get the answer. This drastically consumes valuable time
leading to less scoring. So during revision, better have your own hand written class
notes for all the derivations and problems.
Try to familiarise the derivation based on diagrammatic representation and also
the way of flow of steps to the end point. This diagrammatic picture or view helps
you recall the answer well and drawing them in the exam enhances your score. Ex:
Geostationary satellite velocity- which can be easily derived with proper drawing &
understanding instead of mug up.
Revision of physics with better understanding and getting clarity of the topic
makes you a master in it.
During revision for objective type tests try to answer the problems or exercises by
visualisation and the possible reasoning to solve it.
Memorising the formulas can give ways for solving these problems as you feel.
Regular revision of formulae is very necessary as you can't afford to let even a single
slip out from your brain.
l

DECEMBER 2015

Skills @ Effective Revision

While going for revisions keep following points in mind
It is always better to prepare a revision schedule on daily basis and
after making the schedule, it is must to possess the will to abide by
that.
It is not necessary to revise large number of chapters every day.
Revision must be slow and steady. It must be in the order to get firm
grip on all types of questions asked on that topic.
Many times, we tend to miss out on writing some points when the
teacher speaks. It is best to pen them down when they are still fresh in
the memory.
Revise as many times as possible the entire subjects.
There is a huge difference between revision and repetition i.e.,
revision is not going through all the notes over and over again.
The specialized feature of revision is lessening of time in each and
every attempt i.e., time consumed in revising the same content every
time is less than the previous one. Just imagine a potential aspirant
can revise the complete content of Physics syllabus in about two and a
half hours in his 4th or 5th revision cycle.
Decrease in the time of revision is possible only when you have a
proper analysis of 'what to revise' and 'what not to revise'. Such an
analysis can be done on the basis of 'what you know' and 'what is
whipped off from your memory after learning'. Every time when you go
for only those parts which are whipped off, you find a lesser content to
revise. This, in turn, certainly requires lesser time to reconcile.
Understand the concept and don't just mug. This is a big mistake made
by many school going students till the mind maturity. Understanding
the concept shows you the actual sweetness of the subject and makes
you perceive even more of the subject with enthusiasm.
The difference between mugging and understanding is that, mugging
is a memorising aspect while understanding is realsing the facts about
the subject or topic with its related prior knowledge.
Use same notes or books or study material for all the revisions
because the page of the book also strikes in memory during answering
the questions asked.
There is no substitute for hard preparation and excitement and
enthusiasm in revision.
n

n
n

Last but not least you are the best to know your situation, analyze it
thoroughly and work out the best method for your revision. Think for
yourself, you are mature enough to organize your own study plan. Use your
discretion to judge what will work for you and what will not.

@CLASS XI SYLLABUS

Final Touch

Units, Dimensions and Measurement

UNITS
Physical Quantities
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SI Units of fundamental quantities

All the quantities which can be measured directly or

indirectly in terms of which laws of physics are
described and whose measurement is necessary are
called physical quantities.
Physical quantities are of two types, one is fundamental
quantities, which is independent of other physical
quantities, second one is derived quantities which are
derived from the fundamental quantities.

Length
Mass

Name

Symbol

metre

kilogram

kg

Time

second

Electric current

ampere

Thermodynamic temperature

kelvin

Amount of substance

mole

mol

candela

cd

Luminous intensity

Unit
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Fundamental quantities

Some supplementary quantities and their SI units

A physical quantity is measured by comparing with a

certain standard amount of the same physical quantity
called unit.

Supplementary Name and

quantities
symbol
Plane angle

radian (rad)

Different systems of units

MKS system

CGS system

FPS
system

Length,
m (metre)

Length,
cm (centimetre)

Length,
ft (foot)

Mass,
kg (kilogram)

Mass,
g (gram)

Time,
s (second)

Time,
s (second)

SI unit

It is an extended
form of MKS
system. It includes
Mass,
four more
lb (pound)
fundamental units
Time,
(in addition to three
s (second) basic units) which
represent
fundamental
quantities in
electricity, basic
matter quantity,
heat and light

Definition
One radian is the angle subtended at
the centre by an arc equal in length to
ds
the radius of the circle, i.e. d =
r
dq

ds
r

Solid angle

steradian
(sr)

One steradian is the solid angle

subtended at the centre of a sphere
which is equal in area to the square of
dS
radius of the sphere, i.e. d = 2
r
dS

r2

dS
q

r1

Some Derived Quantities are with SI Units

Area = (length) (length) with m2 .
Force = (mass) (acceleration) with unit kg-ms 2 or N.

Commonly used derived units are as below:

Joule (J) for energy or work, watt (W) for power, volt (V) for
potential difference, coulomb (C) for charge, tesla (T) for
magnetic field, ohm () for resistance, etc.
Physical quantity (Q) = Magnitude Unit = n u
constant, i.e. n1 u1 = n2 u2
e.g. 4.8 m = 480 cm = 0.0028 km

Mass
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Time

Practical Units

1 X-ray unit = 1 U = 10 13 m
1 fermi = 1 fm = 10 15 m
6
1 micron = m = 10 m
1 astronomical unit = 1 AU= 149
. 1011 m
15
. 1011 m 108 km
1 light year = 1 ly = 9.46 1015 m
1 parsec = 1 pc = 3.26 light year
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1. If mass is measured in unit of kg, length in m and

(b) 4.2 1 2 2
(d) 4.2 2 2 2
2

2. If the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 and the

units of length and time are changed in kilometre and
hour respectively, then numerical value of the
acceleration is
m
Hint n 2 = 10
km

s

h

(c) 36000

(d) 129600

(ct x), where y and x are

measured in metre. Which of the following statements

is true?

3. Given that y = Asin

(a) The unit of is same as that of x and A.

(b) The unit of is same as that of x but not of A.
2
.
(c) The unit of c is same as that of

2
(d) The unit of (ct x ) is same as that of

4. Which of the following relation is wrong?

(a) 1 ampere 1 ohm = 1 volt
(b) 1 watt 1 second = 1 joule
(c) 1 newton per coulomb = 1 volt per metre
(d) 1 coulomb 1 volt = 1 watt

For other quantities

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1 torr = 1 mm of Hg = 133.3 Pa
1 bar = 105 Nm2 = 105 Pa
1 pound = 453.6 g = 0.4536 kg

Degree (for angle), 1 =

rad
180

5. If x = at + bt 2 , where x is the distance travelled by the

(a) km/s

Hint In SI system, the unit of heat is J or kgm s . Unit of energy in

the new system will be ( kg )( m )2 ( s )2 = 2 2 kgm 2 s 2

(b) 72000

1 year = 365.25 days = 3156

.
107 s
1 solar year = 365.25 average solar day
1 lunar month = 27.3 days
1 solar year = 366.25 sidereal day
1 shake = 10 8 s

body in kilometre while t is the time in second, then the

unit of b is

time in s, then calorie would be

(a) 4.2 2 2
(c) 4.2 1 2 2

(a) 360000

Length

Chandra Shekhar unit, 1 CSU

= 1.4 times the mass of sun = 2.8 1030 kg
Metric tonne, 1 metric tonne = 1000 kg
Quintal, 1 quintal = 100 kg
Atomic mass unit (amu), 1 amu = 167
. 10 27 kg

(c) km/s 2

(b) km-s

Hint [ x ] = [ bt ] and [ b] = [ x / t ] = km/s

2

(d) km-s 2

6. The equation p + 2 (V b) = constant. The unit of

V

a is
a

(a) dyne cm5 (b) dyne cm4 (c) dyne cm3

(d) dyne cm2

Hint Unit of a and pV are same and equal to dyne cm 4 .

2

7. s = A[1 e Bxt ], where s is speed and x is displacement.

The unit of B is
(a) m1s 1

(b) m2s

(c) s 2

(d) s 1

8. If K denotes coefficient of thermal conductivity, d is

density and c is specific heat, the unit of X, where
X = K / dc will be
(a) cm/s

(b) cm2s 2

(c) cms

(d) cm2s 1

9. A physical quantity is measured and its value is found

to be nu, where n = numerical value and u = unit. Then,

which of the following relation is true?
(a) n u 2

(b)n u

(c) n u

(d) n 1 / u

10. In a new system of units called star units, 1 kg* = 10 kg,

1 m* = 1 km and 1 s* = 1 min, what will be the value of 1

J in the new system?
(a) 2.4 10 5 J*
(c) 4.2 10 3 J*

(b) 3.6 10 4 J*
(d) 4.2 10 2 J*

Hint The value of 1 J in star units, 1J = 1[ML2 T 2 ] = 1 [1 kgm 2s 2 ]

DIMENSIONS
Dimensions of a Physical Quantity
The dimensions of a physical quantity are powers to which
base or fundamental physical quantities should be raised by
some exponent to represent the given derived physical
quantity.
e.g. force with unit N or kg-ms 2 has mass (M), length (L) and
time (T).
Dimensions of force are expressed as [MLT 2 ].

We cannot derive the formula containing the

trigonometrical function, logarithmic function and
exponential function which have no dimensions.
If a quantity depends on more than three factors, having
dimensions, the formula cannot be derived.
Quantities having same dimensions

Dimensions Quantity
[M 0L0 T 1 ]

Frequency, angular frequency, angular velocity,

velocity gradient and decay constant

[ML2 T 2 ]

Work, internal energy, potential energy, kinetic

energy, torque and moment of force

[ML1 T 2 ]

Pressure, stress, Youngs modulus, bulk modulus,

modulus of rigidity, energy density

[MLT 2 ]

Thrust, force, weight, energy gradient

[ML0 T 2 ]

Surface tension, surface energy (energy per unit

area)

[M 0L2 T 2 ]

Latent heat and gravitational potential.

Dimensional Analysis and its Applications

The dimensional analysis helps us in deducing the relations
among different physical quantities and checking the
accuracy, derivation and dimensional consistency.
Its applications are as given below:
Checking correctness of various formulae.
Conversion of one system of units into another.
Derivation of a relationship between different physical
quantities.
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Limitations of Dimensional Analysis

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It does not give any information whether a physical

quantity is a scalar or a vector.
It gives no information about the dimensionless constant in
the formula, e.g. 1, 2, 3, ..., etc.

11. The dimensions of the quantities in one (or more) of the

following pairs are the same. Identify the pairs.
(a) Torque and work
(b) Angular momentum and work
(c) Energy and Youngs modulus
(d) Light year and energy

12. The dimensional formula of a physical quantity is

[MaLbT c ]. Then, that physical quantity is
(a) spring constant, if a = 1, b = 1 and c = 2
(b) surface tension, if a = 1, b = 1 and c = 2
(c) force, if a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
(d) angular frequency, if a = 0, b = 0, c = 1

Gx c y hz ,
where G, c, h are the universal gravitational constant,
speed of light and Planck constant respectively, then

13. If the dimensions of length are expressed as

1
1
(a) x = , y =
2
2
1
3
(c) y = , z =
2
2

1
1
(b) x = , z =
2
4
3
1
(d) y = , z =
2
2

[MLT ]

Momentum, impulse

[ML2 T 1 ]

Angular momentum and Planck constant

0 0

[M L T ]

Strain, refractive index, relative density , angle, solid

angle, Poisson's ratio, dielectric constant, distance
gradient

14. If L, C and R represent inductance, capacitance and

resistance respectively, then combination having
dimensions of frequency is
(a)

1
CL2

(b)

L
C

(c)

R
L

(d)

R
C

15. When a wave traverse a medium, the displacement of a

particle located at x at a time t is given by
y = a sin (bt cx), where a, b and c are constants of the
wave. Which of the following is a quantity with
dimensions?
(a) y/a

(b) bt

(c) cx

2
b T
Hint Dimensions of =
= [LT 1 ]
c 2

(d) b/c

16. X = 3 YZ2 find dimensions of Y in MKS system, if X and

Z are the dimensions of capacity and magnetic field
respectively.
(a) [M3 L2 T 4 A 1 ]
(c) [M3 L2 T 4 A 2 ]

(b) [ML2 T 1 ]
(d) [M3 L2 T 8 A 4 ]

Hint Y =

X
[M 1 L2 T 4 A 2 ]
=
= [M 3 L2 T 8 A 4 ]
2
3Z
[MT 2 A 1 ]2

17. The frequency of vibration of string is given by

1 /2

P F
. Here, P is number of segments in the
2 l m
string and l is the length. The dimensional formula for
m will be

(b) [ML0 T 1 ]

(a) [M0LT 1 ]

(c) [ML1 T0 ]

(d) [M0L0 T 0 ]

18. If the constant of gravitation (G), Planck constant (h)

and the velocity of light (c) be chosen as fundamental
units. The dimensions of the radius of gyration are
1

(a) h 2 c
1

(c) h 2 c

G2

3
2

(b) h 2 c 2 G 2

(d) h

1
2

G2

(c) 3.6
1

g cm s
Hint n 2 = 100

kg m min

(d) 36

PHYSICS FUNDAS
FINDING DIMENSIONAL FORMULAE
1. First read the problem carefully and then find out whether we
have given with the formulae or any law to describe it.
2. Write the formulae of a physical quantity for which the
dimensions to be known.
3. Convert the formulae of derived physical quantity into
Length
fundamental quantities, e.g. acceleration =
(Time)2
4. Write the corresponding symbols for fundamental quantities.
e.g. mass = [M], length = [L], time = [T], etc.
5. Make proper algebraic combination and get the result.
6. Try to arrange the dimensions in order, i.e. [M], [L], [T].

21. The velocity of a freely falling body changes as gp hq ,

where g is acceleration due to gravity and h is the
height. The value of p and q are
(a) 1,

1 1
(b) ,
2 2

1
2

1
(c) , 1
2

(d) 1 , 1

(coulomb) are given as

In another system where the fundamental physical

quantities are kilogram, metre and minute, the
magnitude of the force is
(b) 0.36

(b) [ML2 T]
(d) [M0L2 T 1 ]

(a) [M0L2 T 0 ]
(c) [ML0 T]

22. The dimensions of magnetic field in M, L, T and C

19. In CGS system the magnitude of the force is 100 dyne.

(a) 0.036

k
e , p is pressure, z is the

distance, k is Boltzmanns constant and is the

temperature. The dimensional formula of will be

20. In the relation p =

(b) [MT 1C 1 ]
(d) [MLT 1C 1 ]

(a) [MT 2C 2 ]
(c) [MT 2C 1 ]
Hint B =

[F]
[MLT 2 ]
=
= [MT 1C 1 ]
[I][L] [CT 1 ][L ]

23. The speed of light (c), gravitational constant (G) and

Planck constant (h) are taken as the fundamental units
in a system. The dimension of time in this new system
should be
(a) G1 / 2 h1 / 2 c 5 / 2
(c) G1 / 2 h1 / 2 c 3 / 2

(b) G 1 / 2 h1 / 2 c1 / 2
(d) G1 / 2 h1 / 2 c1 / 2

24. Which of the following is dimensionally correct?

(a) Pressure = Energy per unit area
(b) Pressure = Energy per unit volume
(c) Pressure = Force per unit volume
(d) Pressure = Momentum per unit volume per unit time
Hint Pressure =

Force
Energy
=
Area
Volume

25. Dimensions of ohm are same as (h, Planck constant

and e, charge)
(a) h/e

(b) h2 / e

(c) h / e 2

Hint Ohm = [ ML2 T 3 A 2 ]

h [ML2 T 1 ]
and
=
= [ML2 T 3 A 2 ]
e2
[A 2 T 2 ]

(d) h2e 2

ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
Error
l

Least count =

Difference in the true value and the measured value of a

quantity is called error of measurement.
Systematic errors are in one direction while random errors
occur irregularly and at random in magnitude and
direction.
Mean of various observations from a1 , a2 ...... an is
a + a2 + ....... + an
amean = 1
n
Mean absolute error,
|a1| + |a2| + .... + |an|
, where
amean =
n

Least count of vernier callipers = 1MSD 1VSD

where, MSD = main scale division, VSD = vernier scale
division
Least count of screw gauge
Pitch( P)
=
Number of parts on circular path ( n)
l

Significant Figures
In a number which is the result of a measurement. The
digits that are known reliably plus the first uncertain digits
are known as significant digits.
Larger the number of significant figures after the decimal
point in a measurement, higher is the accuracy of the
measurement.

a1 =|a1 amean |, a2 = |a2 amean | , an = |an amean |

l

Rules for Determining Significant Figures

Error of a sum or a difference

Z = A + B or

i.e.
l

amean
Fractional or relative error =
amean
amean
Percentage error =
100
amean

There are many steps to determine the significant figures as below :

Z = A B is given by

Z = A + B
Error in quantity raised to some power, we have
For,

Z = AaBbC c
Z
A
B
C
= a
+ b + c

Z
A
B
C

26. In a simple pendulum experiment, the maximum

percentage error in the measurement of length is 2%
and that in the observation of the time period is 3%.
Then, the maximum percentage error in determination
of the acceleration due to gravity g is
(b) 6%

(c) 7%

(d) 8%

g
l
T
Hint For % error,
100 =
100 + 2
100
g
l
T

27. The number of significant figures in the numbers

4.8000 104 and 48000.50 are respectively,
(a) 5 and 6

Least count of instrument is the smallest measurement

which can be made with instrument.

(a) 5%

Least Count
l

(b) 5 and 7

Value of 1 part on main scale ( s)

Number of parts on vernier scale ( n)

(c) 2 and 7

(d) 2 and 6

28. In an experiment, the angles are required to be

measured using an instrument 29 divisions of the main
scale exactly coincide with the 30 divisions of the

In multiplication or division, the final result should retain as many

significant figures as are there in the original number with the least
significant figures.
In addition or subtraction, the final result should retain as many
decimal places as are there in the number with the least decimal
places.
For a number greater that 1 without any decimal, the trailing zero (s)
are insignificant.
For a number with a decimal, the trailing zero (s) are significant.
To remove ambiguity or mistake, the measurement should be given in
scientific notation, i.e. a 10 b , where 0 < a < 10 and b is integer may
be positive or negative called order of magnitude.

vernier scale. If the smallest division of the main scale

is half degree (= 0.5), then the least count of the
instrument is
(a) one minute
(c) one degree

(b) half minute

(d) half degree

29
1

Hint LC = 1MSD 1 VSD = 1

MSD =
0.5 = 1 min
30
30

29. A student measured the length of a rod and wrote it as

3.50 cm. Which instrument did he use to measure it?
(a) A meter scale
(b) A vernier callipers where the 10 divisions in vernier scale
match with 9 divisions in main scale and main scale has
10 divisions in 1 cm
(c) A screw gauge having 100 divisions in the circular scale
and pitch as 1 mm

(d) A screw gauge having 50 divisions in the circular scale

and pitch 1 mm

extension l =0.25 mm in the length of the wire is

observed. Quantities d and l are measured using a
screw gauge and a micrometer, respectively. They
have the same pitch of 0.5 mm. The number of
divisions on their circular scale is 100. The
contributions to the maximum probable error of the Y
measurement is

30. The current voltage relation of diode is given by

I = (e1000 V / T 1) mA, where the applied V is in volts and

the temperature T is in degree kelvin. If a student
makes an error measuring 0.01 V while measuring the
current of 5 mA at 300 K, what will be the error in the
value of current in mA?
(a) 0.2 mA

(b) 0.02 mA

(c) 0.5 mA

(a) due to the errors in the measurement of d and l are the

same
(b) due to the error in the measurement of d is twice that due
to the error in the measurement of l
(c) due to the error in the measurement of l is twice that due
to the error in the measurement of d
(d) due to the error in the measurement of d is four times that
due to the error in the measurement of l

(d) 0.05 mA

31. A student performed the experiment of determination

of focal length of a concave mirror by u-v method using
an optical bench of length 1.5 m. The focal length of the
mirror used is 24 cm. The maximum error in the
location of the image can be 0.2 cm. The 5 sets of (u, v)
values recorded by the student (in cm) are (42, 56), (48,
48), (60, 40), (66,33), (78,39). The data set(s) that
cannot come from experiment and is (are) incorrectly
recorded is (are)
(a) (42,56)

(b) (48,48)

(c) (66, 33)

35. The length of simple pendulum is about 100 cm known

to an accuracy of 1 mm. Its period of oscillation is 2 s
determined by measuring the time for 100 oscillations
using a clock of 0.1 s resolution. What is the accuracy
in the determined value of g?

(d) (78, 39)

(a) 0.2%
(c) 0.1%

1
1
1
Hint Using mirror formula + =
v
u
f

32. The value of two resistors are R1 = (6 0.3) k and

36. A physical quantity is given by X = [MaLbT c ]. The

percentage error in the measurement of M, L and T are
, and respectively. Then, maximum percentage
error in the quantity X is

R2 = (10 0.2) k. The percentage error in the

equivalent resistance when they are connected in
parallel is
(a) 5.125%

(b) 2%

(c) 3.125%

Hint Equivalent resistance, Rparallel =

R1 R2
R1 + R2

callipers with no zero error. It is found that the zero of

the vernier scale lies between 5.10 cm and 5.15 cm of
the main scale. The vernier scale has 50 divisions
equivalent to 2.45 cm. The 24th division of the vernier
scale exactly coincides with one of the main scale
divisions. The diameter of the cylinder is
(a) 5.112 cm (b) 5.124 cm

(a) a + b + c
a
b c
(c) +
+

(d) 10.125%

33. The diameter of a cylinder is measured using a vernier

(c)5.136 cm

0.05
5.15 5.10
cm =
=
= 0.001

50
50

(b) a + b c
(d) None of these

Hint Percentage error in X = a + b + c

37. In an experiment, the following observations were

recorded : L = 2.820 m, M = 3.00 kg, l = 0.087 cm,
diameter D = 0.041 cm. Taking g = 9.81 m/s2 using the
4 Mg L
formula : Y =
, the maximum permissible error
D2 l
in Y is
(a) 7.96%
(c) 6.50%

(d) 5.148 cm

Hint The least count is also one division on main scale divided by
number of division on vernier scale

(b) 0.5%
(d) 2%

(b) 4.56%
(d) 8.42%

38. Choose the incorrect statement out of the following.

(a) Every measurement by any measuring instrument has
some error
(b) Every calculated physical quantity that is based on
measured values has some error
(c) A measurement can have more accuracy but less
precision and vice-versa
(d) The percentage error is different from relative error

4 MLg
by
34. In determination of Youngs modulus Y =
ld 2

using Searls method, a wire of length L = 2 m and

diameter d = 0.5 mm is used. For a load M = 2.5 kg, an

Answers
1. (a)

2. (d)

3. (a)

4. (d)

5. (c)

6. (b)

7. (a)

8. (d)

9. (d)

10. (b)

11. (a)

12. (d)

13. (d)

14. (c)

15. (d)

16. (d)

17. (c)

18. (a)

19. (c)

20. (a)

21. (b)

22. (b)

23. (a)

24. (b)

25. (c)

26. (d)

27. (b)

28. (a)

29. (b)

30. (a)

31. (b)

32. (d)

33. (b)

34. (a)

35. (a)

36. (a)

37. (d)

38. (d)

10

MASTER
1. Students I, II and III perform an experiment for
measuring the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a
simple pendulum. They use different lengths of the
pendulum and/or record time for different number of
oscillations. The observations are shown in the table.
Least count for length = 0.1 cm.
Least count for time = 01
. s
Length of Number of Total time
Particular
the
(n) for
Time
student pendulum oscillations
oscillations period (s)
(n)
(s)
(cm)
I
II
III

64.0
64.0
20.0

8
4
4

128.0
64.0
36.0

16.0
16.0
9.0

If EI , EII and EIII are the percentage errors in g, i.e.

g

g 100 , for students I, II and III, respectively.

(a) EI = 0
(c) EI = EII

(b) EI is minimum
(d) EII is maximum

g
l 2 t
Hint For % error in g =
100 = +
100
g
t
l

2. Using the expression 2dsin = , one calculate the

value of d by measuring the corresponding angles in
the range 0 to 90.
The wavelength is exactly known and the error in is
constant for all values of . As increases from 0.
(a) The absolute error in d remains constant
(b) The absolute error in d increases
(c) The fractional error in d remains constant
(d) The fractional error in d decreases
Hint As increases,

cos
decreases.
2 sin 2

PHYSICS FUNDAS
DERIVE AN EXPRESSION
1. Read the problem carefully and understand the concept of the
problem before proceeding further.
2. Write all physical quantities which are known and unknown and
list them.
3. Identify the physical parameter for all physical quantities.
4. Equation, the relationship between the physical quantities
should be written down next. Naturally, the selection equation
should be consistent with the physical principles identified in
the previous step.
5. Solve the set of equation for the unknown quantities in terms of
the known. Do this algebraically, without substituting values
until the next step, except where terms are zero.
6. Substitute the known values together with their units obtain a
numerical value with units for each unknown.
7. Check your answer. Do the units match? Is the answer
reasonable. Is your answer consistent with an order of
magnitude estimate.

3. The frequency f of vibration of mass m suspended from

a spring of spring constant k is given by f = cmx k y

where, c is dimensionless constant. The value of x and

y are respectively,
(a) 1/2, 1/2

(b) 1/2,1/2

(c) 1/2, 1/2

(d) 1/2, 1/2

4. A student performs an experiment to determine the

Youngs modulus of a wire, exactly 2 m long, by
Searles method. In a particular reading, the student
measures the extension in the length of the wire to be
0.8 mm with an uncertainty of 0.05 mm at a load of
exactly 1.0 kg. The student also measures the diameter
of wire to be 0.4 mm with an uncertainty of 0.01 mm
take, g = 9.8 mm2 (exact). The Youngs modulus
obtained from the reading is
(a) (2 0.3) 1011 Nm2
(c) (2 01
. ) 1011 Nm2
Hint

(b) (2 0.2 ) 1011 Nm2

(d) (2 0.05) 1011 Nm2

Y
d l
=2
+
Y
d
l

5. To find the distance d over which a signal can be seen

clearly in foggy conditions, a railway engineer uses
dimensional analysis and assumes that the distance
depends on the mass density of the fog, intensity
(power/area) S of the light from the signal and its
frequency f. The engineer find that d is proportional to
S1 / n . The value of n is
(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 4

6. During Searles experiment, zero of the vernier scale

lies between 3.20 10 2 m and 3.25 10 2 m of the main

scale. The 20th division of the vernier scale exactly
coincides with one of the main scale divisions. When
an additional load of 2 kg is applied to the wire, the
zero of the vernier scale still lies between 3.20 10 2 m
and 3.25 10 2 m of the main scale but now the 45th
division of vernier scale coincides with one of the main
scale divisions.The length of the thin metallic wire is
2 m and its cross-sectional area is 8 10 7 m2 . The least
count of the vernier scale is 10
. 10 5 m. The maximum
percentage error in the Youngs modulus of the wire is
(a) 1
(c) 4

(b) 2
(d) 18

7. Two full turns of the circular scale of a screw gauge

cover a distance of 1 nm on its main scale. The total
number of divisions on the circular scale is 50. Further,
it is found that the screw gauge has a zero error of
0.03 mm. While measuring the diameter of a thin wire,
a student notes the main scale reading of 3 mm and the
number of circular scale divisions in line with the main
scale as 35. The diameter of the wire is
(a) 3.32 mm
(c) 3.67 mm

(b) 3.73 mm
(d) 3.38 mm

Hint Diameter of a thin wire = main scale reading + circular scale

reading LC zero error

11

8. A vernier callipers has 1 mm marks on the main scale.

10
5
0

It has 20 equal divisions on the vernier scale which

match with 16 main scale divisions. For this vernier
callipers, the least count is
(a) 0.02 mm
(c) 01
. mm

(b) 0.05 mm
(d) 02
. mm

30
25
20

Hint 20 VSD = 16 MSD 1 VSD = 0.8 MSD

9. A student performs an experiment for determination of

4 2 l
g = 2 , where l 1 m, and he commits an error of l.
T
For T he takes the time of n oscillations with the
stopwatch of least count T and he commits a human
error of 0.1 s. For which of the following data, the
measurement of g will be most accurate?

(a) l =
(b) l =
(c) l =
(d) l =

0.5, T = 01
. , n = 20
0.5, T = 01
. , n = 50
0.5, T = 0.01 , n = 20
01
. , T = 0.05 , n = 50

(a) 2.25 mm
(c) 1.20 mm

Hint Actual measurement = 2 0.5 mm + 25

= 1.20 mm

is equal to m number of smallest main scale divisions.

If d unit is the magnitude of the smallest main scale
division, then the magnitude of the vernier constant is
(a) d / ( m + 1) unit
(b) d / m unit
(c) md / ( m + 1) unit
(d) ( m + 1) d / m unit

10. A spectrometer gives the following reading when used

to measure the angle of a prism.
Main scale reading 58.5 degree.
Vernier scale reading 9 divisions.
Given that 1 division on main scale corresponds to 0.5
degree. Total division on the vernier scale is 30 and
match with 29 divisions of the main scale. The angle of
the prism from the above data is

Hint Least count = Smallest measurement by instrument

m
= d
d
+
(
m
1
)

13. A student uses a simple pendulum of exactly 1 m

length to determine g, the acceleration due to gravity.
He uses a stopwatch with the least count of 1 s for this
and records 40 s for 20 oscillations. For this
observation, which of the following statement is
correct?

(b) 59.77
(d) 59

Hint Least count =

0.5
0.05 mm
50

12. In a slide callipers, (m + 1) number of vernier divisions

Hint In option (d) error in g is minimum and number of

observations made are maximum. Hence, in this case error in g
will be minimum.

(a) 58.59
(c) 58.65

(b) 2.20 mm
(d) 1.25 mm

0.05
degree
30

(a) Error T in measuring T, the time period is 0.05 s

(b) Error T in measuring T, the time period is 1 s
(c) Percentage error in the determination of g is 10%
(d) Percentage error in the determination of g is 2.5%

11. The circular divisions of shown screw gauge are 50. It

moves 0.5 mm on main scale in one rotation. The
diameter of the ball is

Answers
1. (b)
11. (c)

12

2. (d)
12. (a)

3. (d)
13. (a)

4. (b)

5. (c)

6. (c)

7. (d)

8. (d)

9. (d)

10. (c)

Kinematics

Motion in One Dimension

The branch of physics in which space and time deal with
the motion of particle or object is called mechanics.
The motion of an object is broadly divided into two
categories as below :
(i) Kinematics The study of the motion of an object
without taking into consideration cause of its motion.
(ii) Dynamics The study of the motion of an object by
taking into account cause of its motion (whether rest
or a uniform motion).

Motion and Rest

l

The concept of motion and rest depend on the frame of

reference of observer and object. If the position of an
object in space changes with time, then it is said to be in
motion, otherwise at rest.
Motion and rest are always relative but never absolute.
It means that an object, one observer can be at rest but
same object can be in motion when observed by other
observer.

Acceleration
l

Equations of One-dimensional Motion with

Uniform Acceleration
l

Distance and Displacement

l

Distance is the total length of the path travelled by the

particle in a given interval of time.
Distance,

d = |v|dt = ( v2x + v2y + v2z ) dt

where, v x , v y and v z are the magnitude of velocities

along x, y and z-axis.
Displacement is the vector quantity drawn from its
initial position to the final position and its magnitude is
equal to the shortest distance between the initial and
final positions. We can use displacement, i.e.
s = v dt = (v $i + v $j + v k$ )dt

where, v x , v y and v z are the velocity vectors along x, y and

z-axis.

Average speed or velocity is a measure of overall

fastness of motion during a specified interval of time.
Average speed v av is the distance divided by elapsed
time.
Distance travelled
Ds
Average speed =
, i.e. v av =
Time taken
Dt
while average velocity v av is the displacement divided
Displacement
by time, i.e. Average velocity =
Time taken
Dx x f - x i
v av =
=
\
Dt
tf - ti

If u be the initial velocity, v be the final velocity and distance

covered by the body in time t be s, then the equations of
motion are given as below:
1
(i) v = u + at
(ii) s = ut + at 2
2
a
(iii) v2 - u2 = 2 as
(iv) snth = u + (2 n - 1)
2
where, a is a uniform acceleration of a body.
If a body moving with constant acceleration starts from A with
initial velocity u and reaches B with a velocity v, then the
u2 + v2
velocity mid-way between A and B is given by v =
2
A body starting from rest has an acceleration a for a time t1 and
come to rest under a retardation b for a time t2 . If s1 and s2 are
the distances travelled in t1 and t2 , then we get
s1
b t
= = 1
s2
a t2
(a) Total distance travelled,
1 ab
T 2 , where T = t1 + t2
(s1 + s2 ) =
2 a + b

Average Speed and Velocity

l

When velocity changes with time, then rate of change of

velocity with time is called acceleration, e.g. for freely falling
body downwards, velocity increases with time at rate 9.8 m/s2
denoted as ge , i.e. acceleration due to gravity.
Change in velocity
Average acceleration =
Time taken
If a body starts from rest and moves with a uniform
acceleration, then distance covered by the body in t seconds is
proportional to t 2 , i.e. s t 2 .
So, we can say that ratio of distance covered in 1s, 2 s and 3 s is
12 : 22 : 32 or 1 : 4 : 9.

ab
T
(b) Maximum velocity attained is v max =

a + b
(c) Average velocity over the whole trip is
v
v av = max
2
At time t = 0, a body is thrown vertically upwards with a
velocity u at time t = T , another body is thrown vertically
upwards with the same velocity u. The two bodies will meet at
T u
time, i.e. t = + .
2 g

13

Relative Velocity
l

If two bodies are moving along the same line, then

v AB = velocity of A with respect to B (in magnitude)
= v A - v B (when bodies are moving along same
direction) and v AB = v A + v B (when bodies are moving
towards each other).
If a man can swim relative to water with velocity v and
water is flowing relative to ground with velocity v R .
Then, velocity of man relative to ground v M will be given
by
v = vM - vR
i.e.

The tabular forms of s-t and v-t graphs are given for one
dimensional motion with a uniform velocity or a with constant
acceleration.
S. Different cases s-t graph
No.
s
(i) At rest

(ii)

Uniform motion

v
and direction q = tan-1 M with the vertical as
vR
shown in figure below:
vM
vR

vR

(iii)

(vi) Uniformly
decelerated
motion

v=constant

s=vt
s
Uniformly
accelerated
motion with
O
u = 0, s = 0 at
t =0
s
(iv) Uniformly
accelerated
motion u 0
O
but s = 0 at
t =0
(v) Uniformly
s
retarted motion

Slope = constant

v RM = v R - v M
which by law of vector addition has magnitude as
v RM = v2R + v2M

Slope is positive.

v
s= 1 at2
2
t

v=at
t

Slope is positive.

v
s=ut + 1 at2
v=u+at
2
t
t
O

Slope is negative.

t2

Slope is negative.

v
v=u+at
O

vM

(vii) Non-uniform
accelerated
motion

Graphs in One-dimensional Motion

There are two types of graphs representing motion in one
dimension.
(i) Position-Time graph (s-t)
(ii) Velocity-Time graph (v -t )

Features of
graph (Slope)
Slope = 0

vM = v + vR

So, if the swimming is in the direction of flow of water,

then v M = v - v R
If rain falling vertically with a velocity v R and an
observer is moving horizontally with speed v M , then
velocity of rain relative to observer will be

v-t graph

t0

Slope is positive.

(viii) Non-uniform
decelerated
motion

Slope first
increases, then
decreases.

Best Practice SHOTS

1. A cyclist starts from the centre O of
a circular park of radius 1 km,
reaches the edge P of the park,
then
cycle
along
the
circumference and returns to the
centre along QO as shown in the
figure. If the round trip 10
minutes, the net displacement and
average speed of the cyclist (in
metre and kilometre per hour) is

14

(a) 0, 1
Q

(b)

p+ 4
,0
2

(c) 214
. ,

p+ 4
2

(d) 0, 21.4

Hint [Net displacement = 0] and [Total distance = OP + PQ + QO]

2. A person travels along a straight road for the first half time
O

with a velocity v1 and the next half time with the velocity
v2 . The mean velocity v of the man is
(a)

2
1
1
=
+
v
v1
v2

(c) v =

v1 . v 2

(b) v =
(d) v =

v1 + v 2
2
v1
v2

3. A particle covers half of its total distance with speed v1

and the rest half distance with speed v2 . Its average
speed during the complete journey is
(a)

v12 . v 22
v12 + v 22

(b)

v1 + v 2
2

(c)

v1 . v 2
v1 + v 2

(d)

2 v1 . v 2
v1 + v 2

4. A particle has an initial velocity of 3 $j + 4 $j and an

PHYSICS FUNDAS
ACCELERATED MOTION
n

acceleration of 0.4 $i + 0.3 $j. Its speed after 10 s is

(b) 7 2 units

(a) 10 units

(c) 7 units

(d) 8.5 units

5. A particle starts from rest at t = 0 and moves in a

Acceleration (m/s2)

straight line with an acceleration as shown below. The

velocity of the particle at t = 3 s is

(a) 2 ms -1

+4

3 4 Time (s)

(b) 4 ms -1

(c) 6 ms -1

(d) 8 ms -1

Hint Velocity of graph = Area of a- t graph

speed of 180 kmh-1 in 10 s. The distance covered by the

car in this time interval is
(b) 250 m

(c) 100 m

(d) 200 m

Hint u = 0, v = 180 km/h = 50 m/s

Time taken (t ) = 10 s
Distance covered, s = ut +

10. A ball is hung by a string from the coiling of a car

moving on a straight and smooth road. If the string is
inclined towards the front side of the car making a
small constant angle with the vertical, then the car is
moving with
(a) constant velocity
(b) constant acceleration
(c) constant retardation
(d) increasing acceleration

11. A truck and a car are moving with equal velocity. On

6. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly to a

(a) 500 m

Make sure all the units in the problem are consistent, i.e. if distances
are measured in metre, be sure that velocities have units of metre per
second and accelerations have units of metre per second square.
Make a list of all the quantities given in the problems and a separate
list of those to be determined.
Think about what is going on physically in the problem and then
select from the list of kinematic equations, then one or ones that will
enable you to determine the unknowns.

1 2
at
2

7. A particle moves along x-axis as x = 4 (t - 2) + a (t - 2)2 .

applying the brakes, both will stop after certain

distance, then
(a) truck will cover less distance before rest
(b) car will cover less distance before rest
(c) both will cover equal distance
(d) None of the above
1
mu 2
Kinetic energy 2
Hint Stopping distance =
=

F
Retarding force
=

Which of the following is true?

(a) The initial velocity of particle is 4
(b) The acceleration of particle is 2 a
(c) The particle is at origin at t = 0
(d) None of the above
dx
Hint Velocity ( v ) = ,
dt

So, both will cover equal distance.

acceleration in case of a body having a uniform

acceleration?

d2x
acceleration ( a ) = 2
dt

(b) s =

1 2
ft
4

(c) s =

1 2
ft
72

(d) s =

1 2
ft
6

9. Two cars A and B are travelling in the same direction

with velocities v1 and v2 (v1 > v2 ). When the car A is at a
distance d ahead of the car B, the driver of the car A
applied the brake producing a uniform retardation a.
There will be no collision when
( v1 - v 2 )2
2a
( v1 - v 2 )2
(c) d >
2a

(a) d <

v12 - v 22
2a
v12 - v 22
(d) d >
2a

(b) d <

1 2
at
2
(c) s = v 2 - 2 fs
(a) s = ut +

through a distance s, then continues at constant speed

f
for time t and then decelerates at the rate to come to
2
rest. If the total distance traversed is 15 s , then
1 2
ft
2

[Q F = m mg]

12. What is the relation between displacement, time and

8. A car starting from rest, accelerates at the rate f

(a) s =

u2
2mg

(b) s = (u + f )t
(d) None of these

13. Acceleration of a particle changes when

(a) direction of velocity changes
(b) magnitude of velocity changes
(c) both of above
(d) speed changes
Hint Q Acceleration is a vector quantity.

14. A particle moves along x-axis in such a way that its

coordinate X varies with time t according to the
equation x = (2 - 5t + 6t 2 ) m. The initial velocity of the
particle is
(a) - 5 m/s
(c) - 3 m/s

(b) 6 m/s
(d) 3 m/s

Hint Velocity of the particle is v =

dx
.
dt

15

20. A boat crosses a river from part A to part B, which are

PHYSICS FUNDAS
RELATIVE MOTION
n

Label each object involved (usually three) with a letter that reminds
you of what it is, e.g. E for Earth.
Look through the problem for phrases such as the velocity of A relative
to B and write the velocity as AB.
Take the three velocities, you have found and assemble them into
equation, i.e. v AB = v A - v B
There will be two unknown components. Solve for them with the x
and y -components of the equation developed in third steps.

just on the opposite sides. The speed of v w and that of

boat is v B relative to still water. Assume v B = 2 v w . What
is the time taken by the boat, if it has to cross the river
directly on the AB line
(a)

2D
vB 3

(b)

3D
2vB

(b) 25 m/s

(c) 24m/s

(d) 10 6 m/s

20 m/s
A

30 m/s
B

O
(x/2)

v =

(c) 7.5 m

(d) 20m

v 2 - u 2 = 2 ah

17. A train of 150 m length is going towards North

direction at a speed of 10 m/s. A parrot flies at the speed
of 5 m/s towards south direction parallel to the railway
track. The time taken by the parrot to cross the train is
(a) 12 s

(b) 8 s

(c) 15 s

(d) 10 s

18. The distance between two particles moving towards

each other is decreasing at the rate of 6 m/s. If these
particles travel with the same speeds and in the same
directions, then the separation increases at the rate of
4 m/s. These particles have speeds as
(a) 5 m/s, 1 m/s
(c) 4 m/s, 2 m/s

(b) 4 m/s, 1 m/s

(d) 5 m/s, 2 m/s

Hint When two particles move

v1 + v 2

towards each other, then

When the particles move in the same direction, then v1 - v 2 .

(b) b : a

(c) a : b

finds another train is moving on the some track in the

same direction with velocity v2 . To escape collision,
driver applies a retardation a on the train, the
minimum time of escaping collision will be
v1 - v 2
a
(c) None of these

16

v12 - v 22
a
(d) Both of them
(b) t =

(d) a 2 : b 2

1 2
2h
gt t =
2
g

22. A body is thrown vertically up with a velocity u. It

passes three points A, B and C in its upward journey
u u
u
with velocities , and respectively. The ratio of the
2 3
4
separations between points A and B and between B and
AB
is
C ,i.e.
BC
(a) 1

(b) 2

(c)

10
7

(d)

20
7

23. A body is released from the top of a tower of height h. It

takes t second to reach the ground, where will be the
ball after time t /2 second?
h
from the ground
2
h
(b) At from the ground
4
(c) Depends upon mass and volume of the body
3h
(d) At
from the ground
4

(a) At

24. A frictionless wire AB is fixed on a sphere of radius R. A

very small spherical ball slips on this wire. The time
taken by this ball to slip from A to B is
A

19. An express train is moving with a velocity v1 . Its driver

(a) t =

vw

v B sin q = v w
D
Time taken to cross the river, t =

v B cos q

Hint Time taken by a body, h =

regular intervals of time of one second. The next ball is

thrown when the velocity of the ball thrown earlier
becomes zero. The height to which the ball rise is
(Assume, g = 10 m/s2 )
(b) 10 m

vB sin q A

(a) a : b

v12 + v 22
2

Hint Using equations v = u + at ,

vB cos q

vB

from two different heights a and b. The ratio of the time

taken by the two to cover these distances are

16. A person throws balls into air vertically upward in

(a) 5 m

D 2
vB

21. Two bodies of different masses ma and mb are dropped

(x/2)
x

(d)

two points A and B with velocities 20 m/s and 30 m/s,

respectively. The speed of the body at the mid-point of
A and B is nearest to
Hint

D
vB 2

Hint

15. A body travelling with a uniform acceleration crosses

(a) 25.5 m/s

(c)

q
B

O
R

(a)

2 gR
g cos q

(b) 2 gR

cos q
g

R
q

(c) 2

(d)

gR
g cos q

27. The ratio of the distances traversed in successive

intervals of time taken by a body falling from rest, are
(a) 1 : 3 : 5 : 7 : 9 : ......
(b) 2 : 4 : 6 : 8 : 10 : ......
(c) 1 4 : 7 : 10 : 13 : ......
(d) None of the above

Hint Acceleration of body along AB = g cos q

1
Distance travelled in time t second = ( g cos q) t 2
2
From DABC, 2 AB = 2 R cos q

Hint Here, u = 0, a = g

25. Three particles A, B and C are thrown from the top of a

Distance travelled in nth second is given by Dn = u +

tower with the same speed. A is thrown up, B is thrown

down and C is horizontally. They hit the ground with
speeds v A , v B and v C , respectively.
(a) v A = v B = vC
(c) v A > v B > vC

Therefore, Dn (2 n - 1)

28. Two identical metal spheres are released from the top

(b) v A = v B > vC
(d) v A > v B = vC

of a tower after t seconds of each other such that they

fall along the same vertical line. If air resistance is
neglected, then at any instant of time during their fall

26. A body A is thrown up vertically from the ground with a

velocity v0 and another body B is simultaneously
H
dropped from a height H. They meet at a height if v0 is
2
equal to
(a) 2 gh

(b) gH

(c)

1
gH
2

a
(2 n - 1)
2

(d)

(a) the difference in their displacements remains the same

(b) the difference between their speeds remains the same
(c) the difference between their heights above ground is
proportional to t 2
(d) the difference between their displacements is
proportional to t

2g
H

MOTION IN A PLANE
l

Vector is a physical quantity with the magnitude and

direction, e.g. velocities 5 m/s and 5 m/s towards north are
different. The quantities having only magnitude are called
scalars, e.g. mass and electric charge, etc., are scalars.
A physical quantity which has different values in different
directions is called a tensor, e.g. moment of inertia, refractive
index, stress, strain, density, etc.

R=
P+
Q

Parallelogram Law of Vectors Addition

If two vectors acting simultaneously at a point can be
represented both in magnitude and direction by two adjacent
sides of a parallelogram, then their resultant is represented by
diagonal of the parallelogram as shown in figure below.
OA + OB = OC

or

P + Q =R

B
Q

q
O

C
+Q
=P

b
P

q
A

So, magnitude of resultant vector is

where, q is the angle between P and Q.

If R makes an angle b with P, then tan b =

Q sin q
P + Q cos q

Polygon Law of Vectors Addition

i.e.
P

P2 + Q2 + 2 PQ cos q

If a number of vectors are represented both

in magnitude and direction by the sides of
an open polygon taken in the same order,
then their resultant is taken by the closing
side of the polygon taken in opposite order
as shown in alongside figure.

Triangle Law of Vectors Addition

If two vectors can be represented both in
magnitude and direction by the two sides of a
triangle taken in the same order, then their
resultant is represented by third side of the
triangle taken in opposite order as shown in
figure alongside.
O
i.e.
OA + AB = OB or P + Q = R

|R|=

D
E

B
A

R = A + B + C+ D + E

Properties of Vectors
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(vi)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)

(Commutative law)
A+B =B+ A
(Associative law)
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
A = la + mb, where l and m are real numbers
A B = |A||B|cos q = AB cos q (Scalar or Dot product)
(Distributive law)
A (B + C ) = A B + A C
$i $i = $j $j = k$ k$ = 1
$i $j = $j k$ = k$ $i = 0
A B = AB sin q n$
(Vector or Cross product), where n$ is a unit vector.
(ix) $i $i = $j $j = $j $j = 0
(x) $i $j = k$ , $j k$ = $i, k$ $i = $j, $j $i = - k$ , k$ $j = - $i,
$i k$ = - $j

17

Area of parallelogram with adjacent sides A and B is given by

A B = ABsinq
The scalar triple product is given by A (B C )
$
= (a1 $i + a2 $j + a3 k$ ) [(b1 $i + b2 $j + b3 k$ ) (c1 $i + c2 $j + c3 k)]
a1 a2 a3
= b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
l

The vector triple product, i.e. A (B C ) is always

perpendicular to A and B C.
Work done by force F displaced a particle by s is given as
W =Fs
The angular momentum of a particle, L = r p
where, r = position vector and p = linear momentum
Torque produced by force is given by t = r F, where
r = position vector and F = force applied.
If A + B = A - B , then the angle between vectors A and B
is 90.
Minimum number of collinear vectors whose resultant can
be zero is two.
P

=0

Lamis Theorem
If a particle is in equilibrium under the action of three
F2
concurrent forces, then each force is proportional F1
to sine of angle between two other forces.
g
If a particle O is in equilibrium under the action of
these forces F1 , F2 and F3 as shown in figure, then
F1
F
F
= 2 = 3
sin a sinb sin g

O a

F3

When the frictional forces are also taken into account, the
m + tan q
maximum safe velocity is given by v = rg
.
1 - m tan q
Bending of a cyclist In order to take a circular turn of radius
r with speed v, then cyclist should bend himself through an
v2
angle q from the vertical such that tan q = .
rg
Motion along a vertical circle is a non-uniform
circular motion. Tension in the string at any position is
mv2
given by T =
+ mg cos q
r
where, q is the angle with vertical line through lowest point
of the circle.
(a) For looping the vertical loop, velocity of projection at
lowest point L is v L 5 gr
(b) The value of velocity at the highest point H is
v H gr .
(c) Difference in tension in the string at lowest point and
highest point of vertical circle is TL - TH = 6 mg.
(d) For oscillation over the arc of vertical circle.
i.e.
0 < v L 2 gr
(e) For leaving the vertical circle somewhere between
90 < q < 180 .
2 gr < v L < 5 gr .
(f) The minimum height h through which a motorcyclist
5
has to descend to loop of radius r is h = r.
2

Projectile Motion
Suppose a particle is projected from origin on horizontal
ground with a velocity u at an angle q from the horizontal as
shown in figure.
Y

Dynamics of Circular Motion

l

The centripetal force is required to make a body moving

along a circular path with a uniform speed. It always acts
along the radius and towards the centre of the circular
path. When a body of mass m along a circular path of radius
r with speed v is given by
2
mv2
2p
F=
= mrw2 = mr(2 pn)2 = mr

r
T
A fictitious force, i.e. centrifugal acting radially outwards
on a particle moving in a circle and is equal in magnitude
to the centripetal force.
Note As centrifugal force exists in rotating (accelerating) frames, it
is a pseudo force. Hence, centripetal force has no
action-reaction pair.

A vehicle taking circular turn or a level road If m is the

coefficient of friction between tyres and road, then the
maximum velocity with which the vehicle can safely take a
circular turn of radius r is given by v = mrg.
Banking of tracks (road) The maximum angle with which a
vehicle (in the absence of friction) can negotiate a circular
turn of radius r and banked at an angle q is given by
v = rg tanq.

18

uy = u sin q

Time of flight, T =

Range, R =
flight , Rmax

q
D
ux = u cos q
R

u cos q

Trajectory of the projectile, y = x tan q -

gx2
2u cos2 q
2

2u sinq
g

u2 sin2 q
and maximum horizontal range of a
g
u2
(Here, q = 45 )
=
g

Height attained by a particle, H =

u2 sin2 q
2g

Kinetic energy of the projectile at the highest point of

trajectory, K = K cos2 q

As going from O to M, the following changes take place.

(i) Change in velocity = usinq
(ii) Change in speed = u(1 - cos q) = 2u cos2 (q/ 2)
(iii) Change in momentum = mu sin q
1
(iv) Change (loss) in kinetic energy = mu2 sin2 q
2
1
(v) Change (gain) in potential energy = mu2 sin2 q
2
(vi) Change in the direction of motion = q

On return to the ground, i.e. in going from O to B, the

following changes take place.
(i) Change in speed = zero
(ii) Change in velocity = 2u sin q
(iii) Change in momentum = 2mu sin q
(iv) Change in kinetic energy = zero
(v) Change in potential energy = zero
(vi) Change in the direction of motion = 2 q

Best Practice SHOTS

29. A particle describes a horizontal circle in a conical

31. Two particles of equal mass are connected to a rope AB

funnel whose inner surface is smooth with a speed of

0.5 m/s. What is the height of the plane of circle from
vertex of the funnel?

of a negligible mass such that one is at end A and other

dividing the length of rope in the ratio 1 : 2 form B. The
rope is rotated about end B in a horizontal plane. Ratio
of tensions in the smaller part to the other is (ignore
effect of gravity)

(a) 025
. cm

(b) 2 cm

(c) 4 cm

(d) 2.5 cm

Hint The particle is moving in circular path. From the figure

mg = R sin q

(i)

mv
= R cos q
R

(ii)
R sin q

R
q

R cos q

(a) 4 : 3

(b) 1 : 4

(c) 1 : 2

(d) 1 : 3

32. An object is tied to a string of length l and is revolved in

a vertical circle at the minimum velocity. When the
object reaches the uppermost point, the string breaks
and it describes a parabolic path as shown in the figure
under the gravitational force. The horizontal range AC
in the plane of A would be
B

mg

vB

h
q
vA

(a) l

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

rg
r
tan q = 2 but tan q =
h
v

30. Three identical particles are joined together by a

thread as shown in figure. All the three particles are
moving in a horizontal plane. If the velocity of the
outermost particle is v o , then the ratio of tensions in the
three sections of the string is
O

A
l

B
l

(a) 3 : 5 : 7
(c) 7 : 11 : 6

(b) 3 : 4 : 5
(d) 3 : 5 : 6
T1
l

T2

T3

T3 = m w 2 3 l
T2 - T3 = m w 2 2 l T2 = m w 2 5 l
T1 - T2 = m w 2 l

(c) 2 l

(d) 2 2 l

The minimum possible velocity at B is v B = gl

Hint
2h

Range for this is R = v B g

33. A body of mass 1 kg tied to one end of string is revolved

in a horizontal circle of radius 01
. m with a speed of
3 revolutions/s assuming the effect of gravity is
negligible, then linear velocity, acceleration and
tension in the strong will be
(a) 188
. m/s, 35.5 m/s 2 , 35.5 N
(b) 2.88 m/s, 45.5 m/s 2 , 45.5 N
(c) 3.88 m/s, 55.5 m/s 2 , 55.5 N
(d) None of the above

Hint Let, w is the angular speed of revolution.

O

(b) 2 l

T1 = m w 2 6 l

34. A point mass m is suspended from a

light thread of length l, fixed at O, is
whirled in a horizontal circle at
constant speed as shown in figure.
From your point of view, stationary
with respect to the mass, the forces
on the mass are

19

PHYSICS FUNDAS
PROJECTILE MOTION

(b)

(a) F

w
T

(c)

(d) F

35. For a particle in uniform circular motion, the

acceleration a at a point P(R, q) on the circle of radius R
is (Here, q is measured from the x-axis)
- v2
v2 $
v2 $
(b)
i +
j
cos q
R
R
R
2
2
2
-v
-v
v
(c)
sin q $i +
cos q $j (d)
cos q
R
R
R
(a)

2
$i + v sin q $j
R
2
$i - v sin q $j
R

Select a coordinate system and sketch the path of the projectile

including initial and final positions, velocities and accelerations.
Resolve the initial velocity vectors into x and y -components.
Treat the horizontal motion and the vertical motion independently.
Follow the techniques for solving problems with constant velocity to
analyse the horizontal motion of the projectile.
Follow the techniques for solving problems with constant acceleration
to analyse the vertical motion of the projectile.

38. The velocity of a projectile at the initial point A is

(2 $i + 3 $j) m/s. Its velocity (in m/s) at point B is
Y

Hint Acceleration of a particle in uniform circular motion, we have

a =

-v 2
v2
cos q $i sin q $j
R
R
P (R, q)

ax

(a) 2 $i + 3$j

a
q

(b) - 2 $i - 3$j

(c) - 2 $i + 3$j

(d) 2 $i - 3$j

39. Neglecting the air resistance, the time of flight of a

ay

projectile is determined by
(a) U vertical
2
2
(c) U = U vertical
+ Uhorizontal

36. Figure shows a body of mass m moving with a uniform

speed v along a circle of radius r . The change in
velocity as going from A to B is
B

Hint Time of flight =

(b)

(c) v

(d) zero

1
mg v 0 t 2 cos q $i
2
(c) mg v t cos q k$

(d) -

37. The tension in the string revolving in a vertical circle

with a mass mat the end which is at the lowest position
(b)

respectively.

mv 2
- mg
r

Hint Q Angular momentum L = r p

where,

(d) mg

Hint Tension = Centrifugal force + Weight =

1
mg v 0 t 2 cos q k$
2
where, $i , $j and k$ are unit vectors along X, Y and Z-axis

Dv = 2 v sin ( q/2 ) = 2 v sin ( 90/2 ) = v 2

mv 2
r
mv 2
(c)
+ mg
r

v0

(b) - mg v 0 t 2 cos q $j

(a)

Hint Change in velocity as going from A to B,

(a)

projected at an angle q with the

X-axis with an initial velocity v0
in the X-Y plane as shown in
v sin q
q
,
the figure. At a time t < 0
g
the angular momentum of the particle is

v
2

2U sin q 2U y 2 U vertical
=
=
g
g
g

40. A small particle of mass m is

(a) v 2

(b) Uhorizontal
2
2
(d) U = U (U vertical
+ Uhorizontal
)1 / 2

mv 2
+ mg
r

1
r = v 0 cos qt i$ + ( v 0 sin qt - gt 2 ) $j
2
p = m[ v cos q $i + ( v sin q - gt )]
0

1
L = r p = - mg v 0 t 2 cos qk$
2

Answers
1.
11.
21.
31.

20

(d)
(c)
(c)
(a)

2.
12.
22.
32.

(b)
(a)
(d)
(b)

3.
13.
23.
33.

(d)
(c)
(d)
(a)

4.
14.
24.
34.

(b)
(a)
(c)
(c)

5.
15.
25.
35.

(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)

6.
16.
26.
36.

(c)
(a)
(b)
(a)

7.
17.
27.
37.

(b)
(d)
(a)
(c)

8.
18.
28.
38.

(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)

9.
19.
29.
39.

(c)
(a)
(d)
(a)

10.
20.
30.
40.

(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)

MASTER
1. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Which of the

4. An object is moving with a uniform acceleration which

following graphs represents velocity-time graph of the

ball during its flight (air resistance is neglected)?

is parallel to its instantaneous direction of motion. The

displacement (s)-velocity (v) graph of the object is
s

v
(A)

(B)

(a)

(b)

v
v

t
(c)
(C)

(a) A
(c) C

(d)

(D)
v

(b) B
(d) D

Hint In the positive region, velocity decreases linearly (during rise).

In the negative region, velocity increases linearly (during fall). Also,
direction is opposite to each other during rise and fall, hence fall is
shown in negative direction.

2. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Which of the

following graph represents the speed-time graph of the
ball during its flight, if the air resistance is not ignored?

5. A ball is dropped vertically from a height d above the

ground. It hits the ground and bounces up vertically to
a height d/2. Neglecting subsequent motion and air
resistance, its velocity v varies with the height h above
the ground as
v

Time

Speed

(d)

Time

Speed

Time

(c)

(d)

(c)

6. Which of the following graphs cannot possibly

Time

Hint For upward motion, effective acceleration = ( g + a )

For downward motion, effective acceleration = ( g - a )
But, both are constants. So, the slope of speed-time graph will
be constant.

represent one-dimensional motion of a particle?

Position

3. A particle of mass m moves on the x-axis. It starts from

rest at t = 0 from the point x = 0 and comes to rest at
t = 1s at the point x = 1, No other information is
available about its motion at intermediate time
(0 < t < 1). If x denotes the instantaneous acceleration of
the particle, then
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

(b)

Total distance
covered

Speed

(b)

v
h

Speed

(a)
(a)

Hint v 2 = u 2 + 2 as , If u = 0, then v s, i.e. graph should be

parabola symmetric to the displacement axis.

a cannot remain positive for all t in the interval 0 t 1

|a| cannot exceed 2 at any point in its path
|a| must be 6 at some point or point in its path
a must not change sign during the motion but other
assertion can be made with the information given

Time
(I)

Time
(II)

Velocity

Speed

Time

(III)

(a) I and II

(b) II and III

Time

(IV)

(c) II and IV

(d) All of these

21

7. The velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs of a

(a) | v| must decrease when a < 0

(b) Speed must increase when a > 0
(c) Speed will increase when both v and a are < 0
(d) Speed will decrease when v 0 and a < 0

Time

10. A particle is projected with a speed v at 45 with the

Time

horizontal. The magnitude of angular momentum of

the projectile about the point of projection when the
particle is at its maximum height h is

(b)

(a) zero

Position

Position

Its position-time graph may be given as

(a)

9. Let v and a denote the velocity and acceleration

respectively of a body in one-dimensional motion.

Velocity

Acceleration

particle are given as

(b)

mv 2 h
2

(c)

mvh
2

(d)

mvh2
2

Hint Velocity of a particle at maximum height ( h )

v = vcos q
Angular momentum ( L ) = mv 2 h

Time

Time

(d)

Position

Position

11. From a tower of height H, a particle is thrown vertically

(c)

Time

upwards with a speed u. The time taken by the particle

to hit the ground is n times that taken by it to reach the
highest point of its path. The relation between H, u and
n is

Time

8. For the velocity-time graph shown in figure below, the

distance covered by the body in last two seconds of its
motion is what fraction of the total distance covered by
it in all the seven seconds.

(b) gH = ( n - 2 )2 u 2
(d) gH = ( n - 2 )u 2

12. A ball is projected from the ground at a speed of 10 m/s

making an angle of 30 with the horizontal. Another

ball is simultaneously released from a point on the
vertical line along the maximum height of the
projectile. Both the balls collide at the maximum
height of first ball. The initial height of the second ball
is (g = 10 m/s2 )

(a) 6.25 m

u 2 sin 2 q
Hint Maximum height of projectile ( h0 ) =
2g

10
Velocity (m/s)

(a) 2 gH = n2u 2
(c) 2 gH = nu 2 ( n - 2 )

(a) 1/2
(c) 1/3

3 4 5
Time (s)

(b) 1/4
(d) 2/3

(b) 2.5 m

(c) 375
. m

Time for attaining maximum height (t ) =

u sin q
g

Distance of vertical fall in t second ( s ) =

1 2
gt
2

(d) 5 m

Answers
1. (d)
11. (c)

22

2. (c)
12. (b)

3. (a)

4. (c)

5. (a)

6. (d)

7. (b)

8. (a)

9. (c)

10. (b)

LAWS OF MOTION

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

Force

Newtons Third Law

Force is a push or pull which tries to change the state of

rest or of a uniform motion of a body, i.e. force is the
cause of translatory motion.

Inertia is an inherent property of all the bodies by virtue

of which they cannot change their state of rest or a
uniform motion along a straight line by their own. It has
no unit and no dimension.

To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction, i.e.

the force of action and reaction are always equal and opposite to
each other.
(a) There is no time lag between action and reaction, i.e. they act
simultaneously. Furthermore, reaction exists only as long as
action is present.
(b) Whenever one force acts on a body, it gives rise to another
force called reaction, i.e. a single isolated force is physically
impossible. This is also why total internal force in an isolated
system is always zero.
(c) Action and reaction never act on the the same body, but
always on different bodies. If action and reaction had been
acting on the same body, then body will be in equilibrium and
no motion on a curved path would have even taken place.

Newtons First Law

Note Area under force (F) versus time (t ) graph gives total change in
momentum, i.e. impulse.

Out of so many natural forces, for distance 10 -15 m,

nuclear force is the strongest while gravitational force is
the weakest, i.e. FNuclear > FElectromagnetic > FGravitational

Inertia

A body continues to be in its state of rest or uniform

motion along a straight line unless it is acted upon by
some external force to change the state.
i.e. Acceleration,
a = 0 SF = 0 SFx = 0
SFy = 0, SFz = 0
(a) It is a qualitative law but not quantitative, i.e. it
tells us that to produce an acceleration in a body
we need a force but the law does not tell us how
much force is needed.
(b) The frame of reference in which Newtons first
law is valid is called inertial frame, i.e. if a frame
of reference is at rest or in uniform motion, it is
called inertial while if a frame of reference is an
accelerated one, then it is called non-inertial.

J=

Newtons Second Law

(a) As, force applied, i.e. F = 0, Newtons second law

gives a = 0. Therefore, it is consistent with first
law.
(b) In case of particles moving towards each other
under mutual forces, according to Newtons
second law.

F2 = - F1

i.e. for every action there is always an equal and

opposite reaction, which is Newtons third law.

F dt =

t2

dp = total change in momentum = Impulse.

The total momentum of an isolated system of particles is

conserved. The law follow from the second and third law of
motion.
A rocket is an example of a system with varying mass. Rocket
propulsion has been explained in terms of the principle of
conservation of linear momentum.
m
The velocity (v) of rocket at any time t is given by v = u loge 0
m
where, u is initial velocity of exhaust gases relative to the rocket,
m0 is initial mass and m is mass of rocket at time t.
dm
dm
The thrust on the rocket is given by F = - u
, where
dt
dt
is the rate of combustion of fuel at the instant t.
The forces which are acting at a point are called concurrent
forces. They are said to be in equilibrium when their resultant is
zero.

Motion in a Lift

Law of Conservation of Momentum

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly

proportional to the force applied to it, i.e.
dp
d
As, dv = a
F=k
= k (mv) = kma
dt
dt
dt

t2

When a lift is stationary or moves up or down with uniform

velocity, the apparent weight as felt by the person is equal to
actual weight, i.e. R = mg
When lift moves up with acceleration a, then R = m (g + a). So, the
person feels heavier.
When the lift moves down with acceleration a, then apparent
weight, R = m(g - a). So, the person feels lighter.
When lift moves down with acceleration g, a person standing in
the lift feels weightlessness.

23

Best Practice SHOTS

1. A mass of 1 kg is suspended by a string A.
Another string C is connected to its lower
end (see figure). If a sudden jerk is given to
C, then
(a) the portion AB of the string will break
(b) the portion BC of the string will break
(c) None of the string will break
(d) the mass will start rotating

6. A person is standing in an elevator. In which situation,

he finds his weight less than the actual weight

(a) the elevator moves upward with constant acceleration
(b) the elevator moves downward with constant acceleration
(c) the elevator moves upward with uniform velocity
(d) the elevator moves downward with uniform velocity

1 kg

Hint When a sudden jerk is given to C, an impulsive tension

exceeding the breaking tension develops in C first, which breaks
before this impulse can reach A as a wave through block.

PHYSICS FUNDAS
APPLYING NEWTONS LAWS
n

2. A man getting down from a running bus falls towards

because
(a) due to inertia of rest, road is left behind and man reaches
forward
(b) due to inertia of motion upper part of body continues to be
in motion in forward direction, while feet come to rest as
soon as they touch the road
(c) he leans forward as a matter of habit
(d) of the combined effect of all the three factors stated in (a),
(b) and (c)

3. A person sitting in an open car moving at constant

velocity throws a ball vertically up into air. The ball

falls
n

(a) outside the car

(b) in the car ahead of the person
(c) in the car to the side of the person
(d) exactly in the hand which threw it up

7. A sphere is accelerated upwards by a cord

4. A reference frame attached to the Earth

(a) is an inertial frame by definition
(b) cannot be an inertial frame because Earth is revolving
round the Earth
(c) is an inertial frame because Newtons laws are applicable
(d) is an inertial frame because Earth is rotating about its own
axis

5. A lift is moving upwards. The total mass of the lift and

Speed (in m/s)

the passenger is 1500 kg. The variation in the speed of

the lift is as given in the graph. The tension in the rope
pulling the lift at a t = 11th second will be

3.6

(b) 14700 N

10

12

(c) 12000 N

(d) Zero

Hint At 11th second lift is moving upward with acceleration

0 - 3.6
2
a=
= - 1.8 m/s
2

Tension in rope (T ) = m( g - a ) = 1500 ( 9.8 - 18

. ) = 12000 N

24

whose breaking strength is four times its

weight. The maximum acceleration with which
the sphere can move up without breaking the
cord is
(a) g

(b) 3 g

(c) 2 g

T
a

mg

(d) 4 g

Hint Tension in the cord is given by T = mg + ma

8. A body having a mass equal to 40 kg is standing in an

elevator. The force felt by the feet of the boy will be
greatest when the elevator (g = 9.8 m/s2 )
(a) stands still
(b) move downwards at a constant velocity of 4 m/s 2
(c) accelerates downwards with an acceleration equal to
4 m/s 2
(d) accelerates upwards with an acceleration equal to 4 m/s 2

9. If in a stationary lift, a man is standing with a bucket

2

(a) 17400 N

Conceptualise Draw a simple, neat diagram of the system to help

establishmental representation. Establish coordinate axes for each
object in the system.
Categorise If an acceleration component for an object is zero, it is
modelled as a particle in equilibrium in this direction and S F = 0. If
not, the object is modelled as a particle under a net force in this
direction and S F = m a.
Analyse Isolated the object whose motion is being analysed. Draw
a free body diagram for this object. Find the components of the
forces along the coordinate axes. Apply Newtons second law.
S F = m a in component form.
Solve the component equations for the unknown. Remember that to
obtain a complete solution, we must have as many independent
equations as we have unknowns.
Finalise Make sure our results are consistent with the free body
diagram. Also, check the predictions of our solutions for extreme
values of the variables.

full of water, having a hole at its bottom. The rate of

flow of water through this hole is R0 . If the lift starts to
move up and down with same acceleration and then
that rates of flow of water are Ru and Rd , then
(a) R 0 > Ru > Rd
(c) Rd > R 0 > Ru

(b) Ru > R 0 > Rd

(d) Ru > Rd > R 0

Hint Fupward = m( g + a ), Fdownward = m( g - a )

10. The time period of a simple pendulum measured inside

16. A gun fires N bullets per second, each of mass m with

a stationary lift is found to be T. If the lift starts

accelerating upwards with an acceleration (g / 3) , then
time period is
(a) T 3

(b)

T 3
2

(c)

T
3

(d)

T
3

velocity v. The force exerted by the bullet on the gun is

(a) mvN

120

force experienced by the bird as compared to that of an

aeroplane is
(a) very high
(c) less

Hint Due to Newtons third law of motion.

150

19. A bird is sitting in a large closed cage which is placed

on a spring balance. It records a weight of 25 N. The

bird (mass m = 0.5 kg) flies upwards in the cage with an
acceleration of 2 m/s2 . The spring balance will now
record a weight of

120

(a) 24 N
(c) 26 N

= Weight of cage + Reaction by bird

20. An explosion blows a rock into three parts. Two parts go

off at right angles to each other. These two are 1 kg first
part moving with a velocity of 12 m/s and 2 kg second
part moving with a velocity of 8 m/s. If the third part
flies off with a velocity of 4 m/s, its mass would be

Hint According to Lamis theorem,

T1
T2
T
=
=
T1 = T2 = T = 10 N
sin 120 sin 120 sin 120

13. A particle moves in the x-y plane under the action of a

force F such that the components of its linear
momentum p at anytime t are px = 2 cost , py = 2 sin t.
The angle between F and p at time t is
(b) 0
(d) 30

14. A spring balance is attached to the ceiling of a lift. A

man hangs his bag on the spring and the spring reads
49 N, when the lift is stationary. If the lift moves
downwards with an acceleration of 5 m/s2 , the reading
of the spring balance is
(b) 24 N
(d) 15 N

acceleration a (where a < g). How much mass should

be removed from it, so that it start moving up with an
acceleration a is
ma
g + a

(b)

ma
g -a

(c)

2 ma
g + a

(a) 5 kg
(c) 17 kg

(d)

2 ma
g -a

(b) 7 kg
(d) 3 kg

PHYSICS FUNDAS
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
n

15. A balloon with mass m is descending down with an

(a)

(b) 25 N
(d) 27 N

Hint Reading of a spring balance

(a) 10 N, 11 N
(b) 10 N, 6 N
(c) 10 N , 10 N
(d) Cannot be calculated due to insufficient data

(a) 49 N
(c) 74 N

(b) equal
(d) zero

120

(a) 90
(c) 180

mv 2
N

18. In an air collision between an aeroplane and a bird, the

(d)

(a) The force on the 6th coin (counted from the bottom) due
to all the coins on its top is equal to 4 mg (downwards)
(b) The force on the 6th coin due to 7th coin is 4 mg
(downwards)
(c) The reaction of the 6th coin on the 7th coin is 4 mg
(upwards)
(d) The total force on the 10th coin is 9 mg (downwards)

stretched net. Section AB is stretched with a force of

10 N. The tensions in the sections BC and BF are

150

(c) mvN 2

table. Each coin has a mass m. Which of the following

statements is not true?

dimension varies with the time according to the

equation p = a + bt 2 , where a and b are positive
constants. The net force acting on the body

12. The below figure is the part of the horizontally

mv
N

17. Ten one-rupee coins are put on top of each other on a

11. The linear momentum p of a body moving in one

(a) a constant
(b) proportional to t 2
(c) inversely proportional to t
(d) proportional to t

(b)

Draw the free body diagram of the body assuming isolated from
other bodies in contact.
Show the weight, line passing through centre of gravity of the body
acting vertically downwards.
Other bodies in contact with the body under consideration generally
exert reactions normal to the surface of contact.
If there are any frictional force, it should be marked in a proper
direction.

21. The rate of mass of the gas emitted from rear of a rocket
is initially 0.1 kg/s. If the speed of the gas relative to the
rocket is 50 m/s and mass of the rocket is 2 kg, then the
acceleration of the rocket in m/s2 is
(a) 5

(b) 5.2

(c) 2.5

(d) 25

25

22. A stationary body of mass 3 kg explodes into three

equal pieces. Two of the pieces fly off in two mutually
perpendicular directions, one with a velocity of 3 $i ms -1
and the other with a velocity of 4 $j ms -1 . If the explosion
occurs in 10 -4 s , the average force action on the third
piece in newton is
(a) ( 3$i + 4$j ) 10 -4
(c) ( 3$i + 4$j ) 10 4

(a) g l2 - 1
g
(c)
l2 - 1

(b) g( l2 - 1)
g
(d) 2
l -1

Hint Here, sin q =

1
l
R

(b) ( 3$i - 4$j ) 10 -4

(d) - ( 3$i + 4$j ) 10 4

ma cos q
ma

23. If the resultant of all the external forces acting on a

mg cos q

system of particle is zero, then from an inertial frame,

one can surely say that
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

linear momentum of the system does not change in time

kinetic energy of the system does not change in time
angular momentum of the system does not change in time
potential energy of the system does not change in time

mg sin q

mg

Hint Since, there is no resultant external force, linear momentum of

system remains constant.

Let, required acceleration of inclined plane be a for the objects

to remain stationary relative to incline, we have
ma cos q = mg sin q
1
a = g tan q = g .
l2 - 1

24. In a rocket of mass 1000 kg, fuel is consumed at a rate

28. A wire which passes through the hole is a small bead, is

of 40 kg/s. The velocity of the gases ejected from the

rocket is 5 104 m/s. The thrust on the rocket is

bent in the form of quarter of a circle. The wire is fixed

vertically on ground as shown in the figure. The bead is
released from near the top of the wire and it slides
along the wire without friction. As the bead moves from
A to B, the force it applies on the wire is

(a) 2 10 3 N
(c) 2 10 6 N

(b) 5 10 4 N
(d) 2 10 9 N

dm
Hint Thrust ( F ) = u

dt

25. A 5000 kg rocket is set for vertical fixing. The exhaust

speed is 800 m/s. To give an initial upward
acceleration of 20 m/s2 , the amount of gas ejected per
second to supply the needed thrust will be
(g = 10 m/s2 )

90

-1

(a) 127.5 kgs

(b) 185.5 kgs -1
(c) 187.5 kgs -1
(d) 137.5 kgs -1

(a) always radially outwards

(b) always radially inwards
(c) radially outwards initially and radially inwards later
(d) radially inwards initially and radially outwards later

dm
dm
Hint Thrust ( F ) = u
u
= m (g + a)
dt
dt

Hint Radial force equation

26. The figure shows the position-time (x-t) graph of

one-dimensional motion of a body of mass 0.4 kg. The
magnitude of each impulse is

mg cos q - N =

mv 2
R

Normal radially inward on bead if

cos q <

2
x (m)

29. Three forces F1 , F2 and F3 together keep a body in

0

10

12

14

16

t (s)

(a) 02
. Ns
(b) 0.4 Ns
(c) 0.8 Ns
(d) 1.6 Ns
Hint Impulse = Dp = m.( v f - v i ) = 0.4 [1 - ( -1)] = 0.8 Ns

27. An object is kept on a smooth inclined plane of 1 in l.

The horizontal acceleration to be imparted to the
inclined plane so that the object is stationary relative to
the inclined is

26

2
3

equilibrium. If F1 = 3 N along the positive x-axis,

F2 = 4 N along the positive y-axis, then the third force F3
is
3
(a) 5 N making an angle q = tan-1 with negative y-axis
4
4
(b) 5 N making an angle q = tan-1 with negative y-axis
3
3
(c) 7 N making an angle q = tan-1 with negative y-axis
4
4
(d) 7 N making an angle q = tan-1 with negative y-axis
3

MOTION OF CONNECTED BODIES

AND FRICTION
Pulleys

(vi) For pulley and block system on a smooth double

inclined plane as shown in figure, we have
(m sin q1 - m2 sin q2 )g
(a) Net acceleration, a = 1
(m1 + m2 )

(i) For unequal mass (m1 > m2 ) suspended from a pulley

m - m2
(a) Acceleration, a = 1
g
m1 + m2
2 m1 m2
(b) Tension, T =
g
m1 + m2

m1

mm
(b) Tension, T = 1 2 g
m1 + m2

m2

m1
m2g

(m1 + m2 - m3 )g
(m1 + m2 + m3 )
2 m1 m3 g
(b) Tension, T1 =
T
T2
(m1 + m2 + m3 )
a
2 m3 (m1 + m2 )g
Tension T2 =
m3
m2
(m1 + m2 + m3 )
4 m3 (m1 + m2 )g
T1 a
and net tension, T = 2T2 =
(m1 + m2 + m3 )
(a) Acceleration, a =

(v) For pulley and block arrangement shown in

figure,
T1
M

(m1> m2)

m1g sin q1

q1

m1 m2 (sin q1 + sin q2 )g
(m1 + m2 )
(M + 2 m2 )m1 g
(c) Tension, T1 = m1 (g - a) =
(M + m1 + m2 )
(M + 2 m1 )m2 g
and tension, T2 = m2 (g + a) =
(M + m1 + m2 )

m1

Graph between Applied Force and Force of

Friction
(i) Part OA of the curve represents static friction (fS). Its
value increases linearly with the applied force as shown
in figure.
(ii) At point A, the static friction is maximum. This
represents limiting friction (fL ).
(iii) Beyond A, the force of friction is seen to decrease
slightly. The portion BC of the curve represents the
kinetic friction (fK ).
(iv) As the portion BC of the curve is parallel to x-axis
therefore kinetic friction does not change with the
applied force, it remains constant whatever be the
applied force.

m1

(a) Net acceleration,

(m1 - m2 )g
Net accelerating force
a=
=
Total mass
(m1 + m2 + M)

Static
friction (FS )
Force of friction

m2

q2

T1
a

m 2g

q1
m2g cos q1
m1 g

Whenever a body moves or tends to move over the surface of

another body, then a force comes into play which acts parallel
to the surface of contact and opposes the relative motion. The
opposing force is called friction.

(iv) For a block system and pulley shown in figure,

m2g sin q2

T
a

m2g cos q2

Friction

m - m2 sinq
(a) Acceleration, a = 1
g
m1 + m2
m m (1 + sin q)g
(b) Tension, T = 1 2
(m1 + m2 )

T2

a
q2

(b) Tension in string, T =

q
q m2g m2g cos q

N1

m2

m1

(iii) Motion on a smooth inclined plane

m2g sin q

m1

N2

(ii) Body accelerated on a horizontal surface (m2 ) by a

falling body (m1 ) through a pulley
T
m1
(a) Acceleration, a =
m2
g
m1 + m2

m2

Limiting
Kinetic friction (fK)
friction (fL)
Applied force

27

The coefficient of limiting friction is the ratio of limiting

(f )
friction (fS)max to the normal reaction, i.e. m S = S max
R
The coefficient of kinetic friction is the ratio of kinetic
f
friction (fK ) to the normal reaction, i.e. m K = K
R

Laws of Limiting Friction

1st Law f R, where R is normal reaction and f is friction force.
2nd Law The direction of f is opposite to the intended direction of
motion.
3rd Law f does not depend upon actual area of contact.
4th Law f depends upon the nature of material and nature of polish
of the surface in contact, i.e. rough or smooth.

Angle of Friction
It is the angle which the resultant of the limiting friction and
the normal reacting makes with the normal reaction, i.e.
m S = tan q, where q is the angle of friction.

Angle of Repose
It is the minimum angle that an inclined plane makes with
the horizontal when a body placed on it just begins to slide
down. If f is the angle of repose, then tanf = m S .
Angle of repose (f) = Angle of friction (q)
N

f1

q
q
sin
mg f

f
mg

mg cos f

Motion down the Plane

(i) When an inclination is greater than repose and the
body is sliding down the rough inclined plane with
some acceleration given by
a = g sin q - m K g cos q
(ii) Inclination a is less than angle of repose and the body is
pulled down the plane with uniform velocity by
applying an external force P is given by
P = m K mg cos a - mg sin a
(iii) When inclination is less than repose and the block is
pulled down with certain acceleration, then
P = mmg cos a + ma

Motion up the Plane

(i) Inclination may be greater than or less than the angle of
repose but the body is projected up the plane with some
initial velocity. In this case, the net retardation acting
on the body is given by
a = g sin q + m K g cos q
(ii) Force required to pull the body up the plane with
constant velocity,
P = mg sin a - m K mg cos a
(iii) Force required to pull the body up the plane with
constant acceleration,
P = mg sin a - m K mg cos a + ma
If an object slides down a rough inclined plane of
inclination q is n times, the time it takes to slide down a
similar smooth inclined plane, then
1
m = tan q 1 - 2
n

Best Practice SHOTS

30. A block of mass m is pulled along a horizontal
frictionless surface by a rope of mass m. If a force P is
applied at the free end of the rope, the force exerted by
the rope on the block will be
(a) P

Pm
(b)
M+ m

PM
(c)
M + m

PM
(d)
M -m

Hint
M

28

(b) 20 m
(d) 10 m
Y

of mass 2 kg each are hanging on a string

passing over a fixed frictionless pulley as
shown in the figure. The tension in the
string connecting weights B and C is
Hint Tension between m 2 and m 3 is given by

speed of 1.5 m/s on a smooth plane. If a constant

vertical force 10 N acts on it, the displacement of the
block from the point of application of the force at the
end of 4 s is

10 kg

31. Three equal weight A (m1 ) B (m2 ) and C (m3 )

(c) 3.3 N

32. A block of mass 10 kg is moving horizontally with a

Hint

PM
Force exerted by rope on the mass =

M + m

(b) 13 N

2 m1 . m3
g
m1 + m2 + m3

(a) 5 m
(c) 12 m

P
Acceleration of the system =

M + m

(a) zero

T =

F=10 N

(d) 19.6 N

B
C

1.5 m/s
X

Motion along vertical direction : Acceleration along vertical

F
direction, a y =
m

33. Three blocks of mass m1 , m2 and m3 are connected by

massless string as shown in the figure on a frictionless

table. They are pulled with a force T3 = 40 N. If m1 = 10

kg, m2 = 6 kg and m3 = 4 kg, the tension T2 will be
T1

m1

(a) 20 N

T2

m2

(b) 40 N

m3

T3

(d) 32 N

(c) 10 N

T3
Hint T2 = ( m1 + m 2 )
( m1 + m 2 + m 3 )

34. Three blocks of massses 2 kg, 3 kg, and 5 kg are

connected to each other with light string and are then
placed on a frictionless surface as shown in the figure.
The system is pulled by a force F = 10 N, then tension T1
is

m - m2
5 - 4.8
2
Hint a = 1
g = 5 + 4.8 9.8 = 0.2 m/s

m1 + m2

37. A block of mass M is attached to the lower end of a

vertical rope of mass m . An upward force P acts on the
upper end of the rope. The system is free to move. The
force exerted by the rope on the block is
PM
.
M+ m
(a) In all cases
(b) Only if the rope is uniform
(c) In gravity free space only (d) Only if P > ( M + m) g

38. Consider the following statements about the blocks

shown in the diagram that are being pushed by a
constant force on a frictionless table.
F

10 N 2 kg

(a) 1 N

T1

T2

3 kg

(b) 5 N

(c) 8 N

(d) 10 N

35. A body of weight 2 kg is suspended as shown in the

figure. The tension T1 in the horizontal string (in kg-wt)
is
30

(b)

3
2

(c)

Hint

2
3

1 kg

A. All blocks move with the same acceleration

B. The net force on each block is the same.
Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) A only
(c) Both A and B

(b) B only
(d) Neither A nor B

light string passing over a frictionless pulley. As shown

in the figure, the mass m is placed on a smooth inclined
plane of inclination 30 and 2m hangs vertically. If the
system is released, the blocks move with an
acceleration equal to

2 kg-wt

2
3

2 kg

39. Two blocks of masses m and 2m are connected by a

T1

(a)

3 kg

5 kg

(d) 2
m

T sin 30

30

2m

T
30

30
T1

T cos 30

(a) g/4

(b) g/3

(c) g/2

(d) g

Hint According to the figure,

2 kg-wt

2 mg - T = 2 ma

36. Two masses m1 = 5 kg and m2 = 4.8 kg tied to a string

are hanging over a light frictionless pulley. What is the
acceleration of the masses when they are free to move
(g = 9.8 m/s2 )
(a) 0.2 m/ s2

(b) 9.8 m/ s2

(c) 5 m/ s2

(d) 4.8 m/ s2

(i)

T - mg sin 30 = ma

(ii)

40. Two masses m1 = 1 kg and m2 = 2 kg are connected by a

light inextensible string and suspended by means of a
weightless pulley as shown in the figure. Assuming
that both the masses start from rest, the distance
travelled by the centre of mass in two seconds is (Take
g = 10 m/s2 )

1 kg

m1

m1
m2

m2
(a)

20
m
9

(b)

40
m
9

2 kg

(c)

2
m
3

(d)

1
m
3

29

Answers
1. (b)

2. (b)

3. (d)

4. (b)

5. (c)

6. (b)

7. (b)

8. (d)

9. (b)

10. (b)

11. (d)

12. (c)

13. (a)

14. (b)

15. (c)

16. (a)

17. (d)

18. (b)

19. (c)

20. (a)

21. (c)

22. (d)

23. (a)

24. (c)

25. (b)

26. (c)

27. (c)

28. (d)

29. (a)

30. (c)

31. (b)

32. (d)

33. (d)

34. (c)

35. (c)

36. (a)

37. (c)

38. (a)

39. (c)

40. (a)

MASTER
1. A block of mass 2 kg rests on a rough inclined plane
making an angle of 30 with the horizontal. The
coefficient of static friction between the block and the
plane is 0.7. The frictional force on the block is

(b) 07
. 9.8 3 N
(d) 0.8 9.8 N

(a) 9.8 N
(c) 9.8 3 N

q=30

Hint Limiting friction, fl = mmg cos q

\ Static friction = Applied force = 9.8 N

2. In the given figure, the pulley is assumed massless and

frictionless. If the friction force on the object of mass m
is f, then its acceleration in terms of the force F will be
equal to

M=15 kg

(a) 55 N
(c) 75 N

(b) 60 N
(d) 90 N

Hint Here, M = 15 kg, q = 30 , g = 10 m/s 2

N
F
m

30

F - f

(b) 2
m

(F - f )
m
F
(c)
m

(a)

(d) None of these

3. Which of the following is correct, when a person walks

on a rough surface?

mg mg cos 30

6. A mass m hangs with the help of a string wrapped

around a pulley on a frictionless bearing. The pulley
has mass m and radius R. Assuming pulley to be perfect
uniform circular disc, the acceleration of the mass m, if
the string does not slip on the pulley
3
g
2
2
(c) g
3

(b) g

(a)

(a) The friction force exerted by the surface keeps him moving
(b) The force which the man exerts on the floor keeps him
moving
(c) The reaction of the force which the man exerts on the floor
keeps him moving
(d) None of the above

4. The acceleration of system of two bodies over the

wedge as shown in figure is

30

mg sin 30

(d)

g
3

mg - T = ma

Hint

mR 2 a
TR =
2

...(i)

mRa ma
or T =
=
2
2

...(ii)

Put Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get

ma
mg = ma
2
2g
a=
3
N

37

(a) 1 m/s 2
(c) 0.5 m/s 2

57

(b) 2 m/s 2
(d) 10 m/s 2

a=a/R

n
R

5. A block of mass 15 kg is held by a string on an inclined

plane (angle 30). The tension T in the string is
(g = 10 m / s2 )

30

T
m

mg

mg

7. Two rectangular blocks A and B of masses 2 kg and 3 kg

respectively, are connected by a spring of spring
constant 10.8 N/m and are placed on a frictionless
horizontal surface. The block A was given an initial
velocity 0.15 ms -1 in the direction shown in the figure.
The maximum compression of the spring during the
motion is
A

(a) 0.01 m

(c) 0.05 m

(d) 0.03 m

8. A block of mass m lying on a rough horizontal plane is

acted upon by a horizontal force P and another force Q
inclined at an angle q to the vertical. The block will
remain in equilibrium, if the coefficient of friction
between it and the surface is
Q

Q
Smooth
surface

(a) kA

(b) 0.02 m

(b)

kA
2

(d) m s mg

(c) zero

Hint Maximum friction =

kA
2

10. What is the maximum value of the force F such that the
block shown in the arrangement does not move?
1
m=
23

F
60

m=3 kg

q
M

( P + Q sin q)
( mg + Q cos q)
( P + Q cos q)
(c)
( mg + Q sin q)

(a) 20 N
(c) 12 N

( P cos q + Q )
( mg - Q sin q)
( P sin q - Q )
(d)
( mg - Q cos q)

11. A body of mass m rests on horizontal surface. The

(b)

(a)

(b) 10 N
(d) 15 N

Hint By drawing the free body diagram of the block for critical
condition,

coefficient of friction between the body and the surface

is m. If the mass is pulled by a force P as shown in the
figure, the limiting friction between body and surface
will be
P

30
m
P+Q sin q

(b) m mg +
2

3 P
(d) m mg -

(a) mmg
(mg+Q cos q)

(c) m mg -

F = mR P + Q sin q = m ( mg + Q cos q)

Therefore,

P + Q sin q
m=

mg + Q cos q

Hint

R+P sin 30
P

9. A block P of mass m is placed on a frictionless

horizontal surface. Another block Q of same mass is
kept on P and connected to the wall with the help of a
spring of spring constant k as shown in the figure. m2 is
the coefficient of friction betwen P and Q. The blocks
move together performing SHM of amplitude A. The
maximum value of the friction force between P and Q is

30

P cos+30

F
mg

Limiting friction between body and surface,

P
F = mR = m mg -

Answers
1. (a)

2. (d)

3. (c)

4. (a)

5. (c)

6. (c)

7. (c)

8. (a)

9. (b)

10. (a)

11. (c)

31

Formulas at a Glance
Unit-I (Unit and Measurement)
l
l
l

-3

-2

Meter scale for distance from 10 to 10 m.

Vernier calliper for distance upto 10 -4 m.
Screw gauge and spherometer for distance upto 10 -5 m.
b
Parallax method, q =
D
b
Distance of moon or planet, s =
q
c t
Distance of planet from the Earth, s =
2
nV
Size of molecule, t =
cm, where c is speed of light in vacuum,
400
t is time interval, q is parallax angle, V is volume of a particle, b is
the length of an arc and D is distance between source and object.
Conversion of one system of units into another for which we use
a

M L T
n2 = n1 1 1 1
M2 L2 T2
where, M1 , L1 , T1 are fundamental units on one system, M2 , L2 , T2 are
fundamental units on other system. a, b, c are the dimensions of the
quantity in mass, length and time, n1 is numerical value of the
quantity in one system and n2 is its numerical value in the other
system.
Sum, Z DZ = ( A DA) + (B DB )
Difference, Z DZ = ( A DA) - (B DB )
Dx
Da Db
Product,
=
+
x
b
a
Dx
Da Db
Quotient,
=
+
x
b
a
n
|a |
Absolute error, Damean = S n
i =1 n
Damean
Relative error, da =
amean
Damean
Percentage error, % error =
100
amean
l

an b m

Dx
Db
Dc
Da
= n
+m
+ p , where Da, Db and
x
b
c
c
a
Dc are absolute errors in a, b and c respectively.
If x =

, then

Unit II (Kinematics)
l

Velocity-time relation, v = u + at

Unit III (Laws of Motion)

Newtons second law, F = ma
Conservation of momentum, Fex = 0, then Dp = constant
Gravitational force, Fg = mg
Weight, w = mg
Tension force , T = mg
Momentum, p = mv
Impulse, I = F Dt = p2 - p1
m
Velocity (v ) of rocket, v = u loge 0
m
dm
Thrust on the rocket, F = - u

dt
When a lift moves upward with acceleration a, then R = m(g + a)
Lift moves downward, R = m (g - a)
where, m is mass of a body, g is acceleration due to gravity, u is initial
velocity and R is reaction force.
Limiting friction (fs )
Coefficient of static frictions (m s ) =
Normal reaction ( R )
Kinetic friction ( fk )
Coefficient of kinetic friction (m K ) =
Normal reaction (R )
l
l
l
l

l
l

a
(2n - 1)
2

Circular motion of a car on level road, v max = m srg

Motion of a car on a banked road, v max =

Dt 0

l
l
l
l
l
l

32

1
g (u2 cos2 q)x2
2
u2 sin2 q
Maximum height of a projectile, H =
2g
u2 sin 2q
Horizontal range of a projectile, R =
2g
q
Relation between w, f and T, w = = 2pf
t
Dq
Relation between v and w , v = r
= rw
dt
F1
F2
F3
Lamis theorem,
=
=
sin a sin b sin g

Dx
dx
=
dt
dt
Velocity of object A relative to object B, v AB = v A - v B
Velocity of object B relative to object A, v BA = v A - v B
Triangle law, R = A + B
Parallelogram law, R = A + B
Polygon law, R = A + B + C + D
Dot or scalar product, A B = AB cos q
Instantaneous velocity, v in = Lim

1
ay t 2
2

1
Position-time relation, x = x0 + ut + at 2
2
Position-velocity relation, v2 = u2 + 2as
ds
Velocity, v =
dt
dv
Acceleration, a =
dt
Displacement of the particle in nth second, Sn = u +

Motion along vertical direction, y = y0 + u n t +

where, u is initial velocity, v is final velocity, q is angular displacement,

f is frequency, w is angular velocity and r is displacement.

Motion along horizontal direction,

1
x = x0 + u nt + ax t 2 and x = u cos qt
2
Time of flight T = 2u sin q / g

y = x tan q -

Vector or cross product, A B = AB sin q n$

Addition of vectors, R = A2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q

rg (m s tan q)
1 - (m s tan q)

v2
Angle of banking, q = tan -1
rg
mv2
= mrw2
r
Acceleration of a body down a rough inclined plane
a = g (sin q - m cos q)
Work done in moving a body over a rough horizontal surface,
W = mR s = m mg s
Work done in moving a body over a rough inclined plane,
W = mg (sin q + m cos q) s
Centrifugal force, F =

AVAILABLE
IN ALL
SUBJECTS

for CBSE Class XI

Only Sample Question Papers According to the Latest CBSE Pattern

following plots represent the speed-time of the

ball during its flight, if the air resistance is not
ignored?

origin O of X-Y axes as

shown in the figure. The
work done in taking a
charge Q from A to B along
the straight line AB is

(a)

(b)

Speed

4. A charge + q is placed at the

Speed

1. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Which of the

Time

qQ a - b

4pe0 ab
qQ b
1
(c)
-

4pe0 a 2 b
(a)

Time

Y
B (0, b)

X
A (a, 0)

qQ b - a

4pe0 ab
qQ a
1
(d)
-

4pe0 b 2 b

(b)

(d)

Speed

(c)

Speed

5. Two identical containers A and B with frictionless

Time

Time

2. A light inextensible string that goes

over a smooth fixed pulley as shown in
the figure connects two blocks of
masses 0.36 kg and 0.72 kg. Taking
m1
g = 10 m/s2 , find the work done (in
m2
joules) by the string on the block of
mass 0.36 kg during the first second after the
system is released from rest.
(a) 6 J
(c) 8 J

(b) 5 J
(d) 2 J

3. Two spherical bodies of mass M and 5M and radii R

and 2R respectively are released in free space with
initial separation between their centres equal to
12R. If they attract each other due to gravitational
force only, then the distance covered by the
smaller body just before collision
(a) 15
. R
(c) 4.5R

34

(b) 2.5R
(d) 7.5R

pistons contain the same ideal gas at the same

temperature and the same volume V. The mass of
the gas in A is mA and that in B is mB . The gas in
each cylinder is now allowed to expand
isothermally to the same final volume 2V. The
changes in the pressure in A and B are found to be
Dp and 15
. Dp respectively. Then,
(a) 4mA = 9mB
(c) 3mA = 2 mB

(b) 2 mA = 3mB
(d) 9mA = 3mB

6. If two springs A and B with spring constant 2K and

K, are stretched separately by same suspended
weight, then the ratio between the work done in
stretching A and B is
(a) 1 : 2
(c) 2 : 1

(b) 1 : 4
(d) 4 : 1

7. According to Newton, the viscous force acting

between liquid layers of area A and velocity
DV
DV
is given by F = - hA
, where h is
gradient
DZ
DZ
constant called coefficient of viscosity. The
dimensions of h are

(a) [ML2 T -2 ]
(c) [ML-1 T -1 ]

(b) [ML-2 T -2 ]
(d) [M0L0 T0 ]

8. The change in the entropy of a 1 mole of an ideal

gas which went through an isothermal process

from an initial state (p1 , V1 , T ) to the final state
(p2 , V2 , T ) is equal to
(a) zero

(b) R ln T

(c) R ln

V1
V2

(d) R ln

V2
V1

9. Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are initially at rest

at infinite distance apart. They are then allowed to
move towards each other under mutual
gravitational attraction. Their relative velocity of
approach at a separation distance r between them
is
1/ 2

1/ 2

( m - m2 )
(a) 2G 1

2G
(b)
( m1 + m2 )
r

r
(c)

(
)
2
G
m
m

1 2

2G
(d)
m1 m2
r

1/ 2

cross-section of 8 cm2 , one end of which has 40

fine holes each of area 10-8 m2 . If the liquid flows
inside the tube with a speed of 0.15 m min -1 , the
speed with which the liquid is ejected through the
holes is
(d) 0.5 ms -1

(c) 0.05 ms -1

11. Spheres of iron and lead having same mass are

completely immersed in water. Density of lead is

more than that of iron. Apparent loss of weight is
w1 for iron sphere and w2 for lead sphere. Then,
w1

is
w2

(a) 1
(c) 0

(b) between 0 and 1

(d) greater than 1(> 1)

12. In the circuit shown in figure, find the current

through the branch BD.
A

6W

3W

(a)

Mw
M + 4m

(b)

( M + 4m)w
( M - 4m)w
Mw
(c)
(d)
4m
M
M + 4m

15. The threshold frequency for certain metal is

3.3 1014 Hz. If light of frequency 8.2 1014 Hz is

incident on the metal, the cut-off voltage of the
photoelectric current will be
(a) 4.9 V

1/ 2

(b) 5 ms -1

rotating about its axis with a constant angular

velocity w. Four objects each of mass m, are kept
gently to the opposite ends of two perpendicular
diameters of the ring. The angular velocity of the
ring will be

(b) 3.0 V

(c) 2.0 V

(d) 5.4 V

16. The wavelength of the first spectral line in the

10. The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a

(a) 50 ms -1

14. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius r is

Balmer series of hydrogen atom is 6561 . The

wavelength of the second spectral line in the
Balmer series of singly ionized helium atom is

(a) 1215

(b) 1640

(c) 2430

(d) 4687

17. A stationary body of mass 3 kg explodes into three

equal pieces. Two of the pieces fly off into two

mutually perpendicular directions, one with a
velocity of 3$i ms -1 and the other with a velocity of
4$j ms -1 . If the explosion occurs in 10-4 sec, the
average force acting on the third piece in newton
is
(a) ( 3$i + 4$j ) 10 -4
(c) ( 3$i + 4$j ) 10 4

(b) ( 3$i - 4$j ) 10 -4

(d) - ( 3$i + 4$j ) 10 4

18. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate a for

some time, after which it decelerates at constant

rate b and comes to rest. If the total time elapsed is
t, then the maximum velocity acquired by the
car is
a2 + b 2
a2 - b 2
(a + b ) t
( a b )t
(a)
(d)
t (b)
t (c)
ab
a+b
ab
ab

19. A solenoid has core of a material with relative

3W

15 V

permeability 500 and its windings carry a current of

1 A. The number of turns of the solenoid is 500 per
metre. The magnetization of the material is nearly

30 V

(a) 2.5 10 3 Am-1

(c) 2.0 10 3 Am-1

(a) 5 A

(b) 0 A

(c) 3 A

13. Three lenses L1 , L2 , L3 are

(d) 4 A
L1

L2

20. The relative density of a substance may be found

L3

placed co-axially as shown

in figure. Focal length of
lenses are given 30 cm,
10 cm and 5 cm respectively.
d
If a parallel beam of light
falling on lens L1 , emerging L3 as a convergent
beam such that it converges at the focus of L3 . The
distance between L1 and L2 will be

(a) 40 cm

(b) 30 cm

(c) 20 cm

(b) 2.5 10 5 Am-1

(d) 2.0 10 5 Am-1

(d) 10 cm

by weighing it first in air and then in water. If its

weight in air is (6 0.06) N and weight in water is
(3 0.04) N. Then, the relative density along with
maximum permissible error will be given as
(a) (2 4.3)% (b) (2 11)%

(c) (2 4)%

(d) ( 6 4)%

21. The half-life of the radioactive radon is 3.8 days.

The time at the end of which 1/20th of the radon
sample will remain undecayed, is (Given,
log10 e = 0.4343)

(a) 3.8 days

(b) 16.5 days

(c) 33 days

(d) 76 days

35

22. Steam at 100C is passed into 1.1 kg of water

contained in a calorimeter of water equivalent to
0.02 kg at 15C till the temperature of the
calorimeter and its contents rises to 80C. The
mass of the steam condensed in kg is
(a) 0.130

(b) 0.065

(c) 0.260

(d) 0.135

23. Let, l a , lb and la denote the wavelengths of the

X-rays of the ka , kb and La lines in the
characteristics X-rays for a metal. Then,
1
1
1
=
+
lb la
l a
1
1
1
(d)
+
=
la
l b l a

(a) l a > l a > l b

(b)

(c) l a > l b > l a

24. The coefficient of volume expansion of a liquid is

49 10-5 K -1 . Calculate the fractional change in its
density when the temperature is raised by 30C.
(a) 7.5 10 -2
(c) 15
. 10 -2

26. A simple pendulum with bob of

L
mass m and conducting wire of
q
length L swings under gravity
through an angle 2q. The earths h
magnetic field component in the
direction perpendicular to swing is
B. Maximum potential difference induced across
the pendulum is

q
(a) 2 BL sin ( gL )1/ 2
2
q
(c) BL sin ( gL )3/ 2
2

q
(b) BL sin ( gL )
2
q
(d) BL sin ( gL )2
2

27. Figure given below shows a sinusoidal wave on a

string. If the frequency of the wave is 150 Hz and
the mass per unit length of the string is 0.2 g/m,
the power transmitted by the wave is
Y

(b) 3.0 10 -2
(d) 11
. 10 -2

0.06 m

25. Which one of the following is the truth table of the

given logic circuit?

20 cm

X
Y

Z (O/P)

(a) 2.34 W
(c) 4.80 W
(a)
X

(b) 3.84 W
(d) 5.78 W

28. A small square loop of wire of side l is placed

inside a large square loop of side L(L > l ). The
loops are coplanar and their centres coincide. The
mutual inductance of the system is proportional to
l
(a)
L

(b)

l2
(b)
L

L2
(d)
l

L
(c)
l

29. Two perfectly black spheres A and B having radii

8 cm and 2 cm are maintained at temperatures

127C and 527C respectively. The ratio of the
energy radiated by A to that by B is

(a) 1 : 2

30. A and B are the two points on a uniform ring of

radius r. The resistance of the ring R and AOB = q
as shown in the figure. The equivalent resistance
between A and B is

(c)
X

(b) 1 : 1

(c) 2 : 1

(d) 1 : 4

A
r

B
q

(d)

36

R(2 p - q)
4p
q
(c) R 1 2 p

(a)

Rq
2p
R
(d)
(2 p - q)q
4p 2

(b)

Answer with Explanations

In chamber A

1. (c) For upward motion

m RT m A RT m A RT
Dp = pi - pf = A
=
2 V 2 V
V

Effective acceleration = - ( g + a )
and for downward motion
Effective acceleration = ( g - a )
But both are constants. So, the slope of speed-time graph
will be constant. Let, s is the distance covered by block of
mass 0.36 kg in first second i.e.
1
1 10
10
m
s = ut + at 2 s = 0 + 12 =
2
23
6
10
\ Work done by the string (W ) = T. s = 4.8
= 8 Joule
6

In chamber B
m RT m B RT m B RT
15
. Dp = pi - pf = B
=
2 V 2 V
V
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

m1

6. (a) For spring A, mg = K A xA

T
m2

and acceleration of each block

m - m1
072
. - 0.36
10
m/s 2
a= 2
g =
10 =
. + 0.36
3
m1 + m2
072

Since, the system is related from rest after 1 second,

10
10
m/s
1 v =
v = u + at v = 0 +
3
3
10
So, the velocity acquired by 0.36 kg of mass is
ms -1.
3
1
\ Workdone on it = K.E. gained by it W = K.E. = mv 2
2
2

1
10
1
36
100

=2 J
0.36 =
3
2
2 100
9

3. (d) As the spherical bodies have their own size so the

distance covered by both the body (12 R - 3R ) = 9R, but
individual distance covered by each body depends upon their
masses.
5M

M
9R

2R

12R
x

4.

5.

(ii)

m A
m /M 2
1
2
= 3mA = 2 mB
= A
=
mB / M
3
.
3
m B 15

2. (d) In the given condition, tension in the string

2 m1 m2
2 0.36 072
. 10
T =
= 4.8 N
g =
T
( 0.36 + 072
. )
m1 + m2

(i)

9R-x

We know that bodies are moving under the effect of mutual

attraction only, so their position of centre of mass remains
unaffected. Let, smaller body cover distance x just before
collision. From m1r1 = m2r2, we get

Mx = 5M ( 9R - x ) x = 7.5R
1 q
(a) Potential at point A is VA =

4pe0 a
1 q
Potential at point B is VB =

4pe0 b
Work done in taking a charge Q from A to B
Qq 1 1 Qq a - b
W = Q( VB - VA ) =

4pe0 b a 4pe0 a b
1
(c) Process is isothermal, so, T = constant p volume is

V
increasing, therefore pressure will decreases.

For spring B, mg = K B xB
Since both the springs A and B are suspended by same
weight, therefore
KA
x
(i)
= B
K A xA = K B xB or
KB
xA
\ Ratio of work done in stretching A and B is
1
2
K A xA2
WA
K x
2
=
= A A
1
WB
K B xB2 K B xB
2
2

KA KB

KB KA

KB
K
1
=
=
KA 2K 2

[Using Eq. (i)]

7. (c) Given, viscous force acting between liquid layers

DV
[h] = [ML-1T -1 ]
DZ
DV
As,
= [T -1 ]
F = [MLT -2 ], A = [L2 ],
DZ
F DZ
\ Dimensions of h =
A DV
[MLT -2 ] 1
= [ML-1T -1 ]
=

[L2 ] [T -1 ]
F =-hA

8. (d) The change in entropy of an ideal gas

DQ
(i)
T
In isothermal process, temperature does not change, i.e.
internal energy which is a function of temperature will remain
same, i.e. DU = 0
From first law of thermodynamics
DU = DQ - W or 0 = DQ - W
or
DQ = W
i.e. DQ = Work done by gas in isothermal process which
went through from ( p1, V1, T ) to ( p2, V2, T )
V
(ii)
DQ = mRT loge 2

V1
DS =

For 1 mole of an ideal gas, m = 1, so from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we

get
V
V
DS = R loge 2 = R ln 2
V1
V1

37

9. (b) Let, velocities of these masses at r distance from each

other be v1 and v 2 respectively.
By conservation of momentum
m1v1 - m2v 2 = 0

m1v1 = m2v 2
By conservation of energy
Change in P.E. = Change in K.E.
1
Gm1m2 1
= m1v12 + m2v 22
2
2
r
m12v12
m2v 2 2Gm1m2

+ 2 2 =
m1
v2
r

(i)

v1 =

(ii)

2Gm12
r( m1 + m2 )

\ Relative velocity of approach,

2G
( m1 + m2 )
r

vapproach = | v1| + | v 2| =

mass ( M )
volume ( V )

1
for the same mass.
V
r lead
V
= iron
r iron
Vlead

r lead > r iron

Viron
>1
Vlead

[Given]
(i)

Using law of floatation

For iron spheres, W1 = Viron r water g
For lead spheres, W 2 = Vlead r lead g
Divide Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iii), we get
W1
V
= iron > 1
W 2 Vlead

(ii)
(iii)
[Using Eqs. (i)]

12. (a) The current in the circuit are assumed as shown in the figure,
A

6W

i1

3 W (i1i2)
C

-20
-d
=
30 10 30 10

15. (c) In photoelectric effect, Einstein equation is given by

1
1
d
=
30 10 30 ( - 10)

L = Iw = Mr 2w
Final angular momentum of ring and four particles system
L = ( Mr 2 + 4mr 2 )w
As there is no torque on the system, therefore angular
momentum remains constant, i.e.
Mr 2w = ( Mr 2 + 4mr 2 )w
Mw
w =

M + 4m

For holes, ( 40 10 -8 ) v = a2v 2

\
a2 v 2 = a1 v1
8 10 -4 015
.
\
40 10 -8 v =
60
Speed with which the liquid is ejected through the hole,
8 10 -4 015
. 8 15
-1
v =
=
= 5 ms
-8
40
10
60 4 6

As,

14. (a) Initial angular momentum of ring

area (a) velocity (v) = constant

015
.
\ For tube, ( 8 10 -4 )
= a1v1
60

1
1
d
1
1
d
+
=0 +
=
f1
f2 f1 f2
f1
f2 f1 f2

The distance bewteen L1 and L2 = d = 20 cm

10. (b) According to equation of continuity,

11. (d) As, we know density (r) =

acts as a simple glass plate. Hence, according to the formula

1 1
1
d
= +
F
f1
f2 f1f2

and v 2 =

r( m1 + m2 )

Photon energy = K.E. of electron + Work function, i.e.

hn = eVS + hn 0
where, V s is stopping potential and n 0 is threshold frequency
h
(i)
Vs = (n - n0 )
\
e
Given, n 0 = 3.3 1014 Hz, n = 82
. 1014 Hz
h = 6.6 10 -34 J-s, e = 16
. 10 -19 C.
Substituting the value in Eq. (i), we get
6.6 10-34 ( 8.2 1014 - 3.3 1014 )
Vs =
16
. 10 -19
=

16. (a)

6.6 4.9
10 -1 = 2.0 V
16
.

n=4

n=4

n=3

n=3

n=2

n=2

n=1

First line of
Blamer series

n=1

For hydrogen or hydrogen type atoms

3W

15 V

i2
i1

38

(i)

13. (c) According to the problem, as combination of L1 and L2

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

2Gm22

Applying KVL along the loop ABDA, we get

- 6i 1 - 3i 2 + 15 = 0 or 2 i 1 + i 2 = 5
Applying KVL along the loop BCDB, we get
- 3( i 1 - i 2 ) - 30 + 3i 2 = 0 or - i 1 + 2 i 2 = 10
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) for i 2, we get
i2 = 5 A

30 V

1
1
1
= Rz2 2 - 2
l
ni
nf
In the transition from ni nf

Second line of
Blamer series

l2
=
l1

1
1
Z2 2 - 2
ni
nf

1
1
Z12 2 - 2
ni 1
nf
1
1
Z 22 2 - 2
ni 2
nf

, l2 =

1
1
l1Z12 2 - 2
ni 1
nf
1
1
Z 22 2 - 2
ni 2
nf

Substituting the values, we have

The wavelength of second spectral line of singly ionized
1
1
( 6561 ) (1)2 2 - 2
2

3
helium atom, =
= 1215
1
2 1
(2 ) 2 - 2
2
4

17. (d) According to law of conservation of momentum, the third

piece has momentum
= 1 - ( 3$i + 4$j ) kg ms -1
Impulse = Average Force Time
Impulse Change in momentum
Average Force =
=
Time
Time
- ( 3$i + 4$j ) kg ms -1
= - ( 3$i + 4$j ) 10 4 N
=
10 -4 s
Y

^
12j
F
^ ^)
1(3i+4j

X
^
13i

18. (d) Let the car accelerates at rate a for time (t 1 ), then maximum
velocity attained v = 0 + at 1 = at 1.
Now, the car decelerates at a rate b for time (t - t 1 ) and finally
comes to rest.
Then,
0 = v - b(t - t 1 ) at 1 - bt + bt 1
b

t1 =
t
a+b
\

v =

( ab ) t
a+b

I = 1 A,
m r = 500
Magnetic intensity ( H ) = nI = 500 m -1 1 A = 500 Am -1
As, m r = 1 + c, where c is the magnetic susceptibility of the
material.
or
c = (m r - 1)
Magnetization ( M ) of the material = cH = (m r - 1) H
= ( 500 - 1) 500 Am-1
= 499 500 Am- 1 = 2.495 10 5 Am-1
= 2.5 10 5Am-1

20. (a) Let the relative density be R, then

W air
W air - W water

W air
6
= =2
W
3

DW = 0.06 + 0.04 = 010

. N
DR DW air
DW 0.06
01
.
=
+
=
+
R
W air
W
6
6-3

= 0.01 + 0.033
\ Relative density along with maximum permissible error,
DR
100 = 4.3% R = 2 4.3%
R

21. (b) According to half-life of the radioactive substance,

N = N 0 e - lt
where,

l=

ln2 ln(2 )
=
t 1/ 2
3.8
- ln( 2)t

N0
= N0e 3. 8
20
Solving this equation with the help of given data, we find
t = 16.5 days
Therefore,

22. (a) Heat is lost by steam in two stages

(i) For change of state from steam at 100C to water at
100C is m 540.
(ii) To change water at 100C to water at 80C is
m 1 (100 - 80), where m is the mass of steam
condensed.
Total heat lost by steam is ( m 540 + m 20)
= 560 m (cals)
Heat gained by calorimeter and its contents is
= (11
. + 0.02 ) ( 80 - 15) = 112
. 65 cals
Using principle of calorimetery, we get
Heat gained = Heat lost
\ 560 m = 112
. 65, m = 0130
.
\ Mass of the steam condensed,
kg
m = 0130
.

23. (b) According to the energy diagram of X-ray spectra

hc
1
, l
l
DE
(DE = energy radiated when e - jumps from higher energy
orbit to lower energy orbit)

19. (b) Here, n = 500 turns/m

R =

So,

R =

DE =

( DE )kb > ( DE )ka > ( DE )La

Therefore, l a > l a > l b

Also,

( DE )kb = ( DE )ka + ( DE )La

hc
hc
hc
=
+
lb
la
l a
1
1
1
=
+
lb la
l a

24. (c) When the temperature of a liquid is increased by DTC, the

mass will remain unchanged while due to thermal expansion

volume will increase and becomes V .
V = V(1 + gDT )
where, g is the coefficient of volume expansion of liquid.
m
m
r
Q r = m
=
=
\ r =

V
V V(1 + g DT ) (1 + g DT )

39

Fractional change in density =

r - r
r

r
1
= 1 - = 1

r
1 + g DT
=
=

-5

49 10 30
g DT
=
(1 + g DT ) (1 + 49 10-5 30)
1470 10

-5

1 + 1470 10-5
L

0.0147
= 0.0145
10147
.
15
. 10 -2
=

25. (a) Z = XY + ( X + Y )
= X + Y + X + Y = 1 + 1= 1
Therefore, output is always equal to 1 independent to value
of X and Y.

26. (a)
q

From the given figure, h = L(1 - cos q)

Maximum velocity at equilibrium is given by
q
\ v 2 = 2 gh = 2 gL(1 - cos q) = 2 gL 2 sin2

2
q
2
Thus, maximum potential difference : Vmax = BvL
q
= B 2 gL sin L
2
q
= 2 BL sin ( gL )1/ 2
2

f = Mi M =

f m 0 8 2 l2
=

i
4p
L

l2
M
L

Thus, mutual inductance of the system,

l2
M
L

v = 2 gL sin

proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

i.e. E = sT 4 .
where, s is a Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Given,
T1 = 127C = 127 + 273 = 400 K
T2 = 527 C = 527 + 273 = 800 K
and
r1 = 8 cm r2 = 2 cm
We know that energy, E = sAT 4
In the first condition, E1 = s1 A1T14
(i)
In the second condition, E 2 = s 2 A 2T24
(ii)
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
E1
A T4
= 1 14
[Q s1 = s 2 ]
E2
A 2T2
8 2 ( 400)4

2 2 ( 800)4
E1 1
=
E2 1
=

27. (b) Given, Mass per unit length of the string,

m = 0.2 g/m = 0.2 10 -3 kg/m
Frequency of the wave, n = 150 Hz
Amplitude of the wave,
5
.
A = 0.06 m and l = 20 cm
2
\ Wavelength of the wave,
40
cm = 8 cm = 8 10 -2 m
l=
5
Velocity of the wave, v = n l

v = (150 Hz) ( 8 10 -2 m )
= 12 m/s
The power transmitted by the wave is P = 2 p 2v 2 A 2mn
Substituting the given values, we get
P = 2 ( 314
. )2 (150)2 ( 0.06)2 ( 0.2 10 -3 ) 12
= 3.84 W

28. (b) Magnetic field produced to large loop

m0 8 2 i

4p
L
Flux linked with smaller loop
B=

40

m 0 8pil

4p
L

29. (b) Total energy emitted per second by a unit area of a body is

f = B( l2 ) =

30. (d) Consider the ring as two parts as two resistance joined in
parallel between two points A and B, then two resistances
would be
R
R
R1 =
rq =
q
2 pr
2p
R
R
and
R2 =
r(2 p - q) =
(2 p - q)
2 pr
2p
Now, effective resistance between A and B
R R1
Req = 1
R1 + R 2

R
R
q
(2 p - q)
2p
2p
R
[q + 2 p - q]
2p
R 2q(2 p - q)

Rq(2 p - q)
4p 2
=
=
p
2
R
4p 2

2p

Questions to Measure Your Problem Solving Skills

5. A 3 kg box rests on a

1. A uniform rod of mass M and

length L is resting between a
rough wall and a rough floor as
shown in the figure. The
coefficient of friction between any
two surface is m. The angle q for
which the rod is just on the verge
of slipping is
(a) tan

-1

1 - m 2

1 - m 2
(c) sin-1

2m

(b) tan

-1

T
horizontal table. The box is
30
pulled by a string at an angle
f
of 30, as shown in figure. The
N
acceleration of the box if the
mg
tension in the string is 20N is
[the coefficients of static and kinetic friction between
the box and the table are m s = 0.6 and m k = 0.5]

(a) 2 m/s 2
(c) 7.6 m/ s 2

1 - m 2

2m

6. A spherical shell and a solid sphere rolls down

(d) None of these

2. A diode detector is used to detect an amplitude

modulated wave of 60% modulation by using a
condenser of capacity 250 picofarad in parallel with a
load resistance 100 kW. Find the maximum
modulated frequency which could be detected by it.
(a) 10.62 MHz
(c) 5.31 MHz

(b) 10.62 kHz

(d) 5.31 kHz

3. In the adjacent shown

circuit, a voltmeter of
internal resistance R, when
connected across B and C
100
reads
V. Neglecting
3
the internal resistance of
the battery, the value of R is
(a) 100 k W

(b) 75 k W

50 kW

50 kW

without slipping on a plane inclined at an angle q.

The ratio of velocities of solid sphere and spherical
shell at the foot of the plane is
(a) 6 : 5

(b) 10 : 7

(c) 5 : 21

(d) 10 : 7

7. A projectile is fired vertically upward from the earths

surface with a velocity kv e , where v e is escape
velocity and k < 1. Neglecting air resistance, the
maximum height to which it will rise measured from
the centre of the Earth of radius R is
(a) R (1 - k 2 ) (b)

R
k2

(c)

R
(1 - k 2 )

(d)

R
(1- k )

8. A p-V plot for two gases during

adiabatic processes are shown in
p
figure below. Plots A and B
should correspond respectively
to

100 V
+

(c) 50 k W

(d) 25 k W

4. The average translational energy and the root mean

square speed of molecules in a sample of oxygen gas
are 6.21 10 -21 J and 484 ms-1 respectively at
temperature 300 K. The corresponding values at
temperature 600 K are nearly equal to
(a) 6.21 10 -21 J, 684 ms -1
(c) 8.78 10 -21 J, 968 ms -1

(b) 2.53 m/ s 2
(d) zero

(b) 12.42 10 -21 J, 684 ms -1

(d) 12.42 10 -21 J, 968 ms -1

(a) He and Ar
(b) He and O 2
(c) O 2 and He
(d) O 2 and N 2

A
B
V

9. One wall of a room has 0.019 m thick plywood backed

by 0.076 m thick insulation as shown in figure. The
temperature at the inner surface is 25 C, while
temperature at the outer surface is 4 C, both being
constant. The thermal conductivities of the

41

insulation and plywood

are respectively, 0.030
J/sm C and 0.080J/sm C
Heat
and the area of the wall is
Inside
35 m2 . So, the heat 25C
conducted through the
wall in 1 hour with the
Insulation
insulation is
(a) 9.5 10 5J
(c) 111 10 5J

13. In
Outside
4C

Plywood

(b) 8.9 10 5J
(d) 115 10 5J

10. A man while sitting on an

4m

(b) 2000 Hz
(d) 4000 Hz

2 E ; 0 x 2
by U(x) = 0
0 ; x > 4

5
2
3
(d)
2
(b)

1
2

angle 4 made of a material

of refractive index 1.5. A ray
of light is incident normally
to the mirror as shown in
X
figure. Y is a plane mirror.
Y
The angle of deviation of the
ray reflected from the mirror Y with respect to the
incident ray is
(a)

89
90
p rad (b)
p rad
90
89

(c)

179
p rad
180

(d) p rad

of - (3.4) E02 eV. The angular momentum of the

electron is
(a)

l1 and l2 are two de-Broglie wavelengths of the

particle when 0 x 2 and x > 2 respectively. If the
total energy of the particle is 5 E0 , the ratio l1 / l2 will
be

(c)

2 D (m 0 - 1)t
d0
D (m 0 - 1)
(d)
t
2d 0

(b)

15. An electron in Bohrs hydrogen atom has an energy

11. The potential energy of a particle of mass m is given

(a) 2

14. X is a small angled prism of

Man is sitting over the swing

which is at a distance of 4m from
the point of suspension of the
swing. Another man standing just
infront of mean position of the swing hears the
whistle. The maximum frequency heard by the man
standing infront of the swing is (speed of sound in air
= 332 m/s)
(a) 1961 Hz
(c) 2039 Hz

D (m 0 - 1)t
d0
D (2 m 0 - 1)t
(c)
2d 0

(a)

oscillating swing whistles at a

frequency 2000 Hz. The swing is
oscillating with an amplitude
p/3 radian about the mean
position in a vertical plane.

a
YDSE
light
of
wavelength 2 l0 is used
which emerges in phase from
two slits a distance 2 d0 apart.
A transparent sheet of 2 d0
thickness t and refractive
index m0 is placed over one of
the slits. Where does the
central maxima of the
interference now appear?

2h
E0

(b)

2h
E0

(c)

h
E0

(d)

h
E0

16. In the circuit shown in the figure, if both the bulbs B1

and B2 are identical and w <

1
, then
LC

B1

B2

12. The biased circuit of n-p-n transistor is shown in the

figure. Determine the collector current I c and the
collector-amitter
voltage
neglecting
VCE ,
base-emitter voltage VBE . Given that, b = 100.
IC

4kW
B
200 kW
+

5V

(a) 2.5 mA ; 0V
(c) 0.5 mA ; 1.5V

42

10 V

(b) 1.5 mA ; 0.5V

(d) 2.5 mA ; 0.5V

(a) their brightness will be the same

(b) B2 will be brighter than B1
(c) only B2 will glow
(d) only B1 will glow

17. The magnetic needle of an oscillation magnetometer

makes 15 oscillations per minute under the action of
earths magnetic field only. When a bar magnet is
placed at some distance along the axis of the needle,
it makes 20 oscillations per minute. If the bar magnet
be turned so that its poles interchange the positions,
the new frequency of the needle is
(a)15 oscillations per minute
(b) 4 2 oscillations per minute
(c) 5 2 oscillation per minute
(d) 20 oscillations per minute

18. A straight wire lies along a

body diagonal of an
imaginary cube of side a
and carries a current I as
shown in the figure. Which
of the following force on it
due to a uniform magnetic z
field B?
(a) IaB0 ( $i - k$ )
(c) IaB0 (k$ + $i )

equivalent resistance
between points A and B in the
circuit shown. All resistance are
equal to r.

21. Find

B=B0^
j

(b) 2 IaB0 ( $j - k$ )
(d) IaB0 (k$ - $i )

10
r
9
4
(c) r
5

E
r

5
r
9
10
(d)
r
3

(a)

(b)

r
A

r
F

22. Six

19. Figure shows a short coil wound over the middle part
of a long solenoid.
Coil
Solenoid

8
(b) C
5
1
(d) C
2

capacitors each of
Q
capacitance C are connected
as shown in figure. The
equivalent
capacitance
between A and B is

4
(a) C
5
3
(c) C
5

C
C

C
C

23. The potential energy of the system of two identically

The solenoid current I is varied with time t as shown
in the figure. As a cosequence the flux density of the
magnetic field due to the solenoid varies with time.

charged spheres as shown in the figure is equal to

(assume the charge distribution to be uniform).
Q

Sphere 2
Q

Which graph shows how the emf E induced in the

short coil varies with time?
I

Sphere 1

(a)

(b)

E
(d)

20. When the key K is

pressed at time t = 0,
which
of
the
following statements
about the current I,
in the resistor PQ of
the given circuit is true?

Q 2 a3 + b 3

2 p e 0 a 2b 2

(c)

Q2 a + b

4p e0 ab

(d)

Q2 a + b

4p e0 a

(a)

2 kW
P

(b)

(c)
Q
2 mF

a distance y and velocity v0 m

parallel to a uniformly
y
charged flat conducting plate
as shown in figure. It strikes + + + + + + + + + + +
x
the plate after travelling a
distance x along the direction of projection. The
surface charge density of the conducting plate is
equal to

Q 2 a2 + b 2

2 p e 0 a 2b

24. An electron is projected from

(c)

(a)

2 kW

(a) 1 mA at all time

(b) Oscillates between 1 mA and 2 mA
(c) 0.5 mA at all time
(d) At t = 0, I = 1mA and with time it finally reduces to 0.5 mA.

2 y e0mv 0

(b)

ex
y e0mv 02

(d)

2ex 2

2 y e0 mv 02
ex 2
2 y e0mv 02
ex 2

25. Two sinusoidal voltage of the same frequency are

shown in the figure. What is the frequency and the
phase relationship between the voltages?
V

N
n

O
0.2

0.4 0.6

0.8

43

Frequency
(in Hz)
(a)

0.4

(b)

2.5

(c)

2.5

(d)

2.5

Phase lead of N over M

(in radians)
-p
4
-p
2
+p
2
-p
4

27. A point object moves along the principal axis of a

convex lens of focal length f, such that its image also
5
formed on the principal axis at a distance f(at t = 0)
4
moves away from the lens with a uniform velocity v0 .
Find the velocity of the point source as a function of
time t.
2

20f

(c)
v 0
5f + 4v 0 t

26. A magnet is made to oscillate with a particular

frequency passing through a coil as shown in figure.
The time variation of the magnitude of emf generated
across the coil during one cycle is
S

5f

(b)
v 0
4
f
+
v
t

10f
(a)
v 0
f + v 0t

(d)
v 0
f + v 0t

28. The magnet of a vibration magnetometer is heated so

as to reduce its magnetic moment by 19%. By doing
this the periodic time of the magnetometer will be

(a) increase by 19 %
(c) increase by 11 %

(b) decrease by 19 %
(d) decrease by 21 %

29. In optical communication system operating at 1200 nm,

only 2% of the source frequency is available for TV
transmission having bandwidth of 5 MHz. The
number of TV channels that can be transmitted are

V
emf

(a) 2 million
(c) 0.1 million

emf

(a)

t (b)

emf

30. Three plates A, B, C each of

area 50 cm2 have separation
3 mm between A and B and
3mm between B and C. The
energy stored when the plates
are fully charged is

emf

(c)

t (d)

(b) 10 million
(d) 1 million

(a) 16
. 10 -9 J

(c) 5 10

-9

A
B
C

12 V

(b) 2.1 10 -9 J
(d) 7 10 -9 J

Answers
1. (b)
11. (d)
21. (a)

2. (b)
12. (a)
22. (b)

3. (c)
13. (d)
23. (c)

4. (b)
14. (a)
24. (b)

5. (b)
15. (b)
25. (b)

6. (c)
16. (b)
26. (a)

7. (c)
17. (c)
27. (c)

8. (c)
18. (d)
28. (c)

9. (a)
19. (c)
29. (d)

10. (c)
20. (d)
30. (b)

VITEEE 2016
VIT University will conduct VIT Engineering Entrance Exam (VITEEE) 2016 for granting admissions to various undergraduate
engineering programmes. Admissions to its two campuses, Chennai and Vellore, will be purely on the basis of the marks secured in
the VITEEE 2016.

VITEEE 2016 Exam Pattern

The Paper will have 125 questions in total with 40 questions each in Physics, Chemistry, Maths/ Biology and 5 questions in English.
No negative marking will be there in the question paper. All questions will be of objective type and as per the exam pattern. Each
question will be followed by four alternative answers and the candidates have to select the right option. Candidates will be given
two and half hours to complete the online test. There will be no negative marking for wrong answers.

VITEEE 2016 Important Dates

Complete schedule of VITEEE 2016 will be announced by the university later. In the meantime, aspirants can check here other
important dates at www.

44

FOR

JEE Main 2016

with Arihant's Specialised Practice Sets

Collection of Practice Sets along

with Solved Paper 2015
For Orders & Enquiry
log on to www.arihantbooks.com or email to info@arihantbooks.com

@CLASS XII SYLLABUS

Final Touch

Electric Charges and Field

The subject of electrostatics deals with the physics of electric
charges at rest. In other words, electrostatics deals with the
study of forces, fields and potential arising from static
charges.

Electric Charge
It is quantised in nature. The minimum unit of charge, which
may reside independently is the electronic charge e having a
value 160
. 10 - 19 C. Charge on any other body q = ne,
where n is any integer. Electric charge is a scalar quantity and
additive in nature. Charge is conserved invariant and
radiates energy.

Electric Field
l

Coulombs Law
l

According to Coulomb's law, the force between two point

charges is directly proportional to the product of the
magnitude of two charges and inversely proportional to the
k|q1 q2|
square of the distance between them, i.e. F =
,
r2
1
where, k =
= 9 109 Nm2 /C2
4 pe0
and e0 is the absolute permittivity for free space.
Relative permittivity (or dielectric constant) is defined as
the ratio of the permittivity of the medium to the
F
e
permittivity of vacuum, i.e. K =
or K = 0
e0
Fm
Force between two point charges is in accordance with
Newtons third law of motion, i.e. F12 = - F21 .
According to superposition principle for an assembly of
charges q1 , q2 , q3 , ...., the force on any charge say q1 is the
vector sum of force on q1 due to q2 , force on q1 due to q3 and
q n q
so on. Thus, F1 = F12 + F13 + F14 + ... = 1 2i r1 i
4pe0 i = 2 r1 i

50

The region surrounding an electric charge or a group of

charges, in which another charge experiences a force. Its
unit is N/C. It is a vector quantity.
Electric field E (also known as electric field intensity) at any
point is given by E = lim F / q0 , where q0 is a small positive
q0 0
test charge which experiences a forces, F at given point.
Electric field (strength or intensity) E at a point due to
charge configuration is the force acting on a unit positive
charge placed at that point. Electric field due to point
charge q at a point r is given by
q
q
F
=
E(r) = lim
r$ =
r$

2
3
q0 0 q
4
pe
r
4
pe
0
0
0r

For the continuous charge distribution, we must evaluated

dp
1
vector integral, i.e. E =
r$
4 pe0 r2
where, r is the distance from dq to the field point p and r$ is the
corresponding unit vector.
Electric field is radially outwards if q is positive but radially
inwards if q is negative.
l

Important Properties of Electric Field Lines

(a) Electric field lines start from positive charges and
end at the negative charges.
(b) They cannot form any closed loop.
(c) In charge free region, the field lines are taken as
continuous curves without any break.
(d) Two field lines cannot cross or intersect each other.
(e) Electric field lines do not pass through the body of a
conductor.
(f) They have a tendency to contract lengthwise and
expand laterally.

An electric dipole is a system of two equal and opposite

charges - q and + q separated by a small distance 2a, i.e.
p = q(2 a)
Electric field on axial line of the electric dipole at the point
of distance r from the centre of the electric dipole is given by
1
2 pr
and for a short dipole having a << r, we
E=
4 pe0 (r2 - a2 )2
1 2p
have E =
.
4 pe0 r3
The direction of the electric field at a point on the axial line
of a dipole is along the dipole moment.
Electric field on equatorial line of the electric dipole at the
point of distance r from the centre of the electric dipole is
1
p
given by E =
and for a short dipole (a << r),
.
3
4 pe0 2
(r + a2 )2
1 p
then E =
.
4 pe0 r3

Note Electric field of a short dipole at a distance r along its axis is

twice the electric field at the same distance along the
equatorial line, i.e. Eaxial = 2 Eequatorial
l

At a point distant r from a short dipole along a line inclined

at an angle q with dipole axis is given by
1 p
E=
3 cos2 q + 1
.
4 pe0 r3

The direction of the electric field at a point on the

equatorial line of a dipole is anti-parallel to the dipole
moment.
An electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field
experiences a torque and is given by t = pEsin q, where q is
angle between the direction of p and E.
If E = 1 unit, q = 90 , then t = p
The orientation of the electric dipole along the electric field
(p||E) corresponds to the stable equilibrium.
In a non-uniform electric field, a dipole experiences a
non-zero force and non-zero torque. In the special case
when the dipole moment is parallel or anti-parallel to the
field, then dipole experiences a zero torque and a non-zero
force.
Equilibrium of dipole When q = 0 , i.e. dipole is placed
along the electric field, it is said to be in stable
equilibrium because after turning it through a small angle,
dipole tries of align itself again in the direction of
electric field. When q = 180 , i.e. dipole is placed opposite
to electric field, it is said to be in unstable equilibrium.
Oscillation of dipole In a uniform electric field if a dipole is
slightly displaced from its stable equilibrium position, it
executes angular SHM having period of oscillation.
I
, where I = moment of inertia of dipole about the
T = 2p
pE
axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its
length.

E subtends an angle b from r such that, tanb = 1/ 2 tan q

Three examples of different kinds of charge distributions

Line charge
Step I

Ring of charge

Uniformly charged disc

Z dE

dE

Y
P
q

q
y
r

dE

P
r qq r
dq

z
f R

P
dq
Y

Z
Y

dq

dr

X
X

Step II

Express dq in terms of
charge density

dq = ldx

Step III

Write down dE

dE = ke

Step IV

Rewrite r and the

differential element in
terms of the appropriate
coordinates

dx
cos q =
r =

dq = ldl

ldx
r2

ldl
r2
dl = Rdf
z
cos q =
r
dE = ke

y
r
x 2 + y 2

Step V

lydx
Apply symmetry argument dE = dE cos q = k
e
y
to identify non-vanishing
( x 2 + y 2 )3 / 2
component(s) of dE

Step VI

Integrate to get E

Ey = ke ly

l/ 2

- l/ 2

dx
(x 2 + y 2 )3/ 2

l /2
2 ke l
y
( l /2 )2 + y 2

r=

R 2 + z2

dE z = dE cos q
lRzdf
= ke 2
( R + z2 )3 / 2

Ez = ke

Rlz
df
(R 2 + z 2 )3/ 2

= ke

(2 pRl) z
( R 2 + z2 )3 / 2

= ke

Qz
( R 2 + z2 )3 / 2

dq = sdA
sdA
r2
dA = 2 pr dr
z
cos q =
r
dE = ke

r=

r 2 + z2

dE z = dE cos q
2 pszr dr
= ke 2
( r + z2 )3 / 2
E z = 2 pske z

R
0

r dr
( r 2 + z2 )3 / 2

z
= 2 pske
| z|

z + R
z

51

Best Practice SHOTS

q
r be the charge density distribution for
pR4
solid sphere of radius R and total charge q. For a point P
inside the sphere at distance r from the centre of the
sphere, the magnitude of electric field is

1. Let P(r) =

(a) 0

(b)

q
4pe 0 r1 2

(c)

qr1 2
4pe 0 R 4

(d)

qr1 2
3pe 0 R 4

5. A thin conducting ring of radius R is given a charge + q.

The electric field at the centre O of the ring due to the
charge on the part AKB of the ring is E. The electric
field at the centre due to the charge on the part ACDB
of the ring is
A
K

2. ABC is an equilateral triangle. Charge + q is placed at

C

each corner. The electric field intensity at O will be

r
r

+q

D
r

(a) E along KO
(c) 3E along KO

+q

1 q
(a)
4pe 0 r 2

1
(b)
4pe 0
1
(d)
4pe 0

(c) zero

6. In Millikan's oil drop experiment, an oil drop carrying

3R
from the centre of a
2
charged conducting spherical shell of radius R is E. The
R
electric field at a distance
from the centre of the
2
sphere is
(b) E

(c)

E
2

(d)

E
3

a charge q is held stationary by a potential difference

2400 V between the plates. To keep a drop of half the
radius stationary the potential difference had to be
made 600 V. What is the charge on the second drop?
(a)

q q
- 2q
,
and
3 3
3
placed at points A, B and C respectively, as shown in
the figure. Take O to be the centre of the circle of radius
R and angle CAB = 60 .

4. Consider a system of three charges

C
(2q/3)

B
(q/3)

E
O

60
(q/3) A

q
directed along the
(a) The electric field at point O is
8pe0 R 2
negative x-axis.
(b) The potential energy of the system is zero.
(c) The magnitude of the force between the charges at C and
q2
.
B is
54pe0 R 2
q
(d) The potential at point O is
.
12 pe0 R

52

q
4

(b)

q
2

(c) q

(d)

3q
2

7. Equal charges q are placed at a distance of 2a and a

third charge - 2q is placed at the mid-point. The
potential energy of the system is
(a)

Hint Electric field inside the shell is zero.

(b) 3E along OK
(d) E along OK

Hint Electric field at the centre of charged circular ring is zero.

q
r
3q
r2

3. The electric field at a distance

(a) zero

+q
A

q2
8pe 0 a

(b)

6q 2
8pe 0 a

(c)

- 7q 2
8pe 0 a

(d)

8. Equal charges q are placed at the

Enet
EB

vertices A and B of an equilateral

triangle ABC of side a. The
magnitude of the electric field at
the point C is
(a)

q
4pe 0 a 2

(b)

2q
4pe 0 a 2

(c)

3q
4pe 0 a 2

(d)

q
2 pe 0 a 2

Hint |E A | = |E B| = k.

9q 2
8pe 0 a
EA
C

a
q

60
a

a
q
B

q
. So, Enet = E A2 + E B2 + 2 E A E B cos q
a2

9. Two point charges 100 mC and 5 mC are placed at points

A and B respectively with AB = 40 cm. The work done
by external force in displacing the charge 5 mC from B to
p
1
= 9 109
C, where BC = 30 cm, angle ABC = and
2
4 pe0
Nm2 /C2 .
(a) 9 J

(b)

81
J
20

(c)

9
J
25

(d)

-9
J
4

Hint Work done in displacing charge of 5 m C from B to C is

W = 5 10 - 6 ( VC - VB ) J.

TIPS & TRICKS

n

When a charge q is placed inside a cube, then total electric flux

q
coming out of the cube is given by f = and the electric flux
e0
coming out through anyone face of the cube is given by
f q
.
f = =
6 6 e0
When a charge q is placed at one of the eight corners of a cube,
then effective charge shared by the cube is 1/8th of the charge
placed. Then, total electric flux coming out through all six faces of
q
cube is given by f =
.
8 e0
If an infinite number of charges each equal to q are placed along
x -axis at x = 1, 2, 4, 8,... and so on, then electric field at the point
q
.
x = 0, due to this set of charges is given by E =
3 pe0
If in the above set up, the consecutive charges have opposite sign,
q
then the electric field at the point x = 0 is given by E =
.
5 pe0

10. The given figure shows some of the electric field lines
corresponding to an electric field. The figure suggests
A

13. If a charged spherical conductor of radius R consisting

of a uniform surface charge density s. The electric field
at a point of distance x from its centre and outside the
shell is
(a) inversely proportional to s (b) directly proportional to x 2
(c) directly proportional to R (d) inversely proportional to x 2

14. The ratio of momentum of an electron and an a-particle

which are accelerated from rest by a potential
difference of 100 V is
(a) 1
(c)

me
ma

(d)

me
2 ma

The electric potential is

A

E
C

(a) same at all the three points A, B and C.

(b) maximum at A
(c) maximum at B
(d) maximum at C

16. The electric field due to a charge at a distance of 3 m

from it is 500 N/C. The magnitude of the charge is

(b) E A = E B = EC
(d) E A = EC < E B

11. Four charges are placed at corners of a square as

shown in figure having side of 5 cm. If q is 1 mC, then
electric field intensity at centre will be
q

2 me
ma

15. A, B and C are three points in a uniform electric field.

(a) 2.5 mC
(c) 1.0 mC
(a) E A > E B > EC
(c) E A = EC > E B

(b)

2 q

(b) 2.0 mC
(d) 0.5 mC

17. Three identical point charges as shown are placed at

the vertices of an isosceles right-angled triangle.
Which of the numbered vectors coincides in direction
with the electric field at the mid-point M of the
hypotenuse?
(a) 1
(c) 3

(b) 2
(d) 4
3

+2 q

(a) 102
. 10 7 N/C upwards
(b) 2.04 10 7 N/C downwards
(c) 2.04 10 7 N/C upwards
(d) 102
. 10 7 N/C downwards

12. Point charges + 4q, - q and + 4q are kept on the x-axis

4
M
1

18. Two charges + 5 mC and + 10 mC are placed 20 cm apart.

at points x = 0, x = a and x = 2 a respectively, then

The net electric field at the mid-point between the two

charges is

(a) Only q is in stable equilibrium

(b) None of the charges are in equilibrium
(c) All the charges are in unstable equilibrium
(d) All the charges are in stable equilibrium

(a) 4.5 10 6 N/C directed towards + 5 mC

(b) 4.5 10 6 N/C directed towards + 10 mC
(c) 13.5 10 6 N/C directed towards + 5 mC
(d) 13.5 10 6 N/C directed towards + 10 mC

Hint Force on each charge is zero. But, if any of the charge is

displaced, the net force starts acting on all of them.

Hint Net electric field at mid-point between two charges,

M = |E B - E A|

53

ELECTRIC FLUX AND GA USSS LAW

l

Electric flux is a measure of flow of

electric field through a surface. It is
equal to the product of an area
element and the perpendicular
component of E, integrated over a
surface.
Flux of electric field E through any
area A is defined as f = E A or
f = EAcos q

Special Cases

where, q is an angle between E and A.

In a case of variable electric field or
curved area, f = E dA

Gausss Theorem

N- m2
C
For a closed body outward flux is
taken to be positive while inward flux
is taken to be negative.

Its SI unit is (volt m) or

If electric lines of force are outwards over a surface, then q < 90 and hence
electric flux over the surface is + ve.
If electric lines of forces are inwards over a surface, then q > 90 and hence
electric flux over the surface is - ve.
If electric lines of forces are tangential over a surface, then q = 90 and hence
flux over the surface is zero.
If electric lines of forces are normal over a surface, then electric flux over the
surface is called normal electric flux.

It states that surface integral of the electric field intensity over any closed
surface (called Gaussian surface) in free space is equal to 1/ e0 times the net
i=n
q
1 n
charge enclosed within the surface fE = E dS =
qi = , where q = qi is

e0 i = 1
e0
i =1
the algebraic sum of all the charges inside the closed surface.
The electric field E is resulting from all charges, both those inside and those
outside the Gaussian surface.

Using Gausss law, consider stepwise application of Gauss's law in the following three cases as below.
System

Infinite line of charge

Infinite plane of charge

Uniformly charged solid sphere

a

Step I Identify the symmetry

Step II Determine the direction of E

Cylindrical

Planar

Spherical

E
E

E
a
x

r >0

Step III Divide the space into different regions

Step IV Choose Gaussian surface

Z > 0 and Z < 0

E3 dA E2
3

dA1

S1
E1

dA1 E3

dA2

S3

Gaussian
box

fE =

Step VI Calculate enclosed charge q enc

q enc

Step VII Apply Gausss law

q
fE = in to find E
e0

54

E=

dA3

Gaussian
sphere

a
S2

Gaussian surface

E(2 prl)
l
= ll
l
2 pe0 r

S1
S3

S2

Co-axial cylinder

Step V Calculate electric flux

r a and r a

E1

Concentricsphere

dA2
E2
Gaussian box

fE = EA + EA = 2 EA
q enc = sA
E=

s
2 e0

fE = E( 4pr 2 )
q ( r / a )3 r
q enc =
r
q
qr
4pe a 3 ,
0
E=
q

,
4pe0 r 2

a
a
ra
ra

Best Practice SHOTS

19. A hollow cylinder has a charge

q coulomb within it. If f is the

A
electric flux in units of C
volt-metre associated with the
curved surface B, the flux linked with the plane surface
A in units of volt-metre will be
1
(a)
2

- f
e
0

q
(b)
2 e0

f
(c)
3

q
(d)
-f
e0

20. A square surface of sides L metres is in the plane of the

paper. A uniform electric field E (volt/m), also in the
plane of the paper is limited only to the lower half of the
square surface, (see figure). The electric flux in SI
units associated with the surface is

(a) increases as r increases for r < R

(b) decreases as r increases for 0 < r <
(c) decreases as r increases for R < r <
(d) is discontinuous at r < R

25. A large plane charge sheet having surface charge

density s = 2.0 10 - 6 Cm- 2 lies in the x-y plane. The

flux of the electric field through a circular area of
radius 1 cm lying completely in the region where x, y
and z are all positive and with normal making an angle
of 60 with the z-axis is
(b) 18.5 N - m2 C - 1
(d) 16.5 N - m2 C - 1

(a) 15.4 N - m2 C - 1
(c) 17.5 N - m2 C - 1

Hint Total flux enclosed = E DS = EDS cos q =

s
pr 2 cos 60
2 e0

26. The figure shown below is a distribution of charges.

The flux of electric field due to these charges through
the surface S is

(a) zero

(b) EL2

(c) EL2 / (2 e0 )

(d) EL2 / 2

Hint Electric flux f E = E dS = E dS cos q E dS cos 90 = 0

+q

+q

21. The inward and outward electric flux for a closed

surface in units of N/m2 /C are respectively 8 103 and
4 103 , then total charge inside the surface is (where e0
is permittivity constant)
(a) 4 10 3 C
-4 10 3
(c)
C
e

(d) - 4 10 3 e0 C

(a)

Q
Hint By Gausss law, f = enc
e0

distance d have equal and opposite uniform charge

densities s. Electric field at a point between the sheet is
(a) zero
(b) s / e0
(c) s / 2 e0
(d) Depends upon the location of the point

(b)

2q
e0

(c)

A
c

(d) zero

Qenc
e0
+q3

Gaussian surface and a charge

distribution. When calculating the flux
of electric field through the Gaussian
surface, the electric field will be due to

+q1
+q2

(b) + q 1 and + q 3
(d) + q 1 and - q 2

Hint At any point over the spherical Gaussian surface, net electric
field is the vector sum of electric field due to + q1 , - q 2 and + q 3 .

b
a

q
e0

27. The adjoining figure shows a spherical

(a) + q 3 alone
(c) + q 1 , + q 3 and - q 2

23. Three concentric thin spherical

shells A, B and C of radii a, b and
c respectively, are shown in the
figure alongside. The shells A
and C are given charges q and
-q respectively and the shell B is
earthed. The charge appearing
on the outer surface of B is

3q
e0

Hint Net flux of electric field, f =

22. Two infinite plane parallel sheets separated by a

a
(a) q
c
b
(c) q
c

+q

(b) - 4 10 3 C

B
C

a
(b) q
b
b

(d) - q 1 -
c

24. A non-conducting solid sphere of radius R is uniformly

charged. The magnitude of the electric field due to the
sphere at a distance r from its centre

28. Electric charge is uniformly distributed

along a long straight wire of radius 1 mm.
The charge per cm length of the wire is q
coulomb. Another cylindrical surface of
radius 50 cm and length 1 m
symmetrically encloses the wire as shown
in the figure. The total electric flux
passing through the cylindrical surface is
(a)

q
e0

(b)

100 q
e0

(c)

10 q
( pe 0 )

(d)

+
+
+

1m
+
+ 50 cm
+

100 q
(pe 0 )

Hint Charge enclosed by cylindrical surface (length 100 cm) is

qenc = 100 q.

55

32. Gausss law is valid for

Methodology for Applying Gausss Law

(a) any closed surface

(b) only regular close surface
(c) any open surface
(d) only irregular open surface

Step I Identify the symmetry properties for the charge distribution.

Step II Determine the direction of the electric field and a surface
on which the magnitude of the electric field is constant.
Step III Decide how many different regions of space of the charge
distribution determined.
Step IV For each region of space, choose the Gaussian surface
such that the flux integral closed surface area and calculate the
flux.
Step V For each region of space, calculate the charge enclosed in
the choice of the Gaussian surface for that region.
Step VI For each region of space, equate the two sides of Gausss
law in order to find an expression for the magnitude of the electric
field in that region of space.
Step VII Graph the magnitude of the electric field as the function
of the parameter specifying the Gaussian surface for all regions of
space.

29. q1 , q2 , q3 and q4 are point charges

located at points as shown in the
figure and S is a spherical Gaussian
surface of radius R. Which of the
following is true according to the
Gauss's law?

Hint Gausss law is valid for any closed surface, no matter what its
shape or size

33. Gausss law of electrostatics would be invalid, if

(a) there were magnetic monopoles
(b) the speed of light was not a universal constant
(c) the inverse square law was not exactly true
(d) the electrical charge was not quantized

34. A sphere of radius R has a volume density of charge

p = kr, where r is the distance from the centre of the
sphere and k is a constant. The magnitude of the
sphere is given by (e0 = permittivity of the free space).
(a) 4pkR 4

S
q1
q2

q4
q3

q1 + q 2 + q 3
2 e0
(q 1 + q 2 + q 3 )
(b) (E1 + E 2 + E 3 ) dA =
S
e0
(q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + q 4 )
(c) (E1 + E 2 + E 3 ) dA =
S
e0
S

(d) None of the above

1
|qenc |
e0

30. The electric flux for Gaussian surface A that enclose

the charged particles in free space is (given
q1 = 14 nC, q2 = 78.85 nC, q3 = - 56 nC)
q3
q1
q2

kR
3e 0

(d)

kR 2
4e0

The flux of the electric field through a spherical surface

of radius 10 cm surrounding the total charge is 20 Vm.
The flux over a concentric sphere of radius 20 cm will
be
(a) 20 Vm

(b) 25 Vm

(c) 40 Vm

(d) 200 Vm

Hint Total flux linked with a closed surface only depends on the
enclosed charge and independent of the shape and size of the
surface.

36. Consider the charge configuration and

spherical Gaussian surface as shown in
the figure. When calculating the flux of
the electric field over the spherical
surface, the electric field will be due to

+q1

q2

-q1

(a) q 2
(b) only the positive charge
(c) all the charges
(d) + q 1 and - q 1
Hint The electric field is due to all charges present whether inside
or outside the given surface.

Gaussian surface B

37. The below diagram shows a charge + q held on an

insulating support S and enclosed by a hollow
spherical conductor. O represents the centre of the
spherical conductor and P is a point such that OP = x
and SP = r. The electric field at point P will be

(a) 10 Nm C
(b) 10 3 CN - 1m- 2
(c) 6.32 10 3 Nm2C - 1
(d) 6.32 10 3 CN - 1m- 2

Charge+q on
insulating support

31. An infinitely long thin straight wire has uniform linear

1
cm- 1 . Then, the magnitude of the
3
electric intensity at a point 18 cm away is (Given,
e0 = 88 10 - 12 C2 Nm- 2 )

charge density of

(b) 3 1011 NC - 1
(d) 200 Vm

Hint Electric field intensity at a point, E =

56

4pkR
e0

Gaussian surface A

-1

(a) 0.33 1011 NC - 1

(c) 0.66 1011 NC - 1

(c)

35. The electric charges are distributed in a small volume.

R

(a) (E1 + E 2 + E 3 ) dA =

Hint By using E dA =

(b)

q
2 pe 0 rl

SP=r
OP=x

(a)

q
4pe 0 x 2

(c) 0

(b)

q
4pe 0 r 2

(d) None of these

38. A charge q is enclosed by a Gaussian spherical surface

39. The electrostatic potential inside a charged spherical

of radius R. If the radius is doubled, then the outward

electric flux will

ball is given by f = ar2 + b, where r is the distance from

the centre a, b are constants. Then, the charge density
inside the ball is

(a) be doubled
(b) increase four times
(c) be reduced to half
(d) remain the same
q
Hint f E = enclosed , q enclosed remains unchanged.
e0

(a) - 24pqe0 r
(c) - 24pe 0 a
- df
Hint E =
= - 2 ar
dt

(b) - 6ae0 r
(d) - 6 qe0

Answers
1. (c)

2. (c)

3. (a)

4. (c)

5. (d)

6. (b)

7. (c)

8. (c)

9. (d)

10. (c)

11. (a)

12. (c)

13. (d)

14. (d)

15. (c)

16. (d)

17. (b)

18. (a)

19. (a)

20. (a)

21. (d)

22. (b)

23. (c)

24. (a)

25. (c)

26. (b)

27. (c)

28. (b)

29. (b)

30. (a)

31. (a)

32. (a)

33. (c)

34. (d)

35. (a)

36. (c)

37. (a)

38. (d)

39. (d)

MASTER
a
having a uniformly distributed
4
charge of 6 C is placed in a uniform x-y plane with its
-a
centre at
, 0, 0 . A rod of length a carrying a
2

uniformly distributed charge 8 C is placed on the x-axis

a
5a
from x = to x = . Two point charges - 7C and 3C are
4
4
- 3a 3a
a -a
placed at ,
, , 0 , respectively.
, 0 and
4
4

4 4

Consider a cubical surface

y
formed by six surfaces
a
a
a
x = ,y = ,z= .
x
2
2
2
The electric flux through
the cubical surface is

1. A disk of radius

(a)

-2
e0

(b)

2
e0

(c)

10
e0

(d)

12
e0

Hint Half disk (charge 3 C), and fourth part of rod (charge 2 C) and
charge inside the surface = 3 + 2 - 7 = - 2 C

2. An electric charge q is placed at the centre of a cube of

side a. The electric flux on one of its faces will be
(a)

q
6e 0

(b)

q
e0 a 2

(c)

q
4pe 0 a 2

(d)

q
e0

3. Three infinitely long charge sheets are placed as

shown in the figure. The electric field at point P is
Z
Z=3a
P
Z=3a
x
Z=3a

(a)

2s $
k
e0

(b)

- 2s $
k
e0

R
, R and 2R
2
respectively as shown in figure. If magnitudes of the
electric fields at point P at a distance R from the centre
of spheres 1, 2 and 3 are E1 , E2 and E3 respectively, then
dielectric solid spheres 1, 2 and 3 of radii

P
2q

R
q

4q

(c)

4s $
k
e0

(d)

- 4s $
k
e0

P
R

R/2
2R
Sphere 1

(a) E1 > E 2 > E 3

(c) E 2 > E1 > E 3

Sphere 2

Sphere 3

(b) E 3 > E1 > E 2

(d) E 3 > E 2 > E1

5. Consider a neutral conducting sphere. A positive point

charge is placed outside the sphere. The net charge on
the sphere is then
(a) negative and distributed uniformly over the surface of the
sphere
(b) negative and appears only at the point on the sphere
closest to the point charge
(c) negative and distributed non-uniformly over the entire
surface of the sphere
(d) zero
Hint Charge will be induced in the conducting sphere, but net
charge on it will be zero.

6. An elliptical cavity is covered

s
2s

4. Charges q, 2 q and 4q are uniformly distributed in three

within a perfect conductor. A

positive charge q is placed at
the centre of the cavity. The
points A and B are on the cavity
surface as shown in the figure.
Then,

A
q

57

(a) electric field near A in the cavity = electric field near B in

the cavity
(b) charge density at A = charge density at B
(c) potential at A = potential at B
q
(d) total electric field flux through the surface of the cavity is
e0

7. At point Q lies on the perpendicular bisector of an

electrical dipole of dipole moment p. If the distance of
Q from the dipole is r (much large than the size of the
dipole), then electric field at Q is proportional to
(b) p2 and r - 3
(d) p and r - 3

(a) p-1 and r - 2

(c) p and r - 2
Hint Eequatorial =

10. In a parallel plate capacitor with plate area A and the

charge q, the force on one plate because of the charge
on the other is equal to
(a)

q2
e0 A 2

(b)

at a distance r from a point charge q, an infinitely long

wire with constant linear charge density (l) and an
infinite plane with uniform surface charge density (s).
If E1 (r0 ) = E2 (r0 ) = E3 (r0 ) at a given distance r0 , then

(c)

q2
e0 A

(d)

q2
2 e0 A

Hint The electric field on one plate due to the charge on the other
q
is
.
2 Ae 0

l
(b) r0 =
2 ps
r
r
(d) E 2 0 = 4E 3 0
2
2

as shown. At what distances from A to its right, the

electrostatic potential is zero (distances in cm)
A

+6106 C

4106 C
15 cm

(a) 4, 9, 60
(c) 9, 45, infinity
Hint

(b) 20, 45, infinity

(d) 9, 15, 45

+6106 C

9. An electric dipole in a uniform electric field

B
4106 C
(15 x)

x
15 cm

experiences (when it is placed at an angle q with the

field)
(a) force and torque both

q2
2 e0 A 2

11. Two charges + 6mC and - 4 mC are placed 15 cm apart

8. Let E1 (r), E2 (r) and E3 (r) be the respective electric fields

r
r
(c) E1 0 = 2 E 2 0
2
2

(d) no force and no torque

Hint In uniform electric field, dipole experiences only torque but no

force.

So, the force on one plate due to the charge on the other is qE.

kp
, i.e. E p and E r - 3
r3

(a) q = 4spr02

(c) torque but no force

V=

(b) force but no torque

1 q1 q 2
+

4 pe 0 d 1 d 2

Answers
1. (a)
11. (b)

2. (a)

3. (b)

4. (c)

5. (d)

6. (c)

7. (d)

8. (c)

9. (c)

10. (d)

CBSE CHAPTERWISE
SOLVED PAPERS (2015-2008)

For
CLASS

XII

58

Electric Potential and Capacitance

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
l

Electrostatic potential difference between two points

B and A in an electrostatic field is the amount of work
done in carrying unit positive test charge from A to B
(against the electrostatic force of the field) along any
path between two points.
B
W
i.e.
VB - VA = AB = - E d l
A
q0

Note If point A is at infinity, VA = 0 , we may write

W B
B
VB =
= E d l, where W B is the amount of

q0

Potential Energy
l

work done in order to carry a test charge q 0 from infinity

to the point A.
l
l

Electric potential at a point distant r from a point

q
charge q is given by V =
4 p e0 r
The electric potential at a point due to a group of
charges is equal to the algebraic sum of the electric
potentials due to individual charges at that point. If
number of charges q1 , q2 , q3 are present at
distances r1 , r2 , r3 etc., respectively from a given
point, then total electric potential at that point is given
by
q
q

1 q1
V = V1 + V2 + V3 =
+ 2 + 3 +
4 pe0 r1
r2
r3

V=

1 i = n qi

4 p e0 i = 1 ri

The rate of change of potential with distance at a point

dV
is called potential gradient at that point, i.e. E = ,
dr
where the direction of E is in the direction of steepest
decrease of potential. Its unit in SI system is Vm-1 .
An equipotential surface is the locus of all points
which have the same electrostatic potential due to a
charge distribution.
(a) The work done in moving a charge along an
equipotential surface is always zero.
(b) An electric field must cut the equipotential
surface at right angle.
(c) No two equipotential surfaces cross each other.
(d) An equipotential surface for a point charge
must be spherical for a line charge must be
cylindrical.
(e) The equipotential surface for a point charge or
a line charge at far off distance is a planar
surface.

Potential energy of a system of charges is defined as the work

done to put charges constituting the system at their respective
locations after having been removed to infinity. As, potential
energy of the system of three charges q1 , q2 and q3 is given by
q q
q q
1 q1 q2
U=
+ 2 3 + 3 1

4 p e0 r12
r23
r31
Potential energy of a dipole in a uniform electric field is equal to
the amount of work done in turning the dipole from orientation
q1 to q2 in the field E.
i.e.
U = - pE (cos q2 - cos q1 )
If initially the dipole is perpendicular to the field E, q1 = 90 and
q2 = q, then U = - pE cos q

Note When a charged particle moves on an equipotential surface of external

field, there is no change in potential energy of the charge and the work
done by electric field on the charge is zero.

Special Cases
l

When q = 0, then U = - pE, i.e. potential energy is minimum

and in stable equilibrium.
When q = 90, then U = 0, i.e. potential energy of a dipole is zero.
If q = 180, then U = pE, i.e. potential energy is maximum and in
unstable equilibrium.

Conductors and Electric Field

l

When a conducting material is placed in a uniform electric field

as shown in the figure, free electrons
migrate in a direction opposite to the
electric field and get deposited on
one side of the metal surface.
While the positive charge gets
Conductor in an electric field
deposited on the other side of the
conductor.
It produces an electric field inside the conductor and the
migration of charges stops when the internal electric field
becomes equal to the external field.

When conductor is placed in an electrostatic field, it shows the

following properties:
(i) Net electrostatic field is zero in the interior of a conductor.
(ii) Just outside the surface of a conductor, electric field is
normal to the surface.
(iii) Potential is constant within and on the surface of a conductor.
(iv) Electric field is zero on the cavity of a hollow charged
conductor.
(v) Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is
proportional to the surface charge density.

59

Special cases: Electric potential of various systems

S.No.
1.

System

Electrical potential

Isolated charge

V =
q

Graphs

q
4pe 0 r

r
r

A ring of charge
++

+ ++

++

++

3.

V =

++

+++

2.

P
x

A disc of charge

V =

+++
++

+++
++

q
++

R
s

q
q

4pe 0
R 2 + x2

s
[ x 2 + R 2 - x]
2 e0

P
x

++

4.

Infinite sheet of charge

V =

- sr
2 e0

5.

Infinitely long line of charge

V =

l
loge r
2 pe 0

P
r

6.

Finite line of charge

V =

r
a
b

7.

x 2 + l2 - 1
l
loge

2 pe 0
x 2 + l2 + 1

Charged conducting spherical shell

R

(a) Inside 0 r R, V =
(b) Outside r R, V =

q
4pe 0 R

q
4pe 0 r

Vs
Vout 1
r
O

Non-conducting solid sphere

++q
+

++

++

60

+ + ++

++++

++

8.

(a) Inside 0 r R,
r2
rR 2
V =
3 - 2
6 e0
R
(b) Outside r R, V =

r=R

Vc
Vout 1
r
3

r R 1
3 e0 r

r=R

Best Practice SHOTS

1.

Three charges Q, + q and + q are

placed at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle of side l as
l
shown in the figure. If the net
electrostatic energy of the system is
+q
zero, then Q is equal to
-q
(a)

(b) ( - q )

(c) ( + q )

PHYSICS FUNDAS
CALCULATING ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

+q

qi
ri
For continuous distribution, we must evaluate the integral,
dq
i.e.
V = ke
r

2.

1
4pe0
1
(c)
4pe0

3.

q - Q

r
R
q - q

r R

1
4pe0
1
(d)
4pe0
(b)

(c) 1 keV

(a) VC > VB
(c) VA > VB

3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

1
keV
1840
(d) 920 keV

(b) VB > VC
(d) VA = VC

An electron moving with the speed 5 106 m/s is

shooted parallel to the electric field of intensity
1 103 N/C. Field is responsible for the retardation of
motion of electron. Now, evaluate the distance travelled
by the electron before coming to rest for an instant
(mass of e = 9 10 - 31 kg, charge on e = 1.6 10 - 19 C).
(a) 7 m
(c) 7 cm

6.

(b) 0.7 mm
(d) 0.7 cm

An electron enters in high potential region V2 from

lower potential region V1 , then its velocity.
(a) will increase
(b) will change in direction but not in magnitude
(c) no change in direction of field.
(d) no change in direction perpendicular to field.

dq
r
Rewrite charge element dq as below :
(for linear charge distribution)
dq = ld l
(for surface charge distribution)
dq = sdA
(for volume charge distribution)
dq = rdV
Substitute dq into the expression for dV .
Specify an appropriate coordinate system and express the
differential element (dl, dA or dV ) and r in terms of the coordinates.
Rewrite dV in terms of the integration variable.
Complete the integration to obtain V .

Four
positive
point
q
q
charges
of
same
magnitude (q) are placed
at four corners of a rigid
L
square frame as shown Z-axis
in figure. The plane of
q
q
the
frame
is
perpendicular to Z-axis.
If a negative point charge is placed at a distance Z
away from the above frame (Z << L), then
(a) negative charge oscillates along the Z-axis
(b) it moves away from the frame
(c) it moves slowly towards the frame and stays in the plane
of the frame
(d) it passes through the frame only once

Hint Conducting surface behaves as an equipotential surface.

5.

In analogy to the case of computing the electric field, we use the

following steps to complete the integration.

2.

(b)

A hollow conducting sphere is

placed in an electric field
A
produced by a point charge
C
placed at P as shown in figure.
B
Let VA , VB and VC be the
potentials at points A, B and C respectively. Then,

1. Start with dV = k e

Q + q

R
r
q - Q

R
r

A proton is about 1840 times heavier than an electron.

When it is accelerated by a potential difference of 1 kV,
its kinetic energy will be
(a) 1840 keV

4.

kQq kq 2 kqQ
+
+
=0
l
l
l

A small conducting sphere of radius r is lying

concentrically inside a bigger hollow conducting
sphere of radius R. The bigger and smaller spheres are
charged with Q and q (Q > q) and are insulated from
each other. The potential difference between the
spheres will be
(a)

V = ke S

i.e

(d) zero

Hint Potential energy of the system (U ) = 0

U=

For discrete distribution of electric potential, we apply the

superposition principle and sum over individual contributions,

8.

Identify the wrong statement.

(a) The electrical potential energy of a system of two protons
shall increase, if the separation between the two is
decreased
(b) The electrical potential energy of a proton-electron system
will increase, if the separation between the two is
decreased
(c) The electrical potential energy of a proton-electron system
will increase, if the separation between the two is
increased
(d) The electrical potential energy of system of two electrons
shall increase, if the separation between the two is
decreased
Hint Potential energy as well as force are positive, if there is a
repulsion between the particles and negative, if there is
attraction.

61

As methodology can be employed to compute the electric potential for a line of charge, a ring of charge and a uniformly charged
disc as shown in table below :
Charged rod
Charged ring
Charged disc
Z

Z dE

P
q

dq

y
r

r
R

Step II
Step III

Step IV
Step V

Step VI

Integrate to get V

Derive E from V
Point-charge limit for E

Step VII Point charge limit for E

9.

l/ z

V =

l
4pe0 -l/ z

dq

x + y

ldl
r
dl = Rdf
r=

l
4pe 0

r=

lRdf
( R 2 + z2 )1/ 2
Rl
V = ke 2
df
( R + z2 )1/ 2

12.

r 2 + z2

dV = ke

2 psr dr
( r 2 + z2 )1/ 2
R

r dr
2
r
(

+ z2 )1/ 2
0

V = ke 2 ps

Choose the correct statement.

Polar molecules have permanent electric dipole moment
CO 2 molecule is a polar molecule
H 2O is a non-polar molecule
The dipole field at large distance falls of as 1 / r 2

An electric dipole of length 1 cm is placed with the axis

making an angle of 30 to an electric field of strength
104 NC - 1 . If it experiences a torque of 10 2 N-m, the
potential energy of the dipole is
(a) 0.245 J

13.

(b) 2.45 J

(c) 0.0245 J

(d) 24.5 J

A water molecule has an electric dipole moment of

6.4 10 - 30 cm when it is in vapour state. The distance
in metre between the centre of positive and negative
charge of the molecule is

An electric dipole is kept in non-uniform electric field.

It experiences

Hint As the dipole will feel two forces which are although opposite
but not equal.

62

R 2 + z2

Q
(2 pRl )
= ke
= ke
( l / 2 + 2 ) + ( l / 2 )2 + y 2
= 2 ke ps( z2 + R 2 - | z|)
2
2
2
R + z2
R + z
ln

2k Q
= e2 ( z2 + R 2 - | z |)
-( l / 2 ) + ( l / 2 )2 + y 2
R
l/2
V
k Qz
l
V

Ez =
= 2 e 2 3/ 2
z
2 keQ z
Ey = =

Ez =
z ( R + z )
y 2 pe0 y ( l / 2 )2 + y 2
2
2
2
|
z
|
R
z + R
kQ
kQ
kQ
E y = e 2 y >> l
E z = e 2 z >> R
E z = e 2 z >> R
y
z
z

Three point charges are placed at the corners of an

equilateral triangle. Assuming only electrostatic forces
are acting,

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

sdA
r
dA = 2 pr dr
dV = ke

dV = ke

(a) a force and a torque

(b) a force but not a torque
(c) a torque but not a force
(d) Neither a force nor a torque

11.

dq = sdA

dV = ke

(a) the system can never be in equilibrium

(b) the system will be in equilibrium, if the charges rotate
about the centre of the triangle
(c) the system will be in equilibrium, if the charges have
different magnitudes and different signs
(d) the system will be in equilibrium, if the charges have the
same magnitudes but different signs

10.

dq = ldl

dx
2

dx

Express dq in terms of dq = ldx

charge density
ldx
Substitute dq into
dV = ke
expression for dV
r
Rewrite r and the
dx
differential element in
r = x 2 + y2
terms of the appropriate
coordinates
ldx
Rewrite dV
dV = ke 2
( x + y 2 )1/ 2

Y
r

f R

Step I

dq

(a) 4 10 - 10 (b) 4 10 - 11

14.

(c) 4 10 - 12

(d) 4 10 - 13

The angle between the dipole moment and electric

field at any point on the equatorial plane is
(a) 180

(b) 0

(c) 45

(d) 90

Hint As, angle between the dipole moment and electric field at
any point on the equatorial plane is 180.

15.

A spherical shell of radius 10 cm is carrying a charge q.

If the electrical potential at distance 5 cm, 10 cm and
15 cm from the centre of the spherical shell is V1 , V2 and
V3 respectively, then
(a) V1 = V2 > V3
(c) V1 = V2 < V3

(b) V1 > V2 > V3

(d) V1 < V2 < V3

16.

6 nC

Three point charges 3 nC, 6 nC and

9 nC are placed at the corners of an
equilateral triangle of side 0.1 m.
The potential energy of the system is
(a) 9910 J
(c) 99100 J

(b) 8910 J
(d) 8.91 mJ

Hint The electric field intensity is the negative of potential gradient,

dV
i.e. E = dr

19.
3 nC

9 nC

Hint Potential energy of the system,

1 q1q 2 q 2q 3 q1q 3
U=
+
+

r23
r13
4pe 0 r12

17.

18.

1
a r3
2

(b)

5
a r3
6

(c)

4
a r3
3

20.

(c) x 3

(b) x 2

(a) x

A particle is moving in a circle of radius r under the

action of a force F = a r2 which is directed towards the
centre of the circle. Total mechanical energy of the
particle is (take potential energy = 0 for r = 0)
(a)

Two equal point charges are fixed at x = - a and x = + a

on the x-axis. Another point charge q is placed at the
origin. The change in the electrical potential energy of
q , when it is displaced by a small distance x along the
x-axis is approximately proportional to
(d) 1 / x

A charge q is uniformly distributed over a long rod AB

of length L as shown in the figure. The electric
potential at the point O lying at a distance L from the
end A is

(d) a r 3

An electric field E = (25 $i + 30 $j) N/C exists in a region of

space. If the potential at the origin is taken to be zero,
then the potential at x = 2, y = 2 m is

q
(a)
8 pe0L

(a) - 110 J

Hint Electric potential at a point O, V =

(b) - 140 J

(c) - 120 J

(d) - 130 J

3q
(b)
4pe0 L

(c)

q
4pe0In2

(d)

q In 2
4pe0 L

kdq
x

CAPACITOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS

A combination of two conductors placed close to each other
is called capacitor.
q
charge
Capacity of conductor, C =
=
potential V
Capacity of a spherical conductor (in air or vacuum)
C = 4 p e0 r
where,
r = radius of the spherical conductor and
e0 = permittivity of the conductor.
l

Parallel Plate Capacitor

q
A

Surface charge density, s =

Intensity of the electric field, E =

q
s
=
e0
Ae0

1 q2
1
= CE2 d
2 Ae0 2
where, d is the distance between the conductor plates.
If the gap between plates is filled with dielectric media of
Ke A
dielectric constant K, then C = 0
d
where, A is the area of the conductor plates.
C
Dielectric constant, K =
= capacity of the capacitor with
C0
the dielectric medium/capacity with air or vacuum.
If dielectric slab of thickness t is introduced in a parallel
plate air capacitor whose plates are separated by a distance
d, then capacity of the capacitor increases and will be given
e0 A
by C =
d-t + t/ K
l

Force between the plates, F =

If a metal sheet of thickness t is introduced, then capacity

e A
increased is given by C = 0
d-t
If several slabs of dielectric constants K1 , K2 , K3 , ... and
respective thickness t1 , t2 , t3 ... be placed between the two
plates of a capacitor, then the capacitance will be
e0 A
C=
t

t
t
d - (t1 + t2 + t3 + ...) + 1 + 2 + 3 + ...
K2
K3
K1

If the parallel plate capacitor consists of two circular plates

of radius r separated by a distance d, in air or vacuum, then
e pr2
capacity, C = 0
d

When the dielectric is introduced and

(i) battery is removed
V
E
U
C = CK, Q = Q, V = , E = and U =
K
K
K
(ii) battery remains connected
C = KC, Q = KQ, V = V , E = K and U = KU

Combination of Capacitors
l

If n number of capacitors are connected in series, then the

equivalent capacity of the combination is given by
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
C s C1 C2
Cn
If n number of capacitors are connected in parallel, then the
equivalent capacity of the combination is given by
C p = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + C n

63

(b) If a conducting slab (K = ) thickness, i.e. t > d is

placed between the plates, then
e0 A
e A
= 0
C=
t
d
-t
d-t +

Special Cases of Capacitor

l

If instead of two plates, n uniform plates are placed at the

same distance from each other and connected
successively, then capacitance of this arrangement, i.e.
(n - 1) e0 A
.
C=
d
If both plates of parallel plate capacitor are connected by a
q q
metallic wire, then C =
= =
V 0

Metallic wire
l

Metallic wire
V2
V2
V=V2 V2=0

Metallic
wire

V1 V1
V=V1 V1=0
l

V3 V3
V=V3 V3=0

If both plates are earthed, then

q q
C=
= =
V 0

V1 = 0

If two plates have different charges, then

(q - q2 )
(q - q2 )d
and V = 1
q= 1
2
2 Ae0
q1

V2=0

V=V1V2=0

q2
q1 q2
2

q1+q2
2

q1+q2
2
q1 q2
2

q e0 A
=
V
d
If a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K and thickness t is
placed between the two plates.
C=

q2

q2

t
d

Then,

C=

e0 A
t
d-t +
K

e0 A
1
d - t 1 -

(a) If the slab completely fills the space

between the plates, then t = d,
e A Ke A
C= 0 = 0
d
d
K

64

If n different sheets of dielectric constants

K1 , K2 , ..., K n of thickness t1 , t2 , ..., t n are
placed between plates of parallel plate
capacitor, then capacitance is
Ae0
C=
d - (t1 + t2 + t3 + K + t n)

t1 t2

tn

K1 K
2

Kn

t
t
t
t
+ 1 + 2 + 3 + K+ n
K2
K3
Kn
K1

V2 = 0

V1=0

If the space between the plates is

completely
filled
with
conductor, then t = d and K = Conductor
e0 A
Then,
=
C=
d-d+ d

If a capacitor is filled with three different

dielectrics as shown in figure such that
K1
capacitors with dielectric medium, i.e. K1
K2
and K2 are in parallel and this
combination is in series with the
d
K e A
dielectric medium K3 , i.e. C = eq 0
d
1
1
1
where, K eq is given by
=
+
K eq (K1 + K2 ) 2 K3

A/2
A/2

Force on a dielectric medium, then when no voltage source

is connected across plates, then
x
+Q
e
capacitance, C = 0 L [L + (K - 1)x]
d
d Q Q = constant
Thus, the slab experiences a force,
dU
which pulls the slab inside,
F=L
dx
2
Q d(K - 1)
i.e. F =
2 e0 L [L + (K - 1)x2 ]
When two dielectric slabs, i.e. K1 , K2 fill
the space between the two plates of the
capacitor as shown in figure, it behaves
as a series combination of two
sub-capacitors. Then, capacitance of
the capacitor is given by
e AK1 K2
K
C= 0
loge 2

(K1 - K2 )d
K1

Area = A
K1

d
K2

In n identical drops each of charge q, capacity C and

potential V are combined to form a big drop, then
(i) charge on the big drop, q = nq.
(ii) capacity on the big drop,
C = 3 n C
(iii) potential of the big drop, V = n2 / 3 V
(iv) potential energy of the big drop = n5 / 3 energy of
each drop.

Best Practice SHOTS

21.

A parallel plate capacitor with air as

t
air
K
the dielectric has capacitance C. A
slab of dielectric constant K and
having the same thickness as the separation between
the plates is introduced so as to fill one-fourth of the
capacitor as shown in the figure. The new capacitance
will be
(a) ( K + 3)

C
C
(b) ( K + 2 )
4
4

(c) ( K + 1)

C
4

(d)

Two capacitors C1 = 2 mF and

C2 = 6 mF in series are connected
in parallel to a third capacitor
C3 = 4 mF. This arrangement is
then connected to a battery of emf
= 2 V as shown in the figure. How
much energy is lost by the battery
in charging the capacitors?
(a) 22 10 - 6 J
32
(c) 10 - 6 J
3

23.

C1

26.

C2

C3
+

The combination of capacitors with C1 = 3 mF, C2 = 4 mF

and C3 = 2 mF is charged by connecting AB to a battery.
Consider the following statements.
I. Energy stored in C1 = Energy stored in C2 +
Energy stored in C3
II. Charge on C1 = Charge on C2 + Charge on C3
III. Potential drop across C1 = Potential drop across
C2 = Potential drop across C3
Which of the statement(s) is/are correct?

27.

C1

B
C2
n

(a) I and II

24.

(b) II only

(c) I and III

(d) Only III

A capacitor is charged by using a battery which is then

disconnected. A dielectric slab is then slipped between
the plates, which results in
(a) reduction of charge on the plates and increase of potential
difference across the plates
(b) increase in the potential difference across the plate,
reduction in stored energy, but no change in the charge
on the plates
(c) decrease in the potential difference across the plate,
reduction in stored energy but no change in the charge on
the plates
(d) None of the above
Hint Battery is disconnected so q will be constant as C K. So,
with introduction of dielectric slab capacitance will increase using
q = CV, V will decrease and using U = q 2 / 2 C, energy will decrease.

(b)

800
V
9

(c) 400 V

(d) 200 V

A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates

has a capacitance of 9 pF. The separation between its
plates is d. The space between the plates is now filled
with two dielectrics. One of the dielectrics has
dielectric constant K1 = 3 and thickness d/3 while the
other one has dielectric constant K2 = 6 and thickness
2 d/ 3. Capacitance of the capacitor is now
(b) 40.5 pF

(c) 20.25 pF

(d) 1.8 pF

PHYSICS FUNDAS
COMPLEX CAPACITOR COMBINATION
n

400
V
9

(a) 45 pF

C3

A 10 mF capacitor and a 20 mF capacitor are connected

in series across a 200 V supply line. The charged
capacitors are then disconnected from the line and
reconnected with their positive plates together and
negative plates together and no external voltage is
applied. What is the potential difference across each
capacitor?
(a)

2V

(b) 11 10 - 6 J
16
(d) 10 - 6 J
3

Choose the incorrect statement from the following.

When two identical capacitors are charged individually
to different potentials and connected parallel to each
other after disconnecting them from the source.
(a) Net charge equals the sum of initial charges
(b) The net energy stored in the two capacitors is less than
the sum of the initial individual energies
(c) The net potential difference across them is different from
the sum of the individual initial potential difference
(d) The net potential difference across them equals the sum
of the individual initial potential difference

KC
4

Hint The two condensers with K and with air are in parallel with air
e 3 A
e 0K A
C1 = 0
and with medium, C 2 =
.
d d
d 4

22.

25.

Combine capacitors that are in series or in parallel.

Redraw the circuit after every combination.
Repeat the first two steps until there is only a single equivalent
capacitor.
Q
Find the charge on the single equivalent capacitor using C =
.
DV

28.

In the figure, capacitor is filled with dielectrics. The

resultant capacitance is
A/2
d/2

A/2

K1
K3

K2

2 e0 A
d
2 e0 A
(c)
d
(a)

1
1
1
K + K + K
2
3
1

(b)

[ K1 + K 2 + K 3 ]

(d) None of these

e0 A
d

Hint Resultant capacitance, Ceq = C 3 +

1
1
1
K + K + K
2
3
1

C1C 2
C1 + C 2

65

29.

A 4 mF capacitor, a resistance of 2.5 MW is in series with

12 V battery. Find the time after which the potential
difference across the capacitor is 3 times the potential
difference across the resistor. [Given ln (2) = 0.693]
(a) 13.86 s

(b) 6.93 s

(c) 7 s

34.

(d) 14 s

Hint During the growth of voltage in a C-R circuit, the voltage

across the capacitor at time t is given by V = V0 [1 - e t /CR ] for the

A parallel plate capacitor is charged and the charging

battery is then disconnected. If the plates of the capacitor
are moved farther apart by means of insulating
handles, then which of the following is correct?
(a) The charge on the capacitor increases
(b) The voltage across the plates decreases
(c) The capacitance increases
(d) The electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor increases

31.

1/ 2

(c)

35.

A capacitor is charged by using a battery which is then

disconnected. A dielectric slab is then slipped between
the plates, which results in
(a) reduction of charge on the plates and increase of potential
difference across the plates
(b) increase in the potential difference across the plate, reduction
in stored energy but no change in the charge on the plates
(c) decrease in the potential difference across the plates,
reduction in the stored energy but no change in the
charge on the plates
(d) None of the above

energy decreases in the form of heat through the connecting wire.

+
+
+
+

900 pF

+ 100 V
(a)

+
+
+
+

900 pF

+
+
+
+

900 pF

1 C1
1
16 C1
2
2
( 4 V ) = ( n 2C 2 ) V C 2 =
2 n1
2
n1 n 2

The expression for the capacity of

the capacitor formed by compound
dielectric placed between the plates
of a parallel plate capacitor as shown
in figure will be (area of plate = A)
e0 A
d1
d
d
+ 2 + 3

K2
K3
K1
e0 A
(b)
d1 + d 2 + d 3

K1 + K 2 + K 3
e A( K1K 2K 3 )
(c) 0
d 1d 2 d 3

q1 q 2
, so current will flow in connecting wire so that
R1 R2

The energy stored in the capacitor as shown in the Fig.

(a) is 4.5 10 - 6 J. If the battery is replaced by another
capacitor of 900 pF as shown in Fig. (b), then the total
energy of system is

2 C1
n1n2
n
(d) 2 2 C1
n1
(b)

d1

K1

d3

K2

K3

(a)

(a) no change in the energy of the system

(b) an increase in the energy of the system
(c) always a decrease in the energy of the system
(d) a decrease in the energy of the system unless q 1R 2 = q 2R1

33.

1/ 2

A series combination of n1 capacitors each of value C1 ,

is charged by a source of potential difference 4 V.
When another parallel combination of n2 capacitors,
each of value C2 , is charged by a source of potential
difference V, it has the same (total) energy stored in it,
as the first combination has the value of C2 in terms of
C1 is then

Hint

36.

C ( V12 - V22 )
L

C ( V12 - V22 )
(d)

C ( V12 + V22 )
L

16 C1
n1n2
n
(c) 16 2 C1
n1

Two conducting spheres of radii R1 and R2 having

charges q1 and q2 respectively are connected to each
other. There is

Hint When

(b)

(a)

Hint Battery is disconnected, so q will be constant as C K.

32.

A condenser of capacity C is charged to a potential

difference of V1 . The plates of the condenser are then
connected to an ideal inductor of inductance L. The
current through the inductor when the potential
difference across the condenser reduces to V2 is
C ( V1 - V2 )2
(a)

given circuit as per given conduction at time t.

30.

(d) 9 10 - 6 J

(a) 4.2 10 - 6 J (b) 2.25 10 - 6 J (c) zero

d2

AK
AK 2
AK 3
(d) e0 1 +
+

d2
d3
d1

37.

Three capacitors each of capacity 4 mF are to be

connected in such a way that the effective capacitance
is 6 mF. This can be done by
(a) connecting them in parallel
(b) connecting two in series and one in parallel
(c) connecting two in parallel and one in series
(d) connecting all of them in series

(b)

Answers
1.
11.
21.
31.

66

(a)
(a)
(a)
(c)

2.
12.
22.
32.

(c)
(b)
(b)
(d)

3.
13.
23.
33.

(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)

4.
14.
24.
34.

(d)
(a)
(c)
(d)

5.
15.
25.
35.

(c)
(a)
(d)
(a)

6.
16.
26.
36.

(a)
(d)
(b)
(a)

7.
17.
27.
37.

(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)

8. (c)
18. (a)
28. (d)

9. (a)
19. (b)
29. (a)

10. (a)
20. (d)
30. (d)

MASTER
1.

A condenser of 2 mF capacitance is charged steadily

from 0 to 5 coulomb. Which of the following graphs
correctly represents the variation of potential
difference across its plates with respect to the charge
on the condenser?
V(106 V)

4.

V(106 V)

2.5

2.5

(a)

(b)

5.

2.5

(d)

5
X

(a) E1 > E 2 > E 3 > E 4 > E 5 (b) E1 = E 3 = E 5 and E 2 < E 4

(c) E 2 = E 4 = E 5 and E1 < E 3 (d) E1 < E 2 < E 3 < E 4 < E 5

6.

S
log i

P
t

(c) R

7.
(d) S

E
Hint In case of R -C circuit, i = e - t / RC , where R is doubled, the
R
slope of the curve increases. Further at t = 0, the current will be
less for an increased value of resistance.

A parallel plate capacitor is charged to a potential

difference of 50 V. It is discharged through a
resistance. After 1 s, the potential difference between
plates becomes 40 V. Then,
19
25
(b) potential difference between the plates after 2 s will be
32 V
(a) fraction of stored energy after 1 s is

A metallic sheet is inserted between the plates of a

parallel plate capacitor. The capacitance of the
capacitor
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

3.

q > q 0 and

variation of ln i versus time?

(b) Q

(d) U < U 0

In an R-C circuit while charging, the graph of ln i versus

time is as shown by the dotted line in the figure, where i
is the current. When the value of the resistance is
doubled, which of the solid curve best represents the

(a) P

(c) E > E 0

The figure gives the electric potential V as a function of

distance through five regions on X-axis, which of the
following is true for the electric field E in these regions.

Hint As, we know that net charge inside a condenser, q = CV

2.

(b) V > V0

Hint As charge q = CV, charge will increase, i.e.

1
1
U = q V0 , U 0 = q 0 V0 q > q 0 so, U > U 0
2
2

V(10 V)

Which one statement is correct? A parallel plate air

condenser is connected with a battery. Its charge,
potential, electric field and energy are q0 V0 , E0 and U0
respectively. In order to fill the complete space
between the plates a dielectric slab is inserted, the
battery is still connected. Now, the corresponding
values q, V , E and U are in the relation with the initially
stated as
(a) q > q 0

V(10 V)

(c)

(c) potential difference between the plates after 2 s will be

20 V
4
(d) fraction of stored energy after 1 s is
5

decreases
is independent of the position of the sheet
is maximum when the metal sheet in the middle
is maximum when the metal sheet touches one of the
capacitor plates

Capacitor C1 of capacitance 1 mF and capacitor C2 of

capacitance 2 mF are separately charged fully by a
common battery. The two capacitors are then
separately allowed to discharge through equal
resistors at time t = 0.
(a) The current in each of the two discharging circuits is zero
at t = 0
(b) The currents in the two discharging circuits are equal but
not zero
(c) The currents in the two discharging circuits at t = 0 are
unequal
(d) Capacitor C1, loses 50% of its initial charge sooner than C 2
loses 70% of its initial charge
Hint Now, initially current depends on V and R, i.e. I = I0 e - t / RC
V
and at t = 0, I = I0 =
R

67

8.

covered by the dielectric gets charge q1 and the rest of

the area gets charge q2 . Choose the correct
option/options, ignoring edge effects.

A dielectric slab of thickness d is inserted in a parallel

plate capacitor whose negative plate is at x = 0 and
positive plate is at x = 3 d. The slab is equidistant from
the plates. The capacitor is given some charge. As one
goes from 0 to 3d.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

9.

The magnitude of the electric field remains the same

The direction of the electric field remains the same
The electric potential decreases continuously
The electric potential increases at first, then decreases
and again decreases

A parallel plate capacitor has a

dielectric slab of dielectric constant K
between its plates that covers 1/3 of the
area of its plates as shown in the figure.
The total capacitance of the capacitor is
C while that of the portion with
dielectric in between is C1 . When the
capacitor is charged, the plate area

q1

q2

(a)

10.

E1
=4
E2

(b)

E1
1
=
E2 K

(c)

q1
3
=
q2 K

E2

2 + K
C
=
C1
K

A charge q on a capacitor varies with voltage V as

shown in the figure, where q is
Y
taken along the X-axis and V along
the Y-axis. The area of triangle OAB
A
represents
V
(a) capacitance
(b) capacitive reactance
(c) magnetic field between the plates
(d) energy stored in the capacitor

E1

(d)

Hint U =

O q

1
qV = Area of D OAB
2

Answers
1. (a)

2. (b)

3. (b)

4. (a)

5. (b)

6. (b)

7. (b)

8. (b)

9. (d)

10. (d)

JEE Main 2016 Exam Date

3, 9 and 10 April 2016
The official notification of JEE Main 2016 has been released. No
JEE Main 2016 Schedule
more maintaining the suspense, this year, the Joint Entrance The schedule of JEE Main 2016 is as given below:
Examination (JEE) Main will be held on 3 April 2016, in offline Date of Exam
Paper
Mode of Paper
Timing
Pen and Pencil
9:30 am to
mode, and on 9 and 10 April 2016, in online mode. The 3 April 2016 Paper 1
(B.E/B.Tech)
(Offline)
12:30 pm
application form of it will be released on 1 December 2015 and
3 April 2016 Paper 2 (B.Arch/ Pen and Pencil
14:00 pm to
candidates will be able to avail and submit it till 31st December
B.Planning)
(Offline)
15:00 pm
2015. Putting all the rumours to rest, the Board has also 9 April 2016 Paper 1
Computer Based Shift 1: 9:30 am
(B.E/B.Tech)
(Online)
to 12:30 pm
announced that as always 40:60 weightage mechanic will be
Shift 2: 2:00 pm
used to calculate the rank of the candidates.

JEE Main 2016 Important Dates

Events
Detailed Information Brochure will be

Some Crucial Points to Note

l

1 December 2015
l

The Registration will Close on

Issuance of Admit Card

31 December 2015
3rd Week of March 2016

Dates for JEE Main 2016

1. Offline Exam (Paper 1 and 2)
2. Online paper (Paper 1 only)

3 April 2016
9 and 10 April 2016

JEE Main

3rd Week of April 2016

Official Answers Key will be Released on

JEE Main Result will be Announced on

68

to 5:00pm
Computer Based *will only be held
(Online)
if required

Dates
1 December 2015

Released on
Online Registration will Begin in

10 April 2016 Paper 1

(B.E/B.Tech)

27 April 2016

Candidates who did not pass in qualifying exam in 2013

but retook the exam in 2014 and passed, are not eligible.
Candidates who did not qualify 10+2 exam in 2015 and
are reappearing for it 2016, are required to rewrite the
exam of all the 5 subjects.
The state level exam of Odisha has been scrapped
because now JEE Main scores will be considered for
admission in the colleges in the state. However, the age
limit and the number of attempts will remain the same
as the past year. This is not applicable to NITs, IIITs and
GFTIs.

Formulas at a Glance
Electric Charges and Field
l

Quantization of charge, q = ne, where n is an integer

and e is charge of an electron.
1 q1 q2
Coulombs law, F21 =
r12 (when q1 q2 > 0),
4 p e 0 r3
q q
i.e. like charges and F21 = 1 23 r21 (when q1 , q2 < 0),
4 p e0 r
i.e. unlike charges.
Superposition principle, F0 = F01 + F02 + F03 + ... + F0 n
F
Electric field, E (r) = lim
q0 0 q
0

Dipole moment, p = q 2 a

Axial line of electric dipole, E =

|p|
2r

4 p e 0 (r2 - a2 )2

Equatorial line of electric dipole,

1
p
E=
4 p e 0 (r2 + a2 )3 / 2

Torque, t = p E = pEsin q

where e 0 is absolute electrical permittivity of free space,

q0 is test charge and 2a is distance between the charges.
Q
, where Q is total
Gausss theorem, Q E = E ds =
e0
s
l

Electric Potential and Capacitance

l

charge inside the closed surface.

Electric field intensity due to a line charge,
l
E=
2 p e0 r
Electric field intensity due to thin infinite plane sheet
s
and when sheet of charge is thick,
of charge, E =
2 e0
s
E=
e0
Electric field intensity between two thin infinite plane
sheets carrying equal and opposite charge densities,
s
E=
0

charge density, s is surface charge density and r is

volume charge density.

Potential at a point due to single charge,

q
V=
4 pe0 r
Potential at a point due to group of N charges,
1 i = N qi
V=
S
4 pe0 i = 1 ri
Potential at a point due to electric dipole,
p cos q
V=
4 pe0 r2
Potential energy of a system of two point charges,
qq
U= 1 2
4pe0 r12
Potential energy of a system of n point charges,
qj qk
1
S
U=
4 pe0 all pairs rjk

C p = C1 + C2 + K
l

Electric field intensity at a point on the surface or

Q
, where
outside a charged spherical shell, E =
4 p e 0 r2
r = R on the surface.
Electric field intensity at a point inside a charged solid
rr
non-conducting sphere, E =
, where l is linear
3 e0

WAB
q0

where, WAB is work done in carrying q0 charge from A to B, p is

dipole moment and distance r in metres.
Q
Capacitance, C =
V
Capacity of an isolated spherical conductor of radius r in
vacuum, C = 4 pe0 r
e A
Capacity of a parallel plate capacitor, C = 0
d
1
1
1
Condensers are grouped in series,
=
+
+ K and in
C S C1 C2
parallel grouping,

l
l

Potential difference, VB - VA =

1
1
1 Q2
CV 2 = QV =
2
2
2 C
Effective electric field (E) in a polarised dielectric slab

Work done in charging a capacitor, U =

E = E0 - EP
Capacitance of a parallel plate with conducting slab of
e A
thickness t, C = 0
d-t
Capacitance of a parallel plate with dielectric slab of thickness t,
e0 A
C =
1
d - t 1 -
k

where, E0 is external field applied, Ep is induced electric field, A is

area of each plate and d is distance between them.

69

T
E
G
TAR

E
E
J0 1 6

Comprehensive Simulator Test Series for JEE Main & Advanced

JEE ADVANCED

Questions to Measure Your Problem Solving Skills

Paper 1
One or More than One Option Correct Type
1. Consider three quantities
x=

(a) 2 < x < 2.25

(c) 15
. < x<2

E
1
l
and z =
,y =
b
CR
m0 e0

(a) x and y have the same dimensions

(b) x and z have the same dimensions
(c) y and z have the same dimensions
(d) None of the above three pairs have the same dimensions
B

l/4

m is kept on a horizontal
37 C
smooth plane. It is free to A
rotate and move. A particle of
same mass m moving on the plane with velocity v
strikes the rod at point B making angle 37 with the
rod. The collision is elastic. After collision
(a) the angular velocity of rod will be 72/55 v / l
(b) the centre of the rod will travel a distance p l/ 3 in the time in
which it makes half rotation.
(c) impulse of the impact forces is 24 mV / 55
(d) None of the above

3. A glass rod as shown in

P1
P2
the figure. An object O
3l
is situated at a distance
R
2R
B
2R from P1 in front of the
surface of larger radius of curvature, on the common
axis, the distance between the poles of the two
spherical curved surfaces is 3R. What will be the
distance of the image of the point object O from the

70

(b) 1 < x < 2

(d) None of these

4. Figure here illustrates an

Here, l is the length of a wire, C is the capacitance,

and R is a resistance. All other symbols have usual
meanings. Then,

2. A rod AC of length l and mass

pole of the smaller curved surface and is the

condition to be satisfied if the image is to be real?

interferometer method of
S1
measuring refractive index
1
of transparent materials.
O
In the beginning both the
S2
tubes
contain
air
2
(m = 1000277
.
) and a bright
fringe is observed at O.
When tube 1 is filled with ammonia, the fringe
system is displaced upwards by N = 17 fringes.
Then, the refractive index of the ammonia gas. The
length of the tube is l = 10 cm and wavelength of
light is l = 589 nm will be?
(a) 1.00777

(b) 1.000377

(c) 1.000277

(d) None of these

5. At time t = 0, some radioactive gas is injected into a

sealed vessel. At time T, some more mass of the
same gas is injected into the same vessel. Which one
of the following graphs best represents the variation
of the logarithm of the activity A of the gas with
time t?
ln A

In A

(a)

(b)

In A

In A

(c)

(d)

6. Heat flows radially outward through a spherical

shell of outside radius R2 and inner radius R1. The
temperature of inner surface of shell is q1 and that of
outer is q2 . The radial distance from centre of shell
where the temperature is just half way between q1
and q2 is
(a)

R1 + R 2
2

(b)

R1R 2
R1 + R 2

(c)

2 R1R 2
R1 + R 2

(d) R 2 - R1

7. A sphere is rotating between

4
(a)
+1
3

1
(b)
+2
3

1
(c) +
2

(c) 5 : 3

(d) 1 + 2 3

(d) 5 : 6

(c) between 4 and 6

10. A parallel plate capacitor is

(b)

9
Rb
22

(c) 9Rb

(d) Rb

y
P

element y. Half-life of x is 2h. Initially only x is

present. After time t, the ratio of atoms of x and y is
found to be 1:4, then t in hour is
(b) 4

9
Rb
11

9. A radioactive element x converts into another stable

(a) 2

(a)

30
30

spherical shells A and B of same surface density at

their respective centres are in the ratio 3:4. If the
two shells coalesce into a single one such that
surface charge density remains the same, then the
ratio of potential at an internal point of the new shell
to shell A is equal to
(b) 4 : 3

insulated wire ring tightly put on its winding. One

half of the ring has the resistance 10 times that of the
other half. The magnetic induction produced by the
solenoid varies with time as B = bt , where b is a
constant. Then, the magnitude of the electric field
strength not present in the ring is

y-axis as shown in figure.

8. The gravitational potential of two homogenous

(a) 3 : 2

11. A long solenoid of cross-sectional radius R has a thin

12. A straight wire carrying current is parallel to the

two rough inclined walls as

shown in figure. Coefficient
of friction between each wall
and the sphere is 1/3. If f1 and
f2 be the friction forces at P
f
and Q. Then, 1 is
f2

(a) A total charge of - Q / 3 flows (through G1) from the bottom

plate to ground
(b) A total charge of + Q / 3 flows (through G 2) from the top
plate to ground
(c) A total charge of + Q / 3 flows (through G1) from the bottom
plate to ground
(d) A total charge of - 4 Q / 3 flows (through G 2) from the top
plate to ground

(a) magnetic field at the point P is parallel

(b) magnetic field at P is along z-axis
(c) magnetic field are concentric circle with the wire passing
through their common centre
(d) magnetic fields to the left and right of the wire are oppositely
directed

Match the Columns Type

13. A chain of length l and mass m lies on the surface of a
smooth sphere of radius R > l with one tied to the top
of the sphere.
A.

B.

(d) 6

+Q

charged as shown (Q is given). +Q

A metal slab with the total Q
charge + Q is placed inside the
G1
G2
capacitor as shown in figure.
The thickness of the slab is d. Ground
The distance between the top plate and the top of
the slab is 2d, and the distance between the bottom
plate and the bottom of the slab is d. Each plate is
grounded through a galvanometer as shown. Find
the charge that passes through each galvanometer
after both switches are closed simultaneously.

Column I
1.
Gravitational
potential energy w.r.t
centre of the sphere
The chain is
2.
released and slides
down its KE when it
has slide by q

Column II
Rg
l

1 - cos

sin
2 Rg

l
- sin q +

l + sin q

R

C.

The initial tangential 3.

acceleration

MR 2g
l
sin
R
l

D.

The radial
acceleration ar

sin + sin q - sin

R
MR 2g

l
l

- sin q +

4.

(a) 3

(b) 4

(c) 4

(d) 1

71

Single Option Correct Type

14. A wedge B of mass M is placed on a smooth
horizontal surface. An ideal string is wrapped over a
cylinder A of mass M and radius R which is kept
over the wedge and other end of the string is
connected to block C of mass M passing over an
ideal pulley as shown in the figure. If system is
released from rest, then after how much time the
block C will hit the wedge? Friction between
cylinder and wedge is sufficient to prevent slipping.
All othe surfaces are frictionless.
A
R
C

M
H

(a) a <

v
2 P
vS

(b) a <

vP
-1
vS

where, v P is velocity of aeroplane and vS is velocity of sound

17. Two identical magnetic dipoles of magnetic

moments 1.0 Am2 each, placed at a separation of 2m
with their axes perpendicular to each other. The
resultant magnetic field at a point midway between
the dipoles is
(c) 10

H
g

(c)

3H
g

(b)

2H
g

(d)

4H
g

-7

(b) 5 10 -7 T
(d) None of these

18. In order to quadruple the resistance of a uniform

15. Two blocks A and B of same mass M are connected

with each other with an ideal string of length 2l
passing over an ideal pulley. The block A is
connected to a light pan C with an ideal string as
M
shown in figure. A particle of mass
is dropped on
2
l
pan from height as shown. If collision between
2
particle and pan is plastic, then acceleration of B
just after the collision is

wire, a part of its length was uniformly stretched till

the final length of the entie wire was 1.5 times the
original length, the part of the wire was fraction
equal to
l

(a) 1/ 8

(b) 1/ 6

(c) 1/10

frequency of revolution of electron in nth orbit is fn,

choose the correct option.
rn

(b)

2l

r
log rn
1

log r

l/2

M
A

M
B
(c)

g
9
(d) None of these

(a) g

log

fn
f1

(a) Both (a) and (b)

(b)

(c) 2g

16. An aeroplane is in supersonic flight at an altitude h.

At what smallest distance a (along the horizontal)
from point A that is directly above the observer?
S

log r

20. Short linear object of length l lies along the axis of a

concave mirror of focal length f at distance u from
the pole of the mirror. The size of the image is
approximately equal to
1/ 2

u - f
(b) l

1/ 2

f
(d) l

u - f

u - f
(a) l

f
(c) l

u - f

72

(d) 1/ 4

19. If in hydrogen atom, radius of nth Bohr orbit is rn,

(a)
M
2

vP
-1
vS

(c) Not possible for any real value of a

v
2 P
vS
(d) a >
h
2
vP
-1
vS

(a) 5 10 -7 T

(a)

vP

vS

Paper 2
Single Option Correct Type
1. A light ray I is incidenting on the plane mirror M.
The mirror is rotated in the direction as shown in the
figure by an arrow at the frequency 9 /p rev/s. The
light reflected by the mirror is received on the wall
W that is at a distance 10m from the axis of rotation.
When the angle of incidence become 37, the speed
of spot on the wall will be
37

5. A uniform solid cylinder of

v0
radius R = 1.5 cm rolls over
R
a horizontal plane passing
a
into an inclined plane
forming an angle a = 30
with the horizontal. Then,
the maximum value of the velocity v0 which still
permits the cylinder to roll onto the inclined plane
section without a jump. (The sliding is assumed to
be absent)

(a) v 0
M

Wall

(c) v 0

10 m

50
m/s
(a)
3
(c) 1000 m/s

(b) 100 m/s

mass mp and of the same charge as the electron is in

a circular orbit of radius r about the nucleus with an
h
. If the radius of a
orbital angular momentum
2p
nucleus of atomic number Z is given by
R = 1.6 10-15 Z1/ 3 m, then the limit on Z for which

3. C

(a)

disintegrates by b-emission with a reaction

energy (q value) of 0.155 MeV. A b-particles with an
energy of 0.025MeV is emitted in a direction at 135
to the direction of motion of the recoil nucleus. Then
the momenta of the three particles (b = V, 14N)
involved in this disintegration in MeV/c units will
be. (where, c is speed of light in vacuum) (M0 = 0.511
MeV/c2 )

4. A plane wave of intensity I = 0.70Wcm illuminates

a sphere with ideal mirror surface. The radius of
sphere is R = 5.0 cm. From the stand point of photon
theory, find the force that light exerts on the sphere.
R

(c) 0.5 mN

m R ( n - 1)
a (Gm)

(d) 1.2 mN

(b)

m R ( m - 1)
a

(d)

m R
a Gm

7. The switch S is closed at

C0
+ +
+
q0

R
S

t = 0. The capacitor C is
uncharged but C0 has a
charge q0 at t = 0. Then, the
current i(t) in the circuit is

+
e

RC

R
(b)

E - C0 / q 0

(a) i 0 e( -t / R)

(c)

q 0 / c0
R

-
RC

e eq

(d)

E - (q 0 / C 0 )

eq

-
RC

e eq

8. Water from a tap emerges vertically downwards

with an initial velocity v0 . Assuming pressure is
constant throughout the stream of water and the
flow is steady, find the distance from the tap at
which cross-sectional area of stream is half of the
cross-sectional area of stream at the tap.
(a)

(b) 0.2 mN

n)

a (Gm)

(b) 0.158
(d) 0.149
-2

(a) 0.8 mN

m R (1 -

(d) > 37

14

(a) 0.179
(c) 0.130

(d) None of these

constant, then the time the satellite will stay in orbit,

before it false onto the planets surface.

(c)

might exist is
(c) < 37

gR
4
cos a - gR
3
7

revolves in a circular orbit whose radius is n times

the radius R of the planet. In the process of motion,
the satellite experiences a slight resistance due to
cosmic dust. Assuming resistance force on the
satellite depends on velocity as F = av2 , where a is

e0 h / pmc2 = 0.53 andmp / mc = 264 ) p-mesic atoms

(b) > 105

(b) v 0

6. An artificial satellite of mass m of a planet of mass M,

(d) None of these

2. In the Bohr model of a p-mesic atom, a p-meson of

(a) < 105

3
mv 02 + mgR
4
7 gR
4
cos a - gR
3
3

v 02
2g

(b)

3v 02
2g

(c)

2 v 02
g

(d)

5v 02
2g

73

More than One Option Correct Type

9. Four identical metallic plates (1, 2, 3 and 4) are
arranged in air at same distance d from each other
with their outer plates being connected together
and earthed. If the plates 2 and 3 are connected with
a cell of constant emf E, then ratio of electric fields
between the plate is
e

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

The wire I and III should have same Youngs modules.

Tension in I and III would be always equal.
Tension in I and III would be different.
Tension in II is 75 g.

12. A small mass m is moved slowly from the surface of

the Earth to a height h above the surface. The work
done (by an external agent) is doing this is
(a) mgh, for all values of l
1
(c) mgh R, for l = R
2

(b) mgh, for h << R

1
mg R, for h = R
2

(d) -

13. An O16 nucleus is spherical and has a radius R and a

4 3
pR . According to the experimental
3
observations, the volume of the 54 X 128 nucleus
volume V =
E1

E2

E3

assumed to be spherical is V and radius is R, then

(a) V = 8V

(b) V = 2 V

(c) R = 2 R

(d) R = 8R

14. One mole of an ideal gas in initial state A undergoes

2
2
(a) E1 : E 2 : E 3 = : 1 :
3
3
1
1
(b) E1 : E 2 : E 3 = : 1 : and variation of electric potential will
2
2
be
1

a cyclic process ABCA, as shown in the figure. Its

pressure at A is p0 . Choose the correct option(s) from
the following.
V
4V0

V0

(c)

(d)
T0

10. The figure shows two point charge 2Q (> 0) and - Q.

The charge divide the line joining them in three
parts, I, II and III.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Region III has a local maxima of electric field

Region I has a local maxima of electric field
Equilibrium position for a test charge lies in region II
The equilibrium (if there is any) is stable for a negative test
charge

11. A heavy block of mass 150 kg hangs with the help of

three vertical wires of equal length and equal
cross-sectional area as shown in figure. Wire is
attached to the mid-point (centre of mass) of block.
I

II

y1

y2

III

y3

150 kg

Take y2 = 2y1. For this arrangement mark out the

correct statement(s).

74

(a) Internal energies at A and B are r the same.

(b) Work done by gas in process AB is p0V0 ln 4
p
(c) Pressure at C is 0
4
T
(d) Temperature at C is 0
4

15. The difference of pressure between two points along

a horizontal pipe through which water is flowing is
1.4 cm of Hg. If due to non-uniform cross-section
the speed of flow at a point greater cross-section is
60 cm/s, the speed of flow at the other points is
(a) 2 m/s
(b) less than 60 cm/s
(c) not affected by non-uniform cross-section
(d) greater than 60 cm/s
- az

a kq
e , where p is pressure, Z is
b
the distance, k is Boltzmanns constant and q is the
temperature. The dimensional formula of b will not
be

16. In the relation p =

(a) [M0 L2T 0 ]

(b) [M1L2T1 ]

(c) [M1L0T -1 ]

(d) [M0 L2T -1 ]

Paragraph 1

Paragraph 2

A glass sphere of radius 2R and refractive index n has a

spherical cavity of radius R, concentric with it.

Magnetic force on a charged particle is given by

Fm = (V B) and electrostatic force Fe = qE. A particle
having charge q = 1C and mass 1 kg is released from rest
at origin. There are electric and magnetic fields given by
. m and
E = (10$i) N /C for x = 18
$
. m x 2.4 m.
B = - (5k) T for 18

2R
R

A screen is placed parallel to y-z plane at x = 3 m, neglect

gravity forces.

17. When viewer is on left side of the hallow sphere,

what will be the shift in position of the object?
( n + 1)
R, right
( n - 1)
(2 n - 1)
(c)
R, left
(2 n + 1)

(b)

(b) 6 m/s
(d) 12 m/s

20. y-coordinate of particle where it collides with screen

(in metres) is

18. When viewer is on right side of the hollow sphere,

what will be the apparent change in position of the
object?
( n - 1)
(a)
R, towards left
( 3n + 1)
( n + 1)
(c)
R, towards right
( 3n + 1)

screen is
(a) 3 m/s
(c) 9 m/s

( n - 1)
R , right
( n + 1)
2( n - 1)
(d)
R, left
( n + 1)

(a)

19. The speed with which the particle will collide the

( n + 1)
(b)
R, towards left
( 3n - 1)
( n - 1)
(d)
R, towards right
( 3n + 1)

(a)

0.6( 3 - 1)

(b)

0.6( 3 + 1)

3
3

(c) 1.2( 3 + 1)
(d)

1.2( 3 - 1)
3

Answers
Paper 1
1. (a, b, c)
11. (a, c, d)

2. (a, b, c)
12. (b,c,d)

3. (a)
13. (a)

4. (b)
14. (c)

5. (b)
15. (b)

4. (a)
14. (a,b)

5. (c)
15. (a,d)

6. (c)
16. (a)

7. (a)
17. (b)

8. (c)
18. (a)

9. (c)
19. (d)

10. (a)
20. (c)

6. (a)
16. (b,c,d)

7. (d)
17. (b)

8. (b)
18. (b)

9. (b,d)
19. (b)

10. (a,d)
20. (d)

Paper 2
1. (c)
11. (a,b,d)

2. (c)
12. (b,c)

3. (a)
13. (a,c)

75

Er. V.P.S Tyagi

PRACTICE SESSION FOR

JEE ADVANCED

Oscillation
and Waves
Integer Type Questions

4.

A 0.1 kg mass is suspended from a wire of negligible

mass. The length of the wire is 1 m and its
cross-sectional area is 4.9 10 -7 m2 . If the mass is pulled
a little in the vertically downward direction and released
it performs SHM of angular frequency 140 rads -1 . If the
Youngs modulus of the material of the wire is n 109
Nm -2 , then the value of n is

5.

A mass M attached to a spring oscillates with a period

of 2 s. If the mass is increased by 3 kg, the period
increases by 2 s. Find the initial mass M in kg
assuming that Hookes law is obeyed.

6.

A body sends waves 500 mm long through medium A

and 0.25 m long in medium B. If velocity of waves in
medium A is 16 m/s. What is the velocity (in m/s) of
waves in medium B?

7.

In damped oscillations, the amplitude of oscillations

in reduced to one-third of its initial value of 9 cm at the
end of 100 oscillations. What will be its amplitude of
oscillation in cm when it completes 200 oscillations?
Two simple pendulums of lengths 1 m and 16 m
respectively are both given small displacements in the
same direction at the same instant. After how many
oscillations of the shorter pendulum will the two
pendulums vibrate in the same phase?
A 20 cm long string having a mass of 1.0 g is fixed at
both the ends. The tension in the string is 0.5 N. The
string is set into vibration using an external vibrator of
frequency 100 Hz. Find the separation (in cm)
between the successive nodes on the string.
A simple pendulum with a brass bob has a time period
of 2 2 second. The bob is now immersed in a
non-viscous liquid and oscillated. If the density of
liquid is (1/9) that of brass, then find the time period in
seconds of the same pendulum.

Directions This section contains some integer type

questions. The answer to each of the question is a
single digit number ranging from 0 to 9.

1.

2.

3.

Two simple pendulums A

and B having lengths l and
l
, respectively are released
4
from the position as shown
A
in figure. Calculate the time
(in seconds) after which the
two strings become parallel
for the first time.
90
(Take, l = 2 m and g = 10 m/s2 ).
p

q2 q1

l
4
B

When a body of mass 1.0 kg is suspended from a

certain light spring vertically, its length increases by
5 cm. By suspending 2.0 kg block to the spring and if
the block is pulled through 10 cm and released the
maximum velocity in it in m/s is
(Acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s2 ).
The springs are identical. When A = 4 kg, the
elongation
of spring is 1 cm. If B = 6 kg, the
elongation produced by it is

8.

9.

10.
A

k
B

76

11.

12.

A light pointer fixed to one prong of a tuning fork

touches gently a smoked vertical plate. The fork is set
vibrating and the plate is allowed to fall freely. Two
complete oscillations are traced when the plate falls
through 40 cm. What is the frequency (in Hz) of the
tuning fork?
A block of weight
w produces
an
extension of 9 cm 60 cm
40 cm
20 cm
when it is hung by
an elastic spring of
w
w
length 60 cm and is
(a)
(b)
in equilibrium. The
spring is cut into two
parts, one of length 40 cm and the other of length
20 cm. The same load w hangs in equilibrium
supported by both parts, as shown in figure. The
extension in cm now is

13.

The two waves are represented by the equation

Y1 = a sin (wt + kx + 0.57) m, Y2 = a cos (wt + kx) m,
where x is in metre and t is in second. The phase
difference between them is

14.

A pipe 20 cm long is closed at one end.

Which harmonic mode of the pipe is resonantly
excited by a source of 1237.5 Hz? (velocity of sound in
air = 330 ms -1 )

15.
16.

17.
18.

19.

A force of 6.4 N stretches a vertical spring by 0.1m.

The mass that must be suspended from the spring, so
p
that it oscillates with a period of second is
4
A spring with a spring
constant
1200
N/m
is
mounted on a horizontal table
as shown in figure. A mass of
3 kg is attached to the free end of the spring. Then,
the mass is pulled sideways to a distance of 2.0 cm
and released. Find the maximum acceleration of the
mass.
The maximum speed of a particle executing SHM is 1
m/s and its maximum acceleration is 1.57 m/s2 . The
time period of the particle will be
A simple pendulum is hanging from a peg inserted in
a vertical wall. Its bob is stretched in horizontal
position from the wall and is left free to move. The bob
hits on the wall, the coefficient of restitution is 2 / 5 .
After how many collisions the amplitude of vibration
will become less than 60?
A simple pendulum is suspended from the ceiling of a
lift. When the lift is at rest its time period is T. With
what acceleration should be the lift be accelerated
T
upwards in order to reduce its period to ?
2
(g is acceleration due to gravity)

20.

A particle executing simple harmonic motion of

amplitude 5 cm and has a maximum speed of
31.4 cm/s. The frequency of its oscillation is

21.

Two simple pendulums of length 5 m and 20 m

respectively are given small linear displacement in
one direction at the same time. They will be again in
the same phase when the pendulum of shorter length
has n oscillations. What is the value of n?

22.

A 5 kg collar is attached to a spring of spring constant

500 Nm -1 . It slides without friction over a horizontal
rod. The collar is displaced from its equilibrium
position by 10.0 cm and released. Calculate the
maximum speed of the collar.

23.

Three sound waves of equal amplitudes have

frequencies (n - 1), n, (n + 1). They superposed to give
beats. The number of beats produced per second will
be

24.

A travelling wave is given by

0.8
y=
(3 x2 + 24 xt + 48t 2 + 4)
where, x and y are in metres and t is in seconds. Find
the velocity in m/s.

25.

An ambulance sounding a horn of frequency 264 Hz

is moving towards a vertical wall with a velocity of
5m/s. If the speed of the sound is 330 m/s. How many
beats per second will be heard by an observer
standing a few metres behind the ambulance?

26.

The displacement y of a particle executing periodic

motion is given by
t
y = 4 cos2 sin (1000 t ).
2
This expression may be considered to be a result of
the superposition of n independent harmonic
motions. What is the value of n?

27.

Three masses of 700 g, 500 g and 400 g

are suspended at the end of a spring as
shown in figure and are in equilibrium.
When the 700 g mass is removed, the
system oscillates with a period of 3 s.
When the 500 g mass is also removed,
then it will oscillates with a period of

700 g
500 g
400 g

28.

A body of mass 500 g is attached to a

horizontal spring of spring constant 8 p 2 Nm -1 . If the
body is pulled to a distance of 10 cm from its mean
position, then its frequency of oscillation is

29.

In a sonometer experiment, resonance is obtained

when the experimental wire has a length of 21 cm
between the bridges and vibrations are excited by a
fork of frequency 256 Hz. If fork of frequency 384Hz
is used, what will be the change in the resonance
length?

77

30.

The amplitude of a damped oscillator becomes half in

one minute. The amplitude after 3 minute will be 1/x
times the orginal, where x is

31.

A wire having a linear mass density 5.0 10 -3 kg/m3

is stretched between two rigid support with a tension
of 450 N. The wire resonates a frequency of 420 Hz.
The next higher frequency at which the same wire
resonates is 490 Hz. Find the length of the wire.

32.

The equation of a progressive wave is given by

x p
t
Y = 8 sin p
- + . Find the wavelength of
10 4 3

33.

Two sound waves originating from the same source,

travel along different paths in air and then meet at a
point. If the source vibrates at a frequency of 1 kHz
and one path is 83 cm longer than the other. What will
be the nature of interference? (Speed of sound in air
is 332 m/s)

34.

For travelling harmonic wave

y = 2.0 cos (10t - 0.0080 x + 018
. ), where x and y are in
cm and t is in second. What is the phase difference
between two points separated by the time gap of 0.5 s?

35.

Infinite springs with force constants k, 2 k, 4 k and 8k ...

respectively are connected in series. What will be
the effective force constant of the springs, when
k = 10 N/m?

the wave.

Answer with Explanations

1. (1) The angular positions of pendulum A and B are (taking angles
to the right of reference line XX to be positive).

v1 = l1 n , v 2 = l 2 n

7. (1) Case I a = a 0 = 9 = 3 cm,

X
q2 q1

6. (8) As frequency of body is fixed, say n, therefore

3 3
when t = 100 T , where T is the time period of oscillation.
Case II When t = 200, a = ? For damped oscillation, a = a 0e - bt / 2m
1
Case I 3 = 9e - b 100T / 2m or
(i)
= e -100bT / 2m
3
2
1
Case II a = 9e - b 200T / 2m = 9(e -100bt / 2m )2 = 9 = 1 cm
3

l
4
B

4pt
2 pt
2p

qA = q cos
t + x
, qB = - q cos
= cos
T
T
T

8. (4) T2 = l2 = 16 = 4 or T2 = 4T1
T1

2. (1) Initially, when 1 kg mass is suspended, then by using F = kx

mg = kx
1 10
mg
N/m
k=
= 5 10 -2 = 200
x

Further, the angular frequency of oscillation of 2 kg mass is

w=

9.

k
200
=
= 10 rad/s
m
2

10.

Hence, vmax = a.w = (10 10 -2 ) 10 = 1 m/s

3. (3) F = kx mg = kx m kx
Hence,

m1 k1 x1
=

m2 k 2 x2

4 k
1
=

6 k x2
2

x 2 = 3 cm

4. (4) Here, m = 0.1 kg, L = 1 m, A = 4.9 10 -7 m 2 , w = 140 rad s -1

Let l be the extension of wire when mass is suspended from one
end of wire. Then,
mg
L
mLw2 0.1 1 (140 )2
Y=

=
=
= 4 10 9 N/m 2
A
A
g
4.9 10 -7
2
w
Therefore,

or

n 10 9 = 4 10 9

n=4

5. (1) In case (i) T = 2 s, Inertia factor = M

Using the relation, T = 2p

inertia factor
M
2 = 2p
spring factor
k

In case (ii) T = 2 + 2 = 4 s. Inertia factor = ( M + 3 ) kg

Spring factor = k. So, 4 = 2 p

78

( M + 3)
k

11.

l1

It means, when a pendulum of smaller length will complete

4 oscillations, the pendulum of larger length will complete
1 oscillation. It means, the two pendulums will be in the same
phase, when shorter has completed 4 oscillations.
T
l v
(5) Distance between the two successive nodes, d = = = u
2 2f 2f
l
(3) Here, T = 2 2 s = 2p
g
Let, V be the volume and r be the density of brass bob.
Mass of the bob, m = Vr. Weight of the bob, w = Vrg
Vr g
Buoyancy force of liquid on bob = V(r / 9 )g =
9

Vr g 8

The effective weight of bob in liquid = Vrg = Vr g

9 9

2h
2 40 2
(7) Time taken by the plate to fall down, t =
=
= s
g
980
7
m
2
Frequency of fork, n =
=
= 7 Hz
t
(2 / 7 )

12. (2) Let k be the spring constant of original spring. Then,

w
w = k 9 or k =
9
As spring constant is
inversely proportional to 60 cm
length, so ratio of spring
constant of length 20 cm
and 40 cm is
w
k1 2
or k1 = 2 k 2
=
(a)
k2 1

40 cm

20 cm

w
(b)

When these two parts of spring act as one spring of spring constant
k, then
k1 . k 2
2 k2 k2
k + k = k or 2 k + k = k
2
2
1
2
3
3
or
k 2 = k and k1 = 2 k = 3 k
2
2
When shorter springs are connected as shown in Fig. (b), the total
3k 9k
spring constant is k = 3 k +
=
2
2

25. (8) The observer will heard a sound of the source moving away
from him and another sound after reflection from the wall. The
apparent frequencies of these sounds are
v
v
f1 =
f f2 =
f
v +u
v -u
v
v
Number of beats (n) = ( f2 - f1 ) =
f
v -u v +u

26. (3) Y = 4 cos 2 t sin 1000 t y = 2 (1 + cos t )sin 1000 t

2

13. (1) Phase ( f1 ) = ( wt + kx + 0.57 )

p

Y2 = a cos ( wt + kx ) = a sin wt + kx +

2
p

Therefore, phase ( f 2 ) = wt + kx +

2
Phase difference ( Df ) = ( f 2 - f1 )

Y = 2 sin1000 t + sin 999 t + sin1001t

27. (2) When mass 700 g is removed, the left out mass ( 500 + 400 ) g
oscillates with a period of 3s.
( 500 + 400 )
(i)
k
When 500 g mass is also removed, the left out mass is 400g
400
(ii)
Therefore,
t = 2p
k
3
900

=
t =2 s
t
400

Therefore,

14. (2) If nth harmonic pipe of pipe resonates with the source, then
v
4l
F 6.4
-1
(1) Spring constant, k = =
= 64 Nm
Dl 0.1
p 2
64
2
m
T k 16
or m =
T = 2p
=
= 1 kg
k
4p 2
4p 2
Suspended mass from the spring is 1 kg.
k
1200
(8) Angular frequency (w) = 2pn =
=
= 20 rad /s
m
3
Maximum acceleration of the mass
amax = - w2 A = -(20 )2 2 10 -2 = 8.0 m/s 2
n = (2 n - 1)

15.

16.

17. (4) Given, maximum velocity (w a) = 1 and

28. (2) The frequency of oscillation is

n=

hn
2n
= e and hn = ho (1 - cos 60 )
ho

T
= 2p
2

l
(g + a)

20. (1) vmax = aw = a 2 pn n = vmax =

31.4
= 1 Hz
2pa 2 3.14 5
The frequency of its oscillation is n = 1 Hz.

21. (2) If t is the time taken by pendulums to come in same phase

22.

again first time after t = 0 and N s = Number of oscillations made

by shorter length pendulum with time period T s .
N L = Number of oscillation made by longer length pendulum with
time period TL . Then, t = N sT s = N LTL .

5
20
l
N s2p
= N L2p

QT = 2 p
>1
g
g
g

(1) The maximum speed of the collar = w a = 10 0.10 m = 1 m/s

23. (2) Maximum number of beats = ( n + 1) - ( n - 1) = 2, n = 2

0.8
0.8
=
( 3 x 2 + 24 xt + 48t 2 + 4 ) 3( x + 4 t )2 + 4
Therefore, x + 4t = x + nt v = 4 m/s

24. (4) y =

500 10 -3 kg

= 2 Hz

n l 256 21
cm
Therefore, l2 = 1 1 =

= 14
n 2 384
Therefore, decrease in resonance length = ( l1 - l2 ) = (21 - 14 ) = 7 cm

30. (8) Amplitude of damped oscillator A = A0 e - lt

where, l = constant and t = time
A0
For t = 1 min
= A 0e - lt e l = 2
2

31. (2) Suppose the wire vibrates at a frequency of 420 Hz is nth

harmonic and at a frequency of 490 Hz in ( n + 1) th harmonic.
n T
2l m
n T
T
Therefore,
, 490 = ( n + 1)
420 =
2l m
m
490
n +1
Therefore,
=
n=6
420
n
2p
p
(8) From given equation, k =
, Coefficient of x = l = 8 m
l
4

As,

l
g
When the lift is moving up with an acceleration (a), then the time
l
period becomes T = 2p
(g + a)

8p 2 Nm -1

k
1
=
m 2p

As per the law of lengths n1 l1 = n 2 l2

19. (3) The time period of simple pendulum is given by T = 2p

T
Here, T =
2

1
2p

29. (7) Here, l1 = 21 cm, n1 = 256 Hz, l2 = ?, n 2 = 384 Hz

w2 a 1.57
maximum acceleration (w2 a) = 1.57
=
w = 1.57
wa
1

18. (3) From the relation of restitution

3 = t = 2p

32.

n=

33. (5) Wavelength of sound wave, l = v , l = 332 3 = 0.332 m

n

1 10

Phase difference between the waves arriving at point of

2p
2 p 0.83
observation is d =
Dx =
= 5p
l
0.332

34. (5) Compare the given equation with standard equation.

2 pt 2 px

Y = r cos
+ f 0 ,
l
T

2p
2p p
we find
= 10 T =
= s
r = 2 .0 cm,
T
10 5
2p
2p
cm
= 0.0080 l =
l
0.0080

35. (5) When springs are in series, the effective force constant k is given by
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

= +
+
+
+ ... = 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ...

k k 2 k 4k 8k
k 2
2
2

79

35

on

THERMODYNAMICS

OVERVIEW

Thermodynamics is an important topic according to exam point of view. Students should focus on
thermodynamic system, equilibrium, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law and first law of
thermodynamics, internal energy and thermodynamic processes as described in Q.No. 2, 5, 15, 22,
31, 33 etc.

In medical point of view, heat engine, refrigerator, second law of thermodynamics and Carnot engine are generally asked in
exam as described in Q. No. 22, 23, 32, 34, 35 etc.

1. A system goes from A to B via two processes I and II

as shown in figure. If DU1 and DU2 are the changes
in internal energies in the
p
processes I and II respectively,
II
then
(a) DUII > DUI
(b) DUII < DUII
(c) DUI = DUII
(d) relation between DUI and DUII
cannot be determined

B
I
V

2. Which of the following graphs correctly represents

dV

dp
with p for an ideal gas at
the variation of b = V
constant temperature?
b

(c)

(a)

3. An ideal gas goes from state A

A
to state B via three different
1
processes as indicated in the p
2
p-V diagram. If Q1 , Q2 , Q3
3
indicate the heat absorbed by
B
the gas along the three
V
processes and DU1 , DU2 , DU3
indicate the change in internal energy along the
three processes respectively, then

(a) Q1 > Q 2 > Q 3 and DU1

(b) Q 3 > Q 2 > Q1 and DU1
(c) Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3 and DU1
(d) Q 3 > Q 2 > Q1 and DU1

=
=
>
>

p
(b)

p
b
(d)

=
=
>
>

4. A cyclic process for 1 mole of

an ideal gas is shown in
figure in the V-T diagram.
The work done in AB, BC
and CA respectively,
V
(a) 0, RT2 ln 1 , R (T1 - T2 )
V2

DU 2
DU 2
DU 2
DU 2

DU 3
DU 3
DU 3
DU 3
V
V2

V1
O

T1

B
T2

V
(b) R (T1 - T2 ), 0, RT1 ln 1
V2
V
(c) 0, RT2 ln 2 , R (T1 - T2 )
V1

V
(d) 0, RT2 ln 2 , R(T2 - T1 )
V1

DECEMBER 2015

83

5. Work done in the given p-V

(2p, V)

(2p, 2V)

(a) pV

(b) 2 pV

pV
(c)
2

(d) 3 pV
(p, V)

(p, 2V)

6. For one complete cycle of a

thermodynamic process on a
gas as shown in the p-V
diagram.
Which
of
the
following is correct?
(a) DEint
(b) DEint
(c) DEint
(d) DEint

between the two temperatures T1 = 500 K and

T2 = 300 K is
O

C
undergoing
thermodynamic p
transformation is shown in
figure. The work done by the
A
B
system
in
going
from
A B C is 30 J and 40 J
heat is given to the system. The
change in internal energy between A and C is

(b) 70 J

(c) 84 J

(a)

(d) 134 J

(d) 25%

3
5

(c)

3
7

(d)

5
7

argon at temperature T. Neglecting all vibrational

modes, the total internal energy of the system is
(b) 15 RT
(d) 11 RT

14. An ideal gas has volume V0 at 27C. It is heated at

constant pressure so that its volume becomes 2V0 .
The final temperature is
(b) 32.6C
(d) 150C

15. Two samples A and B of a gas initially at the same

D
V

pressure and temperature are compressed from

V
(A is isothermally and B is
volume V to
2
adiabatically compressed). The final pressure of A is

(a) isothermal for A and D, while adiabatic for B and C

(b) adiabatic for A and C, while isothermal for B and D
(c) isothermal for A and B, while adiabatic for C and D
(d) isothermal for A and C, while adiabatic for B and D

9. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas is taken

through a cycle ABCDA as
shown in the p - V diagram.
Column
II
gives
the
characterstics involved in the
cycle. Match them with each
of the processes given in
Column I.

3p

1p

Column I

84

(b)

(a) 54C
(c) 327C

D
3V

(p)
(q)
(r)
(s)
(t)

D
p,q
r,t

9V

Internal energy decreases

Internal energy increases
Heat is lost
Heat is gained
Work is done on the gas

A
(b) p,r,s
(d) r,s

B
r,s
r,s,t

C
s,t
p,q

(a) greater than the final pressure of B

(b) equal to the final pressure of B
(c) less than the final pressure of B
(d) twice the final pressure of B

16. Two moles of ideal helium gas are in a rubber

Column II

Process A B
Process B C
Process C D
Process D A

C
r,s,t
q,s

2
5

(a) 4 RT
(c) 9 RT

B
t
p,r

(c) 40%

13. A gas mixture of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles of

shown. The curves are

Codes
A
(a) p,r
(c) p,r,t

(b) 50 %

pressure, the fraction of the heat energy supplied

which increases the internal energy of the gas is

8. In the following figure, four curves A, B, C and D are

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

(a) 75%

12. When an ideal diatomic gas is heated at constant

7. The p - V diagram of a system

(a) Isothermal curve slope = Adiabatic curve slope

(b) Isothermal curve slope = g Adiabatic curve slope
(c) Adiabatic curve slope = g Isothermal curve slope
1
(d) Adiabatic curve slope = Isothermal curve slope
2

11. The efficiency of a Carnot engine which operates

= 0, Q < 0
= 0, Q > 0
> 0, Q < 0
< 0, Q > 0

(a) 10 J

10. The slopes of isothermal and adiabatic curves are

related as

diagram in the cyclic process is

D
p,q,t
p,r

balloon at 30C. The balloon is fully expandable and

can be assumed to require no energy in its
expansion. The temperature of the gas in the
balloon is slowly changed to 35C. The amount of
heat required in raising the temperature is ready.
(Take, R = 8. 31 J/molK)
(a) 62 J
(c) 124 J

(b) 104 J
(d) 208 J

17. If an ideal gas is compressed A, then B .

Here, A and B refers to
(a) isothermally and heat is released by the gas
(b) adiabatically and no work is done against gas
(c) isochorically and pressure does not change
(d) isothermally and internal energy of gas will increase

18. First law of thermodynamics is given by A and

is a special case of B . Here, A and B refers to
(a) dQ
(b) dQ
(c) dQ
(d) dQ

= dU + pdV and law of conservation of energy

= dU pdV and Newtons law
= (dU + dV ) p and law of heat exchange
= pdU + dV and Charles law

19. First law of thermodynamics is a special case of

B
r
p

C
p
q

(b)
(d)

26. A thermodynamic system is

509

(r)

354

A
q
p

(c) 4 p

B
p
q

(d) 7

p Pa

C
r
r

(d) 8 p

input into work. When the temperature of the sink is

reduced by 62C, the efficiency of the engine is
doubled. The temperatures of the source and the
sink are

300 K

500 K

2105

1105

23. A states that It is impossible for a self-acting

machine to transfer heat from a colder body to a
hotter one without the aid of an external agency.
Here, A refers to
(a) Clausius statement
(b) Kelvins statement
(c) Kelvin-Plancks statement (d) None of these

24. In adiabatic expansion of a gas, its Afalls and

the entropy change B . Here, A and B refers to
(b) volume and infinite
(d) None of these

27. Assuming the gas to be ideal, the work done on the

gas in taking it from A to B is
(a) 200 R

(b) 300 R

(c) 400 R

(d) 500 R

28. The work done on the gas in taking it from D to A is

(a) -414 R

(b) +414 R

(c) -690 R

(d) +690 R

29. The net work done on the gas in the cycle ABCDA is
(a) zero

(b) 276 R

(c) 1076 R

(d) 1904 R

30. The p-V diagram shows

(b) 95C, 28C (c) 90C, 37C(d) 99C, 37C

(a) pressure and zero

(c) temperature and zero

(c) 16

Directions (Q. Nos. 27-29) Comprehension type Questions

Two moles of Helium gas are taken over the cycle ABCDA
as shown in the p-T diagram.

22. A reversible engine converts one-sixth of the heat

(a) 80C, 37C

(b) 4

Passage I

respectively. First, it is expanded isothermally to

volume 4V and then compressed adiabatically to
volume V. The final pressure of gas will be
3
(Given, g = )
2
(b) 2 p

(q)

21. The initial pressure and volume of a gas are p and V

(a) 1 p

(d) 9

(a) 2

Column I

Codes
A
(a) q
(c) r

(c) 19

Column II

(s = 5.67 10-8 W/m2 K4 )

(C)

(b) 4

155

emissivity of 0.55 and an area of 1.5 m2 . Its

equilibrium temperature is 50C and the
surroundings are at 22C.

(B)

(a) 2

(p)

20. The surface of a household radiator has an

At what rate is radiation

emitted by the radiator?
At what rate is radiation
absorbed by the radiator?
What is the net rate of
radiation from the radiator?

constant pressure when 15 kJ of heat is supplied to

it. What will be the variation of the internal energy
of the gas? (in kJ)

a
f
taken from an initial state i
with internal energy Ui = 100 J
to the final state f along two
different paths iaf and ibf, as
i
b
schematically shown in the
V
figure. The work done by the
system along the paths af, ib and bf are W af = 200 J,
Wib = 50 J and Wbf = 100 J respectively. The heat
supplied to the system iaf, ib and bf are Qaif , Qbf and
Qib respectively. If the internal energy of the system
in the state b is Ub = 200 J and Qiaf = 500 J, the ratio
Qbf / Qib is

(a) Newtons law

(b) law of conservation of energy
(c) Charles law
(d) law of heat exchange

(A)

25. A vessel contains helium, which expands at

seven curved paths

(connected by vertical
paths) that can be
followed by a gas.
Which two of them
should be parts of a
closed cycle, if the net
work done by the gas is
to be at its maximum
value?
(a) ac

(b) cg

a
b
d

c
e

f
g
V

(c) af

(d) cd

85

31. Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle shown in

figure. If the temperature are TA = 600 K, TB = 800 K.
Tc = 2200 K and TD = 1200 K, the work done per cycle

Cp

ideal gas undergoing adiabatic change is g =

.
CV

(a) pT g = constant
(c) pg - 1T g = constant

p
B

33. Pressure (p)- Temperature (T ) relationship for an

(b) pT -1 + g = constant
(d) p1 - gT g = constant

34. The latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2240 J/g.

D

If the work done in the process of expansion of 1g is

168 J, then increase in internal energy is

(a) 20 kJ

(b) 30 kJ

(a) 2048 J

(c) 40 kJ

coils are at a temperature of -23 C and the

compressed gas in the condenser has a temperature
of 27 C. The theoretical coefficient of performance is
(b) 6

(c) 8

(c) 2072 J

(d) 1904 J

35. A scientist says that the efficiency of his heat engine

(d) 60 kJ

32. In a mechanical refrigerator, the low temperature

(a) 5

(b) 2240 J

(d) 6.5

which operates at source temperature 127 C and

sink temperature 27C is 26%, then
(a) it is impossible
(b) it is possible but less probable
(c) it is quite probable
(d) Data is incomplete

Answers
1.
11.
21.
31.

(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)

2.
12.
22.
32.

(a)
(d)
(d)
(a)

3.
13.
23.
33.

(a)
(d)
(a)
(d)

4.
14.
24.
34.

(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)

5.
15.
25.
35.

(a)
(c)
(d)
(a)

6. (a)
16. (d)
26. (a)

7. (a)
17. (a)
27. (c)

8. (d)
18. (a)
28. (a)

9. (c)
19. (b)
29. (b)

10. (c)
20. (a)
30. (c)

PHYSICS
Li-fi 100 times faster than wi-fi'
A new method of delivering data, which uses the visible spectrum rather than radio waves, has been tested in a
working office. Li-fi can deliver internet access 100 times faster than traditional wi-fi, offering speeds of up to 1Gbps
(gigabit per second). It requires a light source, such as a standard LED bulb, an internet connection and a photo
detector. li-fi enabled light bulb transmits data at speeds of 1Gbps. Laboratory tests have shown theoretical speeds
of upto 224Gbps.
How Li-fi Send Data?
The visible light spectrum is 10000 times larger than the radio
waves we use for wi-fi today. Information can be encoded in
light pulses, just like in traditional TV remote controls.
Infrared

i
-i F

Less than 1000 bps*

Modern LEDs, however, could transmit enough data for a stable

broadband connection but still look like normal white light.
Visible

Upto 1000000000 bps

*bits per second

The term li-fi was first coined by Prof Harald Haas from Edinburgh University, who demonstrated the technology at a
Ted (Technology, Entertainment and Design) conference in 2011.

86

Answers of Board Exam Corner (November I ssue)

1. Definition of mobility, SI unit = m 2 Vs or

12. (i) C = q / V q = 360 10 -6 C = CV

ms NC.
2. Glass bob; (\ Induced current due to
earths magnetic field on metallic bob
slows down it)

New charge,
C( V - 120 ) = 360 10 -6 - 120 C
V = 180 V

(ii) q = CV ( 180 + 120) 2 10

3.
+4mC

13. (a) Potential gradient, K =

3 cm

d
(q / e 0 )
dt

As,f = q / e 0 ID = 0

k dr
k 1
1
=
- 2

r 4 pr 2 8 p R 2
R

2
1
15. |B| = |B1 + B2 + B3|

d
(V) = 0
dt
5. Net emf = (200 - 10 ) V = 190 V,
Resistance (R) = 38W
190
\ Current, I =
= 5A
38
6. B y = 8 10 -6 sin[2 10 -11t + 300 px ] T
Conduction current =

B0 = 8 10 -6 T,

Reff =

2p
= 300 p
l

wC

16.

If f > fr L-C-R is inductive.

If f < fr L-C-R is capacitive.
mv
8. r =
momentum and charge of proton
qB
and deutron are same.
9. Volume of bigger drop = Volume of n drops.
4
4
p R 3 = n p r 3 or R = n1 / 3r
3
3
\
V = n 2 / 3V

10. Conductance of copper, Gc =

ac pr 2
=
rc l rc l
2

Conductance of nickel, Gn =

a n p( R - r )
=
r nl
r nl

Total conductance,
p r 2 R2 - r 2
= Gn + Gc = +

l rc
rn
r

11. V = - Edr

\ (i) Outside the shell,

r
1 q
1 q
dr
E=
V=-
2
4 pe
4 pe 0 r 2
0 r
1 q
V=
4 pe 0 r
(ii) On the surface, V =

1 q
4 pe 0 R

(iii) Inside the surface of shell, V =

[constant]

R2

R1

B1 due to semicircular portion

m I
B1 = 0 (directed inward)
4r
B2 due to straight wire a
m I
m I
B2 = 0 and B3 = 0 [directed outward]
4 pr
4 pr
m I
\ B = B1 - ( B2 + B3 ), B = 0 ( p - 2 )
4 pr

\ l = 6.67mm
E z = 2 .4 10 3 sin[2 1011t + 300 px ] V/m

7. Z = R 2 + wL -

= 600 mC

V 0.8
=
l
1
K = 0.8 V/m
(b) V = Kl V = 0.8 K
V
0.3
l= l=
l = 37.5 cm
K
0.8
rl
k
dr
14. R = , dR = .
A
r ( 4 pr 2 )

4mC

4. Displacement current, ID = e 0

-6

1 q
4 pe 0 R

m 2m
= 9.6 10 -5 T
4p r 3
24. (a) Derivation of torque : t = BIA
Beq =

If N number of turns t = NBIA

mv
(b) r =
Bq
[As, m p v p = md vd ]
\ rp = rd
\ Trajectory will be same.
or (a) t = m B, t = mB sin q and
d 2q
d 2 q mB
I 2 = - MB sin q, 2 +
q= 0
I
dt
dt
I
mB
(b) (i) BH = B cos d, d = 90 , BH = 0.
(ii) d = 90
q
Q2
1
25. dW = dV, W =
U = Q. V
C
2C
2
e A
(i) K = e r = 10 C = 0 e r = 20C 0
d
2
C = 20 times
(ii) Potential difference remains unchanged
Electric field constant
(iii) U C U increases 20 times
or
(a) Definition and units of electric flux.
(b) E x = ax, E y = 0, E z = 0
\ Electric flux is only for left and right face of
cube.
(i) E left = aa , f L = - aa 3
[Q E = ax]
T =2p

Similarly : f R = 2 aa 3
A diamagnetic material exhibits perfect
conductivity and perfect diamagnetism
when it becomes a super conductor.
2
m 2 p R I1
17. B1 = 0 2
, f 2 = B1 A2
2 3/ 2

4
p
R
x
(
+
)

2
2 2
m 2 p R r
M= 0 2
2 3/ 2
4
p

(R + x )

18. Definition

of eddy current and its

production. Unwanted heating effect.
19. Gamma rays : 1. Treatment of cancer
2. Food preservation
Infrared rays : 1. Remote controls
2. Night vision camera
Ultraviolet rays :
1. Stirlizing of surgical instruments.
2. Used in LASIK eye surgery.]
20. (i) E 0 = cB0 ,
(ii) Infrared rays
(iii) Wavelength range of infrared rays is
1 nm to 700 nm.
21. (i) Glow of bulb will be reduced.
(ii) Glow of bulb will be reduced.
22. I1 = - 2 / 13, I2 = - 7 / 13, I3 = 9 / 13

23. (i) Caring, applied physics in real life.

(ii) Baxial =

m M
0.48
= 10 -7
4p r 3
( 0.1)3
= 4.8 10 -5 T

[distance = 2 a]

Net flux f = f R + f L = aa 3
f = 0.5Nm2 / C
(ii) q = e 0 f (By Gausss law),
q = 4.425 10 -12 C, q = 4.425 pC

26. (i) Resistance, (ii) Capacitance

(iii) Inductance
p

(a) I = Im sin wt , I = Im sin wt - ,

2

I = Im sin wt +
2

(b) Z = R 2 + wL
wC

1
1
2 pf0 L =
f0 =
2 pf0C
2 p LC
1

wL
X L - XC
wC
f = tan -1
R
R

When capacitor is removed,

wL
f = tan -1

or tan f =

when inductor is removed

1

f = tan -1
wCR
1
2
at resonance and Pav = v rms
/R
\w=
LC

93

Answers of Board Exam Corner (November I ssue)

1. Modulation index, m = Am m = 1 = 0.5
Ac

12. (i) Zener diode

(ii)

19. Crown glass d = ( n - 1) A,

13.

mN 1 N
=
M
238
0.5 N
N(Pb 206 ) in 0.5 g of Pb 206 =
206
206
N(U238 )
N
= 173
.
R=
=

N(Pb 206 ) 238 0.5 N

9

T = 4.5 10 years
T
1

t=
ln + 1 = 2 .97 10 9 yrs
0.693 R

Age of rock = 2 .97 10 9 years

14. Frequency of radiated emission of

electron, we have
1
2 mhc
mv 2 = hn p =
2
l
Wavelength of an electron,
h
2 mc 2
l1 =
l=
l1
2 mhc
h

electrons, n =

l
nh
But L = mvr,
L=
2p
nh
h
or 2 pr = n
mvr =

2p
mv

15. Wavelength of an electron,

le =

No
4
= 2 days t = 2 T1 / 2 t = 4 days
D

16. (i)

10.
O

11. Distance covered by the signals, are

d 1 = 2 Rh1 and d 2 = 2 Rh2
Maximum range covered by antenna,
d m = 2 Rh1 + 2 Rh2
[Qd m = d 1 + d 2 ]
given h1 + h2 = h; h1 = x, h2 = h - x
d
\ For maximum range (d m ) = 0
dx
R
R
or
=0
2x
2( h - x)
h
h
h1 = and h2 =
2
2

94

12.27 10 -10
5 10 4

= 0.0548 , l y = 5890
RP of electron microscope
=
RP of optical microscope
ly
5890
=
=
= 1.07 10 5
le 0.0548

No =

12.27

le = 5.48 10 -12 m

9. Amount remained undecayed, N = 25% of

me 4 1
1
- 2
2 3 2
8 e 0 h n f
n i

where, n f = n - 1 and n i = n
me 4 2 n - 1
me 4
\n=
=
2 3 2
2
8 e 0 h n ( n - 1) 4 e 20 h 3 n 3

8. Angular momentum of a hydrogen atom

RL

N(U238 ) in 1g of U238 =

7. According to photoelectric emission of an

n0 + nr
= 1.5, A = 6 d = 30
2
Deviation produced by flint glass, d = d
Net dispersion = 0.1
n=

mE

Y = ( A + B ) A Y = A + AB Y = A
Truth table
A
B Y
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1

Reverse
bias

Vin

ma E a
me Ee = E a m a
me Ee

\ v1 = 30 cm
For convex mirror, u m = + 30 cm
\ Final image is formed at a distance of 30 cm
behind the mirror.

6. R OR gate, S AND gate

T1 / 2

RS

5. Momentum of a particle, p = 2 mE

le
=
la

(ii) Voltage Regulator

a
If separation is doubled, then angular
separation will be halved.

Forward
bias

4. Angular width = 2 l

Wavelength,

1
1 1
= ` f1 = 20 cm, u 1 = - 60 cm
v1 u 1 f1

2. Channel X
3. For Snells law, m = sin i m = c
sin r

18. For convex lens,

Path

difference for constructive

1 lD

interference, y n = n -
4 d

and condition for destructive interference,

3 lD

y n = 2 n -
2 d

lD
(ii) Fringe width b = y( n + 1) - y n =
d
-lD
(iii) Position of central fringe, y 0 =
4d

(-ve sign shows below the point O).

17. Total internal reflection, sin C = 1
n
1
sin C
r
r
n
=
=
2
d
1 - sin 2 C d
1
1-
n

20. l = 500 nm = 5 10 -7 m, d = 3 10 -3 m
ZF =

d2
,
l

Z F = 18 m

21.
92U

238

92U

90 Th 234 b 91 Pa 234 b
234

a
a

90 Th 230
88 Ra 226

22. According to photoelectric emission, we

have
2 f0
1
2 h
2
2
= n mv m
= hn - f, v m
m
2
m
2
f0
2
h

Slope = and intercept =
m
m

23. (i) Use of knowledge of science in daily

(day to day) life, practical use of theory.
(ii) LED and LCD are two types of TVs
mostly used by people. LED (Light
Emitting Diode) is considered as
better one as compared to LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display). LED is
energy efficient and has high value of
contrast ratio.

24. CE amplifier construction and working.

b AC =

DIc
R
, Av = - b AC L , negative sign
DIb
ri

shows 180 phase shift.

or
Full wave rectifier using two p-n junction
diodes.
Y = AB + B . A Y = AB + B + A
Y = B ( A + 1) + A Y = B + A

25. Draw a ray diagram of compound

microscope.
Magnification of a compound microscope,
-L
D
m=
1 +
f0
fe

26. According to photoelectric emission of an

electron, we have
1
2
hn - hn 0 = mvmax
h ( n - n 0 ) = KE
2
Features of Einstein's equation.
or
h
l = , where p = 2 mE
p
l=

h
2 me

1
12.27
l=

V
V

Just Solve & Send

Quizzer (No.14)
1. The bullet of a poacher flying at a speed of

5. A sphere of radius 1 cm is charged to a voltage of

v = 680 m/s passes the gamekeeper at a distance

d = 1 m. What was the distance of the bullet from the
gamekeeper when he began to sense its shrieking
sound? The speed of propagation of sound is
c = 340 m/s.

900 V. The sphere is mounted to a 30 cm long

insulating handle and is rotated, the number of
revolutions is 1800/ minute. What is the magnetic
induction which can be observed at the position of
the axis of the rotation?

(a) 2 m

(a) 15
. 10 -7 A/m
(c) 5 10 -7 A/m

(b) 4 m

(c) 6 m

(d) 3 m

2. A coin is placed onto a phonograph turntable at a

distance of r = 10 cm from the centre. The coefficient
of static friction between the coin and the turntable
is m = 0.05. The turntable which is initially at rest,
starts to rotate with a constant angular acceleration
of b = 2 rad s -2 . How much time elapses before the
coin slips on the turntable ?
(a) 1.0 s
(c) 5.0 s

(b) 1.07 s
(d) 3.5 s

3. In an 11.2 dm high cylindrical container, whose

base area is 1dm2 , a frictionless piston of mass 8 kg is
held at a height of 5.6 dm. The piston encloses 1 mol
of helium at 273C. The wall of the container is
insulated. Find the maximum height reached by the
piston after being released. The molar specific heat
of helium at constant volume is C V = 12.6 J /(mol K),
while at constant pressure, it is C p = 21 J /(mol K).
The atmospheric pressure is 10.12 N /cm2 .
(a) 25 m
(c) 10 m

(b) 2.5 10 -7 A/m

(d) 3.0 10 -7 A/m

6. The following objects are placed after each other

onto a central axis with a separation of 4 dm each, a
point source of light (O), a diverging lens of focal
length -4 dm, a converging lens of focal length
+4 dm and a concave mirror of focal length 8 dm.
The diameter of the lenses and mirror is d = 2 dm.
What is the linear magnification of the second lens?
(a) m2 = 4
(c) m2 = 5

(b) m2 = 2
(d) m2 = 3

7. In the circuit shown the three ammeters are

identical, each have a resistance R0 = 2 W between
the points A and B, there is a constant potential
difference of 19V. The first and the second ammeter
reads I1 = 2.5 A and I2 = 1.5 A respectively, what
does the third ammeter read ?
A

(b) 15 m
(d) 20 m

4. A particle of charge Q = + 10-5 C is fixed. A second

particle of mass m = 0.01 g and charge q = + 10-7 C

standing at infinity is given a velocity of
v0 = 200 m/s in a direction whose line passes at a
distance of d = 01
. m from the fixed charge. What is
the smallest separation between the two charges ?
(a) r = 0.5 m
(c) r = 0125
.
m

(b) r = 1.4 m
(d) r = 0.45 m

Rx

(a) I3 = 2 A
(c) I3 = 4A

(b) I3 = - 1A
(d) I3 = - 5A

95

8. A series R-L-C circuit is connected to a voltage

1

described by function V = 200 V . sin 628 . t .

S
The

current changes according to function

1
p

I = 7.07 A.628 . t - . The induction is

S
4
L = 143 mH. What is the value of R and C ?
(a) R
(b) R
(c) R
(d) R

= 20 W ,C = 22.81 mF
= 10 W ,C = 14 mF
= 40 W, C = 20 mF
= 60 W ,C = 14 mF

9. A cylinder container whose base area is A = 10cm2

contains h = 60 cm high water column. Determine
the increase in the hydrostatic pressure at a height

of h1 = 20 cm above the bottom of the container, if

the temperature of the water column is increased by
Dt = 80 C.
(a) 20.2 Pa
(c) 10.5 Pa

(b) 15 Pa
(d) 12.4 Pa

10. A copper ring of radius R = 8 cm and circular

cross-sectional area A = 2 mm2 is in a homogeneous
magnetic field whose induction is perpendicular to
its plane and changes uniformly. At t = 0, the
induction is B0 = 0 and in t = 0.2 s it increases to
B = 2 T. What is the angular velocity (w) at which the
ring should be rotated uniformly in order not to have
tensile stress in it at time instant t1 = 0.1 s?
(a) w = 150 rad s -1
(c) w = 177 rad s -1

(b) w = 147 rad s -1

(d) w = 124 rad s -1

KNOWLEDGE
Coefficient
Quizzer (No. 14)

Winner of Knowledge Coefficient

Quizzer (No. 13) (November Issue)
Ayush Kumar (Dehradun)

96

Physics Spectrum
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