ARMADA - AprMay 2011 PDF

INTERNATIONAL: The trusted source for defence technology information since 1976
Issue 2/2011
April/May
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INTERNATIONAL
The trusted source for defence technology information since 1976
Contents
issue 2/2011
Dawn of the Bomber Era?
E. H. Biass, inputs from T. Withington
The European aerospace industry has started 2011 on a steady keel with the handover
by Saab of the Neuron armed drone demonstrator fuselage to Dassault. The ceremony took place on 25 January at Saab Aerostructures facilities in Linkping.
10
To See Another Day
Technology
Paolo Valpolini
18
24
Far East-bound Conventional

Submarine Market Drift
Cheap Shot Air to Ground
Weapons
Naval: submarines
10
Franz Rohr
Missiles
Roy Braybrook
30
Communication
Call from the Front: LandWarNet
and the Gig
Valry Rousset, inputs from Johnny Keggler
38
The Drones Synthetic Eye
18
Radar
Thomas Withington
Grenade Launcher Fire

Control Systems
24
Infantry: weapons
Paolo Valpolini
This article is found online at www.armada.ch/fcs2-11
30
Index to Manufacturers and Advertisers
Business
44
Digest
38
Compendium
by
A New Breed
Compendium Supplement
P. Valpolini, inputs from E. H. Biass and J. Keggler
armada INTERNATIONAL 2/2011
New Soldier Equipment
Index
Index to Advertisers
AIM Infrarot-Module
19
Armada International
9, 15
ATK
7
AUVSI
29
Ballistic
5
Ceradyne
21
Counter Terror Expo 2011
23
Datron World Communications 35
DCI
29
DSEi 2011
C3
E.T.E.M.
45
Elbit Systems
9
Fischer Connectors
5
FLIR Government Systems
3
Harris
33
HDW
IAI
International Software Radio
Invisio
ITT
Lemo
Meprolight
MTU
Navantia
Nexter
Northrop Grumman
NovAtel
ODU-USA
Rafael
Raytheon
19
41
15
15
31
47
21
5
23
29
C3
17
15
C4
43
C4
Remington Defense
Renault Trucks Defense
37
Revision
13
Rheinmetall Defence
6/7
Rosoboronexport
45
Sagem
21
Selex Galileo
19
Soldier Technology 2011
27
Tadiran Batteries
27
Telephonics
23
UDT 2011
13
Ultralife
C2, C2
Vectronix
13
Vuzix
9
Wavecom Elektronik
45
The usefulness of synthetic aperture radars

came with a loud bang some twenty years
ago, particularly when urgently ushered into
service on the Jstars. As exemplified by this
Reaper and its Lynx radar they are small
enough to be carried by drones. See page 38
Entries highlighted with blue numbers are found in the New Soldier Equipment Compendium
Index to Manufacturers
Companies mentioned in this issue. Where there are multiple references to a company in an article,
only the first occurence and subsequent photographs are listed below.
01dB-Metravib
44, 22, 24
701 Institute
22
AAI
9
Adasi
9
Admiralty Shipyard
20
ADS
4
Aeroeletrnica
6, 9
Aerospace Long-march Intl 26
Aerovironment
4, 9
AgustaWestland
6, 47
Al Jaber Group
4
Alenia
8
Arena
14, 16
Armor Holdings
11
Ars Optical
14, 16
ATE
28
ATK
25
BAE Systems
4, 11, 38,
17, 26, 28, 30, 31
Ballistic
3
Bazalt
26
Bazan
18
Boeing 4, 24, 25, 26, 30, 38, 39
Boeing Aerostructures Australia 26
Boeing/Insitu
39
Boll
14, 16
11
Bumar
Bushnell Group
16
C4 Advanced Solutions
6
CAIC
26
11
Carl Zeiss Optronics
CASC
25
Cassidian
4, 6, 39, 40, 44, 46
Chengdu
26
Cobham
6
Curtiss-Wright
4
Dassault
8, 28
DCNS
18
Defence Support Group
6
Denel Dynamics
28
Dialight
46
Diehl BGT Defence
28
Dockstavarvet
46
32
DRS Tactical Systems
42
EADS
EADS Casa
8
EADS Defence and Security 39
EADS Deutschland
6
EDO
40
EFW
26
Elbit Systems 4, 6, 9, 25, 42, 8,
10, 16, 17, 32
Elbit Systems-Elop
40, 44
Elisra
4
Embraer
6
Emiraje Systems
6
Eurofighter
28
Eye Safety Systems
12
Fincantieri
18, 20
Flir Systems
4, 6, 46, 11
FN Herstal
4, 6
Galileo Avionica
38
General Atomics
24
General Atomics-ASI
4, 39, 40
General Dynamics
6, 25
General Dynamics C4 Systems 32
General Dynamics ELS-Germany 6
General Dynamics ELS-Mowag 6
General Electric
6
Harris
4, 34
Hawker de Havilland
26
Heitech Padu Berhad
6
Hellenic Aerospace Industry
8
Hirth
8
IAI
42
IAI Elta Systems
4, 40, 42
IAI MBT
25
Imsar
39
3
Incipio
Indra
40, 12, 14
Iridium
30
Israel Military Industries
25
7
ITL
ITT
30, 32, 40, 44, 2, 8, 10
Iveco Defence Vehicles
6
Izar
18
J & S Franklin
4
Kawasaki Shipbuilding
20
2
Knights Armament
Kockums
18
Kongsberg
44
Krasnoye Sormovo
20
Kratos Networks
36
L-3 EOTech
46, 18
L-3 Link
4
L-3 Wescam
9
Laser Devices
46
7, 8
Laster Technologies
Liteye
4, 6
Lockheed Martin 4, 6, 24, 25, 38
4, 7
Lumus
Luoyang
25
Luxottica Group
12
Mazagon Docks
22
MBDA
26
McDonnell
24
18
Meprolight
Microflown Technologies 24, 25
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
20
Navantia
18
Northrop Grumman 4, 8, 9, 24,
36, 38, 39, 42, 48, 17
Novator Design Bureau
20
Oakley
12, 16
Oshkosh Defense
4
3
Otterbox
30
Panasonic
Panavia
28
Patria
4, 46
10, 11
PCO
Peltor
31
PZL-widnik
4
Qinetiq
20, 22, 25
47
RAC MiG
Rafael
25
Raytheon
4, 24, 28, 40, 2
Raytheon BBN
22, 25
Raytheon Systems
25
RDM
18
2, 3
Rebel Alliance
Region
25
Renault Trucks Defense
44
Revision
10, 11, 12, 26, 32
Rheinmetall
4
Rockwell Collins 36, 38, 39, 4, 6
Rolls-Royce
6, 8
Rosoboronexport
46
Ruag
8
Rubin Design Bureau
18
Rudy Project
16
2
Runaway Technology
RVision
6
Saab
8, 9, 28, 46
Sagem
4, 8, 24, 28, 44, 8, 12
SAIC
6
Schiebel
38
Selex Galileo 6, 38, 39, 1, 12, 14
Serco
6
Sevmash
20
Sikorsky
4
Simula Technologies
11
Smith Optics Elite Division 12, 14
32
Sonim Technologies
Sukhoi
25, 28
3
Systematic
26
Tacarm
Tactical Missiles
25
8
Tanagram
TDA Armements
28
Telerob
6
Texas Instruments
24
Thales
25, 32, 40, 42, 47, 18
Thales Alenia Space
36
Thales Germany
6
Thales Nederland
6
Thales UK
6
Thalesraytheonsystems
4, 6
Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems 18, 20
Trakka
4
Tubitak-Sage
26
Turbomeca
8
3, 28
TYR Tactical
Ultra Electronics Sonar Sys 20, 22, 24
Uralvagonzavod
46
Vectronix
14, 16, 17, 20
Viasat
32
Vickers
44
7
Vuzix
Wiley X
14, 16
Wuchang Shipyard
22
Volume 35, Issue No. 2, April/May 2011

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0 FLIR Systems. Inc.
Business
PZL-widnik has delivered all four of the

planned upgraded W-3PL Gluszec helicopters to the Polish Land Forces. The W3PL is a multi-role combat version of the
Rheinmetall has reached a framework

agreement with the Royal Dutch Armed
Forces to supply the Netherlands with a
wide variety of ammunition types to the
W-3 Sokl, and leverages lessons learned

from the Polish Air brigades combat experience in Iraq. The upgrade includes a new
navigation equipment package, engines
with fadec and an NVG-compatible cockpit with multi-function displays.
FN Herstal has reported that its Minimi

5.56 machine gun has been selected by
the Norwegian Defence logistics Organisation for delivery to the Norwegian
Armed Forces by the end of 2012. This
contract, for an undisclosed amount, will
see FN Herstal manufacture and deliver
1900 Minimis along with spare parts, and
includes spare-part options covering a
15-year period.
Northrop Grumman will provide cyberspace science, research, engineering and

technology integration to the US Navys
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center
Pacific. Under this award, Northrop will
examine, operate and analyse network
cyberspace operation systems. The indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract
is built around a two-year base period
with three, one-year options with a potential value of $ 200 million.
Raytheon has won a $ 50 million contract

from the US Navy for the delivery of 50
AAS-44C(V) Multi-Spectral Targeting
Systems for integration on MH-60R and
-60S helicopters. The forward-looking,
infrared targeting systems provide fullmotion video imagery for long-range surveillance and high-altitude acquisition,
tracking and laser designation from
manned or unmanned aircraft. Deliveries
will commence in 2011 and continue
through 2012.
Of Special Note
tune of around 200 million over a
ten-year span. The Royal Dutch Armed
Forces placed an order (covered in this
agreement) in 2010 for modular propelling charges for the PzH 2000 selfpropelled howitzer. Currently, the Dutch
Army relies almost exclusively on Rheinmetall for much of its ammunition
requirements.
Oshkosh Defense has received an order

from the Al Jaber Group covering the
Oshkosh Global Heavy Equipment
Transporter in support of the United
Arab Emirates Armed Forces. The vehicles will be delivered by early-2012, but
other terms of the agreement have not
been disclosed.
assidian has been awarded a

contract from the Swiss defence
procurement authority, armasuisse, to provide advanced production engineering of equipment and
technologies for the Swiss future soldier programme, Imess (Integrated
and Modular Engagement System for
the Swiss Soldier). Under this CHF 20
million-plus order, Cassidian will optimise various capabilities of the Warrior21 Imess prototype version by
introducing more powerful components and integrating new technological developments in weight-reduction,
energy use, communications and
media, situational awareness and navigation aids.
Big Deals in Short
Company
Amount
Event
Elbit Systems
$ 67.5 million
Acquired balance of Elisra shares
Curtiss-Wright
$ 5.7 million
Supply rugged single-board computers for Centurion weapon sys. US Army
Harris
Undisclosed
Provide Ka-band antennas for Inmarsat-5 satellites
Patria
24 million
Install MLU2 system upgrades for F-18 Hornets
Lockheed Martin
$ 726.6 million
Continue sustainment of F-22 Raptor fleet
From Whom
Elta Systems
Boeing
Finnish Air Force
US Air Force
Flir Systems
Undisclosed
Star Safire 380-HD selected as lead candidate for Predator XP
Boeing
$ 21.7 million
Continue engineering assignments for B-52 maintenance
GA-ASI
US Air Force
Northrop Grumman
$ 5 million
Provide Phase I/II sensor data system for CAC2S
Lockheed Martin
$ 107 million
Develop and prototype ground-based space fence radars
US Marine Corps
Rheinmetall
Undisclosed
Acquired majority share in vehicle protection system company
Northrop Grumman
$ 3 million
Supply bridge navigation systems for patrol vessels
Boeing
Not applicable
Delivered first new E/A-18G Growlers
US Navy
Northrop Grumman
$ 794 million
Provide shipboard, submarine and shore-based C4I support
US Navy
US Air Force
ADS
Canada Coast Guard
Aerovironment
$ 7.8 million
Supply digital module upgrade kits for RQ-11B Raven drones
Lockheed Martin
$ 139 million
Provide 44 Himars rocket launchers
USMC
Cassidian
Not applicable
First Spanish single-seat IPA Eurofighter logs 500 flight hours
Spain
Sikorsky
Undisclosed
MoU to explore Australian H-60 Sea/Black Hawk production
Trakka
US Army
Raytheon
Undisclosed
Lrip contract to develop six long-range P-8A radars
Sagem
Undisclosed
Supply Sigma 30 point/navigation units for FH77 L52
Thalesraytheonsystems
$ 5 million
Demonstrate CAC2S prototype system
Harris
$ 10 million
Provide secure Vida comm network for C4I
L-3 Link
Not applicable
Delivered second F-16 Aircrew Training Device
Hellenic Air Force
J & S Franklin
4 million
Provide camp beds, mosquito nets and furniture
UK MoD
Boeing
BAE Systems
US Marine Corps
International customer
Business
Flir Systems has received a $ 5.6 million

delivery order from the US Special Operations Command (Socom) for its Talon
forward-looking infrared systems, a sta-
AgustaWestland has received a 570

million contract from the British Ministry
of Defence covering the second five-year
span of the 25-year Integrated Merlin
Operational Support (Imos) programme,
which provides an availability-based support package for Royal Navy and Royal
Air Force AW101 Merlin helicopters.
Other companies involved with the Imos
programme are Selex Galileo, Thales
UK, GE and Defence Support Group
as well as Lockheed Martin.
FN Herstal was selected by the French

DGA to replace the French Armys
existing FN F1 machine guns with the
SAIC has commenced delivery of two

turnkey virtual systems to the US Air
Force Medical Support Agency through
bilised multi-sensor system that will support the Long Range Ground mobility
Visual Augmentation System programme.
More than 260 Socom ground vehicles
will be fitted with the Talon system.
General Dynamics was awarded a contract to supply 195 additional Eagle Class
2 protected vehicles to the German
BWB. The Eagle vehicles will be jointly
manufactured at General Dynamics
European Land Systems (GDELS)Mowag and GDELS-Germany. This 125
million contract will increase the German
Eagle fleet to 473.
Emiraje Systems has received a $ 550

million contract from the UAE Armed
Forces to supply the first phase of its
Emirates Command and Control System
(ECCS) a major C4ISR programme
to the UAE Armed Force assets. Emiraje
Systems is a joint venture of C4
Advanced Solutions and Cassidian.
Iveco Defence Vehicles was awarded a
contract by the French defence procurement agency DGA to supply 200 of the
companys 8 x 8 special high-mobility
vehicles to the French Army. Under the
terms of this contract, valued at 160 million, Iveco will provide partially-armoured
driver cabs with various types of demountable hook-lift, trailer-towing and crane
body styles designed for the recovery of
military vehicles. Options under this award
could provide for up to 2400 additional
units for an 800 million total.
Cobham has acquired the share capital
of Germanys Telerob manufacturer
of advanced bomb disposal robots and
threat response vehicles. This 78 million
purchase agreement will allow Cobham
to integrate its technology (communication equipment and sensors) and specialist cameras, through Cobhams recent
purchase of RVision, into Telerobs
robotic systems.
the companys On-Line Interactive Virtual Environment (Olive) software platform. The two systems provide mental
healthcare to airmen and women on the
front lines of combat in an effort to mitigate the emotional effects of war.
Heitech Padu Berhad and Thales Nederland have signed a Memorandum of

Understanding to co-operate in the
development of a Malaysian Naval
Combat Management System, which
will see the Thales Tacticos system further
developed and produced in Malaysia for
its Second Generation Patrol Vessel.
Thalesraytheonsystems, in collaboration with Thales Germany, secured a

100 million contract from the German
Office for Defence Technology to supply

six Ground Master 400 (GM 400) 3D,
fully digital, long-range air-defence
radars for the Ared programme. This
contract will see Bonn-based Serco and
EADS Deutschland assisting in replacing the medium-power radars with the
GM 400 units by 2015.
Embraer has signed a contract with the

Brazilian Air Force covering the structural overhaul of 43 AMX jet fighters.
This award is a complement to a previous
modernisation contract signed in 2003
and includes the repair and replacement
of certain outdated equipment on the
AMX jets. Maiden flight for the first
modernised prototype is planned for
early 2012.
FN Mag weapon. This order calls for

more than 1000 machine guns and transformation kits (to allow dismounting the
weapon) to be delivered over a period of
several years. The FN Mag guns are to be
mounted on a variety of vehicles in
French Army service.
Aeroeletrnica, the Brazilian subsidiary

of Elbit Systems, will supply UT30 BR
30-mm unmanned turrets to the Brazilian Army under the countrys Guarani
Project. This $ 260 million award will see
Aeroeletrnica install the turrets onto a
few hundred Iveco 6 x 6 APCs according to a schedule and multi-year funding
profile yet to be defined.
Flir Systems has received a $ 15.8 million

order from the US Army for its Star
Safire II stabilised multi-sensor systems
in support of the armys Medevac programme. The Star Safire II units will be
installed on the US Armys Medevac
UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters serving in
Afghanistan and Iraq, with work to be
completed by end-2011.
Lockheed Martin has reported that it
had completed the manufacture of the
first Combat Shadow II for the US Air
Force Special Operations Command at
its Marietta, Georgia facility. Additional
equipment, such as a chin-mounted sensor turret, will be added before the aircraft begins flight tests.
Rolls-Royce will provide propulsion system services for the US Air Force fleet of
C-130J aircraft under a $ 203 million contract signed in February. The Missioncare
contract modification covers logistics and
management support, spares and technical data, this under the fifth year of an
existing contract. In an unrelated event,
Rolls-Royce also signed a one-year extension worth $ 43 million to support Royal
Air Force C-130 J and K variants.
Innovation ... Delivered.

ATK M230 Automatic Cannon on the
AH-64 Apache Attack Helicopter
Photo Courtesy of U.S. Army
ATK Modular Advanced Weapons System

featuring link-fed variant of the
M230 Automatic Cannon
ATK 30/40mm
Mk44 Bushmaster
Automatic Cannon
ATKs proven medium caliber gun systems deliver accuracy, reliability and scalability to stand off
existing and future threats. Affordable, integrated weapon systems solutions provide adaptability
and lethality overmatch in support of air, ground and naval platforms. This is ATK.
IntegratedWeaponSystems.bdev@atk.com
www.atk.com
Drone update
Neuron fuselage at
handover ceremony
Dawn of the Bomber Era?

The European aerospace industry has started 2011 on a steady keel with the handover by
Saab of the Neuron armed drone demonstrator fuselage to Dassault. The ceremony took
place on 25 January at Saab Aerostructures facilities in Linkping. Dassault will now start
the assembly of the aircraft in France.
E. H. Biass, inputs
from T. Withington
he 400 million Neuron

project was launched in
2003, involving France,
Sweden, Spain, Greece and
Switzerland, to develop a single-airframe demonstrator to
evaluate technologies that
could be used on any future
European
low-observable
armed drones. According to
current plans, the aircraft
should be fully assembled by
the end of 2011, with ground
and flight tests to commence
in 2012. These will be performed in France, and then in
Italy and Sweden. Evaluation
of the aircrafts radar low
observability could take
place in Sweden using a Saab
Giraffe air surveillance radar.
To help reduce the aircrafts
radar signature, the Neuron
design uses a composite fuselage skin mounted on an aluminium frame. A ~ -shaped
air intake helps to mask the
fan blades of the aircrafts
Rolls-Royce
Turbomeca
Adour engine from radar
observation.
While the programme is
led by Dassault, other European partnering companies
are playing major development roles. The sophisticated
engine exhaust area, for
example, is the responsibility
of
Hellenic
Aerospace
Industry and is designed in
such a way as to dilute the
Rolls-Royce
Turbomeca
Adour Mk 951 jet engines
hot plume (the engine is similar to the unit that powers

the Hawk 128). The Greek
company is also in charge of
the rear end of the fuselage
that blends into the flat Wshaped trailing edge.
Aerodynamic wind tunnel testing was performed by
Ruag at its Emmen facilities,
but since part of the demonstrators task will be to prove
its ability to launch weapons
like the 250-kg Sagem Aasm
air-to-ground missile, the
Swiss company is also tasked
with developing the pantographic arm with which the
weapons are sufficiently
pushed downwards to clear
the bomb bay. These, incidentally, are the result of
Alenias work in Italy. EADS
Casa, finally, is in charge of

both the wing (although the
leading edge is a Dassault
affair) and the aircrafts software and electronics.
Along with the Neuron
fuselage handover, Saab
Aerospace also provided
more details regarding the
companys development of
the Skeldar V-200 rotarywing drone. The Skeldar is
currently undergoing flight
tests in Sweden which will
gradually open up the aircrafts
flight
envelope,
according to the company.
Although the drone has not
yet won any firm orders, Saab
has disclosed that it is performing flight demonstrations of the aircraft to potential buyers. Although the
company declined to mention

any specific customers (it says
that it is talking to over 30
countries), it noted that the
Skeldar V-200 design is being
promoted for anti-piracy missions and improvised explosive device detection.
The drone has a maximum take-off weight of 200
kg and the company says that
this will enable the aircraft to
carry a range of payloads
including electronic, communications or signals intelligence equipment, a synthetic
aperture radar and an electro-optical system. Saab is
also studying a longer-range
version that would enable it
to fly beyond the current
150-km radius of action.
More recently, at the Idex
defence equipment exhibition
in Abu Dhabi, a Saab official
told Armada International
that the company expects to
test a heavy fuel version of the
engine developed by Hirth
this summer and then proceed with flight tests.
Turning to the status of
the naval version of the
rotordrone the Skeldar M
Saab said that the landing
skid configuration had not
yet been defined (illustrations so far released and
models displayed including
the one at Idex actually feature the standard gear that is
clearly not adapted to hard
deck landings), but that first
deck landings of an M would
still be performed with a
petrol (gasoline) engine. On
the subject of deck-landing
tests, incidentally, the same
official said, no partners
had been selected in France
or elsewhere.
Northrop Grumman took the X-47B from US Navy contract award for two aircraft in August 2007
to first flight in less than three and a half years, but admittedly drew on work performed on the
earlier X-47A Pegasus. (Northrop Grumman)
The mirth over the Swedish

ceremony had hardly settled
than another major event
took place at Edwards Air
Force Base. Indeed, on 4
February another iconic
demonstrator, the Northrop
Grumman X-47B, took to
the air in the Californian
skies. Known as the Ucas-D
in US Navy parlance, the aircraft climbed to an altitude
of 5000 feet and remained
aloft for 29 minutes before
landing safely. The ultimate
aim for the X-47B is to
demonstrate its ability to
operate from an aircraft carrier and then to perform
probe and drogue air-refuelling operations.
Saab is proposing the

Skeldar in two
configurations: the M
to support naval
operations and the
V-200 seen here for
ground forces. In the
latter case, the drone
could assist with
roadside and buried
bomb detection. (Saab)
a cranked leading edge and

unsurprisingly is substantially larger with a wingspan of
some 19 metres, a weapons
capacity of two tonnes and
more than twice the take-off
weight at 20 tonnes.
Breathing Hydrogen
There first was petrol, then
electric and eventually diesel
Adasi in the United Arab

Emirates has integrated
and test-flown one of their
Camcopter S-100s (which
are there known as the Al
Sabr) with an L-3 Wescam
MX-10. The United Arab
Emirates armed forces
have ordered a total of 60
Camcopters. (Adasi)
While both the Neuron

and the X-47B roughly have
the same overall tail-less configuration, the comparison
between the two aircraft
stops there. Shape-wise, the
European aircraft features a
straight delta leading edge, a
wingspan of 12.5 metres, a
weapon bay capacity of 2 x
250 kilos and a maximum
take-off weight of 6.5 tonnes.
Its American counterpart has
days, the Global Observer is

being looked as an observation or radio relay satellite
alternative, as from that
height it has a footprint diameter of about 1000 km.
While Aerovironment has
made history with its Global
Observers maiden flight, the
company is better known for
its more mundane and much
smaller ubiquitous Raven
operate in a different frequency band than the original configuration).
Israeli Wares
Saab expects to deliver two
AAI-made
Shadow-200
drone systems to the Armn
(Swedish Army) by the end of
this year, each system including four aircraft, a ground con-
The 3.5-tonne Global Observer has a wingspan of 53.3 metres. Its hydrogen-fuelled engine
dispatches electricity to its four electric motors and has sufficient juice left to feed 2.8 kW of
electricity to a 180-kg payload. (Aerovironment)
modes of propulsion; and

now here comes the advent of
hydrogen-fuelled engines as
demonstrated by Aerovironment with its Global Observer. This demonstrator aircraft
also had its maiden flight at
Edwards, but on 11 January
and pursues quite different
objectives. By being able to
fly way above airline traffic at
between 55,000 and 65,000
feet and stay aloft for seven
drones. As it turns out, the

company has recently bagged
in a contract worth more
than $ 46 million to supply
123 digital Raven systems,
spares and 339 digital retrofit
kits to the US Marine Corps.
This was shortly followed by
yet another $ 7.8 million contract to supply 919 digital
module upgrade kits to the
same service (these kits
enable the digital Ravens to
While the photos of the
Hermes 450 currently
operated in Brazil
show the sensor in its
landing configuration,
Brazilian television
footage clearly reveals
the package to be an
Elbit Compass, similar
to the one used on the
Watchkeeper. (Biasus)
trol station and intelligence

interpretation facilities.
Meanwhile, having operated a couple of Hermes 450
on lease from Elbit for operational test purposes, the
Brazilian
Air
Force
announced that it confirmed
the purchase of two systems
on 18 January 2011. The deal
being conducted via Aeroelectrnica, Elbits subsidiary in Porto Alegre (in
the southmost Brazilian
state of Rio Grande do Sul),
enables Brazil to state that
this represents the nations
first step into establishing an
independent drone capability. According to the authors
sources, the two new units
will supplement the current
ones (which will thus not be
returned) and, although
these will be different models, Elbit declined to expand
a
on the differences.
Drone update
The American One
Technology
To See
Another Day
Once underestimated, eye protection
has become of paramount importance
in the Iraqi and Afghan theatres
Threat perception has considerably evolved since the end of the Cold War era.
Personal protection has become a major subject and body armour, once seldom
used, has become standard issue in most, if not all, western armies. The advent
of new types of threats, such as roadside bombs, has dramatically increased
injuries not only to the torso but also to the head, where eyes are first to fall victim to a blast.
Paolo Valpolini
ot only can eye injuries reduce an

individuals fighting capability to
nil, but in many cases can also
cause irreversible damage. According to
American statistics ten per cent of
injured soldiers can be expected to present eye injuries, while other sources state
that 90% of those could have been avoided had the victims been wearing suitable
protective eyewear.
However, providing the soldiers with
eye protection devices is good enough,
because if they are not good-looking and
trendy only few will wear them. Thus
while protection, optical performances,

wearability, integration with sighting
equipment and durability remain decisive parameters in a choice, design now
heavily cuts into the equation, especially
as glasses are worn for much longer periods of time than goggles, which are mostly used during operations.
Numerous, if not too many, standards
are available to establish the minimum protective levels for eyewear. Among those are
Nato and American military standards,
although one document that is always kept
in consideration by most manufacturers is
the one issued by the American National
Standard Institution and Industrial Safety
Equipment Association (Ansi/Isea).
While Nato Stanag 2920 defines the

testing procedures for a wide range of
equipment, the Stanag 4296 rule establishes eye protection criteria for the individual soldier and states, protection
must be offered against small fragments
resulting from the explosion of a typical
HE-shell or mortar at a distance of 30
metres with a typical weight of 325 mg
and a speed of 215 m/s. Comfort, weight,
mist and field of vision considerations
follow, the field of view requirement
being 80 on both sides for optimum use
of peripheral vision.
Compatibility with protection items
aimed at defeating nuclear light and heat
flash, NBC agents and laser radiation is
also required. In addition, Stanag also
Revision lenses
showing test
impacts; recently
some of the
standards have
been upgraded in
order to provide
better protection.
(Armada/PV)
Fragments can hit at anytime, thus

soldiers are invited to wear their eye
protection during the whole mission.
(US Army)
10
requires compatibility with sighting and

telecommunication systems. In the
American forces, MIL-DTL-43511D is
based on the 0.22 calibre T37 shaped projectile with a weight of 17 0.5 grain
(1102 mg 32 mg) at a speed between 168
and 171 metre/sec. However, this ballistic
parameter is far from being sufficient for
a goggle or eyewear to be accepted in the
military.
A series of other optical and mechanical tests also take prismatic deviation,
refractive power, luminous transmittance, optical density, optical distortion,
haze, ultraviolet transmittance, chromac-
Amongst the goggles approved by the

US Army, Revisions Desert Locust is
one that offers the widest field of view.
It is here seen with the Rx (prescription
eyeglass) carrier. (US Army)
ity, abrasion, coating adhesion, weathering and chemical resistance into consideration. Another standard, the MILPRF-31013 uses for ballistic tests a
0.15-calibre 5.8-grain (376 mg) projectile
at 201 to 207 metre/sec.
At any rate and as mentioned above,
the most widely considered reference
standard for eye protection remains the
Ansi/Isea document Z87. On 13 April
2010 a new version, the Z87.1-2010, was
issued with the principal aim to shift from
the previous categorisation that was
organised by type of protector, towards a
hazard categorisation, thus helping users
to select the appropriate protection.
Other changes have also occurred: the
new standard envisages an extended side
protection products are now either
impact or non-impact protectors (the
basic and high-impact categories have
been abolished as well as those of primary and secondary protectors) and

additional product testing such for special environments have been added.
Impact rated protectors must withstand a series of tests including, inter alia,
ASTM D 3935. With weight always a concern in the military (as well as in other
fields such as sports), glass and plastic
lenses have been replaced by polycarbonate types. Not only are these thinner
and lighter, but they also are ten times
more impact resistant and provide 100%
protection against ultraviolet light.
Developed in the 1970s for space
applications, this material is now standard issue for ballistic glasses. Highly
flexible, polycarbonate lenses are made
by injection moulding and are scratchresistant through a surface hardening
treatment. Another material used for ballistic lenses is NXT, a materiel developed
in the early 1990s in America specifically
for military purposes by Simula Technologies (since then acquired by Armor
Holdings, now part of BAE Systems).
Used for example in Apache windshield
panels, NXT lenses are obtained by castWearing Revisions
Sawfly Military
Eyewear, a
German soldier
deployed to
Afghanistan peers
out the window of
his vehicle.
(Reuters)
high mass impact, resistance to a pointed

projectile weighing 500 grams dropped
from a height of 1.27 metres, high velocity
impact, resistance to a 6.35 mm steel ball
travelling at 46 metre/sec and so forth.
Lens mountings must also pass high
mass and high velocity impact tests. Following the adoption of the 2010 release,
the markings have also been updated (as
summarised in the table below).
Turning to the lenses themselves, the
most widely used material is the bisphenol type of polycarbonate plastic using
moulding materials conforming to
ing, a process that reduces internal stresses and thereby guarantees high optical
homogeneity and mechanical stability.
According to Simula Technologies data,
NXT impact resistance is 34.8% higher
than polycarbonate and ten per cent
lighter.
The main market for military protective
eyewear remains North America, thus it is
not a surprise that most producers are
based in that region. The US Army Updated Authorized Protective Eyewear List
(Apel) for Military Combat Eye Protection
contains overall some 15 different models
A Norwegian
soldier keeps watch
during a convoy.
He wears the
Revision Desert
Locust Military
Goggle.
(Norwegian Army
High Readiness
Force)
11
Technology
Eyewear and
goggles are now
commonplace in
the military. Not
only do they shield
soldiers eyes from
sunshine and
sandstorms, but
they also protect
them from
fragments. (US
Army)
Technology
The ESS Crossbow

kit is provided with
clear and grey
lenses; an Rx
carrier for
prescription lenses
is available. (US
Army)
of eyewear both for users with prescription

lenses and without, and goggles.
The most widely used military spectacle
in service today is probably the Sawfly,
manufactured by Revision in Vermont. A
purpose-built military spectacle with interchangeable lenses that provides unrivaled
protection against ballistic, ultraviolet and
laser threats. Over 2.5 million sets of
Sawflys have been fielded in seven countries including the United States, Canada,
the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Denmark and recently Great Britain. This number should increase, as Sawfly spectacles
are being delivered to Austria, Portugal,
India, Singapore, Kuwait and Korea.
Available in two sizes, the Sawfly features interchangeable lenses (clear, solar
and high contrast). An Rx carrier for pre-
Available with the same versions of

lenses as the Sawfly, the Desert Locust is
available in an Extreme Weather version,
which features a fleece lined gasket and
thermal lenses, and in a Fan version
Smiths Elite Aegis

eyewear uses the
Pivlock Lens
Interchange
Technology system.
(US Army)
equipped with a three-speed fan system

powered by an AA battery, that provides
optimal fog protection in extreme conditions. In December 2010 a similar system
was added to the Asian Locust, a version
of the Desert Locust specifically designed
to match the Asian face morphology.
Looking at future improvements,
Revision continues to investigate new
fragmentation, sand, wind and dust. Like

the Sawfly, the goggle can accommodate
prescription lenses through the use of the
Rx Carrier device.
ESS (Eye Safety Systems), which in
late 2006 became part of Oakley, itself
part of the Luxottica Group, provides its
Ice (Interchangeable Component Eyeshields) in the Ice-2 and Ice Naro (smallThe Over The Wire
goggles from Smith
Optics are also
available in the
Turbo Fan version,
the fan housing
being integrated into
the frame in order to
maintain the lowest
possible profile
under helmets. (US
Army)
The ESS Profile model can be found in

the Apel list for this goggle type of eye
protection. (US Army)
scription lenses snaps into the Sawfly

spectacle, this carrier is also compatible
with Revisions Desert Locust goggle.
Selected for use by the United States,
Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands
and Portugal, the Desert Locust features
a wide field of view especially in the inferior arc and on the sides.
A view of some ESS
goggles exhibited
at a recent event.
ESS is now part of
Oakley, which is
owned by the
Luxottica group.
(Armada/PV)
12
laser eye protection technologies, its Special Projects Applied Research Centre
has been busy in numerous research topics that vary from new and improved
laser dyes and non-linear approaches,
combining coatings, dyes and optical limiters which, in combination, are expected
to provide broad-range eye protection
and high luminous transmittance.
In the context of Britain mentioned
above as one of Revisions customers, the
manufacturer has also received an order
for its new Bullet Ant goggles which
together with the Sawflys amount to a
3.4 million deal. The Bullet Ant is
equipped with interchangeable high performance anti-fog and anti-scratch
Ocumax-coated lenses and provides ballistic protection against medium-energy
er and narrow fit) to US forces and

numerous others. They feature 2.4-mm
polycarbonate high impact-lenses in
clear and smoke-gray versions, although
high-definition yellow lenses as well as
rose copper lenses are also available.
The British Forces in Iraq and
Afghanistan adopted these spectacles
known as Ice-3. The latest ESS add-on to
the Apel list is the Crossbow, which
Advanced Clear Zone Flowcoat treatment eliminates fog and prevents scratches. For soldiers who wear ear cup protection or communication headgear ESS
designed the Crossbow Suppressor, which
features ultra-thin temple arms to minimise interference with ear protection
UNSTOPPABLE. UNBEATABLE.
UNDEFEATABLE.
The most ABLE eyewear on the planet.
The best ballistic protection.
The best distortion-free optics.
And the strength and endurance to go
the distance. Its no wonder we're the
leading eye protection in the world.
Time tested. Combat proven.

my eyes first line of defense
Capt. J.Q., U.S. Army
Never been able to break any of
Revisions products to date (except
the time my glasses fell in the way
of the tracks of a Bradley).
SFC U.X., U.S. Army
Best pair of eyepro I have owned; they
take a beating.
PFC C.L., U.S. Army
Sawflys haven't let me down. From
rainstorms to sandstorms, and
everything in between, clean, and
scratch free.
1LT J.B., U.S. Army
Sawfly eyepro is outstanding.
SPC B.L.D., U.S. Army
Sawflys are the best out there and
comfortable.
PO T.S., U.S. Navy
SAWFLY MILITARY EYEWEAR SYSTEM

NSN 4240-01-527-4051 (regular size)
OR NSN 4240-01-527-4018 (large size)
2010 REVISION MILITARY INC., SAWFLY , REVISION AND BE REVISION READY. ARE TRADEMARKS OF REVISION MILITARY. REVISION MILITARY LTD., 7 CORPORATE DRIVE, ESSEX JUNCTION VT 05452 USA.
Technology
The X1000,
developed by Boll,
has a double lens
that ensures a high
degree of
protection. (Boll)
devices. All these products are compatible

with Rx prescription lens inserts.
As for goggles, the company flagship
product is the Profile, with 2.8-mm lenses
which also accepts Rx inserts and is provided with tear-off lens covers that allow
quick full view re-establishment when
goggles are splashed by mud. Clear,
smoke-gray and high-definition yellow
Such systems seem to interest the US

Marine Corps; however as there is currently no standard, and getting the right
configuration is far from an easy task.
Wiley, whose PT-1 and SG-1 are part
of the Apel list (respectively in its eyewear and goggle sections), has recently
added new products to its portfolio. The
Saber Advanced eyewear features 3-mm
Very strong on the
French market,
Boll has a series
of eyewear
dedicated to
military and police
forces such as the
Swat model seen
here. (Boll)
lenses are available, as well as laser protective lenses. While prescription inserts
are becoming more and more used, some
soldiers still prefer to maintain their prescription eyewear, and ESS produces two
models which are authorized to be used
over spectacles Land Ops and Vehicle
Ops both part of the Striker series.
ESS is continuing to work with helmet
manufacturers in order to improve goggle/helmet integration, while it is also
working on soft facial armour solutions
to make them lighter, more breathable
and easier to use with weapon sights.
The Flackjack goggles manufactured

by Arena feature swivel-mounted
straps, while their carry bag can be
attached to a belt or a Molle rig. (US
Army)
and the PM-17, is also available, while the

Slay is expected to arrive soon. Following
a US Government paper that indicated
how prescription eyewear with acute face
form angles (> 12) and pantoscopic tilts
with measured angles (> 18) could
induce distortion, headaches and dizziness, Wiley Talon demonstrated that it
was able to meet the new stringent
requirements thanks to its shield with
near vertical pantoscopic tilt.
Smith Optics Elite Division is active in
the tactical field, its Aegis eyeshield is
available, among others, with polarised
A featherweight
ballistic spectacle is
provided by Ars
Optical in the form of
the Space One. (Ars
Optical)
Manufactured in
Italy, the Eagle is
the most recent
goggle in Ars
Opticals range;
new products are
being developed
for special forces.
(Ars Optical)
14
Selenite polycarbonate lenses that are

scratch-resistant and shatterproof, while
an Ultra Foam brow bar prevents sweat
and debris from reaching the eyes. The
snaps can be removed and replaced with
a tactical goggle strap when carrying out
high-intensity operations. The Saber
Advanced goggle is compatible with the
Rx carrier.
A series of new eyewear part, of the
Black Ops collection, such as the Brick
grey lenses to reduce reflected glare and

to sharpen details. Such lenses are also
available for all the company impact sunglasses collection.
In its goggle range, Smith Optics key
product is the OTW (Outside The Wire)
Rx-compatible system, also available in
the Turbo Fan version which features a
two-speed fan that silently evacuates moist
air from inner lens. The fan is powered by
two AAA batteries and is equipped with
an auto shut-off system to preserve battery
life, its on/off button can easily be operated with gloves and, according to Smith, it
moves 50% more air yet is 40% quieter
than competing sets.
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Technology
Markings According to Ansi/Isea Z87-2010

Type of Mark
Description
Impact
impact rated plano

impact rated Rx
Non impact
LG113
Lens type
clear
UV filter
Z87
Z87-2
none
U and scale number
visible light filter
L and scale number
variable tint
special purpose
splash/droplet
dust
fine dust
V
S
D3
D4
D5
Use
Like many of the Apel-approved

eyewear, the Oakley M Frame has
been extensively tested in the field by
the US military. (US Army)
In the goggles field, Arena produces

two models, the Flackjack, which is
included in the Apel, and the Mozambik.
The latter adopts the company Optiwide
lens geometry that, according to Arena,
provides 25% greater peripheral vision
compared to others, while the Razorback
technology manages to deal with fogging,
particulates and moisture.
Among the latest products proposed
by Boll of France, although part of the
US Bushnell Group, is the Swat eyeglasses with 2.2-mm polycarbonate lenses that
provide a V50 of 183 metre/sec for
polarised lenses and 196 metre/sec for
grey lenses, according to Stanag 2920 testing procedures. As for goggles, its X1000
set feature a double lens, an inside one 1.3
Marking for completed device

(no replaceable parts)
Z87+
Z87-2+
mm thick and an outside lens 3.0 mm

thick, which provide a V50 of 272
metre/sec for the grey lens and 275
metre/sec for the clear lens, always to
Nato Stanag 2920 testing methods.
Italy ranks amongst the major producers of eye protection frames. Apart from
the Luxottica Group, which controls ESS
through Oakley, it is thus not a surprise to
find two medium-small Italian companies present on the military market. Ars
Optical developed its Arsenik Tacticaleyes series, which includes eyewear
and goggles specifically aimed at the military market.
At DSEi 2011 the company will
launch its new Space One model, with
2.2-mm polycarbonate high-impact lenses with adjustable nose pad and temple
tips, and which weighs only 25.2 grams. As
for goggles, the latest add-on is the Eagle,
which is equipped with 2.8 to 3-mm thick
Spektra Defence lenses made of polycarbonate treated with the Spektra anti-fog
technology. Lenses are available in clear
and grey versions, laser protective lenses
being available on request, as well as Rx
inserts for prescription lenses.
Lateral buckles prevent the rubber
band to disfigure the lenses when a helmet
is used, thus avoiding distortion, while the
goggle is also fitted with a removable nose
protection. Ars Optical products are in use
with Italian Army units, and a new goggle
is under development for special forces, as
well as with numerous military and police
foreign units.
Other information
493.8
Scale ranges from 2 to 6,
with lenses marked as U6
providing the highest
protection from far and near UV
Scale ranges from 1.3 to 10, with
lower numbers providing greater
light transmission
Developed in co-operation with the

Italian military, Rudy Project Kalybro
goggles feature hinged buckles to
maintain optimal adherence with or
without a helmet. (Armada/PV)
Rudy
Project
developed
the
Guardyan, a modular system that transforms a sunglass into a goggle by replacing normal temples with a rubber band
strap thanks to a quick lock system,
adding a foam shield interface to keep
out sand and dust. The main difference
compared to the other products
described in this article is that Rudy Project chose ImpactX NXT-based lenses
instead of polycarbonate ones, the
Guardyan being proposed with grey or
photochromic lenses.
The same type of materiel is also used
in the company-developed Kalybro tactical goggles; provided with hinged buckles
for adapting the goggle to helmet and
non-helmet use. The Kalybro is proposed
with transparent and smoke black lenses,
a laser protective lens is available on
a
request.
The Wiley X PT-1
features 3.0-mm
shatterproof
Selenite
interchangeable
lenses. (US Army)
Rudy Project Guardyan, modular

eyewear that can be transformed into
a low-profile goggle, has been
developed in co-operation with Italian
mountain troops. (Armada/PV)
16
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.
Naval: submarines
Far East-bound
Conventional
Submarine Market Drift
The OHiggins (S22) and Carrera (S23),

the two Scorpne class submarines in
service with the Chilean Navy
The conventional submarine (SSK) market has undergone dramatic changes in

recent years, as traditional markets have reduced in size and new market areas
have emerged. Another contributing factor to these changes is the desire of customer nations for local production and technology transfer. In many respects this
is creating a situation where todays customers could be on course to becoming
tomorrows competitors.
Franz Rohr
estern Europe is still the centre

of the most significant cluster of
SSK design and build capabilities in the world. Yet even here, the end of
the Cold War, along with changing
defence requirements and budgetary
issues, has seen a dramatic change in the
size of the industry. At one stage SSK
design and build capabilities were found
in the following European countries:
France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands,
Spain, Sweden and Britain. Then the
number of players began to decline.
The British decided to exit the SSK
field to concentrate on nuclear submarines after the completion of the four
Type 2400 Upholder class SSKs in the
1990s (subsequently sold on to Canada as
the Victoria class). In the Netherlands the
completion of the Walrus class of four
SSKs by RDM in the early 1990s and the
failure of the private venture Moray class
to find any export customers or obtain an
order from the Royal Netherlands Navy,
has seen another player fade from the
scene.
In Italy circumstances are somewhat
different. Currently the Italian Navy
operates six conventional submarines, all
18
built by Fincantieri. Two Salvatore Pelosi

(Sauro III) class and two Primo Longobardo (Improved Sauro) class were completed in the late 1980s/early 1990s and
have been consistently upgraded since
then. The last submarine class to join the
Italian Navy was the Salvatore Todaro,
again built by Fincantieri. However, this
is actually the German Type 212A SSK
design from Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems, built under license in Italy.
Consolidation & Emergence

Of the seven centres of SSK design and
production that existed in Europe, only
four now remain. Of these, two come
under the umbrella of Thyssenkrupp
Marine Systems who controls the German SSK capability and who have
acquired Kockums in Sweden. Kockums
has recently received approval to start
work on two new-generation A26 class
submarines for the Royal Swedish Navy.
Then there is DCNS in France and a relative newcomer to the scene in the form
of Navantia in Spain.
Navantia (previously Izar and prior to
that Bazan) developed its submarine
capabilities through the local production
of foreign submarine designs to meet the
needs of the Spanish Navy. Initially this
saw the building of four boats of the

Delfin class, French Daphne class, with
four units completed between 1973 and
1975 at Cartagena. This was followed by
the building of four units of the Galerna
class, French Agosta class, at Cartagena,
that were completed between 1983 and
1985. French technical assistance played
in important part in developing the Spanish SSK build capability.
The next step up the SSK value chain
for Navantia was involvement in the
Scorpne class export submarine programme with DCNS. Although the cooperation between the two companies
would eventually become acrimonious,
with the companies finally agreeing to go
their separate ways in 2010, there can be
no doubt that the Scorpne was very
helpful to Navantia. This then set the
scene for the design of the S-80, a new
submarine for the Spanish Navy, which
will enter service from 2013 onwards with
four units being built. The S-80 is the
Navantia solution for any submarine
export competitions that arise.
Russian Capability
Submarines have always been a speciality
of the Russian naval industry and today
they continue to be a major force in the
international market. In the 1970s, the
then Soviet Navy turned to the Rubin
Design Bureau for a new SSK to replace
the Project 641 Foxtrot class and earlier
submarines that remained in service. This
resulted in the Project 877 Kilo class, the
first unit of which was launched in September 1980. As many as 30 Project 877
were built for the Soviet and later the
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Naval: submarines
The Scir (S527), the second Todaro class submarine of the Italian Navy, heads up
the Thames River to the US Navy submarine base at New London while visiting the
United States. The Todaro class is the Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems Type 212A SSK
design built under license by Fincantieri in Italy. (US Navy)
Russian Navy in three different variants,

the original Project 877, the improved
877K and the further improved 877M.
The Project 877 was then made available for export from the mid-1980s
onwards, with Romania being the first
customer, receiving a Project 877E boat.
All subsequent export SSKs were of the
Project 877EKM design. The first customer was Poland acquiring a single unit,
then India acquired ten, Algeria acquired
two and finally Iran acquired two, as well
as an ex-Soviet Project 877. The final
877EKM customer was China who
ordered two in 1994 and subsequently
took delivery in 1995.
The next evolution of the Kilo design
was the Project 636, a major enhancement to the 877EKM for the export market. China was the first customer ordering two units in 1996, with submarines
being built at the Admiralty Shipyard in
St. Petersburg, and deliveries made in
1997/98. China returned to order eight
more enhanced 636M boats in 2002.
These were built at Admiralty, Krasnoye
Sormovo in Nizhni Novgorod and Sevmash in Severodvinsk, with deliveries to
China between 2005 and 2007.
The Chinese Project 636M orders
were followed by Algeria acquiring two
Project 636M units, adding to its existing
fleet of two Project 877EKM boats. Then
in December 2009, Vietnam signed a contract for six Project 636M submarines to
be built at the Admiralty Shipyard, with
deliveries from 2013 through to 2018.
The combat capabilities of the Kilo
class submarine were significantly
enhanced through the integration of the
Novator Design Bureau Club-S missile
system. The 3M54E1 anti-ship cruise missile used in the system has a range of up to
300 km and has a supersonic terminal
stage. Other system variants include the
3M14E land-attack cruise missile and the
91RE1 anti-submarine system. The eight
Project 636M submarines for China were
equipped with the Club-S system, it is
believed that the Algerian boats are similarly fitted and that the Vietnamese boats
will also have the system. All will use the
3M54E1 anti-ship missile though.
20
The Indian Navy is upgrading its Project

877EKM boats with the Club-S, by mid2010 five submarines had been refitted,
with one more unit in the process of being
equipped in Russia. In December 2009, a
contract was signed covering the installation of the Club-S system on the remaining
four Project 877EKM boats in India.
Russia continues to offer the Project
636M Kilo to international customers,
but it is also promoting a far more recent
design as well. In response to a Russian
Navy requirement to replace its Project
877 Kilo class boats, Rubin Design
Bureau generated a new design in the
form of the Project 677 or Lada class. The
first unit was laid down at the Admiralty
Shipyard in 1997 and launched in 2004.
The Lada class has spawned an export
variant in terms of the Amur-1650 class,
part of a family of SSK options with differing displacements to meet the majority of conventional submarine requirements. Thus far the Amur-1650 has not
obtained any export orders.
Japanese Expansion
Japan retains a complete submarine
design and build capability, with the
Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force
(JMSDF) currently operating three different classes of SSK. The JMSDF operates on the principle that an SSK has an
operational life of twenty years, consequently their submarine build programmes enable them to sustain two
shipyards in the form of Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries (MHI) and Kawasaki
Shipbuilding, both at Kobe.
The Oyashio class of eleven submarines, commissioned between 1998
and 2008, is the major class in service. This
then led to the development of the Soryu
class, a substantially larger displacement
design featuring a license-built version of
the Kockums Stirling Air Independent
Propulsion (AIP) system. Currently
three Soryus are in service, with three
more being built. There are also two older
Harushio class boats in service that are
mainly used for training.
Japan currently has 16 SSK, 14 operational and two training, but has come to
the conclusion that this force is insufficient for its needs. Its intention now is to
have a force of 22 SSKs, indicating a
requirement for six new submarines. It is
unknown at this stage whether Japan will
opt for more Soryu class boats (they currently intend to have eight) or develop a
new class. The only certainty is that these
additional submarines will be welcomed
by MHI and Kawasaki, who were very
concerned about their ability to sustain
submarine building capabilities.
The Rise of China

For many years the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army Navy had to cope with an
inferior submarine capability. China
started submarine building with the local
assembly of the Project 613 Whiskey class
from Soviet parts kits. Then in 1959 it
received a Soviet technology transfer
package allowing local manufacture of
the Project 633 Romeo class SSK. After
the breakdown of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, China was
only capable of building Romeo class
boats and quality was variable.
The first Chinese attempt at an indigenous submarine was the Type 035 Ming
class that entered service in the late
1970s. Performance was disappointing
and the first four Ming class boats were
rapidly withdrawn from service. A second
series of Type 035G Ming class was more
successful with twelve being built
The Thyssenkrupp
Marine Systems (TKMS)
Type 209 is an enduring
presence in the SSK
market. Shown here is
Roks Lee Eokgi (SS
071), one of nine Type
209-1200 submarines
in service with the
Republic of Korea Navy,
which selected the
TKMS Type 214 as its
next-generation
submarine and will
acquire nine. (US Navy)
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Naval: submarines
After years of delivering sub-standard submarines to the Peoples Liberation Army

Navy, Chinese design and construction capabilities are now world class, as evidenced
by this Yuan class submarine. In September 2010, a fifth Yuan class was launched as
well as the first unit of a new larger displacement class. (Armada archives)
between 1988 and 1995. Concerns with

the inability of Chinese industry to deliver viable submarines is what led to the
decision to order two Project 877EKM
class from Russia in 1994 and two Project
636 in 1996.
The arrival of Russian SSKs would
achieve two objectives for China, firstly
it would provide China with a viable
operational capability and allow them
desperately needed access to modern
submarine technology. This was particularly urgent as the then next-generation
Chinese submarine, the Type 039 Song,
which started sea trials in 1995, had major
problems.
Eventually China managed to resolve
the difficulties of the Song class and currently has 13 of these in service. The Song
was followed by the Yuan class, designed
by the 701 Institute at Wuhan and built by
the Wuchang Shipyard also in Wuhan. The
first Yuan was launched in 2004 and was
subject to an extensive programme of sea
trials that revealed a need for modifications. These modifications were then incorporated into the next three Yuan class that
were launched at Wuhan in 2007/2008. The
Yuan is thought to incorporate Russian
and indigenous systems, including a Chinese air-independent propulsion system.
The fifth Yuan class was launched at
Wuhan in September 2010.
It had been assumed that the Yuan
class would be produced in large numbers, but that might not be the case. The
Wuhan Shipyard also launched the first

of a new SSK class in September; this is
obviously inspired by the Russian Lada
class and has a significantly larger dis-
The Mochisio (SS 600)

is one of eleven
Oyashio class in service
with the Japan Maritime
Self-Defense Force
(JMSDF) and was
commissioned in 2008.
The next generation
JMSDF submarine is the
Soryu class, three of six
are in service. Japan
intends to add six more
new SSKs to its fleet to
boost the force to 22.
(US Navy)
placement than the Yuan. The new submarine and the Yuan class indicate that
China has caught up in the field of SSK
technology and that it is competitive
internationally.
Market Issues
The ability to design and build conventional submarines has globalised, and
that process will continue. For example
the Republic of Korea Navy selected
locally built German Type 209 SSKs for
The Chinese Peoples
Liberation Army Navy
(Plan) operates a force
of two Project 877EKM,
two Project 636 and
eight Project 636M Kilo
class submarines. Other
Kilo customers include
Algeria, India, Iran and
mostly recently Vietnam,
who ordered six in
2009. (Armada
archives)
22
its first submarine programme, following

this with the Type 214 for its next submarine programme. However, the next generation KSS-3 class SSK for the Navy will
be completely designed and built in
Korea.
Brazil having signed a contract with
DCNS for four Scorpne submarines in
2009 involving a major technology transfer programme, eventually intends to
design and build both conventional and
nuclear submarines in its own right. They
envisage building 15 SSK over the next 30
years.
There are still important programmes
out there to win though, with India providing a good example. The DCNS Scorpne design was selected to meet the
demands of the Indian Navy Project 75
programme with six SSK being built at
Mazagon Docks in India. The first Scorpne is due to be delivered to the Indian
Navy in 2015, with the final unit projected for 2018.
Due to the need to add more SSKs to
the Indian Navy a new programme, Proj-
ect 75(I), has commenced. Here the aim

is to acquire two boats directly from the
manufacturer, the idea is delivery in 2015,
with four boats to be built in India. The
Scorpne, Type 214, S-80 and the Lada
are all contenders for this order.
Another interesting future possibility
is the Royal Australian Navy Sea 1000
programme to acquire up to twelve large
displacement SSKs to replace the existing force of six Collins class. These will
arrive in 2025 and be built in Australia.
However, the aim is that this will be a
totally indigenous programme, an objective that appears totally unrealistic.
Potentially this opens the way to a collaborative arrangement with a foreign
contractor for, at a minimum, design
assistance to minimise risk. In reality
though much more foreign participation
would be required to make this programme viable.
That the market for conventional submarines still exists is not in doubt. The
problem is that new requirements will
attract ferocious competition from the
existing players and in the future from
new players such as China, the Republic
of Korea and eventually countries such as
a
Brazil.
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Missiles
The INS/GPS-guided, rocketpowered Sagem SBU-38 Aasm,

recently named Hammer
Cheap Shot Air to

Ground Weapons
Killing Osama bin Laden may warrant the $ 52 million offered by the American
Government in combination with the Airline Pilots and the Air Transport Associations. However, run-of-the-mill bad guys must be eliminated for a few tens of
thousand dollars, at most.
Roy Braybrook
oday the principal armed forces are

mostly concerned with long-enduring counter-terrorist and peaceenforcement operations. The need in
regard to air-to-ground weapons is for
products that are highly affordable, yet
lethal against a broad range of terrorist
and insurgency targets.
The following review excludes guided
rocket projectiles and ultra lightweight
missiles, which will be the subject of a separate discussion in our next edition.
Paveway
Precision guided munitions (PGM) have
changed the way in which wars are
fought. Instead of allocating multiple
aircraft to each target, air forces with
PGMs can assign multiple targets to each
aircraft.
The growing acceptance of PGMs may
be judged from the fact that only nine
percent of the munitions used in Desert
Storm of 1991 were guided, but over half
of bombs dropped over Afghanistan
since 2001 have been PGMs.
One of the principal game-changers
has been the Paveway laser-guided bomb
(LGB), bringing massive reductions in
the sorties (and expenditure) required to
destroy each ground target.
In a 2007 presentation by Maj-Gen
David Eidsaune, then commander of the
US Air Force Air Armament Center at
24
Eglin AFB, Florida, it was stated that in

1943 Boeing B-17s had a 1000-metre
CEP (the radius of a circle of equal probability containing 50% of bombs
dropped).
McDonnell F-4s making dive attacks
with unguided bombs in South Vietnam
around 1970 were more accurate, but a
CEP of 122 metres still limited effectiveness against small hard targets.
The LGB that brought single-digit
CEPs was pioneered by Texas Instruments (TI), whose defence electronics
business was bought by Raytheon in
1997. The Paveway I was first used on a
significant scale in 1972, alongside less
successful electro-optical guided bombs.
By the time the Vietnam War ended in
1975, over 10,000 Paveway Is had been
dropped by the US Air Force alone.
General Eidsaunes presentation
compared pre-LGB Vietnam experience
with Desert Storm. In 1970 it took 30 F-4
sorties with 176 (227 kg) bombs to
destroy a typical target, whereas by 1991

the Lockheed Martin F-117 with a pair of
(907 kg) Paveway II/IIIs and a CEP of
only 3.05 metres could reliably take out
two targets per sortie.
At the time of Desert Storm it was
reported that the Paveway II kit cost only
around $ 10,000 and the Paveway III four
times as much. By 2004 the Northrop
Grumman B-2 could achieve the remarkable CEP of 2.15 metres, and destroy 16
separate targets per sortie.
More than 56,000 Paveway Is were
produced, designated GBU-10/11/12
according to warhead type (900/1360/225kg class respectively). It had small fixed
tail surfaces, and its limited manoeuvrability restricted the release envelope.
However, its range of more than five km
from a 30-degree dive at 16,000 ft put the
launch aircraft outside the reach of 57mm guns and the SA-9 (and far beyond 23
mm and the SA-7).
The Paveway II was given fold-out
wings for improved manoeuvrability,
range and accuracy. Maximum range is
over nine km from release at 20,000 ft,
and later models allow the selection of
approach heading and impact angle.
However, it retains the bang-bang control system of Paveway I.
The 285-kg Raytheon
GBU-49/B, here
mounted on a General
Atomics MQ-9 Reaper,
is an EGBU-12
Enhanced Paveway II
with Mk 82 or BLU111 warhead, INS/
GPS guidance and
laser homing. (US Air
Force)
The basic Paveway II variants are the

275-kg GBU-12, the US Navys 454-kg
GBU-16C/B, the 960-kg GBU-10 and
1360-kg GBU-11.
Enhanced Paveway
The Enhanced Paveway II Dual-Mode
LGB adds GPS/INS for mid-course navigation. This allows post-launch laser
acquisition and attacks on offset targets,
giving a massive increase in footprint.
Adding GPS also allows known targets to be attacked with near precision,
regardless of weather, using co-ordinates
entered either pre-flight or in-flight. The
principal EP2-DMLGBs are the 285-kg
EGBU-12 or (more correctly) GBU-49,
The Enhanced Paveway III DMLGB

with GPS/INS has a maximum range of 36.5
km. The 308-kg Paveway IV is a Raytheon
Systems development for the British services, basically an Enhanced Paveway II
DMLGB with anti-spoofing/jamming
GPS/INS guidance, an Enhanced Mk 82
penetration warhead and a Thales/Alliant
Techsystems Aurora fuze.
Most (over 275,000) Paveway IIs
come from Raytheon, but Lockheed
Martin has produced more than 150,000
GBU-12F/Bs. The latter company also
manufactures the Laser-Guided Training
Round (LGTR), of which over 50,000
have been built. The US Navy plans to
acquire the 45-kg Scalpel armed version
of the LGTR.
Lockheed Martin is responsible for the
Longshot low-cost wing-kit with built-in
GPS/INS guidance, extending the range of
ordnance such as Mk 82/83 bombs and
CBU-58/87/97 submunition-dispensers to
90 km from release at 35,000 ft.
Non-American LGBs
The Lizard 4 or Gal (GPS-Aided

Lizard) is the latest in the Elbit laserhoming Lizard series. It is part of the
companys Whizzard family, which
includes the Opher with IIR seeker.
(Elbit Systems)
the 503-kg EGBU-16 or GBU-48, and the

953-kg EGBU-10 or GBU-50.
Paveway III has proportional controls.
Its approach angle and time and speed of
impact can all be selected. Variants
include the 1050/1077-kg GBU-24 series
with large fixed wings to suit the Mk 84
warhead or Lockheed Martin BLU109/B Advanced Unitary Penetrator. The
984-kg GBU-27A/B with BLU-109 or
Mk 84, and the 2130-kg GBU-28B/B with
General Dynamics BLU-113A/B penetrator, were given swing-wings to suit
internal carriage on the Lockheed Martin
F-117A and Northrop Grumman B-2A
respectively. The 327 kg GBU-22/B with
Mk 82 warhead has swing-wings for carriage on the Lockheed Martin F-16.
Russias Region (part of Tactical Missiles)

markets the laser-guided LGB-250, Kab500L and Kab-1500L, these numbers indicating nominal weights in kilos.
The Region Kab-500L was sold to
China with the Sukhoi Su-27/30s, and
provided the technology for the 565-kg
Luoyang/CASC LT-2. This entered Chinese service around 2003 and is exported
as the GB-1.
Elbit Systems produces the laser-guided Lizard LGB, part of its Whizzard
series, which includes the Opher with IIR
seeker. The Gal (GPS-Aided Lizard)
adds satellite and inertial guidance.
The Griffin laser guidance kit is produced by Israel Aerospace Industries
MBT division, which is now promoting its
NGLGB (Next Generation LGB) kit for

Mk 82/83/84-series bombs, providing a
twelve-km range and five-metre accuracy. In 2009 MBT unveiled its Medium
LGB with 80 kg warhead, wing-kit, GPS
and laser terminal homing. Israel Military
Industries markets its 500-kg PB-500A1
penetration warhead in combination
with the Paveway II kit.
EO/IIR
Electro-optical guidance provides a
close-up view of the target, facilitating
strike-point refinement and damage
assessment. Imaging-infrared (IIR)
extends operation into night-time and
may see through smokescreens, but with
reduced image quality. However, the high
cost of EO/IIR guidance makes it less
The US Navy plans to buy the

Lockheed Martin Scalpel (Small
Contained Area Laser Precision
Energetic Load), a lethal derivative of
the companys unarmed Laser-Guided
Training Round. (Lockheed Martin)
attractive than laser homing, generally

restricting its use to special missions.
The US Air Force still stocks the
TV/IIR-guided 1125-kg Boeing GBU-15
glide bomb, and its 1315-kg AGM-130
rocket-boosted derivative (both of which
have received GPS upgrades). However,
they are rarely used, and only from the
Boeing F-15E. The service factsheets give
their unit costs as $ 250,000 and $ 450,000
respectively.
Rafael Advanced Defense Systems
markets the Spice 2000 based on the Mk
84 bomb, and the Spice 1000 based on the
Mk 83. Each has a CCD/IIR seeker with
automatic target recognition facility, and
the Spice 1000 has a wing-kit, extending
maximum range to well over 60 km.
In September 2010
the US Air Force
began trials with the
GBU-56/B, a Mk 84
version of the Boeing
Laser Jdam, shown
here below the wing
of a Lockheed Martin
F-16 at Eglin AFB,
Florida. (US Air Force)
25
Missiles
Shown on a Boeing
AV-8B, this
Enhanced Paveway
II Dual Mode LGB
augments laser
homing with
INS/GPS. The GPS
aerials are mounted
on either side of the
front section.
(Lockheed Martin)
Missiles
Boeing Defense Space

& Security, with Boeing
Aerostructures Australia
(formerly Hawker de
Havilland) and the
Australian Government,
has developed a wingkit for the 225-kg
version of the Jdam-ER.
(Australian Department
of Defence)
Region produces the TV-guided Kab500Kr and -1500Kr. Still under development, the Upab-1500 appears to be a
rocket-boosted bomb with swing-wings
and TV terminal guidance, presumably
following satellite/inertial mid-course
navigation.
Iran is using TV guidance for the
GBU-67/9A Qadr glide bomb, based on
the Mk 84 warhead, and the rocket-powered AGM-379/20 Zoobin, based on the
340-kg M117.
cisely surveyed target (although 4.9

metres was reportedly achieved in trials),
or 30 metres using INS alone. The principal forms of Jdam are the 925/960-kg
GBU-31 with Mk 84/BLU-109 warhead,
the 460-kg GBU-32 with Mk 83 or BLU110 and the 268-kg GBU-38 with Mk 82,
BLU-111 or BLU-126.
The GBU-38(V)4/B Jdam employs
the US Navys 210-kg BLU-126/B Low
Collateral Damage Bomb (LCDB),
which is basically the BLU-111 with 85%
SatNav
The 1991 Gulf War demonstrated the
precision of laser homing, but also its
dependence on a clear sightline to the
target. This resulted in the development
of satellite navigation for bombs (usually
combined with inertial inputs), although
it was recognised that this would give
only near precision, and that satellite
emissions are so weak that they are relatively easily jammed. As noted earlier,
satellite navigation was also added to
some laser-homing kits, providing dualmode capability.
The leader in GPS/INS weapons is the
Boeing Jdam (Joint Direct Attack Munition), which combines a guidance tail-kit
with body strakes for manoeuvrability
and extended range (28 km). The Jdam
was first used operationally in the Balkans in 1999. Boeing has now manufactured
more than 210,000 for the US services
and 22 foreign customers, and production
continues at over 700 per month. Unit
cost is around $ 20,000.
The US Air Force quotes a required
Jdam accuracy of 13 metres against a pre-
Chinas 320-kg FT-6, shown in model

form at AAD 2010, has a swing-wing
kit that extends range to a maximum of
90 km. It is marketed by Aerospace
Long-march International.
(Armada/RB)
26
gy demonstration programme with the

MBDA Diamond Back wing-kit and the
BLU-109 warhead. In 2009 Boeing began
development of a 900 kg Jdam-ER with a
Korean partner, but that effort stalled due
to lack of funding, and the company is now
looking for an alternative collaborator.
Possible future developments include
Radar Jdam, with a millimetre-wave seeker giving an all-weather strike capability
against targets such as small boats.
Jdam may also benefit from the US
Navys Damask (Direct Attack Munition
- Affordable Seeker) programme, which
uses a low-cost ($ 10,000) Raytheon IIR
seeker developed for cars. Using a preloaded target image, this seeker would
provide a CEP of three metres.
The accurate use of GPS depends on
access to the Pentagons encrypted precision P-Y codes, which are changed
monthly. Region manufactures the satellite-guided Kab-500S-E, which can
reportedly use either GPS or Glonass.
Bazalt markets the Fab-500M62 with
MPK wing-kit and satellite/inertial guidChinas equivalent of
the 460-kg GBU-32
version of Boeing
Jdam is the 540-kg
CAIC FT-1, shown
here. The smaller 230kg FT-3 corresponds to
the 268-kg GBU-38
Jdam. (Armada/RB)
of its explosive filling replaced by inert

glass beads, leaving only 12.2 kg of PBX109. The BLU-126/B is also used in the
laser-guided GBU-51/B Paveway II.
In parallel with this US Navy effort,
the US Air Force is developing for the
Jdam series the BLU-129/B Precision
Lethality Mk 82 bomb with a carbonfibre-wound warhead.
The Laser Jdam adds a DSU-38/B seeker produced by Fort Worth-based EFW, for
attacks on targets moving at up to 112
km/h. It is currently used only in the form
of the GBU-54/B with Mk 82 warhead, but
laser integration with the heavier Mk 83,
Mk 84 and BLU-109 Jdams is planned.
Tests of the GBU-56/B Ljdam with Mk 84
warhead began in September 2010.
The Ljdam entered service in 2008 and
is now in production for the US services
and Germany. It is claimed to give a CEP
of three metres for a fixed aimpoint and
six metres against a moving target.
The Jdam-ER will have a wing-kit,
tripling glide range to around 75 km. Boeing Defense Space & Security, working
with Boeing Aerostructures Australia (formerly Hawker de Havilland) and the Australian Government, has developed a
wing-kit for the 225-kg version, and it is
hoped to start production shortly. JdamER has also been tested under a technoloarmada INTERNATIONAL 2/2011
ance. It has a range of 6.5 km from low

level, and 15 km from altitude. Similar
guidance is used in the PBK-500U glide
bomb, which dispenses 15 SPBE-K sensor-fuzed submunitions.
Chinas CAIC has developed the 540kg FT-1 and 230-kg FT-3 satellite guided
bombs, which become the 600-kg FT-2
and 320-kg FT-6 with swing-wing kits. The
latest of the series is the 100-kg FT-5. The
wing-kits are claimed by CAIC to extend
maximum range from 20 to 90 km.
These weapons are marketed with the
Chengdu JF-17, and presumably use C/A
(coarse-acquisition) GPS signals. The 540kg, 60-km winged Luoyang LS-6 developed for domestic use may be linked to
Chinas Beidou satellite system.
In 2009 Turkeys Tubitak-Sage
unveiled its HGK INS/GPS guidance
tailkit for Mk 84 bombs. A version for the
Mk 82 is planned.
SDB
The accuracy of modern air-to-ground
weapons allows small warheads to
destroy most targets. Lightweight
weapons allow more targets to be
attacked in a single sortie, reducing attrition. Small weapons also facilitate internal carriage in stealth fighters.
Shock and Awe:

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Missiles
In August 2010
Raytheon was
selected to develop
the 93-kg GBU-53/B
Small Diameter
Bomb Increment
Two, which has a
swing-wing kit, multieffect warhead and
tri-mode seeker.
(Raytheon)
In 1997 Air Combat Command voiced a

need for a miniaturised munition, combining penetration, standoff range and better
accuracy than the Jdam. In 2001 work
began on a 130-kg (class) differential-GPS
guided Small Diameter Bomb (SDB), of
which eight could be carried in the weapon
bays of the Lockheed Martin F-22.
In 2003 Boeing was selected to develop and produce the SDB-1, of which the
US Air Force plans to acquire 24,000.
Deliveries of the GBU-39/B with MBDA
Diamond Back wing-kit began in 2006.
Unit cost is around $ 30,000.
The GBU-39/B has demonstrated a
range of 99 km from release at 30,000 ft.
It has excellent penetration due to its
hard casing, slender shape and a guidance
system that aligns the body with its velocity vector at impact.
For situations in which low collateral
damage is more important than penetration, Boeing produces the Focused Lethality Munition (FLM) version of the SDB,
with a composite case and a dense inert
metal explosive (Dime) blast warhead.
In August 2010 Raytheon was selected
to develop the 93-kg GBU-53/B SDB-II,
which is a completely new, shorter
weapon, to allow the Lockheed Martin
F-35 to carry eight internally. Intended to
destroy a moving tank in all-weather conditions, day or night, the SDB-II has a trimode (EO, laser and millimetre-wave
radar) seeker, a two-way datalink for target updates and a multi-effect warhead
combining a shaped-charge, blast and
fragmentation. It is expected to enter
Under an agreement signed in 2008,

MBDA is responsible for Hammer marketing. The first international sale is to
Morocco, which intends to use the Hammer on its Dassault Mirage F1s.
It is planned to adapt the Hammer kit
to other bomb bodies. For example, an
Aasm-125 with a Mk 81 warhead was
tested from a Mirage 2000 in February
2009. Both MBDA and TDA Armements
(now part of Thales) are developing onetonne CMP (Charge Militaire de Penetration) warheads for Hammer.
service on the F-15E in 2015, and cost

around $ 87,000.
Hammer
France took a different approach, aiming
to fill the gap between the Paveway II
and conventional guided missiles with
the rocket-powered Sagem Aasm
(Armement Air-Sol Modulaire), recently
renamed Hammer.
The baseline SBU-38 kit, known as the
decametric version for its near-precision
delivery, consists of a nose section with
INS/GPS and tandem cruciform canards,
and a tail section with large wings and a
solid-fuel rocket motor. It was first tested
in September 2004. The SBU-64 metric
version adds an IIR seeker and was first
tested in July 2007.
Each of these variants weighs approximately 340 kg, being based on 250-kg
class warheads: the Mk 82, BLU-111 or
the Bang/Cbems (Bombe Aeronavale
de Nouvelle Generation/Corps de
Bombe a Effets Multiples Securisee)
penetration warhead. These Aasm-250s
have a range of 50 km in a low-level toss
attack, or 80 km from high-level release.
Impact angle is selectable. The SBU-38
was first used operationally by the Dassault Rafale in Afghanistan in 2008. The
third stage of Aasm development is the
SBU-54 with laser seeker.
A total of 1424 Hammers have so far
been ordered for the French Air Force
and Navy, out of 3400 planned for use on
the Dassault Mirage 2000 and Rafale.
Sagem SBU-38 Aasm, recently

renamed Hammer, is shown here on
the Dassault Rafale. It is released like a
conventional bomb prior to rocket
motor ignition and was first employed
operationally over Afghanistan in
2008. (Sagem)
Potential customers for the Hammer

include Finland, India and Saudi Arabia.
This last country is purchasing air-toground weapons for its upgraded Panavia
Tornadoes and new-build Eurofighter
Typhoons.
Another weapon family aimed at
Typhoon application is the Diehl BGT
Defence Hope/Hosbo swing-wing glide
missile series. The former (HOchleistungsPEnetrator) is a 1400-kg buried target
munition and the latter (HOchleistungsSprengBOmbe) a 500-kg blast bomb. a
From left to right: the South African Air Force is funding the development of the Denel Umbani (Lightning) as a technology project.
Flight trials are expected to take place soon on a Hawk Mk 120. The Umbani-LR with a wing-kit will extend range to 120 km.
Advanced Technologies & Engineering is proposing to integrate the weapon on the Saab Gripen. The 1200-kg Raptor IID is the latest
version of the TV-guided, rocket-powered, swing-wing weapon cleared for use on the Dassault Mirage III/F1 and Sukhoi Su-24.
(Armada/RB)
28
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Nexter
Systems
XXXOFYUFSHSPVQGS
:PVSFOPUKVTUBQFBDFLFFQFSZPVSFBIJHIWBMVFUBSHFU)JHIJOUFOTJUZDPNCBUDPVMECFXBJUJOH
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SFQPXFS NPCJMJUZBOEDSFXDPNGPSU0VSXJEFSBOHFPGVBCI BSNPVSFEWFIJDMFTFOTVSFTZPV
VOQBSBMMFMFETVSWJWBCJMJUZBHBJOTUBMMUZQFTPGUISFBUT GSPNNJOFTBOE*&%TUPLJOFUJDQSPKFDUJMFT
BOE/3#$XFBQPOTVBCIDBOCFFRVJQQFEXJUIWBSJPVTUZQFTPGNJEDBMJCSFUVSSFUTBTXFMMBT
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Communication
Call from the

Front:
LandWarNet
and the Gig
With an almost 350-km range, ITTs RO radio

provides secure over-the-horizon comms via DTCS
and Iridiums Leo constellation
The Landwarnet is a global compilation of all US Army communication and

information collection, storing, management, analysis and dissemination systems, and the armys contribution to the Global Information Grid. The net contains all army-owned or -leased computing and security systems that transmit
information over space-based, airborne or terrestrial (wireless or wired) channels. It was conceived out of the need to conduct true NCW.
Valry Rousset, inputs

from Johnny Keggler
etwork Centric Warfare, or NCW,

was born as a concept at the turn of
the century. The development of
new technologies for information and communication, as well as major shifts in threat
patterns to the United States after 9/11,
prompted the Pentagon to endorse a transformation throughout the Department of
Defense. This transformation entailed
moving away from platform-based, massed
firepower effects and hierarchical units,
and towards end-to-end information superiority shared by network nodes of sensors,
commanders and shooters.
This vision merged the physical and
social dimensions of the network, generating greater force multipliers. It was first put
to the test in 2003 in Iraq, where a robust
networked force displayed improved information sharing concepts (e.g. the night
attack on Fallujah in March used friendly
force tracking with icons on maps instead
of voice exchanges over FM radio).
Information sharing enhanced the
quality of information (reducing friendly
fire and fixed co-ordination lines) and
produced shared situational awareness.
The latter enabled co-operation and
(some) self-synchronisation (through ad
hoc networking), enhancing reliability
and speed of command, exemplified by
the dissemination of a commanders
30
intent in terms of fragmentary orders

adapted to each level of execution and
accurate reporting based on graphical situation update and sensor imagery rather
than voice or text messages. Speed of
command and accurate reporting
increased mission effectiveness and force
agility (both in terms of manoeuvre and
sustainability).
In less than a decade, this top-down

approach transformed networks from a
collection of spread assets connected by
gateways into a single, secure grid delivering information to policy makers, the
intelligence community, support personnel and warfighters, regardless of their
location and attachment.
Truly Global
The Global Information Grid (Gig) came
online around 2006 and has been expanding ever since, from the continental US to
theatres worldwide. Today, ad hoc communities of interest form around a network to pull information according to
their need or push it tagged with specific
criteria for other users to discover it.
Unified Communications
As the first benefits of NCW were slowly
emerging from centralised planning and
decentralised execution, the networking
of C4ISR (Computerised Command,
Control, Communications, Intelligence,
Surveillance and Reconnaissance) from
higher headquarters down to lower tactical command posts proved difficult. It
quickly became a nightmare for signals
units in the field to move sensor data and
command information using heterogeneous information systems with spread
databases, linked by low-throughput
transmissions delivered by multiple noninteroperable radios.
Overcoming service-based stovepipes
took a holistic approach to equipping,
planning, commanding and fielding these
forces with jointness in mind. Rather than
a co-ordinated approach between services,
the US Department of Defense fostered
an enterprise approach, leveraging the
now-reversed duality from commercial
innovation to defence procurement.
The Boeing Wideband Global Satellite

constellation can route up to 3.6
Gbit/sec of data over X- and Kabands, more than ten times that of the
previous satcom system. Boeing began
work on WGS-7 in late-2010 under a
US Air Force contract that includes
options for another six satellites up to
WGS-12. (Boeing)
Todays warfighters must be able to communicate in the most rugged and isolated terrain to perform their
critical missions. Where traditional communications systems can fail, ITTs RO tactical radio prevails. With a
robust push-to-talk handheld transceiver offering secure, over-the-horizon satellite-based voice and data
communications, the RO radio enables mounted and dismounted forces to communicate successfully in even
the harshest environments. For more information on this new innovation, visit communications.itt.com/ro.
The sky is not the limit for our tactical

communication systems...its just the
beginning.
&MFDUSPOJD4ZTUFNTt(FPTQBUJBM4ZTUFNTt*OGPSNBUJPO4ZTUFNTt.JTTJPO4ZTUFNT
*55 UIF&OHJOFFSFE#MPDLTMPHP BOE&/(*/&&3&%'03-*'&BSFSFHJTUFSFEUSBEFNBSLTPG*55.BOVGBDUVSJOH&OUFSQSJTFT *OD BOEBSFVTFEVOEFSMJDFOTF *55$PSQPSBUJPO
Communication
Getting the info from the top of the

command chain down to the shooter is
as easy as strapping on the GD300
from General Dynamics C4 Systems.
The unit operates as a stand-alone
highly-accurate GPS that can be
loaded with preplanned missions
when coupled to a tactical radio the
operator has access to the tactical
network and out to the Gig. (General
Dynamics C4 Systems)
This smart push/pull poses new challenges across the defence enterprise,
notably in terms of information assurance, user authentication and spectrum
management.
In addressing these challenges, the Gig
leverages technologies proven by commercial data communications, such as
Internet Protocol (IP) and web technologies. To ensure robust networking as a
pre-requisite to NCW, the Gig foundation thus rests on six major programmes,
supervised by the Department of
Defense in a joint environment; four deal
with transportation of information, one
with enterprise services and one with
information assurance:
at the strategic level, the Gig rests on
terrestrial networks of fibre-optic links.
The Spearhead radio from ITT provides

the ground soldier with access to VHF
tactical voice and data communication
and, with its IP-based connectivity,
provides enhanced situational
awareness with full access to the
Tactical Internet. (ITT )
32
The Gig Bandwidth Extension (Gig BE)

reached full operational capability in
December 2005, at the cost of less than a
billion US dollars for about 100 nodes.
Optical carriers raised the capacity of the
Defence Information System Network
worldwide from 0.15 Gbps to ten Gbps
(Gigabit/sec), and the whole network
migrated to IPv6 by 2008, bringing with it
High-speed, high-Assurance IP Encryption (Haipe) to Department of Defense
networks
at the operational level (between
Conus and theatres), the planned Gigabit-class Tsat (space-based laser links)
scheduled for 2011 was cancelled due to
high cost (between $ 16 and $ 26 billion
for a five-satellite constellation), six-year
delays and risks. In-theatre users still rely
on legacy Milstar or renting commercial
Satcom services where terrestrial fibre is
unavailable and intelligence, surveillance
and reconnaissance are highly mobile and
predominantly use the air dimension
the current space segment, reinforced
by two Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellites, may be augmented by
new commercial satellites such as the ten
Gbps Viasat-1 to provide persistent, highspeed, secure and protected (but less than
in hand-held, mobile, vehicular, airborne

and maritime settings. This last-mile information transformation segment solved
the most critical bottleneck, which was the
lack of interoperability between warfighters, and providing them with megabit-size
voice and data exchanges over IP
the enterprise services of the Gig deal
with information content, and leverage the
new standards of service-oriented architectures fuelled by enterprise networking
and web-based communications. Rather
than providing point-to-point interfaces,
this new architecture provides overall network supervision, adding dynamic information services such as discovery of users
and data sources, mediation between data
formats, discovery of data and applications
to solve specific problems and overall
security provision as well as key distribution to recognised users
the security component of the Gig is
backed by a strong information assurance policy implemented under guidance
of the National Security Agency, driving a
radical shift away from perimeter
defence and firewalling to real-time network monitoring for network operation
and protection. These information security features had to be designed and impleThis simplified
rendering gives an
overview of the
Gigs global reach.
The network
connects ground,
air and space
assets and provides
access to US forces
worldwide through
national and
theatre points of
presence. (US
Department of
Defense)
the hardened Tsat) medium-high bandwidth services to satisfy deployed forces.

The ground and space segments are
linked together by teleports in a few protected areas
at the tactical level, deployed and
mobile ground networks use wireless
radio segments transported by an IP
layer from radio access points to combat
networks. The deployed networked
based on the Mobile Subscriber Equipment derived in the early 1990s from the
French Rita from Thomson-CSF (now
Thales) was retired in 2009-2010 and is
being replaced by the Warfighter Information Network Tactical (Win-T).
Similarly, about 750,000 serviceunique, proprietary radios (e.g. Sincgars
or EPLRS) with limited voice and data
capability are progressively being
replaced by some $ 250,000 of the tenplus billion dollar Joint Tactical Radio
System (or JTRS) programme.
JTRS is a family of new-generation,
multi-band, software-defined radios used
mented from the beginning and not

implemented as an add-on.
Such a huge overarching project is
likely to overtake the $ 30 billion figure,
as the Gig becomes a globally interconnected end-to-end set of information collection, management and dissemination
capabilities. This complex, far-reaching
process bears risks, which were identified
early in the decade by the General
Accounting Office.
Its success thus rests on centrally managed policy and standards (mainly by the
Defense Information Systems Agency),
transportation layers and information
management assets, as well as enterprise
security and services based on commercial technologies augmented by the
Department of Defense mission-criticaluser requirement.
On the tactical edge though, the same
practices appear even more challenging,
since the user requirement in terms of
security, mobility, connectivity and bandwidth are far more complex to meet.
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RF CommunicationsUii
V>-iU >`V>
V>
Communication
The complex
relationships between
Landwarnet and the
Global Information Grid
have no equivalent in
the US military or
elsewhere. Orchestrating this overarching
set of policies,
programs, systems and
services places a heavy
burden on governance,
associating government,
industry, and the
military. (US Department
of Defense)
Todays individual warfighter, and the

army for whom he fights, rely heavily on
information technology to plan and execute their mission. Commanders and soldiers require real-time, secure C4ISR
information circulating through a global
network that is managed in such a way
that only relevant information is pushed
to their terminals.
As the cornerstone of military power
applied to deal with threats on the ground
(the current operational environment),
the US Army had to provide its own contribution to the Gig. The more information and communication-intensive Navy
and Air Force came on board earlier with
their own concepts of Forcenet and the
C2 Constellation respectively. Therefore,
the US Army formulated a first vision
based on its heterogeneous legacy and
called it Landwarnet.
But turning the Landwarnet reality of
loosely affiliated independent networks
into a single global network available to
the warfighter called for an army-wide
strategy, which became known as the
Global Network Enterprise Construct
(GNEC), tasked with delivering a worldwide communication framework on which
to unify army information systems.
In the November 2010 Enterprise Network Update which outlined the US
Armys Global Network Enterprise Construct Implementation Plan, the US

Army Chief Information Officer/G-6
wrote, The Armys current networks,
information systems and resources are
not sufficient to support a true fightupon-arrival capacity. Access to the network and information technology
resources is inconsistent
The GNEC will leverage network
service centres and centrally manage limited network resources (like spectrum
and bandwidth) in a decentralised capability, enabling on-demand densification
of the network at a particular spot of the
battlespace when the mission (or density
of users) demands.
This ambitious, holistic endeavour
invited the army to endorse communications as its key weapon system for the
coming years, supporting major capabilities such as the Land Warrior combat system programme.
But as the soldier operates in an environment deprived of a fixed communication infrastructure, using platforms to
move and fight, the army needs to downsize its communication devices, harden
them and scatter them to an extent alien
to homeland or theatre communication
infrastructures. A manoeuvring communication infrastructure able to exploit
The AN/PRC-117G from Harris Communications is an NSA-certified, JTRS SCAcompliant Type-1 tactical radio covering the 30 MHz to 2 GHz bandwidth providing
ten Watts over VHF and 20 on UHF. The unit uses the Harris Adaptive Networking
Wideband Waveform (ANW2) and in December 2010 was successfully integrated
with the JTRS Soldier Radio Waveform Network Manager. (Harris)
34
voice, data and imagery is revolutionary

for the army, as opposed to air force fighter-bomber or navy submarine crews.
The basis for Landwarnet (and its link
to the Gig) will be provided by incremental capabilities of the Win-T programme. A deployed, dynamically-configured, high-speed and high-capacity
backbone tactical network designed to
operate at the halt today and on-themove later this year, Win-T will bring
C4ISR down to the lower tactical echelon, supporting the agile warfighting unit
foreseen by NCW.
Since 2008, tactical commanders have
begun to experience a seamless flow of
information between sensors, C2 and
shooters, enabling them to operate virtual staffs and analytical centres irrespectively of their current location and
attachment in the battlespace (merging
The Landwarnet is a US Army

transformational, system-of-systems
initiative covering every information
superiority aspect: standards,
communications, network services,
applications, and combat platform
integration. (US Army)
sea, land, air, space and information

dimensions).
Designed for rapid deployment by C130 tactical transport aircraft, Win-T will
in turn integrate JTRS radios and Satcom
terminals, based on specific interoperable, data-optimised waveforms. As Increment 2 began fielding in 2009, Win-T
users are now experiencing meshed terrestrial network and on-the-move Satcom
(Ka- and Ku-bands) exchanges between
command vehicles, thanks to new network-centric waveforms for access by
mobile Satcom terminals, or high-band
networking waveforms for ground wireless wide-area networking capability.
Scheduled for fielding in 2011, Increment 3 will further adapt this capability
to tactical platforms by applying size,
weight, autonomy and power (Swap)
constraints to Win-T equipment. It will
also introduce advantaged nodes, an
intermediate tier between ground and
space networks based on airborne relays
which remain to be defined.
The final Increment (4) will deal with
technology insertion to enable enhanced
satellite communication protection (antijam, low probability of detection) and
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Communication
A technician performs maintenance at

the Ramstein Air Force Base teleport.
Linking satellite communications with
ground networks, Ramstein acts as a
Disa hub for high-bandwidth voice &
data to US forces in the European
theatre. (Rockwell Collins)
greater throughput afforded by new communication satellites and modems.
Communication as a
Weapon System
Beyond the transportation layer of Win-T
tactical network and JTRS networking
radios, Landwarnet will benefit from
advanced network management services
delivered by Network Operations Security Centers. Delivering dynamic quality of
service from commercial-standard data
distribution mechanisms and system management protocols, the network management layer will enable units at battalion
level to exchange secure voice, data and
video throughout the theatre.
On top of this service layer sits an
ever-richer application layer designed to
accommodate command & control (C2),
battle management or ISR services. In
the C2 realm, the deployment of the
Command Post of the Future over tactical networks enables large unit command
up to army corps, using applications such
as the Army Battle Command System (a
suite of information systems managing
logistics, intelligence data and airspace
co-ordination).
At battalion level and below, battle
management C4I is performed by
Northrop Grummans FBCB2, providing
manoeuvre planning, local situational
awareness and threat acquisition at combat vehicle level. At the shooter level, as
the army FCS programme was replaced
by Land Warrior, the drive of networkcentricity down goes on, with information
superiority reaching the soldier through
its new Rifleman Radio, rifle sight and
eyesight.
In the near future, information containers will leverage 4G mobile phone
technologies, as warfighters already
experience smartphones hosting tactical
apps for access to ISR or local situational awareness information.
In its current state, the Landwarnet
does for the army much of what the commercial Internet does for fixed and
mobile users. But it delivers these information services while accommodating
36
the armys most stringent requirement

for connectivity, mobility and survivability between platforms connected to a vast
array of sensors, from the video camera,
laser
rangefinder
and
thermal
imager/sight mounted on most combat
platforms to the 2400 or so drones flying
over Iraq every day.
This places a very high burden on
information management and security,
with content management able to deal
with information exchange (acquisition,
storage, access and delivery) and information security maintaining integrity,
protection and authentication of data. In
Landwarnet as in its higher Gig counterpart, all this is achieved in a holistic
approach driven by military-grade implementation of Net-Centric Enterprise
Services (NCES).
Army Information Enterprise

The key to rapid implementation of Landwarnet over three fiscal years (2009
through 2011) lies as much in technology,
introduced incrementally over a momentum of spiral development, as in people.
Reflecting the paramount social
dimension of the network, Landwarnet
was introduced centrally over doctrine,
organisation, training, material, leadership & education, personnel & facilities
and broken down between its various
stakeholder communities, from the US
Army Chief Information Officer
(CIO/G6) to the Central Technical Support Facility in Fort Hood, Texas, used as
a system gateway.
Education and training is performed
using the newly transformed Army Signal
Center, which became Landwarnet University, while military-commercial synergies are orchestrated by the prime contracting management offices, as well as
dedicated government-industry gatherings
such as the yearly Afcea-sponsored Landwarnet conference in Tampa, Florida.
As digital natives flow through the
ranks of the army, they take ownership of
Landwarnet technologies and collaborative working as smoothly as they roam
the Internet.
Taking the next step in the evolution of
Landwarnet, in October 2010 the US Army
Cyber Command officially opened for
business. The mission of Arcyber is to
plan, co-ordinate, integrate, synchronise,

direct and conduct network operations and
defence of all army networks. Arcyber is
the US Army component to the US Cyber
Command, a sub-unit of the US Strategic
Command, and is tasked with ensuring the
security of US Army cyberspace.
Allied Equivalents to
all-IP Networking
The ambition and extent of the Gig and
Landwarnet systems of systems appear
formidable when brought down to the
vast size of the US military, their continental and worldwide deployments and
the relative short timeframe in which it
was contemplated, designed and first
implemented during the last decade. This
endeavour has few equivalents in the
world, given the small number of nations
sharing similar stakes with the United
States and, most of all, their worldwide
commitment.
So even if the deep transformation of
Australian, Israeli, Singaporean or United Arab Emirates armies into digitised,
network-enabled,
information-centric
militaries are worth mentioning, only the
British or French battlespace digitisation
follows, though on a lower scale, the wide
path of US net-centricity.
The French Army transformation
towards mobile, networked C4I over IP is
particularly remarkable given the new
role of France in Nato, and especially its
Allied
Command
Transformation.
Among currently deployed assets, the following can be pointed out: the new-generation Thales Rita N4 deployed tactical
Internet for the battlegroup (similar to
the Win-T configuration).
Thales and Thales Alenia Space Syracuse III military satellite links available
to mobile armoured command posts
operating satcom-on-the-move over vast
distances of the Afghan theatre; company
commanders networked to the Thales
Atlas digitised artillery C4I system
deployed on Forward Operating Bases
and Battlegroups in contact with Nato
Isaf headquarters (through more than 90
theatre-wide points of presence) or
National Command Authorities. Indeed,
the French Army all-IP networking is
standing out as a close allied counterpart
a
to the Landwarnet.
A dashboard of the
Neurastal network
monitoring system
in one of the Disa
network operation
centres. This kind of
hypervision tool
(above network
supervision) is
critical to ensure
permanent network
management and
defence at an
enterprise level.
(Kratos Networks)
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IgjX`h9Z[ZchZd[[Zgi]ZWZhiegdiZXiZY
aVcY[dgXZbdW^a^in#
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Radar
The Drones
Synthetic Eye
BAE Systems Herti-1B drone is
outfitted with a Selex Galileo Picosar
In the twenty years since the Boeing/Northrop Grumman E-8C Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System made its dbut during Operation Desert Storm
in 1991 to expel Iraq from Kuwait, the size of synthetic aperture radar has progressively reduced. Such is the size of those radars today that they can be routinely deployed on spacecraft and drones.
Thomas Withington
esert Storm underscored the reality

that the synthetic aperture radar has
become indispensable to military
operations because of the clarity of the
image that it provides, its day and night
application and resistance to interference
from bad weather. An added bonus is its
ability to track mobile objects via the
Ground Moving Target Indicator modes
that are usually associated with it.
How does synthetic aperture radar
achieve its impressive resolution? The
secret lies in the length of the radars aerial. There is a rule of thumb in radar
design that the clearer the radar image
one requires, the larger the radar aerial
must be. Technically, in order to create
the crisp quality of radar image that is
provided by a synthetic aperture radar, its
aerial would need to be several kilometres long, which is absolutely impractical
from an engineering and deployment
standpoint.
However, an aircraft can artificially
create the aerial, hence the synthetic
dimension, by flying a precise course,
allowing the radar to transmit and receive
a very narrow radar beam as the aircraft
travels forward and thereby generate a
sharp image of a small patch of the
38
ground below. These images are then put

together to provide a highly detailed representation of the ground and the objects
seen by the radar, which can be assembled
in a strip. In synthetic radar parlance, this
is known as a strip mode function.
When gathering imagery the radar can
be set to look directly below the aircraft
or across a slant at an offset angle from
the fuselage. These characteristics make
the technique perfect for viewing static
objects. However, moving targets have
always represented more of a challenge,
and this is where the GMTI come in. In
order to determine whether an object is
static or moving, the GMTI calculates the
radar Doppler shift.
The gradual miniaturisation of such
radars is one of the myriad consequences
of Moores Law, which states that that the
number of transistors that can be costeffectively placed on an integrated circuit
doubles around every two years. This
allows circuits, and therefore subsystems,
to be reduced in size.
Just as mobile telephones are now
miniscule compared to the bricks
beloved of stockbrokers in the mid-1980s,
radar payloads are a fraction of the size of
the Northrop Grumman AN/APY-7 synthetic aperture radar that equips the E8C. This has enabled the migration of the
technology on to drones, which are in fact
ideally suited to perform the long and

arduous flight profiles required to build
up a radar image of the ground below.
Several drone-oriented synthetic
aperture radars are now available, including Rockwell Collinss Minisar, which
mounts the radar antenna in a gimbal.
Weighing a mere twelve kilos, the unit has
already performed test flights onboard a
Lockheed Martin Sky Spirit tactical
drone. It can return pictures of around 25
square centimetres at a range of ten km.
When operating at a range of 23 km, the
resolution of the Minisar is around one
square metre. It is available in a Ku-band
(twelve to 18 GHz) configuration,
although there is the option to extend this
to X-band (eight to twelve GHz) and
K-band (26.5 to 40 GHz).
Meanwhile, Selex Galileos X-band
Picosar has a similarly light weight of just
below ten kg, yet provides a one square
metre resolution at up to ten km range,
although it has a maximum range of 20 km.
The operator can gain a detailed picture of
a specific target using the radars fine resolution spot mode, while the strip mode
can be used to cover a wider area.
The Picosar equips BAE Systems
Herti-1B drone and has also been tested
on Galileo Avionicas Falco aircraft and
lately even on a rotordrone, namely the
Schiebel Camcopter S-100.
The Picosar is now joined by the
Picostar surveillance, targeting and
reconnaissance radar, which uses active
electronically scanned array (now generically known as aesa) technology to provide both synthetic radar and GMTI
functions. This radar is in turn connected
to an electro-optical payload allowing the
operator to detect targets of interest with

the former, and then view this in more
detail using the latter.
The Picostar radar operates in the
X-band, has a maximum range of 20 km
and a resolution of less than 33 square
centimetres and provides spot and strip
modes and moving target indication in a
package weighing less than 25 kg.
Other European synthetic aperture
radars include Cassidians (the new name
for EADS Defence and Security) Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar or Misar
which has been designed for small
drones with limited payload space and
power supplies. The Misar is a K-band (20
to 40 GHz) system with all-weather capability in a package weighing four kilos.
Nevertheless, the systems surveyed
above, diminutive in size though they are,
are by no means the lightest of their kind
on the market. Imsar of the United States
has developed the Nanosar series in a
number of configurations including the
Nanosar-A, which weighs 907 grams and
provides a one square metre resolution at
a range of one kilometre. This payload is
installed on the Boeing/Insitu Scaneagle
drone. One attraction of the Nanosar-A is
that it converts the radar imagery on
board into a strip format in real time.
Although slightly heavier, the companys Nanosar-B, which is used on

Northrop Grummans low-flying Bat
drone, still weighs a mere 1.5 kilos. This
X-band unit offers a resolution of
between 0.3 to five square metres across
the range of one to four km, with its
imagery being organised into either circular, spot or strip mode formats.
Meanwhile, one of the companys
most recent products is the Leonardo,
which has similar performance characteristics to the Nanosar-B, although it operates in the Ku-band.
General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Predator series of medium-altitude,
long-endurance drones have become
household names and regular television
news stalwarts. The aircrafts manufacturer also supplies the Lynx family combined
synthetic aperture radar and GMTI packages in two versions: the Block 20 equipping the companys MQ-9 Reapers operated by the Royal Air Force and the
United States Air Force, and the Block 30
Lynx variant equipping the MQ-9s operated by the Italian Air Force.
In terms of performance, the Lynx
Block 20/30 offers a circa 30-cm resolution at around 50 km, and this increases to
around ten centimetres at a slant range of
Weighing less than
ten kilos, the Selex
Galileo Picosar is
one of the lightest
synthetic aperture
radars on the
market. The
company also
produces the
Picostar, which
combines the radar
with an electrooptical device.
(Armada/EHB)
20 km. The GMTI mode provides the

capability to detect small vehicles at 23
km. The principle differences between the
Block 20 and Block 30 are that the latter
has a lighter weight and is more resistant
to harsh environmental conditions.
The company, in partnership with the
US
Defense
Advanced
Projects
Research Agency and BAE Systems, is
also working on the Lynx Dual Beam
Radar upgrade, which will offer a much
slower minimum detectable velocity. This
upgrade underwent a test on 7 May 2010
deployed onboard a General Atomics
MQ-9 Reaper drone, during which it
tracked dismounted troops moving at
speeds of below half-a-metre per second.
The company has stated that this capability will now be offered as an upgrade for
the US Air Force Reaper drone fleet.
The MQ-1C Gray Eagle extended,
long-endurance aircraft are equipped
with the Lynx Block 30, despite Northrop
Grummans AN/ZPY-1 Starlite synthetic
Imagery returned from the Ground

Moving Target Indicator on board a
United States Air Force
Boeing/Northrop Grumman E-8C Joint
Surveillance Target Attack Radar
System. Work is ongoing to improve
the resolution of imagery returned by
GMTI systems. (US Department of
Defense)
aperture radar (see below) having been

selected to equip these aircraft. However,
this radar was not ready at the time of the
US Armys deployment of its Gray
Eagles to Afghanistan, resulting in the
procurement of the Lynx Block 30.
In addition to the Lynx Dual Beam
Radar initiative, the company has developed a maritime mode for the Lynx family that is capable of detecting small surface vessels. This was tested during the
Trident Warrior exercise off the coast of
San Diego in June last year, when it successfully detected a semi-submersible
vehicle.
39
Radar
Rockwell Collins
has joined forces
with Sandia
National
Laboratories to
develop the Minisar
drone payload.
This synthetic
aperture radar
weighs twelve kilos
and has been
tested on board a
Lockheed Martin
Sky Spirit aircraft.
(Sandia National
Laboratories)
Radar
General Atomics Reaper is outfitted with the Lynx Block 20/30 radar, with American
and British aircraft using the former system and Italian aircraft the latter. The principle
difference between the two types being the Block 30s lighter weight. (General
Atomics)
As said above, Northrop Grummans

AN/ZPY-1 Starlite had originally been
chosen by the US Army. The Starlite can
gather both strip and spot imagery and,
along with the GMTI, the company is
developing a Maritime Moving Target
Indicator. This is a challenge given that
the radar will have to contend not only
with the horizontal movement of the target vessel, but also the vertical and horizontal movement of ocean, particularly in
high sea states.
In terms of additional modes of operation, in May 2010, Northrop Grumman
announced that Starlite had demonstrated
its ability to track dismounted targets.
In addition to producing the Starlite,
Northrop Grumman has joined forces
with Raytheon to meet the requirements
of the Multi-Platform Radar Technology
Insertion Program which is being developed for the US Air Force Electronic Systems Center. The Northrop Grumman/
Raytheon team is leveraging aesa technology to develop a high-resolution,
long-range synthetic aperture radar and
ground moving target indicator which
will offer the means to detect slow-moving ground vehicles and low-flying cruise
The General Atomics Lynx family of synthetic aperture radars offers an impressive
resolution. This image shows the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball stadium in impressive
detail. The Lynx family includes a number of different designs. (General Atomics)
If Germanys efforts to
put the shaky Talarion
programme on steady
tracks come to fruition,
the drone would be
equipped with this
Aura radar developed
in a three-way effort
involving Thales, Indra
and Cassidian.
(Armada/EHB)
40
missiles and collect imagery of still and

moving objects simultaneously. Once this
radar is fully developed it is expected to
be retrofitted onto the US Air Forces E8C aircraft and also its RQ-4B Block 40
Global Hawk high-altitude, longendurance drones.
Like Northrop Grumman, ITT is also
in the business following its acquisition of
EDO in 2007. The firm produces the
J-band AN/APS-144 (10 to 20 GHz)
pulse Doppler combined synthetic aperture radar and GMTI, which can detect
slow-moving air vehicles travelling at
speeds of up to 220 km/h and dismounted
troops at walking pace.
An integral cueing system allows an
electro-optical system to be slewed
towards a target of interest to provide
more visual detail. The AN/APS-144 provides resolution of 33 square centimetres
when operating in spot mode, up to one
square metre when operating in strip
mode in a package weighing 34 kg.
Staying with larger drones, the Thales
WK-450 Watchkeeper aircraft equipping
the British Army is outfitted with the

companys Viper, which can detect troop
and vehicle movement at a range of
around 20 km. The Viper is teamed with
an El-Op Compass electro-optical payload, with the latter system located
towards the front of the aircraft and used
for wide-area surveillance, with the Compass also performing laser designation.
These two payloads will soon be put to
the test, as the British Army plans to
deploy its Watchkeeper drones to
Afghanistan by the end of 2011.
Along with providing drone electrooptical systems, Israels IAI Elta Systems
is developing and manufacturing combined synthetic aperture radar and GMTI
sensors. The EL/M-2055 payload is used
ISR
Whatever The Weather,

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For real-time high quality all-weather imagery,

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IAI-ELTAs SAR/GMTI Systems for mission success.

Our record proves it.
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Radar
The Starlite weighs

a shade over 29 kg
and is a
descendent of the
AN/ZPQ-1
deployed on the
Predators operated
by the United States
Air Force.
(Northrop
Grumman)
by the EADS Sidm (Systme Interimaire

de Drone) operated by the Arme de
Terre (French Army). The EL/M-2055
provides strip mode stationary target
imaging over a large area, while its spot
mode achieves a higher resolution. A useful halfway house as regards the attributes of the strip and spot modes is the
assembly of several spot mode images into
a mosaic to create a high-resolution representation of a large area.
Along with the EL/M-2055, IAI/Elta
also produces the EL/M-2022U for maritime surveillance. This is outfitted with
an embedded synthetic aperture radar
and an Inverse sar mode (isar), which
allows the collection of silhouette
imagery of ships on the high seas.
The EL/M-2055 is available in three
versions, with the EL/M-2055D weighing
38 kg and optimised for tactical drones.
The larger EL/M-2055DX has a mid-sized
aerial and is ideal for tactical or mediumaltitude, long-endurance drones, while the
60-kg EL/M-2055DL is intended for larger aircraft. Finally, the EL/M-2055M
weights around 100 kg and is designed for
high-altitude, long-endurance drones and
reconnaissance aircraft.
The EL/M-2022U weighs 114 kg,
although a 60-kg version is also available.
It is optimised for maritime patrol and is
deployed on the Israel Aerospace Industries Heron and Heron-TP, while the
EL/M-2055 is used on Elbit Systems
Hermes 900 medium-altitude, long-
Thales is producing the

Watchkeeper drone for
the British Army and
has outfitted this
aircraft with the
companys I-Master
synthetic aperture
radar linked to an
electro-optical system.
(Thales)
endurance drone, which is due to commence operations with the Israeli Air
Force this year.
Ladar Cuts In
Finally, although it is not synthetic aperture radar, Lockheed Martins Real-time
Elta Systems EL/M-2055
family of synthetic aperture
radar are produced in a
number of versions design
to equip drones of all
sizes, with the payload
weighing between 38 and
100 kg. (Armada/JK)
42
Active Imaging in 3-D at Extended

Range (Raider) is worthy of mention, as
it features the ability to provide a degree
of image fidelity comparable with synthetic aperture radar, but achieves this by
using a laser.
The key to the Raider is its laser detection and ranging (ladar) technology. The
ladar uses pulses of light instead of radio
waves to ascertain the distance of an
object from the laser. This is determined
by measuring the time delay between the
laser pulses transmission and its reflection from the object.
Lockheed Martin has already flighttested the Raider to evaluate the efficiency of the system in providing imagery
of the ground below. The Raider system is
currently under development for an
undisclosed US government requirement, but has yet to be officially deployed
on a drone.
In the Pipeline
Several new capabilities are expected on
the drone synthetic aperture radar front.
These include change-detection software, which can spot differences on two
examples of seemingly identical images.
This is a particularly useful capability to
discover whether a section of roadside
verge, or some rubbish, has been disturbed as this might betray the presence
of a roadside bomb.
Moreover, GMTI systems may
become yet more advanced. Currently,
these provide a resolution of around ten
square metres. They can detect that an
object is moving, but can provide little
more representation on the screen.
Tomorrows GMTI systems may be able
to offer up to 40 times that resolution, not
only to illustrate that the object is moving, but also to display exactly what that
object is.
Just as it has become the standard in
the world of digital mapping, synthetic
aperture radar and electro-optical
imagery will be combined to create
an ever-more detailed picture of the
ground below. This technology is already
being used, as Imsars Nanosar and
Leonardo systems can import the
imagery that they gather into programs
a
such as Google Earth.
Maritime Surveillance Solutions
The search just got smarter.

Maritime surveillance operations start with rapidly obtaining actionable intelligence and superior situational
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Keyword: MSS1
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Customer Success Is Our Mission is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company.
Digest
Germans To
Mode 5
MicroCompass
for Maritime Use
Elbit Systems has released
new hardware and software
capabilities for its Microcompass payload which enable
the unit to be connected with
any
maritime
platform
through plug-and-play technologies. The companys new
software allows for simplified
integration with other shipboard systems through the
use of common protocols and
an open architecture interface, thereby requiring no

adjustments or creating no
interference with existing systems. The Microcompass is
the latest member of Elops
Compass stabilised electrooptical payload family and
provides day and night Istar
capabilities through a cooled,
continuous zoom flir and
colour day continuous zoom
camera laser rangefinder,
laser target illuminator and
automatic video tracker.
ITT Practices Tertiary Fission

ITT has planned to divide itself into three independent publicly traded companies by year-end 2011. ITT plans to execute
tax-free spinoff to shareholders of its water-related businesses and its Defense & Information Solutions sector. As noted
in the AUSA Show Report found in last issue, ITT has been
in the process of reinventing its business profile, with its
defence communications business already metamorphosed
into more of a systems integration house (whilst not losing
sight of its core business). ITTs new Defense & Information
Solutions segment will be renamed and rebranded as a standalone company, with night vision, integrated electronic warfare, networked communications and other high technology
products remaining in its catalogue.
The Bundeswehr Technical

Centre 81 has had its MSSR
2000 I transponder identification system converted by Cassidian to the latest Mode 5
standard. The system, used by
the electronics test centre of
the BWB in Greding, tests the
identification systems onboard
all flying platforms of the German Armed Forces to ensure
compliance to the latest Mode
5 standard. The Greding-based
system provides encrypted
interrogation to an aircrafts
IFF (Identification Friend or
Foe) system, which will provide
precise data on the origin,
course and speed of the aircraft
interrogated and supplements
the information supplied by
primary radars. Cassidian has
provided the MSSR 2000 I
interrogator to French, British
and Australian armed forces,
and has contracts for 275 systems in 25 countries.
AASM Goes Up at Night

The first night time launch of the AASM 250-kg modular air-toground missile was successfully carried out by the weapons
manufacturer Sagem and the French DGA. Carried by a Rafale
based at Biscarosse in southwest France, the AASM was
released at a range of more than 50 km from the target and,
using its infrared imager, identified the target several seconds
before impact. The missiles image processing system allowed a
strike to within one meter of the target. The AASM is currently being used in Afghanistan on French Rafale fighters.
Vab Hears
Bangs
Grizzly 1 Begins
Refuelling Trials
Trailing along behind a Vickers VC10 tanker of the Royal
Air Force operating out of
Toulouse, the A400M development aircraft Grizzly 1
began its refuelling trials by
performing a series of dry con-
44
tacts with the VC10s underwing hose and drogue pod system. This 15 February event
(seen in the photo) marks
another milestone in the
A400Ms development cycle.
Use of the VC10 for refuelling
trials is significant as the RAF
is one of the A400Ms launch
customers.
This Vab armoured personnel

carrier has been outfitted with
a 01dB-Metravib Pilarw gunshot detection system by
Renault Trucks for the French
Army. The system (seen on the
port rear side of the vehicle) is
installed in such a way as to
operate in conjunction with
the Kongsberg remote-controlled weapon station. Some
80 units are to be thus
equipped. In an unrelated
development, Renault has also
delivered the first Flinised
Vab vehicle to the French
Armys 13th Alpine Battalion.
The operation mainly consists
of outfitting the vehicle with
the necessary outlets to enable
the new Flin soldiers to plug
in their equipment and charge
up their batteries. Some 200
updated Vabs are to follow
the same treatment for the
units based in Chambry and
Sarrebourg.
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Digest
td
AV8B Upgrade
Sees First Flight
The Griffin
Was Released!
A new gas chromatograph
mass spectrometer (GC/MS)
instrument from Flir Systems
enables multi-modal sample
introduction for liquid, solid
and gas samples. The Griffin
460 mobile GC/MS unit was
designed
for
field-based
forensics and other mobile
laboratory applications but
can be integrated into a facility air-handling system as well.
The Griffin 460 can provide
continuous air sampling duties
both indoors and out, providing near-real-time detection
and identification of a chemical agent. A hand-held vapour
sampler attachment, the Griffin X-sorber, provides thermal
desorption capabilities.
New BMPT
Unveiled?
Uralvagonzavod,
through
Rosoboronexport,
has
announced what it terms a
unique Russian tank support
combat vehicle. While the
three-man crew vehicle looks
like a T-72 (possibly reengined with a new turbocharged 1000-hp fourstroke diesel) fitted with a
BMP turret, the novelties,
according to Rosoboronexport, lie in the advanced electronics and sighting systems
used by the vehicle called
BMPT. Its fire control system

uses a multi-channel sight
(with optical and thermal
channels) and a panoramic
low-level TV sight. Armament
consists of two 30-mm 2A42
automatic cannons firing
high-explosive and armourpiercing
projectiles, two
quadruple supersonic AtakaT anti-armour missile launchers and two 30-mm AG-17D
automatic grenade launchers
housed in side-mounted
armoured compartments. A
7.62-mm machine gun slaved
to the 30-mm guns rounds up
the weapon suite.
Eye-safe Lasers
for Small Arms
Trackfire RWS
Trials Complete
In late-2010 a set of evaluation trials for the Saab Trackfire Remote Weapon Station
took place before a host of
international
users. The
Trackfire was first mounted
onto a Dockstavarvet Combat Boat 90 for sea trials in
winter storm conditions up to
Sea State 4 and shore targets
out to a range of 2000 metres
were engaged. The system
also simulated tracking of air-
46
and seaborne threats. Saabs

Trackfire was then mounted
onto a Patria AMV, again to
engage a variety of threats
during extremely foggy, lowvisibility conditions with temperatures dropping down to
-17 C. The Trackfire performed to a 94% overall hit
score with a 100% hit probability being recorded. An
operator from the AMV fired
the system from the gun itself
(see photo) as well as it having been operated from within the vehicle.
Laser Devices has released a

series of Class I eye-safe
infrared
laser
pointers
designed for use with night
vision equipment. The DbalI2 dual beam aiming laserintelligent device features a
Class IIIa visible red or green
pointer along with a Class I
infrared laser pointer. The
companys Eolad-1I (shown)
combines an infrared pointer
with L-3 EOTechs 552 Holographic
Weapon
Sight
(HWS). The new series of
eye-safe lasers (to include the
companys compact Ital and
Otal-Classic lasers) all meet
Mil-STD-810G for ruggedness and are waterproof to 20
metres (ten metres for the
Eolad-1).
The Spanish Navys first Harrier

upgraded to AV8B standards has
recently had its maiden test flight at
Cassidian Spains facilities in San
Pablo. The upgrade programme to
bring Spains Harrier fleet to AV8B
configuration includes the installation
of the 408A engine and improvements
to structural components and avionic
systems. The prototype aircraft that
completed this flight is now at Rota
Naval Base.
New NVG-seen
Led Lights
Dialight has launched a new family
of night vision device-compatible
Led obstruction lights for visibility
to aircraft pilots around military
bases, airfield perimeters, buildings
and towers. The companys Vigilant
series L-810 RTO dual red/infrared
Led provides both visible and
infrared in a single unit. Historically,
military pilot night vision goggles
and imaging systems employ Class
A, B and C filters to prevent cockpit
lighting from saturating the systems,
but these filters reduce the effectiveness of Led lighting sources in
the visible spectrum. By combining
both visible red and infrared in the
same source this problem is mitigated. The Vigilant series lights consume 5.6 watts per unit (available in
single or dual-fixture variants) and
have a peak infrared spectral intensity at 860 nanometres.
AW139M Makes
Dbut in USA
AgustaWestland introduced
the military version of its
AW139 helicopter in February
of this year. The AW139M has
been integrated with technology proven for the US Air
Forces Common Vertical Lift
Support Program (CVLSP)
and the aircraft is now on offer
to the US military market. The
AW139M (seen in the photo
with its civilian counterpart)
features a high-definition flir
system, integrated infrared
detection and countermeasures for self-protection, a new

avionics package and heavyduty landing gear, as well as
being designed to produce low
thermal and acoustic signatures. The CVLSP version
includes armoured seats, ballistically tolerant, self-sealing
fuel tanks and external hardpoints for gun pods, missiles
and rockets. The AW139 is currently used by 135 customers
in 50 countries, and the company boasts an active production line in its Philadelphia,
PA facility.
U.S. Navy photo used with permission without endorsement
CONNECTORS
FOR HARSH
ENVIRONMENTS
A ratchet screw system

enables quick and secure
coupling of the connectors.
An innovative solution
for harsh environments
very high contact density
ratchet screw coupling
mechanism
6 different sizes
lightweight aluminium shell
2 to 114 contacts
MiG-29UPGs
Maiden Flight
A substantially upgraded
MiG-29, the MiG-29UPG
took to the air on 4 February
2011 at the Gromov LII airfield near Moscow. Developed under a $ 964 million
contract awarded by the Indian Air Force in 2008, the
upgrade package includes
two RD-33 turbo-fan jet
engines of the 3M version
with a Bark electronic control
system,
a
KSU-941UB
remote control system, a K-
optimum space saving

36D-3.5 ejection seat, a central digital computer, a ZhukME radar, a helmet-mounted
targeting sight, upgraded navigation and radio systems
and, as an import item, a
Thales IFF system. The aim of
the $ 964 million deal is to
bring 63 Indian aircraft of
various configurations to the
same standard. Six of these
MiGs (four single- and two
twin- seaters) will be upgraded by RAC MiG and the
remainder late this year by
the Indian Air Forces 11th
Aircraft repair plant.
oil and fuel resistant

IP 68
high shock and vibration
resistance
vibration absorbtion flange
13 - 16 September 2011
ExCel London
arctic grip or
knurled design
lightning test passed
LEMO SA - Switzerland
Phone : (+41 21) 695 16 00
Fax : (+41 21) 695 16 02
info@lemo.com
47
Digest
Guardian Guards
Tankers from
Manpads
Northrop Grummans new
Guardian missile protection
system has recently been
flight-tested on an Air
National Guard KC-135. A
belly-mounted gondola system, the Guardian detects
missiles by means of a multiple-band laser pointer-tracker and through ultraviolet
sensors, which then point its
non-visible eye-safe laser
beam onto the seeker of the

incoming missile to spoof
it. The Guardian system is
currently ready to begin
full-rate production. Air-refuelling and transport type
aircraft are the most prone to
attacks by man-portable missile systems, as they take-off
and land, and laser-based systems are deemed to offer a
useful and safer alternative to
flare launching systems under
such circumstances, particularly when these aircraft have
to operate from civilian airfields.
Next Issue (June/July 2011): 27 May, Advertising: 29 April

Csar Radios
V-shorad Missiles
Tanker Aircraft
When a pilot is down or a unit/soldier separated or lost, getting the message to those
who can provide help is paramount to
accomplishing a rescue. The field has
widened in recent years, with newcomers
developing some interesting concepts.
This article looks into the most recent developments in the field of mobile very-shortrange air-defence missiles. These started life
as shoulder- or tripod-fired weapons, but
have found their way into more sophisticated platforms and integrate command and
control facilities.
With conflicts taking place in the remotest

parts of the world, air refuelling is a capability that has grown in demand now even
long-range and high-altitude surveillance
drones are stepping up to take advantage of
this facility.
Counter Terrorism
Terrorism has to be detected well upstream
later is too late. The key here is to detect all
aspects of intentions; therefore counter terrorism has largely become a matter of monitoring: monitoring the Internet, telephone
conversations, using mobile signals intelligence vehicles and intelligence software.
Shoulder-fired Rockets
Shoulder-fired rockets have gone through
impressive developments since the famous
Bazooka. They now incorporate sophisticated warheads and fire control systems, and an
ability to be fired from confined areas.
Geospatial Systems
Compendium
Drones
This authoritative annual reference book
provides an in-depth view of the developments that have taken place throughout the
year. It naturally comes with its extensive
four-page fold-out data chart depicting the
significant platforms now available or under
development.
Show Report Idex
This Middle Eastern exhibition has established itself as an important rendezvous in the
calendar of the defence world.
Hundreds of satellites take thousands of

images of the earth every day. Data are
analysed and disseminated to various command elements and those throughout the
battlespace. The applied software is
designed to analyse, correlate, meld and display this imagery.
Image Intensification Infrared Fusion
Infrared sensors see things that image
intensifiers, radars or television cameras do
not see, and vice-versa. A new technique
overlays the pictures produced by different
natures of sensors.
Subscriptions
Annual Subscription Rates, including surface mail, are: CHF 222. (Europe) and USD 222. (Other countries).
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48

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INTERNATIONAL: The trusted source for defence technology information since 1976

SOLDIER MODERNIZATION MADE EASY

Photo Courtesy U.S. Army

The Story Is Just Beginning

See For Yourself At:

Dawn of the Bomber Era?

E. H. Biass, inputs from T. Withington

To See Another Day

Far East-bound Conventional

The Drones Synthetic Eye

Grenade Launcher Fire

This article is found online at www.armada.ch/fcs2-11

Index to Manufacturers and Advertisers

P. Valpolini, inputs from E. H. Biass and J. Keggler

armada INTERNATIONAL 2/2011

New Soldier Equipment

The usefulness of synthetic aperture radars

armada INTERNATIONAL 2/2011

Volume 35, Issue No. 2, April/May 2011

is published bi-monthly in Zurich, Switzerland.

Controlled circulation: 22,450, certified by

Printed by Karl Schwegler AG, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland

PZL-widnik has delivered all four of the

Rheinmetall has reached a framework

W-3 Sokl, and leverages lessons learned

FN Herstal has reported that its Minimi

Northrop Grumman will provide cyberspace science, research, engineering and

Raytheon has won a $ 50 million contract

Oshkosh Defense has received an order

assidian has been awarded a

Big Deals in Short

Acquired balance of Elisra shares

Supply rugged single-board computers for Centurion weapon sys. US Army

Provide Ka-band antennas for Inmarsat-5 satellites

Install MLU2 system upgrades for F-18 Hornets

Continue sustainment of F-22 Raptor fleet

Star Safire 380-HD selected as lead candidate for Predator XP

Continue engineering assignments for B-52 maintenance

Provide Phase I/II sensor data system for CAC2S

Develop and prototype ground-based space fence radars

Acquired majority share in vehicle protection system company

Supply bridge navigation systems for patrol vessels

Delivered first new E/A-18G Growlers

Provide shipboard, submarine and shore-based C4I support

Canada Coast Guard

Supply digital module upgrade kits for RQ-11B Raven drones

Provide 44 Himars rocket launchers

First Spanish single-seat IPA Eurofighter logs 500 flight hours

MoU to explore Australian H-60 Sea/Black Hawk production

Lrip contract to develop six long-range P-8A radars

Supply Sigma 30 point/navigation units for FH77 L52

Demonstrate CAC2S prototype system

Provide secure Vida comm network for C4I

Delivered second F-16 Aircrew Training Device

Hellenic Air Force

Provide camp beds, mosquito nets and furniture

armada INTERNATIONAL 2/2011

Flir Systems has received a $ 5.6 million

AgustaWestland has received a 570

FN Herstal was selected by the French

SAIC has commenced delivery of two

Emiraje Systems has received a $ 550

Heitech Padu Berhad and Thales Nederland have signed a Memorandum of