A20 - Sequences VJ

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences
Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman
Lecture 20
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Outline
Sequences
Arithmetic Sequences
Geometric Sequences
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Sequences
Definition
A sequence is an ordered set of numbers. The numbers in the sequence
are called terms.
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Sequences
Definition
are called terms.
Examples:
1
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, . . .
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, . . .
20, 10, 5, 52 , 54 , 58 , . . .
4, 2, 8, 6, 12, 10, . . .
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Sequences
Definition
are called terms.
Examples:
1
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, . . .
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, . . .
20, 10, 5, 52 , 54 , 58 , . . .
4, 2, 8, 6, 12, 10, . . .
The last sequence is different from the first sequence though the same
numbers appear in the sequences.
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The nth term of a sequence is denoted by an .
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Examples:
1
Given the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 9, 5
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Examples:
1
Given the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 9, 5,

a1 = 3, a2 = 1, a3 = 4, etc.
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Examples:
1

a1 = 3, a2 = 1, a3 = 4, etc.
The terms in the sequence with an = 2n + 3 for n 1 are
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Examples:
1

a1 = 3, a2 = 1, a3 = 4, etc.

5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ...
The terms in the sequence with an = 3( 3)n for n 1 are
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Examples:
1

a1 = 3, a2 = 1, a3 = 4, etc.
5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ...
The terms in the sequence with an = 3( 3)n for n 1 are
3 3, 9, 9 3, 27, 27 3...
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Definition
An arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression is a sequence such that
there exists d such that an+1 an = d for all n 1. The constant d
is called the common difference of the sequence.
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Definition
Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . .,
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Definition

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2
10, 6, 2, 2, 6, . . .,
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Definition

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2
10, 6, 2, 2, 6, . . ., where d = 4
log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . .,
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Definition

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2
10, 6, 2, 2, 6, . . ., where d = 4
log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . ., where d =
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Definition

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2
10, 6, 2, 2, 6, . . ., where d = 4
log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . ., where d = 1 since
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Definition

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2
10, 6, 2, 2, 6, . . ., where d = 4

log2 6 log2 3
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Definition

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2
10, 6, 2, 2, 6, . . ., where d = 4

log2 6 log2 3 = log2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
6
3
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Definition

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2
10, 6, 2, 2, 6, . . ., where d = 4

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6
3
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Definition

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2
10, 6, 2, 2, 6, . . ., where d = 4

Math 17 (UP-IMath)
6
3
= log2 2 = 1
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Definition

1
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2
10, 6, 2, 2, 6, . . ., where d = 4

log2 6 log2 3 = log2 63 = log2 2 = 1
log2 12 log2 6 = log2 12
6 = log2 2 = 1
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Example: Find the value of k so that the sequence k, 2k 2, k + 8 form

an arithmetic progression.
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Solution:
a2 a1 = a3 a2
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Solution:
a2 a1 = a3 a2
(2k 2) k = (k + 8) (2k 2)
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Solution:
a2 a1 = a3 a2
(2k 2) k = (k + 8) (2k 2)
k 2 = k + 10
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Solution:
a2 a1
(2k 2) k
k2
2k
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
a3 a2
(k + 8) (2k 2)
k + 10
12
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Solution:
a2 a1
(2k 2) k
k2
2k
k
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
=
a3 a2
(k + 8) (2k 2)
k + 10
12
6
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Solution:
a2 a1
(2k 2) k
k2
2k
k
=
=
=
=
=
a3 a2
(k + 8) (2k 2)
k + 10
12
6
The sequence has terms 6, 10, 14.
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The nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence
Given an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common difference d,
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a2 =
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a2 = a1 + d
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a2 = a1 + d
a3 =
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a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d =
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a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d =
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a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
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a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
a4 =
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a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
a4 = a3 + d =
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a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
a4 = a3 + d = (a1 + 2d) + d =
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a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
a4 = a3 + d = (a1 + 2d) + d = a1 + 3d
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a2
a3
a4
a5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
a1 + d
a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
a3 + d = (a1 + 2d) + d = a1 + 3d
a4 + d = (a4 + 3d) + d = a1 + 4d
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a2
a3
a4
a5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
..
.
a1 + d
a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
a3 + d = (a1 + 2d) + d = a1 + 3d
a4 + d = (a4 + 3d) + d = a1 + 4d
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a2
a3
a4
a5
=
=
=
=
..
.
a1 + d
a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
a3 + d = (a1 + 2d) + d = a1 + 3d
a4 + d = (a4 + 3d) + d = a1 + 4d
The nth term of an arithmetic sequence is given by

an = a1 + (n 1)d.
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Example: What is the 101st term in the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, . . .?
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Solution:
Since a1 = 2 and d = 3,
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Solution:
a101 =
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Solution:
a101 = 2 +
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Solution:
a101 = 2 + (101 1)(3)
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Solution:
a101 = 2 + (101 1)(3) = 302.
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Example: How many numbers between 100 and 500 are divisible by 6?
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Solution:
Smallest multiple of 6 greater than 100:
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Solution:
Smallest multiple of 6 greater than 100: 102.
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Solution:
Largest multiple of 6 less than 500:
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Solution:
Largest multiple of 6 less than 500: 498.
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Solution:
We are counting the number of terms in the arithmetic sequence 102, 108,
. . ., 498, where
a1 = 102, d = 6, and an = 498.
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Solution:
. . ., 498, where
a1 = 102, d = 6, and an = 498.
Solving for n,
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Solution:
. . ., 498, where
a1 = 102, d = 6, and an = 498.
Solving for n,
498 = 102 + (n 1)6
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Solution:
. . ., 498, where
a1 = 102, d = 6, and an = 498.
Solving for n,
498 = 102 + (n 1)6
498 = 96 + 6n
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Solution:
. . ., 498, where
a1 = 102, d = 6, and an = 498.
Solving for n,
498 = 102 + (n 1)6
498 = 96 + 6n
6n = 402
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Solution:
. . ., 498, where
a1 = 102, d = 6, and an = 498.
Solving for n,
498
498
6n
n
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
102 + (n 1)6
96 + 6n
402
67
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Sum of First n Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence

Suppose we want to find the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + + 1000.
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A clever way to solve this:
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S1000 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
+ + 999 + 1000
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S1000 =
1
+ 2 + + 999 + 1000
S1000 = 1000 + 999 + + 2 +
1
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S1000 =
1
+ 2 + + 999 + 1000
S1000 = 1000 + 999 + + 2 +
1
Adding the two equations:
2S1000 =
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S1000 =
1
+ 2 + + 999 + 1000
S1000 = 1000 + 999 + + 2 +
1
2S1000 = (1 + 1000) + (2 + 999) + ... + (999 + 2) + (1000 + 1)
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S1000 =
1
+ 2 + + 999 + 1000
S1000 = 1000 + 999 + + 2 +
1
2S1000 = (1 + 1000) + (2 + 999) + ... + (999 + 2) + (1000 + 1)
2S1000 = |1001 + 1001 + .{z
. . + 1001 + 1001}
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S1000 =
1
+ 2 + + 999 + 1000
S1000 = 1000 + 999 + + 2 +
1
2S1000 = (1 + 1000) + (2 + 999) + ... + (999 + 2) + (1000 + 1)
2S1000 = |1001 + 1001 + .{z
. . + 1001 + 1001}
1000 addends
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S1000 =
1
+ 2 + + 999 + 1000
S1000 = 1000 + 999 + + 2 +
1
2S1000 = (1 + 1000) + (2 + 999) + ... + (999 + 2) + (1000 + 1)
2S1000 = |1001 + 1001 + .{z
. . + 1001 + 1001}
1000 addends
Thus,
S1000 =
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S1000 =
1
+ 2 + + 999 + 1000
S1000 = 1000 + 999 + + 2 +
1
2S1000 = (1 + 1000) + (2 + 999) + ... + (999 + 2) + (1000 + 1)
2S1000 = |1001 + 1001 + .{z
. . + 1001 + 1001}
1000 addends
Thus,
S1000 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
(1000)(1001)
=
2
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S1000 =
1
+ 2 + + 999 + 1000
S1000 = 1000 + 999 + + 2 +
1
2S1000 = (1 + 1000) + (2 + 999) + ... + (999 + 2) + (1000 + 1)
2S1000 = |1001 + 1001 + .{z
. . + 1001 + 1001}
1000 addends
Thus,
S1000 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
(1000)(1001)
= 500500
2
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Let Sn = a1 + a2 + + an be the sum of the first n terms of an
arithmetic sequence.
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Sn =
a1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
(a1 + d)
+ + [a1 + (n 1)d]
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Sn =
a1
+
(a1 + d)
+ + [a1 + (n 1)d]
Sn = [a1 + (n 1)d] + [a1 + (n 2)d] + +
a1
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Sn =
a1
+
(a1 + d)
+ + [a1 + (n 1)d]
Sn = [a1 + (n 1)d] + [a1 + (n 2)d] + +
a1
Adding these two equations,
2Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d] + [2a1 + (n 1)d] + + [2a1 + (n 1)d]
|
{z
}
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Sn =
a1
+
(a1 + d)
+ + [a1 + (n 1)d]
Sn = [a1 + (n 1)d] + [a1 + (n 2)d] + +
a1
2Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d] + [2a1 + (n 1)d] + + [2a1 + (n 1)d]
|
{z
}
n addends
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Sn =
a1
+
(a1 + d)
+ + [a1 + (n 1)d]
Sn = [a1 + (n 1)d] + [a1 + (n 2)d] + +
a1
2Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d] + [2a1 + (n 1)d] + + [2a1 + (n 1)d]
|
{z
}
n addends
Therefore, 2Sn =
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Sn =
a1
+
(a1 + d)
+ + [a1 + (n 1)d]
Sn = [a1 + (n 1)d] + [a1 + (n 2)d] + +
a1
2Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d] + [2a1 + (n 1)d] + + [2a1 + (n 1)d]
|
{z
}
n addends
Therefore, 2Sn = n[2a1 + (n 1)d] =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Sn =
a1
+
(a1 + d)
+ + [a1 + (n 1)d]
Sn = [a1 + (n 1)d] + [a1 + (n 2)d] + +
a1
2Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d] + [2a1 + (n 1)d] + + [2a1 + (n 1)d]
|
{z
}
n addends
Therefore, 2Sn = n[2a1 + (n 1)d] = n[a1 + a1 + (n 1)d] =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Sn =
a1
+
(a1 + d)
+ + [a1 + (n 1)d]
Sn = [a1 + (n 1)d] + [a1 + (n 2)d] + +
a1
2Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d] + [2a1 + (n 1)d] + + [2a1 + (n 1)d]
|
{z
}
n addends
Therefore, 2Sn = n[2a1 + (n 1)d] = n[a1 + a1 + (n 1)d] = n(a1 + an )
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Sn =
a1
+
(a1 + d)
+ + [a1 + (n 1)d]
Sn = [a1 + (n 1)d] + [a1 + (n 2)d] + +
a1
2Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d] + [2a1 + (n 1)d] + + [2a1 + (n 1)d]
|
{z
}
n addends
Therefore, 2Sn = n[2a1 + (n 1)d] = n[a1 + a1 + (n 1)d] = n(a1 + an )

The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is
Sn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
n
n
[2a1 + (n 1)d] = (a1 + an ).
2
2
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
16, 10, 4, 2, , 50 is an arithmetic sequence with d = 6.
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
First, find the number of terms.
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
50 = 16 + (n 1)(6)
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
50 = 16 + (n 1)(6)
66 = (n 1)(6)
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
50 = 16 + (n 1)(6)
66 = (n 1)(6)
11 = n 1
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
50
66
11
n
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
16 + (n 1)(6)
(n 1)(6)
n1
12
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
50
66
11
n
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
16 + (n 1)(6)
(n 1)(6)
n1
12
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
50
66
11
n
=
=
=
=
16 + (n 1)(6)
(n 1)(6)
n1
12
Hence, we are looking for S12 .
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
50
66
11
n
=
=
=
=
16 + (n 1)(6)
(n 1)(6)
n1
12

S12 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
12
[16 + (50)] =
2
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Example: Find 16 + 10 + 4 2 50.

Solution:
50
66
11
n
=
=
=
=
16 + (n 1)(6)
(n 1)(6)
n1
12

S12 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
12
[16 + (50)] = 204.
2
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Example: On January 1, James saved P10 from his allowance. He saved

P12 on January 2, P14 on January 3, and so on in arithmetic progression.
How much money has he saved before the first day of February?
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Solution:
Here, a1 =
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Solution:
Here, a1 = 10 and d =
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Solution:
Here, a1 = 10 and d = 2.
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Solution:
Here, a1 = 10 and d = 2. Find S31 .
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Solution:
S31 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
31
[2(10) + (30)2] =
2
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Solution:
S31 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
31
31
[2(10) + (30)2] = (80) =
2
2
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Solution:
S31 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
31
31
[2(10) + (30)2] = (80) = 1240
2
2
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Solution:
S31 =
31
31
[2(10) + (30)2] = (80) = 1240
2
2
James has saved a total of P1,240.
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Geometric Sequences
Definition
A geometric sequence or geometric progression is a sequence such that
an+1
there exists r such that
= r for all n 1. The constant r is
an
called the common ratio of the sequence.
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Geometric Sequences
Definition
an+1
an
Examples: The following are geometric sequences:

1
1, 3, 9, 27, 81,
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Geometric Sequences
Definition
an+1
an

1
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, where r = 3
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Geometric Sequences
Definition
an+1
an

1
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, where r = 3

1 1 2
4
, , , ,
2 3 9 27
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Geometric Sequences
Definition
an+1
an

1
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, where r = 3

1 1 2
4
2
, , , , where r =
2 3 9 27
3
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Geometric Sequences
Definition
an+1
an

1
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, where r = 3

1 1 2
4
2
, , , , where r =
2 3 9 27
3
4
4
8
e , 1, e , e ,
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Geometric Sequences
Definition
an+1
an

1
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, where r = 3

1 1 2
4
2
, , , , where r =
2 3 9 27
3
4
4
4
8
e , 1, e , e , where r = e
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Geometric Sequences
Definition
an+1
an

1
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, where r = 3

1 1 2
4
2
, , , , where r =
2 3 9 27
3
4
4
4
8
e , 1, e , e , where r = e
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
14 / 23
Example: Find the value of k so that k + 1, k, k 2 form a geometric

progression.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
15 / 23

progression.
Solution:
a2
a1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a3
a2
Lec. 20
15 / 23

progression.
Solution:
a2
a1
k
k+1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
a3
a2
k2
k
Lec. 20
15 / 23

progression.
Solution:
a2
a3
=
a1
a2
k
k2
=
k+1
k
k 2 = (k + 1)(k 2)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
15 / 23

progression.
Solution:
a2
a1
k
k+1
k2
k2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a3
a2
k2
=
k
= (k + 1)(k 2)
= k2 k 2
Lec. 20
15 / 23

progression.
Solution:
a2
a1
k
k+1
k2
k2
k
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
=
a3
a2
k2
k
(k + 1)(k 2)
k2 k 2
2
Lec. 20
15 / 23

progression.
Solution:
a2
a1
k
k+1
k2
k2
k
=
=
=
=
=
a3
a2
k2
k
(k + 1)(k 2)
k2 k 2
2
The sequence has terms 1, 2, 4.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
15 / 23
The nth Term of a Geometric Sequence
Given a geometric sequence with first term a1 and common ratio r,

a2 = a1 r
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2 = a1 r
a3 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2 = a1 r
a3 = a2 r =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2 = a1 r
a3 = a2 r = (a1 r)r =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2 = a1 r
a3 = a2 r = (a1 r)r = a1 r2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2 = a1 r
a3 = a2 r = (a1 r)r = a1 r2
a4 = a3 r =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2 = a1 r
a3 = a2 r = (a1 r)r = a1 r2
a4 = a3 r = (a1 r2 )r =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2 = a1 r
a3 = a2 r = (a1 r)r = a1 r2
a4 = a3 r = (a1 r2 )r = a1 r3
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2
a3
a4
a5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
a1 r
a2 r = (a1 r)r = a1 r2
a3 r = (a1 r2 )r = a1 r3
a4 r = (a4 r3 )r = a1 r4
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2
a3
a4
a5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
..
.
a1 r
a2 r = (a1 r)r = a1 r2
a3 r = (a1 r2 )r = a1 r3
a4 r = (a4 r3 )r = a1 r4
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2
a3
a4
a5
=
=
=
=
..
.
a1 r
a2 r = (a1 r)r = a1 r2
a3 r = (a1 r2 )r = a1 r3
a4 r = (a4 r3 )r = a1 r4
The nth term of a geometric sequence is given by
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23

a2
a3
a4
a5
=
=
=
=
..
.
a1 r
a2 r = (a1 r)r = a1 r2
a3 r = (a1 r2 )r = a1 r3
a4 r = (a4 r3 )r = a1 r4
The nth term of a geometric sequence is given by

an = a1 rn1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
16 / 23
Example: What is the 41st term in the geometric sequence:

e6 , e3 , 1, . . .?
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
17 / 23

e6 , e3 , 1, . . .?
Solution: Here, a1 = e6
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
17 / 23

e6 , e3 , 1, . . .?
Solution: Here, a1 = e6 and r =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
17 / 23

e6 , e3 , 1, . . .?
Solution: Here, a1 = e6 and r = e3 . So,
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
17 / 23

e6 , e3 , 1, . . .?
a41 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
17 / 23

e6 , e3 , 1, . . .?
a41 = (e6 )(e3 )40 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
17 / 23

e6 , e3 , 1, . . .?
a41 = (e6 )(e3 )40 = e6 e120 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
17 / 23

e6 , e3 , 1, . . .?
a41 = (e6 )(e3 )40 = e6 e120 = e114 .
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
17 / 23
Example: The sequence 2, a, b, c, d, 10 forms a geometric sequence. Find c.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
18 / 23

Solution: Here, a1 = 2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
18 / 23

Solution: Here, a1 = 2 and a6 = 10.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
18 / 23

a6
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a1 r 5
Lec. 20
18 / 23

a6
10
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
a1 r 5
2r5
Lec. 20
18 / 23

a6
10
5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
a1 r 5
2r5
r5
Lec. 20
18 / 23

a6
=
a1 r 5
10
=
2r5
5
= r5
r = 55
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
18 / 23

a6
=
a1 r 5
10
=
2r5
5
= r5
r = 55
Therefore,
c=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
18 / 23

a6
=
a1 r 5
10
=
2r5
5
= r5
r = 55
Therefore,
c = a4 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
18 / 23

a6
=
a1 r 5
10
=
2r5
5
= r5
r = 55
Therefore,
c = a4 = a1 r 3 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
18 / 23

a6
=
a1 r 5
10
=
2r5
5
= r5
r = 55
Therefore,
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
5
c = a4 = a1 r3 = 2( 5)3 =
Lec. 20
18 / 23

a6
=
a1 r 5
10
=
2r5
5
= r5
r = 55
Therefore,
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
5
5
c = a4 = a1 r3 = 2( 5)3 = 2 125.
Lec. 20
18 / 23
Sum of First n Terms of a Geometric Sequence

Let Sn = a1 + a2 + + an be the sum of first n terms of a geometric
sequence.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
++
a1 rn1
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
++
a1 rn1
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r
++
a1 rn1
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
++
a1 rn1
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
++

a1 rn1
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn

Sn rSn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn

Sn rSn = a1 a1 rn
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn

Sn rSn = a1 a1 rn
(1 r)Sn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn

Sn rSn = a1 a1 rn
(1 r)Sn = a1 (1 rn )
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn

Sn rSn = a1 a1 rn
(1 r)Sn = a1 (1 rn )
Sn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn

Sn rSn = a1 a1 rn
(1 r)Sn = a1 (1 rn )
a1 (1 rn )
, if r 6= 1
Sn =
1r
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn

Sn rSn = a1 a1 rn
(1 r)Sn = a1 (1 rn )
a1 (1 rn )
, if r 6= 1
Sn =
1r
If r = 1,
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn

Sn rSn = a1 a1 rn
(1 r)Sn = a1 (1 rn )
a1 (1 rn )
, if r 6= 1
Sn =
1r
If r = 1, then Sn = a1 + a1 + + a1
{z
}
|
n addends
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23

sequence.
Sn = a1 +
rSn =
a1 r
+ a1 r 2
a1 r a1 r2
+ + a1 rn1
a1 rn1 a1 rn

Sn rSn = a1 a1 rn
(1 r)Sn = a1 (1 rn )
a1 (1 rn )
, if r 6= 1
Sn =
1r
If r = 1, then Sn = a1 + a1 + + a1 = na1 .
{z
}
|
n addends
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
19 / 23
The sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence is
n
a1 (1 r ) , if
1r
Sn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
20 / 23
n
a1 (1 r ) , if r 6= 1
1r
Sn =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
20 / 23
n
a1 (1 r ) , if r 6= 1
1r
Sn =
na1 , if r = 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
20 / 23
Example: Find
4
3
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
4 + 12 36 + + 972.
Lec. 20
21 / 23
Example: Find
4
3
4 + 12 36 + + 972.
Solution:
4
3 , 4, 12, 36, . . . , 972
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
is a geometric sequence with r = 3.
Lec. 20
21 / 23
Example: Find
4
3
4 + 12 36 + + 972.
Solution:
4
3 , 4, 12, 36, . . . , 972
Find the number of terms first.

972 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
4
n1
3 (3)
Lec. 20
21 / 23
Example: Find
4
3
4 + 12 36 + + 972.
Solution:
4
3 , 4, 12, 36, . . . , 972

972 = 34 (3)n1
729 = (3)n1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
21 / 23
Example: Find
4
3
4 + 12 36 + + 972.
Solution:
4
3 , 4, 12, 36, . . . , 972

972 = 34 (3)n1
729 = (3)n1
n1 = 6
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
21 / 23
Example: Find
4
3
4 + 12 36 + + 972.
Solution:
4
3 , 4, 12, 36, . . . , 972

972
729
n1
n
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
= 34 (3)n1
= (3)n1
= 6
= 7
Lec. 20
21 / 23
Example: Find
4
3
4 + 12 36 + + 972.
Solution:
4
3 , 4, 12, 36, . . . , 972

972
729
n1
n
= 34 (3)n1
= (3)n1
= 6
= 7
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
21 / 23
Example: Find
4
3
4 + 12 36 + + 972.
Solution:
4
3 , 4, 12, 36, . . . , 972

972
729
n1
n
= 34 (3)n1
= (3)n1
= 6
= 7

S7 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
4
3 (1
(3)7 )
=
1 (3)
Lec. 20
21 / 23
Example: Find
4
3
4 + 12 36 + + 972.
Solution:
4
3 , 4, 12, 36, . . . , 972

972
729
n1
n
= 34 (3)n1
= (3)n1
= 6
= 7

S7 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
4
3 (1
(3)7 )
2188
=
.
1 (3)
3
Lec. 20
21 / 23
Example: Substance X has a half-life of 5 years. How much of a 100-mg

Substance X has decayed after 30 years?
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
22 / 23

Solution:
The amounts of substance X that decay in 5-year intervals form a
geometric sequence:
50, 25, 12.5, . . .
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
22 / 23

Solution:
geometric sequence:
50, 25, 12.5, . . .
Then, amount of substance X which decayed after 30 years is S6 .
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
22 / 23

Solution:
geometric sequence:
50, 25, 12.5, . . .
S6 =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
22 / 23

Solution:
geometric sequence:
50, 25, 12.5, . . .

50 1 ( 12 )6
S6 =
=
1 12
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
22 / 23

Solution:
geometric sequence:
50, 25, 12.5, . . .

63
50 1 ( 12 )6
)
50( 64
S6 =
=
=
1
1
1 2
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
22 / 23

Solution:
geometric sequence:
50, 25, 12.5, . . .

63
50 1 ( 12 )6
)
50( 64
1575
S6 =
=
=
mg
1
1
16
1 2
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
22 / 23
Exercises:
1
If the 50th and 100th terms of an arithmetic sequence are 10 and

10, respectively, find the sum of the first fifty terms.
If 2k + 5, k 5, k 9 form a geometric progression, find the common

ratio.
Tigger hops in such a way that the distance covered in each hop is
one half shorter than the previous one. If he started bouncing from
the base of the pyramid of honey jars and hopped a distance of 2 m
on his third hop, find how far he is from the honey jar pyramid after
the tenth bounce.
A treasure hunter found a chest containing 45,000 g of gold and
decides to sell them. He sold 50 g of gold the first day, 150 g on the
second day, 250 g on the third day, and so on.
1
2
How much gold will be left after the 23rd day?

After how many days will he be able to sell all the gold?
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 20
23 / 23

A20 - Sequences VJ

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Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

The nth term of a sequence is denoted by an .

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

The nth term of a sequence is denoted by an .

Given the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 9, 5

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

The nth term of a sequence is denoted by an .

Given the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 9, 5,

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

The nth term of a sequence is denoted by an .

Given the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 9, 5,

The terms in the sequence with an = 2n + 3 for n 1 are

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

The nth term of a sequence is denoted by an .

Given the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 9, 5,

The terms in the sequence with an = 2n + 3 for n 1 are

The terms in the sequence with an = 3( 3)n for n 1 are

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

The nth term of a sequence is denoted by an .

Given the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 9, 5,

The terms in the sequence with an = 2n + 3 for n 1 are

5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ...

The terms in the sequence with an = 3( 3)n for n 1 are

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . .,

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2

log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . .,

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2

log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . ., where d =

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2

log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . ., where d = 1 since

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2

log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . ., where d = 1 since

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2

log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . ., where d = 1 since

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2

log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . ., where d = 1 since

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Examples: The following are arithmetic sequences:

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, . . ., where d = 2

log2 3, log2 6, log2 12, . . ., where d = 1 since

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences