Kristine Mae M.

Teves
Physics 45
I.
II.
III.

TITLE: Measurements
OBJECTIVE:
To study the principles of measuring devices and their application.
BRIEF THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION:
1. No physical measurement is exact, there is always some uncertainty obtained. The
accuracy is always limited to the refinement of the apparatus and the skill of the
observer.
2. The shape of an object does not affect its density.

IV.
METHODOLOGY:
Using the Vernier caliper, measure the dimensions (length, width, and thickness) of the
rectangular block, cylindrical block, triangular block and the wires. Record the data in the data
tables. Measure also the mass of the rectangular block, cylindrical block, triangular block and the
wires using the beam balance. Again, make sure to record the data in the data table. Finally,
compute for the volume and density of the blocks and the cross-sectional area of the wires.
V.

DATA & RESULTS:

Table 1. Rectangular Block
TRIAL
LENGTH
(cm)
1
7.29
2
7.29
AVERAGE
7.29

WIDTH
(cm)
5.87
5.86
5.87

THICKNESS
(cm)
5.11
5.10
5.11

VOLUME
(cm)
218.67
217.87
207.14

MASS
(g)
125.6
125.7
125.7

DENSITY
(g/ cm)
0.57
0.58
0.57

Table 2. Cylindrical Block

TRIAL
LENGTH
(cm)
1
5.05
2
5.06
AVERAGE
5.06

WIDTH
(cm)
2.525
2.53
2.53

THICKNESS
(cm)
5.09
4.98
5.04

VOLUME
(cm)
101.95
100.14
101.05

MASS
(g)
53.30
53.30
53.30

DENSITY
(g/ cm)
0.52
0.53
0.35

MASS (g)

DENSITY
(g/ cm)
0.62
0.64
0.63

Table 3. Triangular Block

TRIAL
a (cm)
1
2
AVERAGE

10.46
10.50
10.48

Table 4. Wires
TRIAL
WIRE 1
DIAMETER CROSS-SECTION
AREA
1
0.31
0.08
2
0.34
0.09
3
AVERAGE

0.33
0.33

0.09
0.09

b (cm)
8.16
8.10
8.13

THICKNESS
(cm)
1.34
1.32
1.33

VOLUME
(cm)
57.19
56.13
56.66

WIRE 2
DIAMETER CROSS-SECTION
AREA
0.50
0.20
0.50
0.20
0.46
0.49

0.17
0.19

36.70
35.90
35.80

WIRE 3
DIAMETER CROSS-SECTION
AREA
0.30
0.07
0.29
0.066
0.22
0.27

0.038
0.06

VI.
CONCLUSION:
Our results conform to the theories since as evidenced by the different results from the
different trials, there is no exact value or measurement of the objects. Also, based on the data
collected, it can be seen that the shape of an object has no effect on its density. Density is mass
divided by volume. Since mass and volume is not affected by a change in shape, then it also has
no effect on density.

Kristine Mae M. Teves

Physics 45
I.
II.
1.
2.

TITLE: Pendulum
OBJECTIVES:
To have knowledge on how a pendulum works and the factors that affects it.
To understand the relationship between gravitational forces and the mass of the objects,
the changes in speed and direction of objects, and the distance between objects.

III.
BRIEF THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION:
1. Changing the length of the pendulum while keeping other factors constant affects the
length of the period of the pendulum. The longer the pendulum, the longer the period.
2. Changing the mass of the pendulum bob does not affect the frequency of the pendulum.
3. The force of gravity accelerates the pendulum down. The momentum built up by the
acceleration of the gravity causes the mass to swing in the opposite direction to a height
equal to the original position.
IV.

METHODOLOGY:
Measure the time it takes the metallic and wooden bobs to reach 20 vibrations. Also measure
the time it takes the stringless pendulum to reach 10 vibrations. Do it two more times to have three
trials. Using the respective formulas, solve for the period and acceleration due to gravity.
V.

DATA & RESULTS:

Average = Trial1+ Trial 2

2
T = period
T = Average
20

ag = 4L
T
% difference =

Table 1. Simple Metal Pendulum

Mass of the metal bob: 92.75 g
LENGTH
TIME OF 20 VIBRATIONS
(cm)
TRIAL 1
TRIAL 2
TRIAL 3`
20
20.34
20.41
20.375
40
29.10
29.15
29.125
60
35.41
35.12
35.265
80
40.68
40.66
40.67
100
43.75
41.65
42.7

Table 2. Simple Wooden Pendulum

Mass of the wooden bob: 7.70 g
LENGTH
TIME OF 20 VIBRATIONS
(cm)
TRIAL 1
TRIAL 2
TRIAL 3`
20
19.25
19.47
19.36
40
26.65
26.69
26.67
60
31.81
31.22
31.52
80
35.97
36.28
36.13
100
40.03
40.07
40.05

Table 3. Stringless Pendulum

Mass of marble: 4.4 g
LENGTH
TIME OF 10 VIBRATIONS
(cm)
TRIAL 1
TRIAL 2
TRIAL 3`
10
7.50
7.47
7.49
15
7.96
7.63
7.80
20
8.50
8.40
8.45
25
9.12
9.21
9.17
30
8.38
8.44
8.41

VI.

Ave 980 cm/s

980 cm/s

T
(seconds)
1.02
1.46
1.76
2.03
2.14
AVERAGE
% DIFF.

ag (cm/s)

TIME
(seconds)
0.97
1.33
1.58
1.81
2.00
AVERAGE
% DIFF.

ag (cm/s)

TIME
(seconds)
0.75
0.78
0.85
0.92
0.84
AVERAGE
% DIFF.

ag (cm/s)

758.91
740.82
764.69
766.40
866.09
779.38
20.47 %

839.16
892.72
948.85
964.03
986.96
926.34
5.48 %

701.84
978.33
1092.83
1166.07
1678.50
1122.51
14.54 %

CONCLUSION:
Based on our observations and data collected, we can conclude that (1) the longer the
length of the string, the longer the period and (2) mass has little to no significant effect on the
pendulum swing.