Roger Dugan. Power To The People

Delivering Power to the People
What Can Go Wrong?

Roger C. Dugan
Sr. Technical Executive
PEPQA 2015
June 3, 2015
Bogota, CO
Todays Power System
2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Categories of Things That Can Go Wrong

Faults
Voltage sags and Interruption
Lightning and Switching Surges
Transient overvoltages that damage equipment
Harmonic Distortion of Waveform
Failure, misoperation of equipment
Inadequate Voltage
Flicker, Voltage Regulation, Ferroresonance
Wiring and Grounding Problems
Conflicts with DG
Voltage variation; System protection
Problems Ive Written About

Arc furnace flicker
Arc furnace harmonics
Transformer failures
Part-winding resonance
Low-Side Surges
Conflicts with DG
Harmonic Resonance
Harmonic Modeling
UD Cable Protection
Surge Arrester Failures
Surge Arrester Application
Sectionalizer Mis-operation
Fast Tripping impact on load
Capacitor Switch Restriking
Overcurrent Protection
Miscoordination
Voltage Flicker
Sympathetic Tripping
Overvoltages from Solar PV
DG and Power Quality
Ferroresonance
Wind Generation Interconnection
Large Induction Machines
OY/OD Transformer Issues
Load Forecasting
TRVs on Transmission Substation
CBs
But there are many more
4
Electrical Power Systems Quality

Reference text for
Power Quality Issues
Now in 3rd edition
It basically describes
what can go wrong
with power delivery
Line Faults and Failed Equipment
Stuff Happens
John Deere Meets Transmission Tower
Source: http://s130.photobucket.com/user/case600lp/media/wrecks/powerlines.jpg.html
Pole Failure Ice Storm
Source: https://youtu.be/MPfHdzq4cSY
Pole Failure Wind Damage
Derecho (Straight Winds) Damage
10
EPRI Testing of Pole Failure Modes for

Resiliency Research
Source: https://youtu.be/Oc7-trMOVVQ
11
Transformer Failure Due to Bus Flashover

Caused by Cap Switch Restrike
EPRI
EPRI
12
EPRI
Creating Art in 100 ms
R. Dugan
13
Critters
14
Birds
Roger Dugan
Roger Dugan
15
Vegetation Contact, Fire
Roger Dugan
16
What Happens to the Power Quality

During These Events?
Sags and Interruptions
17
18
Source of Voltage Sags, Swells, and

Interruptions
Faults can be on transmission and
distribution, also on parallel and same
feeders.
A sag occurs while the fault is in the

system.
Duration is determined by how fast the
overcurrent protective device can clear
the fault.
PQ
IEEE PES GM 2013:

18 Power Quality
19
Transformer Secondary Voltages with a SLG on the

Primary
Table 0.1
Transformer Secondary Voltages with a single-line to ground fault on the primary.
Transformer
Connection
(pri/sec)
Phase-to-Phase
Vab
Vbc
0.58
1.00
0.58
0.58
1.00
0.33
0.33
Phase-to-Neutral
Vca
Van
Vbn
Vcn
0.00
1.00
1.00
0.58
0.33
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
----
0.88
0.88
0.58
----
Phasor Diagram
The voltage seen at your

location depends on the
kind of transformers
between you and the fault.
----
0.58
1.00
o
150
b
19
20
Multi Events: Sag, Swell, Interruptions

A fault on distribution system grounded through a high impedance
an SLG on phase C (not shown)
Fault evolved to two phases.

and three phases,
and clear by the substation circuit
breaker
Voltage on unfaulted phase rose
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
Fe br u ar y 2 0, 1 99 4 at 12 :5 2:52 PQ N od e Lo c al
Fe br u ar y 2 0, 1 99 4 at 12 :5 2:52 PQ N od e Lo c al 32 96
Tr igg er Ph as e A C ur r e nt
R MS Va r ia tion
250
Min 2 .3 0 2
D u r a tio n
200
Av e 1 3 7 .4
0 .6 3 3 Se c
150
Ma x2 2 8 .2
Min 0 .1 6 6
100
R e f C y c le
Av e 7 5 .5 0
50
43760
Ma x1 3 8 .8
0
R
e
f
C
y
c
le
0
0.25 0.5 0.75
1
1.25 1.5 1.75
2
0.5 0.75
1
1.25 1.5 1.75
2
43760
Time (S econds)
Time (S econds)
Amps
% Vol ts
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
% Vol ts
32 96
Ph as e A Vo ltag e
R MS Va r ia tion
0.25
Amps
25
50
75
100 125
Time (mS econds)
150
175
200
25
50
75
100 125
Time (mS econds)
150
175
200
BMI/Ele c tr o te k
BMI/Ele c tr o te k
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
20
10
21
Full voltage Starting of Induction Motor

Full voltage starting is cost effective
and allows the most rapid
acceleration
During starting, inrush current is 5 to 7

times of rated current
This is preferred method of starting

unless voltage sag or mechanical
stress is excessive
PF for 1000+ HP is about 15%
Starting power factor = 15 to 30%

PF for 1000HP and below is about 20%
21
22
ITI Curve
22
11
Transient Overvoltages
Lightning and Switching Transients
Lightning Stroke Locations
GROUNDED
STRUCTURE
PRIMARY
PHASE
SECONDARY
PHASE
ARRESTER
PRIMARY
GROUND
SECONDARY GROUND
24
12
References for Lightning Research Photos

Barker, P. P. and Burns, C. W., Photography Helps Solve
Distribution Lightning Problems, IEEE Power Engineering
Review, vol. 13, no. 6, June 1993.
Barker, P. P. and Short, T. A., Lightning Effects Studied,
Transmission & Distribution World, vol. 48, no. 5, May 1996.
Short, T. A. and Ammon, R. H., Monitoring Results of the
Effectiveness of Surge Arrester Spacings on Distribution Line
Protection, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 14, no. 3,
pp. 114250, July 1999.
T. A. Short, C. A. Warren, J. J. Burke, C. W. Burns, J. R.
Godlewski, F. Graydon, and H. Morosini, "Application of Surge
Arresters to a 115-kV Circuit," IEEE Transmission and
Distribution Conference, 1996.
Sponsors: National Grid and LILCO (Now PSEG Long Island)
25
Lightning Research by Phil Barker and Tom Short for National Grid and LILCO
26
13
Lightning Research by Phil Barker and Tom Short for

National Grid and LILCO
27
28
14
29
Lightning
Lightning transients are caused by the injection of current impulses
into the system
High frequency, high magnitude transients can propagate on the
system and into customer facilities
Time (uSec)
Current
(kA)
30
15
Utility Surge Arresters Designed for

Lightning Protection of Transformers, etc.
ResistanceGraded
Gap
Structure
SiC
ZnO
ZnO
MOV
SiC
(a)
Gapped
Silicon
Carbide
Gapped MOV
(b)
Gapless
MOV
(c)
Gapped
MOV
31
Shielding
SHIELDING AT
THE SUBSTATION
SHIELDING
SPANS WITH
HIGH EXPOSURE
32
16
Line Arresters
---
---
33
Coupling Through a Transformer
34
17
Low-Side Surges Go Around the

Transformer
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
PRIMARY
ARRESTER
+
SERVICE CABLE
VOLTAGE DROP
LIGHTNING
STROKE
DISCHARGED
THROUGH
PRIMARY
ARRESTER
CURRENT SPLITS
BETWEEN UTILITY AND
CUSTOMER
UTILITY GROUND
CUSTOMER
GROUND
The current divides according to the ratio of the utility and customer grounds.
The voltage induced in the service cable may appear at the load causing insulation
failure.
If current can flow in secondary phases, transformer failure may occur.
35
Typical Failure Evidence
Roger Dugan
Roger C. Dugan, Charles W. Williams, Jr.,

and Harish Sharma, Low-Side Surges in
Distribution Transformers, 2007 IEEE Rural
Electric Power Converence, Rapid City, SD,
May 2007.
36
18
Measured Low-Side Surges
37
Protection for Low-Side Surges

DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
PRIMARY
ARRESTER
ARRESTERS ON
TRANSFORMER
SERVICE
ENTRANCE
HEAVY-DUTY
ARRESTERS IN
SERVICE
ENTRANCE
INTERLACED
WINDINGS AID
SURVIVAL
IMPROVE UTILITY GROUND
INDIVIDUAL LOADS
3-MODE TVSS
B
W
G
BOND SIGNAL GROUND
TO POWER GROUND
38
19
Well-Protected Transformer
Courtesy of
Cooper Power
Systems
39
The Typical Surge Protection Pi-Circuit
SURGE
CURRENT
+ L di/dt -
LOAD
SOURCE
Inductor blocks most

of steep-fronted surge,
forcing current through
first clamping device
Clamping devices
(MOVs, gas tubes, capacitors, etc.)
40
20
Arrester Considerations the Low-Side Surge

Case is Different from the Usual Application
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
SERVICE
ENTRANCE
PRIMARY
ARRESTER
TRANSFORMER AND SERVICE

ENTRANCE ARRESTERS SEE SAME
LIGHTNING SURGE CURRENT
(COULD BE 1/3 OF TOTAL STROKE)
41
Arresters on Low Side Should Coordinate with

Primary Arresters
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
SERVICE
ENTRANCE
PRIMARY
ARRESTER
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
PRIMARY ARRESTER
ALLOWS
350 - 400 V TO
APPEAR ON
120-V SECONDARY
FOR TOV CASES
Transient overvoltages (TOV)

can cause arresters to fail
Arrester with lowest per unit
discharge voltage takes
brunt of the current;
thus, lower protective level is
not always better on the
secondary
42
21
Cable Protection with Open-Point Arrester

is Not Foolproof
RISER POLE
ARRESTER
OPEN-POINT
ARRESTER
PADMOUNT
TRANSFORMER
43
Voltages On Cable
VOLTAGE
40.00 kV/div
NEXT TO LAST TRANSFORMER

RISER POLE
OPEN POINT
TIME
0.500 microsec/div
44
22
Scout Arrester Scheme Suppresses Frontof-Wave

SCOUT ARRESTERS
INCOMING
SURGE
UD CABLE
RISER POLE
ARRESTER
45
Capacitor Switching Transients
23
Typical Capacitor Switching Transient

SUBSTATION
FEEDER IMPEDANCE
y
MONITOR
LOCATION
Phase A Voltage
SWITCHED
CAPACITOR
Phase A Current
Wave Fault
Wave Fault
150
400
300
200
Volts. %
100
Amps
100
0
-100
-200
-300
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-400
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
Time (ms)
20
30
40
Time, ms
50
60
70
47
Magnification of Cap. Switching

Transients
(a) Voltage magnification at customer capacitor due to
energizing capacitor on utility system
Source
Service
Transformer
L1
Feeder
L2
Step Down Transformer = 1500 kVA
C1
6.0 MVAR
2000
C2
Energy (J)
Substation
VC1
Load
(b) Equivalent circuit
L2
4.5 MVAR
1000
C2
L1
1500
500
VC2
C1
Switched Cap Size
2500
1.2 MVAR
0
100
200
300
400
500
Low Voltage Capacitor Size (kVAR)
3.0 MVAR
2.4 MVAR
1.8 MVAR
600
Arrester Energy
Switching frequency
f1 =
Natural frequency of
customer resonant circuit f2 =
Voltage magnifaction
1
2p L1 C1
1
2p L2C2
f f
1
2
48
24
Causes Nuisance Tripping of ASDs
Switching transient
Dc link protection trips the ASD
49
Transformer Energizing Transients

Dynamic Overvoltages
Switching transformer and capacitor together
P ha se A
The Result:
Dont do
this !!
V o lt a g e ( V p u )
-1
-2
0
200
400
T im e ( m s )
600
800
50
25
Distributed Generation and

Power Quality
More opportunities for things to go wrong.
DG Owners Perspective on DG and

The Grid
A similar graphic can be found on
many websites and vendors
marketing literature
What does this say about The
Grid with respect to the
generator?
THE GRID
LOAD
GEN
52
26
Typical Utility Distribution Engineers

Perspective on DG
What does this imply

about the generator?
LOAD
GEN
53
Wind Turbines
Wind and PV fastest growing
renewable energy sector
1000 2000 MW installed each year
in U.S.A.
Cost is nearly competitive with fossil
fuel generation
Cornerstone of Green Power
programs
Generators:
Simple induction
Scalar controlled induction
Vector controlled induction
Alternators w/ inverters
Roger Dugan
54
27
Photovoltaics
Favored by many
environmentalists
Fastest growing?
Very costly but number of
applications is rapidly growing
Generates dc
Inverter interface to utility
Utility interactive mode
Sizes:
Courtesy of PowerLight Corp.
Residential: 2-6 kW
Commercial: 500 kW 5 MW
55
Interface to the Utility System

The power quality issues relate to the type of interface
Main types of electrical system interfaces:
Synchronous machines (alternators)
Asynchronous (induction) machines
Electronic power converters
Some notable exceptions:
Power fluctuations caused by wind and solar
Some technologies do not follow step changes in load
Supplemented with storage (battery or flywheel)
Misfiring of recip engines due to bad gas, etc can give
particularly irritating flicker
56
28
Key Power Quality Issues

Sustained interruptions
Traditional reliability
Many DG designed for backup power
However DG may interfere with protection
Voltage regulation
One of the more limiting factors on distribution systems
Harmonics
Concerns with both inverters and rotating machines
Voltage sags
Will DG help alleviate sags??
57
Sustained Interruptions
Much of presently installed DG was installed as backup
generation.
Recip engine gensets most common in this application
Many DG installations will operate better while paralleled
with the utility
Not all DG can be paralleled without great expense
Some DG not capable of serving load by itself (e.g. PV)
Utilities can use DG to cover contingencies
Can allow for deferral of major construction expenses for
a few years.
Reliance could lead to worse reliability depending on
load growth
58
29
Voltage Regulation
May seem that DG could help regulate voltage
Requires very careful engineering
Some technologies not suitable for regulating voltage

Induction machines and most utility interactive inverters
Utility may not want DG to attempt to regulate voltage

Too small
More difficult to detect islanding
Large DG capable of regulating voltage should have

special communications and control
Common conflict: Interference with LTC
When all DG suddenly disconnects (will happen) there

can be a large voltage change
59
Will DG Help Voltage Sags?

Fault
Utility
No Help Here
DG May Help
Adjacent
Customer
DG Facility
60
30
Operating Conflicts
Several Things that Could Go Wrong with DG
LV Network Systems
THESE DEVICES
MUST OPERATE
FAULT
SUBSTATION
PRIMARY FEEDERS
TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
FEEDER BREAKER
OR RECLOSER
LOW-VOLTAGE NETWORK
NETWORK
PROTECTOR
62
31
Reclosing
Reclosing is a very common
practice in North America and
generally improves the
Reliability
Reclose
Interval
DG must disconnect early in the

first re-close interval to allow
time for fault arc to dissipate so
that the re-close might be
successful
DG Must Disconnect Here
Reclosing on DG is often
harmful to the DG
Damage to generator or prime
mover
63
Reduction of Reach
Normally, one would want the

relay to see past the end of the
zone for the design minimum
fault current
Utilities have various standards

for determining minimum fault
currents
Generator in-feed prevents utility

breaker relay from seeing a low
current fault
The DG reduces the reach of
the relay
NORMAL ZONE OF
PROTECTION
REDUCED ZONE
OF PROTECTION
UTILITY BREAKER
FAULT
REDUCED SOURCE
CURRENT
CONTRIBUTION
GENERATOR
INFEED
64
32
Sympathetic Tripping
In-feed from the DG causes
unnecessary tripping of feeder
breaker
More of a problem on ground
faults
In the example at left, only
Breaker A should operate. Infeed may cause B to trip also.
A
12.47 kV
Fault
Fixes:
B
Raise ground trip pickup and/or

delay tripping
2 MW DG
Install directional sensing
65
DG and Fuse Saving

DG in-feed can destroy fuse
saving coordination
Always a horse race without
DG contribution
One of more limiting issues if it is
desirable to retain fuse saving
Fault
500 kW
DG
66
33
Voltage Drop After Fault
VOLTAGE PROFILE
BEFORE FAULT
VOLTAGE PROFILE
AFTER RECLOSE
67
Fooling Reverse Regulation

Many existing voltage regulators
have reverse power option
Assumption is that direction of

power indicates direction of
supply
Must always regulate from

the stronger source toward
the weaker
If DG produces more power

than load consumes,
regulator may attempt to
reverse inappropriately
Net Power
Regulator Moves to Tap

Position Limit
DG
Regulator Switches
Direction to Try to
Control This Way
68
34
Harmonics and Inverter Interface

DG was virtually synonymous with harmonics
Many early DG devices used line-commutated
inverters
Today, most inverters employ switching technology
DC
AC SWITCH
FILTER
VOLTAGE
SWITCHING
CONTROL
CURRENT
69
The Harmonic Surprise

Harmonic problems are not
limited to inverters
DELTA / WYE
TRANSFORMER
Z=5%
277/480V
Xd"=14%
8.8% Third
Harmonic
Some rotating machine designs

are more difficult to parallel
Usual problem:
Someone wants to operate
existing backup DG in parallel
with the grid
3 x 8.8% = 26%
Third Harmonic
Wrong winding pitch and

transformer combination
Vendors are aware of this and

shouldnt be an issue with new
installations
70
35
The Ferroresonance Surprise

CABLE
DG must disconnect at first sign

of trouble on utility system
What if trouble is blown riser pole
fuse?
CABLE CAPACITANCE
Easily detected by 46 or 47 relay

Results in classic ferroresonant
condition once generator breakers
open (no load)
Cure:
Three-phase interrupter on
primary side ($$$)
Voltage, pu
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
Time, sec
71
SLG Faults on Isolated Ungrounded

Primary
Most arresters in distribution
feeders are rated for L-N
voltages
Transformer primary arresters

can be damaged
Can happen quickly (in a few
cycles) depending on DG size
and impedances
SLG Fault raises un-faulted

phase voltage to L-L after
utility interrupting device
opens
ARREST ERS
SUBJECT ED TO LINET O-LINE VOLT AGES
UT ILIT Y
INTERRUPT ING
DEVICE OPEN
PERMANENT LINET O-GROUND FAULT
UNGROUNDED
T RANSFORMER
CONNECT ION
72
36
Transformers: Grd Wye / Delta

Some claim this is the ideal connection
for DG
Ground fault relaying can be

disturbed
Unfortunately, not many utilities permit

this connection w/o detailed study
Faulted Circuit Indicator usage

less reliable
The connection is a ground source
More fault current at fault site

Smaller transformers prone to
failure
(MULTI-GROUNDED NEUTRAL)
FAULT
MAIN FAULT
CONTRIBUTION
FROM EPS
CONTRIBUTION
FROM DR
TRANSFORMER
73
Cloud Transients with Solar PV
74
37
Cloud Transients with Solar PV
(Movie
Demo)
75
Regulator Response for Series of Cloud Transients
Regulator Operations
76
38
Distribution Design Left No Headroom

for PV Voltage Rise
Voltage Profile for 100% Load
Voltage Profile for 40% Load

No Headroom for PV
This is the way it is most of

the year !
77
Harmonic Distortion of the Waveform
39
79
Fundamentals of Harmonics
Fundamental power system frequency = f1
Harmonic frequency = n f1 n is integer
Harmonic distortion: typically caused by nonlinear devices
I(t)
Nonlinear Resistor
V(t)
V
I
79
80
Linear loads
Linear loads: those drawing currents in
linear proportion to the applied voltage.
For a resistive load, the impedance is
constant over time as the voltage and
current waveforms are not only
sinusoidal but they are also perfectly in
phase.
For an inductor load, the current lags the
voltage waveform by 90. It is linearly
proportional to the applied voltage.
80
40
81
Non-linear loads
Nonlinear loads: those drawing currents
in nonlinear proportion to the applied
voltage
Current waveshapes are not sinusoidal,
i.e. contain fundamental + harmonic
frequencies
Current waveshapes are periodic, thus
they can be decomposed into a
weighted sum of sinusoids whose
frequencies is an integer multiple of
fundamental frequency of the periodic
waveform to be decomposed
Current is discontinuous and

periodic.
81
82
Fourier representation of a distorted waveform

Any periodic waveforms can be expressed as a weighted
sum of sinusoids
60 Hz
(h = 1)
i(t) = i(t + T)
+
+
180 Hz
(h = 3)
300 Hz
(h = 5)
+
420 Hz
(h = 7)
+
+
+
540 Hz
(h = 9)
660 Hz
(h = 11)
780 Hz
(h = 13)
i (t ) = a0 (an cos n1t bn sin n1t )

n =1
1 T
i (t )dt
T 0
2 T
an = i (t ) cos n1tdt
T 0
2 T
bn = i (t ) sin n1tdt
T 0
a0 =
82
41
83
Adjustable Speed Drive with Six-pulse PWM VSI
100 HP, 6 pulse AC drive
THD current = 80%

Peak current, approx. 300A
Source: www.schneider-electric.us
Double hump due to rapid capacitor

charging
83
84
Six-pulse VSI PWM Drive

diode
rectifier
transistor
inverter
I(t)
Level of distortion depends

on operating speed.
Rated Speed
Ih
Amperes
Rated Speed42% Speed

42% Speed
Rated Speed
42% Speed
3
11
13
Harmonic Number, h
Harmonic Number, h
84
11
42 13
85
EVSE DC Fast Charger

Harmonic Spectrum
Specifications
Harmonic
Magnitude
(% Fund)
Parameter
Value
Rated Voltage (V)
208
5.93
Rated Power (kW)
50
2.13
Rated PF
1.0
1.52
0.83
11
0.45
13
1.07
15
0.37
17
0.40
19
0.57
Harmonic Spectrum used based on lab

testing carried out by EPRI
Courtesy of A. Maitra,DC Fast Chargers for PEVs Real and Simulated Results
EPRI PQ and Smart Distribution Conference and Exhibition
San Antonio, Texas, June 5, 2012
85
86
EVSE AC Level 2 Charger

Harmonic Spectrum
Specifications
Harmonic
Magnitude
(% Fund)
240
8.92
3.3
0.39
1.0
0.26
0.45
11
0.51
13
0.45
15
0.51
17
0.51
19
0.45
Parameter
Value
Rated Voltage (V)

Rated Power (kW)
Rated PF
Harmonic Spectrum used based on lab

testing carried out by EPRI
Courtesy of A. Maitra,DC Fast Chargers for PEVs Real and Simulated Results
EPRI PQ and Smart Distribution Conference and Exhibition
San Antonio, Texas, June 5, 2012
86
43
87
Voltage Distortion: Current and Impedance

Distorted currents interact with power system impedance giving rise
to voltage distortion
V1 = I1Z s sin( 1t 1 )
voltage drops
perfect
{V
voltage waveshape
Utility
n
n =3, 5, 7 ,...
sin (n1t n )( R jnX )
Customer
Bus
i(t ) = I1 sin( 1t )
n
n =3, 5, 7 ,...
sin (n1t )
Vload = Vs I1Z s sin( 1t 1 ) I n sin (n1t n )( R jnX )

n=3,5,7,...
87
88
The Basic IEEE Std. 519 Approach

End users:
Limit the level of harmonic current injection at the point of common coupling
(PCC).
Current injections users can control the nonlinear loads or apply filters
Utility:
Limit the level of harmonic voltage distortions.
Voltage distortions utility can control the impedance
Recall:
For the same amount of harmonic current injections
Strong system (low impedance system) voltage distortions will be low
Weak system (high impedance system) v. distortions will be high.
88
44
Then we add capacitors to make the

Power Factor closer to unity
89
90
System Frequency Response: with a capacitor bank

Frequency Scan
300
With Capacitor
Without Capacitor
250
Resonant frequency
|Z|
200
75
MVA3sc =
= 1500 MVA
0.05
hp =
150
Xc
=
Xs
MVA3sc
rated
Qcap
100
50
1500
hp =
=5
60
200
400
600
800
1000 1200
frequency
1400
1600
1800
2000
90
45
Switching Into a Parallel Resonance

Voltage and Current
kV
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
-125
kA
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
0.080
Es
Icap
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.200
0.220
...
...
...
Most of the Problems with Harmonics are due to Resonance with Capacitors
91
92
System frequency response

kvar Cap
kVA Trfmr
50
30%
50%
40
=10%
30
No Capacitor
20
10
0
1
13
17
21
Harmonic Number h
92
46
93
Series Resonance
Distribution
Substation Bus
High
Voltage
Distortion
High
Harmonic
Currents
Customer
Pow er Factor
Correction
93
94
Then We Add a Filter to Correct

Z
parallel
: hr =
resonance
X source
Design away
from this!!
XC
X T X source
XT
XC
Ih
Harmonic Number h
Tuned Frequency
series resonance: hs =
XC
XT
94
47
95
Harmonic filters: Shunt filters

Known as single-tuned notch filters.
Provide a low impedance path to a particular harmonic
current.
Connected in shunt.
SINGLE-TUNED FIRST ORDER

HIGH-PASS
2ND ORDER
HIGH-PASS
3RD ORDER
HIGH-PASS
95
96
One-phase of a 3-phase filter
Courtesy of Northeast Power Systems, Inc

96
48
97
Triplen Harmonics Can Overload Neutral Wires

Triplens become an important issue for a grounded-wye system with current
flowing in the neutral.
Two typical problems which arise are overloading the neutral and telephone
interference.
Summing currents at node N, fundamental

current components in the neutral are zero but
the third harmonic currents are three times the
phase currents because they naturally
coincide in phase and time
97
98
Overloading of the neutral
98
49
99
The Harmonic Resonance can Fail Capacitors

A capacitor bank experiences high
voltage distortion during resonance
The current flowing the capacitor bank is
also significantly large and rich in a
monotonic harmonic
The harmonic current shows up
distinctly, resulting in a waveform that is
essentially riding on top of the
fundamental frequency (for example the
11th order)
IEEE Std. 18-2002 specifies the
following continuous capacitor ratings:
135% of nameplate kvar
110% of rated RMS voltage
135% of rated RMS current based
on rated kvar and rated voltage
120% of peak voltage (including
harmonics but excluding transients)
Capacitor impedance decreases

as harmonic frequency increases
99
Harmonic Flux Causes Stray Eddy Looses

that Can Overheat Transformers
CONDUCTOR
HV
WINDING
CORE
FRINGING FLUX
INTERSECTS CONDUCTOR
ON WIDE EDGE
EDDY CURRENT
PATHS
MAIN FLUX INTERSECTS

NARROW EDGE OF
CONDUCTOR
LV
WINDING
100
50
Zero Sequence Flux in 3-Legged Core

Design Can Heat the Tank
HOT SPOTS ON TANK
MAY CAUSE PAINT TO
BLISTER OR CHAR
FLUX LINKS FUSE HOLDER OR

BUSHING END
TANK
ZERO-SEQUENCE FLUX, B, IS IDENTICAL

IN ALL THREE LEGS
101
And In Conclusion
51
Todays Power System
103
Tomorrows Power System
Power System that is Highly Flexible, Resilient and

Connected and Optimizes Energy Resources
104
52
The Distribution System Vision
Substation
EV/PHEV
Demand Response
High Penetration PV
Energy Storage
Distributed Controls
105
Challenge
Distributed Control Systems
106
53
Challenge
Power Electronics Everywhere
VHV_dc
van
iin
Sa1
Sb1
Sa2
Sb2
Sc1
Transformer +
Rectifier + DC filter
Ldc
C1
Lf
+
vin
+
vab
vab
Sc2
DC/AC Inverter
+ AC filter
Lac
Cdc
Cac
+ iac1
vac1
Cdc
Cac
vac2
+ iac2
n
b
Sa3
Sb3
Sa4
Sb4
C2
Sc3
Sc4
Ldc
iac
+
vac
Lac
107
ENVO Edge of Network Voltage Optimization
Challenge
Distributed Voltage and Reactive Power Control
From Varentec
10 - 100kVAr
CVR: 2.5 4.5%

energy reduction
108
54
Challenge Complex Communications Infrastructure
109
So, What Could Go Wrong?
55

Roger Dugan. Power To The People

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Delivering Power to the People

What Can Go Wrong?

Todays Power System

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Categories of Things That Can Go Wrong

Problems Ive Written About

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Electrical Power Systems Quality

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Line Faults and Failed Equipment

John Deere Meets Transmission Tower

Pole Failure Ice Storm

Pole Failure Wind Damage

Derecho (Straight Winds) Damage

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

EPRI Testing of Pole Failure Modes for

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transformer Failure Due to Bus Flashover

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Creating Art in 100 ms

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Vegetation Contact, Fire

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Happens to the Power Quality

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Source of Voltage Sags, Swells, and

A sag occurs while the fault is in the

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

IEEE PES GM 2013:

Transformer Secondary Voltages with a SLG on the

The voltage seen at your

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multi Events: Sag, Swell, Interruptions

Fault evolved to two phases.

Voltage on unfaulted phase rose

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Full voltage Starting of Induction Motor

During starting, inrush current is 5 to 7

This is preferred method of starting

PF for 1000+ HP is about 15%

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Starting power factor = 15 to 30%

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lightning Stroke Locations

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

References for Lightning Research Photos

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lightning Research by Phil Barker and Tom Short for

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Utility Surge Arresters Designed for

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Coupling Through a Transformer

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Low-Side Surges Go Around the

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Typical Failure Evidence

Roger C. Dugan, Charles W. Williams, Jr.,

2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.