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DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA

NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY,
LUCKNOW

ENGLISH

PROJECT ON:
Constitutional Rights of Children

Submitted by:

Under the guidance of:

GAURAV KRISHNA

Dr. Alka Singh

Semester -1st

(Asst. Professor, English)

Section-A

Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya

Roll no. 61
Lucknow

National Law University,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Any accomplishment requires effort of many people and this work is

no different. I take this opportunity to thank Dr. Alka Singh (Asst.
Professor, English) for providing me valuable training and guidance
at the various stages of my project.
I will also remain highly indebted to the librarian for providing the
requisite research material.
Lastly I am thankful to all my colleagues who have given time to help
me during the completion of the project.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 4
Legal Definition of Child...................................................................................... 4

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Children rights under the constitution................................................................5

Right to education.............................................................................................. 5
Rights against exploitation................................................................................. 7
Child labour........................................................................................................ 9
Juvenile justice act............................................................................................ 10

Other Legislations............................................................................................. 15
The Guardian and Wards Act 1890...................................................................15
The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929.............................................................15
The Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision And Control) Act
1960................................................................................................................. 15
Apprentices Act 1961....................................................................................... 15
The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of
Production, Supply and Distribution) Act 1992.................................................16
The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Technique (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act
1994................................................................................................................. 16
Policies of the Government regarding Children................................................16
National Policy for Children 1974......................................................................16
National Policy on Education 1986...................................................................17
National Policy on Child Labour 1987...............................................................17
National Health Policy 2002..............................................................................17

Conclusion........................................................................................................ 18

INTRODUCTION
The hallmark of culture and advance of civilisation consists in the fulfilment of our
obligation to the young generation by opening up all opportunities for every child to unfold
its personality and rise to its full stature, physical, mental, moral and spiritual. It is the birth

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right of every child that cries for justice from the world as a whole. Justice V.R. Krishna
Iyer1
During earlier times, not much special attention was given towards the development of
children. Later on with the change of the times special attention towards the development of
children was taken by the many governments of the world. In every civilized society
development of children must be given utmost importance because they are the assets of a
nation. Children possess certain special physical & mental characteristics for which they
need special care & treatment. The Governments of every state shall make policies for the
development of children.
Long ago, there were no concern on the part of the government on the development of
children & their rights. They have been used as labour from ages. Child labour is not a new
term. It is been mentioned in Manusmritis as well. Children were exploited in many ways.
There was no formal system of primary education for the children in those days. They used
to work in the fields with their parents. With the change of times the ambit of work changed
from working in the fields to working in factories, mines, plantations etc. The conditions of
children improved a bit during the British period in India. The British Government enacted
many legislations which prohibited the working of children in hazardous factories. They also
enacted certain legislations for the primary education of the children.
After the Independence of India & commencement of the constitution, children were
conferred many rights under the constitution. The Government of India also enacted a
number of legislations -for the protection of the rights of the children in India.

Legal Definition of Child

The term Child is not defined in the Indian Constitution. According to Article 1 of the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, a child means every human
being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority
is attained earlier. The legal definition of child tends to depend upon the purpose. There are
number legislations in India which defines the term Child depending upon the purpose.
Under the Indian Majority Act,1875 the age of majority is eighteen years & in case of a
minor for whose person & property a guardian is appointed or whose property is under the
supervision of the Court of Wards the age of majority twenty-one years. Under the Child
Labour (Prohibition and Regulations) Act, 1986, child means a person who has not
completed his fourteenth year of age. Under the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1926, child
means a person who, if a male, has not completed twenty-one years of age and, if a female,
1 Jurisprudence of Juvenile Justice: A Preambular Perspective

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has not completed eighteen years of age. Under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act,
2000, Juvenile or Child means a person who has not completed eighteenth year of age.

Children rights under the constitution

Children on account of their tender age and immature mind need special care and protection.
They have certain special rights and legal entitlements that are being acknowledged
nationally and internationally. The constitution of India recognized the rights of children for
the first time and included several articles dealing with their liberty, livelihood, and
development of childhood, non-discrimination in educational spheres, compulsory and free
education and prohibition of their employment in factories, mines and hazardous industries.
Socially and physically children are the weakest element of the society. They are not
responsible for many of the cases and do not deserve to suffer. They have no say in any of the
matters of evils like war or external debt. It has been rightly stated in the 1924 declaration of
rights of the child (declaration of Geneva) that has now been used for all child causes
mankind owes to the chills the best it has to give. Children are the future. By investing in
them societies will have a bright future?

Right to education
Article 21-A of the constitution states that right to education-the state shall provide free and
compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such a manner as
the state may, by law determine.

The Supreme Court in its liberal interpretation of life and liberty as under Article 21 held that
the term liberty not only includes liberty but also includes livelihood but also the right of
human beings to live with dignity and that also includes the right to education, and therefore,
right to education is a fundamental right under the constitution. The case of Mohini Jain
case came to be fortified by the supreme courts subsequent constitution bench of
Unnikrishnans case, which held that right to education, can be restricted to primary
educational level and not to higher secondary level.

Article 45 Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six
yearsThe State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until
they complete the age of six years.

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This article has been substituted by the Constitution (eighty-sixth amendments) act, 2002
which received assent of the President on Dec. 12 2002. By this amendment a new Article
21-A providing for right to education has also been inserted. This is in keeping with the hope
expressed in the Supreme Court in Unnikrishnan2 and Mohini Jain3 that conversion of the
States obligation under Article 45 into a fundamental right would help achieve the goal at a
faster speed. This is now also a fundamental duty of parents and guardians to educate such
children as provided in clause (k) of Article 51-A.

Article 45 states the provision for free and compulsory education for children- the State
shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of the
Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age
of fourteen years. However this goal has not been achieved even after fifty years of the
commencement of the Constitution. It was held that there was nothing to prevent the State
from discharging that solemn obligation through the government and aided the schools, and
Article 45 does not require the obligation to be discharged at the expense of minority
communities4.
It was held in the case of Mohini Jain v. state of Karnataka and others, AIR1992 SC 1858

The directive principles which are fundamental in the governance of the country cannot be
isolated from the fundamental rights guaranteed under part III. These principles have to be
read into the fundamental rights. Both are supplementary to each other. The state is under the
constitutional mandate to create conditions in which the fundamental rights guaranteed to the
2 Unni Krishnan v. state of A.P., (1993) 1 SCC 645

3
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka, (!992) 3 SCC 666

4
Kerala Education Bill, Re, 1957, AIR 1958 SC 956:1959 SCR 995

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individuals under part III could be enjoyed by all. Without making right to education under
Art.41 of the constitution a reality the fundamental rights under Chapter III shall remain
beyond the reach of large majority which is illiterate.

Right to life is the compendious expression for all those rights which the courts must
enforce because they are basic to the dignified enjoyment of life. It extends to the full range
of conduct which the individual is free to pursue. The right to education flows directly from
right to life.

Unnikrishnan, J.P and other v. State of Andhra Pradesh and others AIR 1993 S.C. 2178
The first question is whether the right to life guaranteed by Article 21 does not take in the
right to or not. It is then that the second question arises whether the State is taking away the
right as at present does not mean that right to education is not included in right to life. The
content of right of life is not to be determined on the basis of existence or absence of threat of
deprivation.

The right to education further means that a citizen has a right to call upon the State to provide
educational facilities to him within the limits of its economic capacity and development. By
saying so it does not mean the transferring Article 41 from Part IV to Part III. The judges
stated that they were merely relying upon Article 41 to illustrate the content of the right to
education with the right to life. The judges further stated that it is improper to believe that the
State would not provide education to its people even within the limits of its economic
capacity and development. Thus the court in the case of Unnikrishnan overruled the
judgment of Mohini Jain on the basis that right to education covers only the primary level
education and not the secondary level.

Rights against exploitation

Article 23 states that prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.-

(1)Traffic in human beings and beggar and other similar forms of forced labour are
prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in
accordance with law.

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(2)Nothing in this Article shall prevent the state from imposing compulsory service for public
purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on
grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them.

Traffic in human beings means to deal in men and women like goods, such as or to sell or let
or otherwise dispose them off. It would include traffic in women and children for immoral or
other purposes5. The immoral traffic (prevention) Act, 1956 is a law made by parliament
under Article 35 of the constitution for the purpose of punishing acts which result in traffic in
human beings.

In pursuance of Article 23 the bonded labour system has also been abolished and declared
illegal by the bonded labour system (abolition) act, 1976. To ask a person to work against his
will and not provide him remuneration can be a breach under Article 23 of the Constitution.
In no circumstances can a man be required to work against his will6.

The Indian penal code and the criminal procedure code have separate provisions prohibiting
traffic in human beings. According to the penal code, selling, letting for hire or otherwise
disposing of, or buying, or hiring or otherwise obtaining possession of any girl under the age
of 18 years for the purpose of prostitution or for any unlawful or immoral purposes is also an
offence. In 1958, by a central enactment organized prostitution as a profession has been
abolished all over the country and the running of brothels has been made an offence7.

Article 24-prohibition of employment of children in factories,etc- No child below the age of

fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or be engaged in any
hazardous employment

5
Raj Bahadur v. Legal Remembrancer, AIR 1953 Cal 522

6
Shama bai v. state of U.P., AIR 1959 All 57

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The court in M.C.Mehta v. State of T.N8 noted that menace of child labour was widespread.
Therefore, it issued wide ranging directions in the context of employment and exploitation of
children in Sivakasi prohibiting employment of children below the age of 14 and making
arrangements for their education by creating a fund and providing employment to the parents
or abled bodied adults in the family. These directions were reiterated in Bandhua Mukti
Morcha v. Union of India9, concerning the employment of children in carpet weaving
industry in India. The apex court took note of the sociological angle and possible resistance
from parents and society to the total elimination of child labour and in fact, allowed the
continuance of child labour in the case of Salal hydro project v. state of J&K. That is why
Article 24 limits the prohibition to only factories, mines and other hazardous employment.
The court had clearly lost an opportunity of interpreting Article 24 as a charter for total
elimination of child labour, and making it compulsory for children to be found in school upto
primary. But even after 10 years after the child labour( prohibition and abolition acts), 1986,
the act once again continues permitting child labour where it is not prohibited. The apex
court are not however willing to reconsider its decision and continued to give sops to
employers so that in some way or the other child labour is permitted even in industries which
are hazardous to the health of the children. In the case of M.C.Mehta, justice M.M.Punchi
expressed his thoughts on child labour. He stated that I see in this scheme (child labour)
varied kind of benefits accruing depending upon the social strata in which such schemes are
introduced. It would be an ideal transition to adulthood; it will provide a sense of
responsibility and instil confidence and pride in the work of the child; very importantly the
child will understand the concept of dignity and labour, it will be an extremely constructive
use of time by the child, and it will also be a welcome source of income in the family..
The judge was also quoted saying that the elimination of child labour altogether would be
7
The suppression of traffic in women and girls act, 1958 came into effect from
1st may 1958. the act was challenged as unconstitutional on the ground that the
provisions of fundamental right to carry on any trade, etc but it was of no avail.

8
(1996) 6 SCC 756

AIR 1997 SC 2218

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harsh

Child labour
Articles 23 and 24 of the constitutions determine the term child labour.

The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986

This act was enacted on 23rd December 1986 by the parliament and was enforced on 26th
may 1993 by the central government. The act was ineffective for over 8 years due to the
inactiveness of the state and central government. The object of the act is

(i) ban on the employment of children i.e., those who havent completed their fourteenth
year, in specified occupations;

(ii) lay down a procedure to decide modifications to the schedule of banned occupation and
processes;

(iii) regulate the conditions of work of children in employment where they are not prohibited
from working;

(iv) lay down enhanced penalties for employment of children in violation of the provisions of
this act, and other acts which forbid the employment of the children;

(v) to obtain uniformity in the definition of child in the related laws

The intention of this act was to ban the engagements of child labour in certain employments
and to regulate in areas where it has not been prohibited. It provides power to the government
to make rules with reference to health and safety wherever the employments of children are
permitted. Night work for children is prohibited. The hours of work for the children are also
to be considered by the state and the central governments.

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The act enables the governments to appoint inspectors to enforce the provisions of the act
and it has also provided stringent penalties including imprisonment for violations of the
provisions of the act.

Any occupation which may be connected with transport of passengers, goods and mails,
cinder packing, construction of railways, selling of fire crackers etc.may be included as
child labour activities. Process may include bidi-making, carpet weaving, cement
manufacture, cloth printing, weaving, dyeing, manufacture of matches, explosives etc.. will
fall under the category of child labour.

Juvenile justice act

Juvenile delinquents have been looked upon differently by persons. To a lawyer, they are
minors who are accused of offences from which they are immune to the punishments that are
usually administered to adults. To psychologists they are youngsters whose social behaviour
patterns show deviations from acceptable norms. Judges take a different view by stating that
they are neglected children who have been brought into the world by parents who have
turned their back on their offspring and let them shift for themselves10. Juvenile delinquency
is indeed a social problem. Economic insecurity, under nourishment, inadequate clothing and
lack of necessary medicare may lead to delinquency. The state has to give these children
better care and make them good citizens. The government is doing its best to contain the
problem of juvenile delinquency. In India the first legislation concerning children was
enacted in 1850 when the apprentices act was passed. The act provided that the father or
guardian could bind the child between the ages of 10 and 18 years. Magistrates were
authorized to be the guardian of each destitute child.

The criminal procedure code, 1973 contained some provisions dealing with juvenile
delinquency. Section 27 of the code reads

any offence not punishable with death or imprisonment for life, committed by any person
who at the date when he appears or is bought before the court is under the age of sixteen
years, may be tried by the court of a chief judicial magistrate, or by any court specially
powered under the children act 1960 or any other law for the time being in force providing
for the treatment, training and rehabilitation of youthful offenders.

10

W.G. Daniel, juvenile delinquency in Roucek (Ed), sociology of crime, london

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Thus the state has the duty of according proper care and protection to children at all times, as
it is on their physical and mental well being that the future of the nation depends

A child produced before the court charged with bailable or non bailable offence, be released
on bail with or without sureties. The court shall not release him, if the release is likely to
bring him into association with any ill-reputed criminal or may expose him to moral danger.
Such a child must be committed to a remand home. The officer in charge should inform the
pants or the guardian to be present when the child is produced before the juvenile court. The
officer in charge should also inform the probation officer.

Aims of juvenile justice

The juvenile justice system shall emphasize the well being of the juvenile offender must be
in proportion to the circumstances of both the offender and the offence. There are two major
objectives of juvenile justice. They are
1. the well being of the juvenile
2. the principle of proportionality, which is intended to curb punitive sanctions expressed
in just deserts in relation to the gravity of the offence, and to ensure that the response to the
younger offender be based on the consideration not only of the gravity of the offence but also
of the personal circumstances.
3. while the reaction must aim to ensure the welfare of the young offender, it must no go
beyond necessity and, therefore infringe upon the rights of a young individual

Legal investigation and prosecution

The Beijing rules of 10(initial contact), 11(diversion), 12(special police units) and
13( detention pending trials) address themselves to the fair and humane approach that must
be shown, and the procedures that must be scrupulously followed by the police upon the
apprehension of the juvenile, and the care humanness, firmness and solicitude for welfare
that must be consciously bestowed by the personnel on his admission into the juvenile
detention centre.
Initial contact-upon the apprehension of the juvenile the parents must be immediately
notified of such apprehension. The initial contact between the juvenile and the police and the
other agents of the juvenile homes must respect the well being of the juvenile and must not
harm him or her.

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The rights of a delinquent child

There is to be a sharp and basic focus on the procedural safeguards that guarantee a fair and
just trial of every juvenile before a competent authority. Basic procedural safeguards such as
the presumption of innocence, the right to be notified of the charges, the right to remain
silent, the right to council. The right to the presence of parents, etc. shall be guaranteed at all
stages.

The principle of non age

A juvenile of below a particular age is not responsible for any criminal act committed by him
because of his emotional, mental and intellectual immaturity and sufficient incapacity to
distinguish between right and wrong.

International efforts to prevent delinquency may be traced to the year 1924. It was in that
year the Geneva declaration of the rights of the child was adopted by the League of Nations.
The United Nations elaborately deals with the rights of the child. There are 10 principles in
the declaration of the rights of children. Briefly they are as follows

Principle 1: rights to every child with no distinction on the race, colour, creed, language,
religion, property etc

Principle 2: the child shall enjoy special protection, shall be given opportunities and to
enable him to develop physically, mentally, morally, spiritually in a normal manner

Principle 3: the child shall be entitled from his birth to a name and a nationality

Principle 4: the child shall enjoy social security, nutrition pre-natal and post-natal care etc.

Principle 5: the child who is physically, socially or mentally handicapped shall be given
special treatment

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Principle 6: the child, for a full and harmonious environment needs love and care. A child
shall not be separated from his mother. Social and public authorities should give special care
that has no family and those with no adequate support

Principle 7: the child is entitled to receive proper education. It shall be free and compulsory
at least in the elementary stages. The child shall be given full opportunity for play and
recreation

Principle 8: the child must be the first to receive protection and relief

Principle 9: the child shall be protected from any forms of cruelty, neglect exploitation. The
child shall not be admitted to employment before an appropriate minimum age, which would
prejudice his health.

Principle 10: the child shall be protected from practices which may foster racial
discrimination. The child shall be brought up by a spirit of tolerance, friendship, peace etc.

The international labour organizations instruments specifically relevant to children address

the subjects of age for employment; working hours and conditions for children, protection for
children from various dangerous work and substances. Twenty years after the declaration of
the rights of the child the UN commission on human rights circulated a polish proposal for a
convention on the rights of child with the relevant text. As a result the general assembly
decided to set up a working group with the human rights commission which from 1979, the
international year of the child has met regularly every year for a week in order to complete
the convention. After 10 years of intense work its efforts came to an end when, as it has
already been remembered, on 20 november1989 and the united nations general assembly at
its forty fourth session adopted the convention which is currently open for signature,
ratification and accession11.

11

See A/RES/44/25 of 5 December 1989

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The convention on the rights of a child must be read with international bill of human rights,
composed of the 1949 universal declarations, and the 1966(date of adoption) international
covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights (ICES) and international covenant on child
and political rights.

Article 45 of the conventions of the right of child invites the specialized agencies, UNICEF
and other UN bodies to co-operate, motu proprio or following an express invitation, with the
committee.

The idea of codifying childrens rights under the constitution has been severely criticized. It
is argued that the different views stemming from the cultural divergences of the drafters
cause vagueness, over breadth, lack of comprehensive planning and bring about a dilution of
already established rights12.But the aim of the convention is to set rules for the protection of
minors whose application will be monitored by a UN body.

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000

This Act deals with the law relating to juveniles in conflict with law & children in need of
care & protection, by providing for proper care, protection & treatment by catering to their
development needs & by adopting a child-friendly approach in the adjudication & disposition
of matters in the best interest of children & for their ultimate rehabilitation through various
institutions established under the Act.

Other Legislations
Apart from the Constitution there are a number of legislations which deals with children. The
following are some of them:

The Guardian and Wards Act 1890

This Act deals with the qualifications, appointment & removal of guardians of children by
the courts & is applicable to all children irrespective of their religion.

12

W.H.Bennet, op. cit.,pp. 33-42

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The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929

This Act as amended in 1979 restraints the solemnization of child marriages by laying down
the minimum age for both boys & girls. This law is applicable to all communities irrespective
of their religion.

The Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act
1960
This Act provides for the supervision and control of orphanages and homes for children.

Apprentices Act 1961

This Act lays down qualifications for persons above fourteen years of age to undergo
apprenticeship training in any designated trade.

The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of
Production, Supply and Distribution) Act 1992
This Act regulates the production, supply and distribution of infant milk substitutes, feeding
bottles & infant foods with a view to the protection & promotion of breastfeeding & ensuring
the proper use of infant foods & other incidental matters.

The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Technique (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act

1994
This Act provides for the regulations of the use of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for the
purpose of detecting genetic or metabolic or chromosomal abnormalities or certain
congenital malformation or sex-linked disorders & for the prevention of the misuse of such
techniques for the purpose of pre-natal sex determination leading to female foeticide.

Policies of the Government regarding Children

The Government of India has made a number of policies regarding the physical, mental &
social development of the children of the country. The Government has also made many
policies on the health & education of the children. The following are some of the important
policies of the Government regarding children:

National Policy for Children, 1974

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National Policy on Education, 1986

National Policy on Child Labour, 1987
National Health Policy, 2002

National Policy for Children 1974

India is one of the few countries in the world which have a written policy for children. This policy
declares that the children are the supreme asset of the nation .The following are some of the features
of the policy:

1. All the children shall be covered under a comprehensive health programme.

2. Programmes to be implemented to provide nutrition to children & remove deficiency from the diet
of the children.
3. To provide non-formal education.
4. Special attention to be taken towards the physically challenged, mentally retarded children.
5. All children shall be ensured equality of opportunity.

National Policy on Education 1986

This was second policy on education; the first policy of 1968 was revised by this policy. This
policy was regarded as a landmark one. This policy gave highest importance on the
Universal Primary Education. It also gave importance to early childhood care & education.
It gave emphasis on the need of large-scale investment on the development of children both
through Government & through voluntary organisations. Later on a number programmes
were undertaken throughout the country like the Operation Black Board, Sarva Siksha
Abhiyan etc. The Operation Black Board & Sarva Siksha Abhiyan became very popular all
over the country.

National Policy on Child Labour 1987

The National Policy on Child Labour is a landmark endeavour in the progressive elimination
of child labour in India. The policy encompasses actions in the field of education, health,
nutrition, integrated child development & employment. The National Policy on Child Labour
is set under the following three heads:
The Legislative Plan.
Focusing of general programmes for benefiting child labour wherever possible.

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Project-based plan of action in areas of high concentration of child labour engaged in

wage/quasi-wage employment.

National Health Policy 2002

The first policy on health, 1983 aimed at achieving health for all by the year 2000 . The
second policy on health, 2002 envisages giving priority to school health problems which
aimed at health education & regular health check-ups at schools. The principle feature of this
policy was to prevent communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS &to provide for universal
immunization of children against all major preventable disease.

Conclusion
As justice Bhagwati has rightly quoted the child is a soul with a being, a nature and
capacities of its own, who must be helped to find them, to grow into the maturity, into
fullness on physical and vital energy and most breadth, depth and height of its emotional,
intellectual and spiritual being13. Children require guidance and support. They do not know
the technicalities of life. It is for citizens like us to take their hand and show them the right
way. The social workers play an important role in eradicating social evils and thus they is
need for stricter analysis on their qualification and professional capacity.

Although there is much legislation by the government to curb many social evils against
children, the governments are not taking any enough steps to ensure that children, the future
citizens of our country are protected. These are the children that would lead our country to a
healthy and prosperous nation. The final affirmation on child rights is possible only if there is
international cooperation and implementation of the right to development.

13

Mr Justice Bhagwati, chid basic rights.op. cit. p. 5

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
W.G. Daniel, juvenile delinquency in Roucek (Ed), sociology of
crime, london

W.H.Bennet, op. cit.,pp. 33-42

Mr Justice Bhagwati, chid basic rights.op. cit. p. 5

Jurisprudence of Juvenile Justice: A Preambular Perspective

Basu, Dr Durga Das, Case Book on Indian Constitutional Law"

target=_blank>Constitutional Law, 2nd ed. (2007), Kamal Law House,
Kolkata.
Rai, Kailash, the Constitutional Law" target=_blank>Constitutional
Law of India,7th ed. (2008), Central Law Publications, Allahabad
Bajpai Asha, Child Rights in India, 2nd ed. (2006), Oxford
University Press
Rao Mamta, Law relating to Women & Children, 2nd ed. (2008),
Eastern Book Company, Lucknow
http://www.childrensright.ie/indwx.php?q=childrens-rightsireland/un-convention-rights-child accessed on 2nd September 2011
http://www.crin.org/Law/instrument.asp?InstID=1264 accessed on
3rdSeptember 2011.

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