Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Contents
PrefaceviI
Contributorsviii
1 Introduction1
John J. Collins and J.G. Manning
2 When is a Revolt not a Revolt? A Case for Contingency10
Erich S. Gruen
vi
Contents
10
12
14
15
chapter 3
Figure 1
Map of the Assyrian Empire indicating the borders at the end of the reign of
Sargon II (r. 721705 BC) and the sites mentioned in this paper.
42
Radner
This paper focuses on revolts during that time and on the Empires responses
to resistance. We will concentrate on rebellions within the provinces of the
Empire, not on the insurrection of client states (for a recent discussion of one
such case, see Melville, 2010).
1
A Literary Revolution
43
2001:6 for literature) but while this is possible, there is no consensus. For
our purposes, the question how first millennium audiences reacted to this
narrative of a successful revolutionary movement would be more essential.
Yet in the absence of any relevant testimonies, all we can do is speculate. Let us
instead turn to rebellions against Assyrian imperial power.
2
Assyrias self-designation was the land of Aur (mt Aur). Using the Greek
form Assyria obscures some of the nuances of its actual name. Land of Aur
refers as much to the city of Aur, the states original centre and the place of
origin of its ruling dynasty, as to the deity of the same name whose ancient
temple dominated that city. The god Aur and the city of Aur are inseparable, as the deity is the personification of the rocky crag called Qalat Sherqat
in Arabic that towers high above a bend of the river Tigris. The deitys only temple stood on this very crag. The Assyrian ruler was considered Aurs human
agent, invested by the deitys grace with the power to rule, and at the same
time also his head priest, lending him religious as well as political authority. All
Assyrian kings without exception were members of one particular family originally from the city of Aur, regardless of whether they had been appointed
crown prince and inherited the crown or whether they had taken the throne as
usurpers (Radner, 2010).
Apart from the king, the political institutions of the Assyrian Empire
are largely obscure. They are, however, relatively well known for a welldocumented period of around a century in the early 2nd millennium when
Aur was a city-state. Mario Liverani (2011:263) has recently described its
mixed constitution as comprising a monocratic power represented by the
[ruler], an aristocratic power represented by the lmum [i.e., a high administrative office held in annual rotation by the head of one of the major families and
determined by lot] and a democratic power represented by the city assembly.
All these institutions were maintained until the end of the Assyrian Empire in
the late 7th century. While it is unmistakable that they were modified in order
to suit the needs of kingdom and empire it is less than clear how. The available sources (state archives; royal inscriptions) focus very much on the king
and his palace, which Liverani (2011:263) has described very appropriately
as an impressive apparatus of military and fiscal nature: in the shape of the
palaces created in the provincial centres this institution was physically present
throughout the entire land of Aur. But the fact that the other institutions
were kept alive at all highlights that the Assyrian monarchy did not care to
promote itself as the sole pillar of the state.
44
Radner
A turning point in the relation between the king and the aristocratic and
democratic powers of Assyria was marked by the relocation of the seat of royal
power away from Aur to Kalhu in 879 BC during the reign of Aurnasirpal II.
I have argued (Radner, 2011a) that the relocation of the seat of royal power
must be primarily seen as a strategy to, firstly, emancipate the king from god
Aur and, secondly, weaken the influence of the aristocratic and democratic
powers whose influence were strongest and most visible in the city of Aur.
Kalhu was greatly expanded in size and the residents of the new centre of
state and empire were handpicked from among the urban elites of the Assyrian
heartland and also the outlying provinces, as the royal edict appointing the
royal official Nergal-apil-kumua (a eunuch) to oversee the move to Kalhu
makes abundantly clear (Whiting & Kataja, 1995: nos. 8284). The inscription
on a monument commemorating the inauguration of palace and city, the socalled Banquet Stele (Grayson, 1991:288293 A.0.101.30), in turn stresses that
inhabitants were also drafted from the client states, namely Suhu and Laq on
the Middle Euphrates, Hatti (Carchemish) and Patina in Northwestern Syria,
Bit-Zamani and ubria on the Upper Tigris and Mazamua in the Shahrizor
plain. The population of Kalhu, taken from provinces and client states, was
therefore intended to represent not only the kingdom of Assyria but all regions
that its king commandedthe entire empire. We can safely assume that, in
addition, only those were selected who had showed enthusiasm for the king,
thus creating in 879 BC not only a new political centre but one that was exclusively populated by loyal supporters of the crown (Radner, 2011a:324 f.). This
aspect of the move prompted the later relocation of the imperial centre to
Dur-arrukin in 706 BC and then to Nineveh in c. 700 BC, both situated in the
Assyrian heartland.
In the imperial period, the royal strategy of weakening the aristocratic and
democratic powers was combined with a clear preference for delegating governing power to officials who owed their appointment and status entirely to
the king (Radner, 2011b:359361). A central strategy for achieving the states
cohesion saw, after a period of transition in the 9th century BC, the total
abolishment of local dynasties in the newly integrated provinces and their
replacement with governors without hereditary claims from the core region.
Whenever a new king ascended to the throne, he assigned all state offices anew,
including posts as governors and ambassadors. He could either reappoint his
predecessors officials or make new choices. The officials all received a copy of
a signet ring engraved with the universally recognised imperial emblem: the
king slaying a rampant lion. This ring served as a symbol of their office and
as a tool to act in the kings stead. It enabled them to issue commands in the
45
kings stead while stressing that they were his men. Bound by loyalty oaths,
the officials allegiance to the king was further protected by the fact that
from the 9th century onwards, many of them were eunuchs, whose family links
had been severed and replaced by the patronage of the royal family. Eunuchs
were the preferred choice for the highest administrative and military appointments, at the expense of the members of the old urban elites. Their sterility
also effectively prevented the emergence of new local dynasties and moreover
avoided competition with the royal clan. No state office but that of the king
was hereditary.
3
46
Radner
palace decorations continue to emphasise the kings power over the lands by
contrasting peaceful interaction between the king and his subjects with the
furious response to revolt. What is notable is that the topic of resistance was
chosen at all, and so prominently, for the decoration of the royal palaces.
Moreover, instances of revolt are not only documented in the palace
reliefs but also frequently mentioned in the textual sources. The most common terms to describe instances of insurrection and revolt are the synonyms
shu (CAD S [1984], 240 f.; from the verb seh to become troublesome) and
brtu (CAD B [1965], 113115; from the verb bru B to stir up resistance), used
individually or as a pair (cf. Juhs, 2011). The so-called Eponym Chronicle (edition: Millard, 1994) is a composition that combines lists of the year eponyms
(the lmu(m)-officials mentioned above) with brief historical information.
Manuscripts are available for the period from 840700 BC and feature the
comment shu or shu ina (place name), i.e. rebellion in (place name) very
frequently, namely for the years 826, 825, 824, 823, 822, 821, 820, 763, 762, 761,
760, 759 and 746 BC. We will examine these insurrections, and some additional ones, in the following pages. The Eponym Chronicles aims to include
information on events of countrywide importance, regardless of whether they
are positive or negative. Rebellions feature alongside other adverse episodes
such as epidemics and, in one instance, a sun eclipse. When revolts are mentioned, we must certainly assume that they were thought to affect all of Assyria
prominently as events that seriously threatened the fabric of the state.
Even more remarkable, then, is the prominence given to revolts in the
royal inscriptions. Those compositions serve to celebrate and commemorate
the kings achievements. One might assume that in such a context the very
occurrence of insurrection against the king is highly undesirable and that
such information should therefore be excluded from the carefully edited
account. However, rebellions are of course mentioned only in the context of
their subsequent suppression by the king and his forces. The heroic overcoming of adversity is a central motive of the Assyrian royal inscription and the
repression of rebellious subjects is comparable to the conquest of the unwelcoming, hostile nature in the form of mountains, rivers in flood and deserts
while campaigning, another popular subject of the inscriptions (as well as
of the palace decoration). Both in the decorative programme of the imperial palaces and in the royal inscriptions, a deliberate choice to show the king
imperilled and subsequently triumphant is evident. This repeated message
emphasises that every time the king overcomes an obstacle his divine appointment is publicly confirmed.
47
Let us now have a look at those rebellions that the mention in the Eponym
Chronicle marks as events of countrywide concern. The rebellion of 746 BC
brought with Tiglath-pileser III an usurper, albeit a member of the royal
house and therefore a legitimate contender, to the throne. According to the
Chronicle, the rebellion starts in Kalhu but as the new king did not commemorate the circumstances of his accession in his subsequent inscriptions and
as additional evidence available is severely limited, the sequence of events is
unclear (Zawadzki, 1994). This rebellion was an interdynastic succession war,
started with the goal to replace one member of the royal house with another.
From the moment he took the throne, Tiglath-pileser pursued a very aggressive foreign policy that stands in marked contrast with the isolationist stance
of his predecessor Aur-nerari V following the defeat against an Urartianled alliance in 754 BC. It is clear that Tiglath-pileser was part of a faction
that opposed this meek position and desired Assyrias active opposition to
Urartu and its allies. That the insurrection began in Kalhu, the seat of imperial
power, and that the putsch was quickly successful, with no discernible negative
impact evidenced for the government of the empire, indicates that Tiglathpilesers faction was influential and well placed to take power. The direct result
of the putsch was the massive expansion of directly controlled Assyrian territory as in a radical inversion of the previous foreign policy that favoured
treaties in indirect rule through local dynasts, many of the client states were
forcefully annexed and their territories converted into Assyrian provinces
(Radner, 2006:5663).
Not every succession conflict was so quickly decided as the one of 746 BC.
The insurgences between 826820 BC, featured in the Chronicle in yearly
entries, mark the difficult period of transition of power from the exceptionally long-ruling Shalmaneser III to his eventual successor Shamshi-Adad V
(Fuchs, 2008:6568). We encounter in the leading roles of this succession war
the eunuch Dayyan-Aur, Shalmanesers long-standing Commander-in-chief
(turtnu, one of the highest state officials) and his chosen stand-in, at the very
least in all military matters, in the latter years of his life, and Aur-dain-apla,
a son of Shalmaneser and presumably his crown prince, tired of waiting for his
aged fathers death.
Years after these events, Aur-dain-aplas brother, the eventual king
Shamshi-Adad V, reported the following in the inscription on a public monument that he had erected in the capital Kalhu after he had been able to establish himself as the unrivalled ruler over Assyria:
48
Radner
49
Independence Movements
Dynastic contest could provide the opportunity for local independence movements to gain traction. A good example is the aftermath of the 722 putsch
that disposed of King Shalmaneser V (r. 726722 BC) and brought his brother
Sargon II (r. 721705 BC) to the throne (Fuchs, 2009; Vera Chamaza, 1992).
Even after Sargons accession to power, conflicts continued for some time
in the Assyrian heartland, in the western provinces and in Babylonia. In the
heartland, the civil war resulted most prominently in the deportation of 6,300
Assyrians (L.A-ur-a-a), whose transgression the king forgave in an act of
mercy according to a monument later erected in Hamath (Hawkins, 2004).
This city (modern Hama in western Syria) was the centre of a large-scale
insurrection spreading across a number of western Assyrian provinces. Several
of the Syro-Palestinian provinces, including Samaria and Damascus, managed
to struggle free from Assyrian control. One Ilu-bidi (God is behind me, alternatively written Iau-bidi Yahweh is behind me), a man of humble descent
according to Sargons inscriptions (Fuchs, 1994:200 f., 345 Prunk, 33), assumed
50
Figure 2
Radner
The flaying of Ilu-bidi, rebel king of Hamath. Drawing of a stone slab from the
wall decoration of Sargon IIs palace at Dur-arrukin. Reproduced from
Paul-mile Botta and Eugene Flandin, Monument de Ninive, vol. 2, Paris:
Imprimerie Nationale, 1849, pl. 120.
leadership and united these regions in order to resurrect the ancient kingdom
of Hamath, with himself as its king. Sargon eventually crushed these ambitions
in 720 BC, destroyed the city of Hamath and killed the rebel leaders.
The figure head of the insurrection, Ilu-bidi, was taken to Central Assyria
where he was publicly flayed. This most violent form of execution in the
Assyrian repertoire of terror was reserved for the most prominent enemies of
the state (Radner, 2015:107 f., 122). In this instance, the high-profile flaying of Ilubidi was meant to serve as a deterrent to discourage any would-be insurgents
in the entire Empire. Subsequently, the execution was commemorated prominently in the wall decoration of Room VIII of Sargons palace in his new capital
city of Dur-arrukin (Albenda, 1986: pl. 78; here: Fig. 2). The larger than life
depictions in this room are devoted to Sargons public punishment of various
enemies who are led before him in shackles. Among these, the flaying of Ilubidi stands out in the highly graphic manner the execution is depicted, identi-
51
fied with a label: I flayed Iau-bidi of Hamath (Fuchs, 1994:278, 364 VIII:25).
The person removing the rebel leaders skin with a small curved knife is not the
king himself, though, but one of his soldiers. As is the norm in the royal inscriptions, the king claims agency when another performs on his behalf. So important was the continued commemoration of the punishment of this particular
rebel that Sargon even included his execution into the royal titulary: He who
dyed the skin of the rebel Ilu-bidi red like wool (Fuchs, 1994:35, 291 Cyl. 25).
Babylonia, too, had used the opportunity created by Sargons putsch to
secede. The region had been less rigidly integrated into the Empire and in
open recognition of this, Sargon, like his predecessors Tiglath-pileser III and
Shalmaneser V, styled himself King of Babylon in addition to his Assyrian
royal titles. But when Sargon took power, the region instead supported
Marduk-apla-iddina (Brinkman, 198790), the leader of the Bit-Yakin tribe
and formerly an Assyrian ally, in his claim to the Babylonian throne. He was
crowned as King of Babylon a mere three months after Sargon had assumed
kingship. An early attempt to regain control in 720 BC was unsuccessful when
the Battle of Der was lost (or at least not won decisively). But Sargon eventually
managed to expel Marduk-apla-iddina a decade later in 710 BC and reclaimed
the Babylonian crown for himself. His treatment of the Babylonians was markedly different compared to the brutal handling of the Syrian insurgents and
Ilu-bidi in particular. As he proclaims in the inscription decorating the walls of
his palace in Dur-arrukin:
The citizens of Babylon and Borsippa, the temple personnel, the craftsmen who know their trade, leaders and administrators of the land who
had been formerly subject to him (= Marduk-apla-iddina), brought before
me in the city of Dur-Ladinni the Leftovers (from the cultic meals) of the
deities Bel, Zarpanitu, Nabu and Tametu, and they asked me to enter
Babylon. My heart rejoiced and I entered Babylon, the city of the master
of the gods, with happiness. I presented myself to the gods who dwell
in the Esagila temple (in Babylon) and the Ezida temple (in Borsippa)
and made pure, voluntary offerings before them (Fuchs, 1994:154 f., 332
Ann. 311314; cf. Frame: 2008:23).
Sargons pointed leniency to Marduk-apla-iddinas erstwhile supporters
was a key strategy in his attempts to win approval as King of Babylon while
his rival, who remained alive and footloose, remained a viable alternative
to his candidacy.
Whereas in the heartland the conflicts following the 720 putsch can be
characterised as on-going dynastic contest, designed to bring another member
52
Radner
of the royal clan to the throne, the movements in Syro-Palestine and Babylonia
aspired to independence from Assyrian rule. These revolts were surely
informed both by ideological and economic considerations. The widely different Assyrian reaction to the two rebellions, once defeated, reflects the balance
of power but perhaps also the economic value of the regions to the empire
although the available sources do not directly elucidate this last point.
6
In contrast to the dynastic contests and independence movements just discussed, the revolts noted in the Eponym Chronicle for the years 763759 BC
occurred more than a decade after King Aur-dan III (r. 772755 BC) had
ascended to the throne. They are described as regional insurgencies in the cities Aur, Arrapha (modern Kerkuk) and Guzana (Tell Halaf near Nusaybin
on the Turkish-Syrian border), respectively, and follow an epidemic and a sun
eclipse, both noted in the Chronicle. A sun eclipse was always interpreted as a
bad omen for the king (Maul 2000), and a full eclipse, such as the one in 763,
would have been visible to all, not just to the royal astronomers who habitually watched out for such signs. If the opinion that the eclipse signalled divine
withdrawal of support for Aur-dan enjoyed any popularity (and this is likely),
this event may well have encouraged the initial insurrection in Aur, the city
of the kings divine overlord. Aur-dans reign is poorly documented, so little
more can be said about the circumstances.
Much better known is the case of a revolt against Esarhaddon in 670 BC.
However, the events have to be constructed from various letters and are not
always clear. It would seem that the movement took its departure from the
western city of Harran (near Urfa in Turkey) where a prophecy communicated
through a local woman provided the ideological foundation for the insurrection. The woman had fallen into ecstasy and uttered a sensational divine
message: This is the word of the god Nusku: Kingship belongs to Sas. I shall
destroy the name and the seed of Sennacherib! (Luukko & Van Buylaere, 2003:
no. 59). This prophecy proclaimed Sennacheribs son Esarhaddon and his heirs
as impostors, unworthy to rule over Assyria. Beyond the fact that he kept a
household at Harran at the time, we do not know much about Sas, Assyrias
one true king. Given the longstanding tradition that reserved the Assyrian
throne exclusively for members of the royal clan, Sas may well have been a
distant relative of Esarhaddon, perhaps descended from Sennacheribs father
Sargon II (r. 721705 BC). What started as a local insurgence quickly grew into
53
54
7
Radner
Conclusions
Bibliography
Ager, S.L. (1996). Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 33790 B.C. Berkeley.
Akbykolu, K. (1991). Gre Basmac Tmlsleri Kurtarma Kazs. MKKS 1:123.
Akbykolu, K. (1993). Gre Veliin Tepe Tmlsleri Kurtarma Kazs, MKKS
3:5363.
Akbykolu, K. (1994a). Gre Basmac Tmls Kurtarma Kazs, Arkeoloji ve Sanat
6465:28.
Akbykolu, K. (1994b). Kayaal Tmls Kurtarma Kazs, MKKS 4:6982.
Akbykolu, K. (1996). 1994 Gre kiztepe Tmls Kazs, MKKS 6:163176.
kerstrm, . (1966). Die Architektonischen Terrakotten Kleinasiens. Lund.
Akurgal, E. (1941). Griechische Reliefs des VI. Jahrhunderts aus Lykien. Schriften zur
Kunst des Altertums 3. Berlin.
Albenda, P. (1986). The Palace of Sargon King of Assyria: Monumental Wall Reliefs at
Dur-Sharrukin, from Original Drawings Made at the Time of Their Discovery in 1843
1844 by Botta and Flandin. Paris.
Albertz, R. (1998). Die Exilszeit als Ernstfall fr eine historische Rekonstruktion
ohne biblische Texte: die neubabylonischen Knigsinschriften als Primrquelle,
in Leading Captivity Captive: The Exile as History and Ideology. Ed. L.L. Grabbe.
Sheffield. Pp. 2239.
Albertz, R. (2001). Exodus: Liberation History against Charter Myth, in Religious
Identity and the Invention of Tradition. Ed. J.W. van Henten and A. Houtepen. Assen.
Pp. 12843.
Albertz, R. (2013). Are Foreign Rulers Allowed to Enter and Sacrifice in the Jerusalem
Temple? in Between Cooperation and Hostility: Multiple Identities in Ancient Judaism
and the Interaction with Foreign Powers. Ed. R. Albertz and J. Whrle. Gttingen.
Pp. 11534.
Alcock, S.E. et al. (2001). Empires. Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge.
Alkm, U. (1969). The Amanus Region in Turkey: New Light on the Historical
Geography and Archaeology, Archaeology 22.4:28089.
Allen, L. (2005). The Persian Empire. Chicago.
Al-Rawi, F.N.H. (1985). Nabopolassars Restoration Work on the Wall Imgur-Enlil at
Babylon, Iraq 47:113.
Ameling, W. (2003). Jerusalem als hellenistische Polis: 2 Macc 4,912 und eine neue
Inschrift, BZ 47:10511.
Ameling, W. et al., eds. (2011). Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume II,
Caesarea and the Middle Coast. Berlin.
Antrich, J. and S. Usher. (1978). Xenophon: The Persian Expedition. London.
254
Bibliography
Applebaum, S. (1989). Josephus and the Economic Causes of the Jewish War, in
Josephus, the Bible, and History. Ed. L.H. Feldman and G. Hata. Detroit. Pp. 23764.
Ariel, D. (2003). Identifying the Mints, Minters and Meanings of the First Jewish
Revolt Coins, in The Jewish Revolt. Ed. A.M. Berlin and J.A. Overman. Pp. 37397.
Arjava, A. (2005). The mystery cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean sources,
Dumbarton Oaks Papers 59:7394.
Austin, M.M. (2006). The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A
selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. 2nd ed. Cambridge.
Babaev, I., I. Gagoshidze, and F. Knau. (2007). An Achaemenid Palace at Qarjamirli
(Azerbaijan): Preliminary Report on the Excavations in 2006, in Achaemenid
Culture and Local Traditions in Anatoia, Southern Caucasus and Iran: New Discoveries.
Ed. A. Ivantchik and V. Licheli. Leiden. Pp. 3145.
Baillie, M.G.L. (2008). Proposed re-dating of the European ice core chronology by
seven years prior to the 7th century AD, Geophysical Research Letters 35:L15813.
Baillie, M.G.L. (2010). Volcanoes, Ice-Cores and Tree-Rings: One Story or Two?
Antiquity 84:20215.
Baillie M.G.L. and J. McAneney. (2015). Tree ring effects and ice core acidities clarify
the volcanic record of the first millennium, Climate of the Past 11:10514.
Ballentine, D.S. (2015). The Conflict Myth and the Biblical Tradition. New York.
Bang, P. with D. Kolodziejczyk. (2012). Elephant of India: universal empire through
time and across cultures, in Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial
Culture and Representation in Eurasian History. Ed. P. Bang and D. Kolodziejczyk.
Cambridge.
Barjamovic, G. (2004). Civic Institutions and Self-Government in Southern
Mesopotamia in the Mid-First Millennium BC, in Assyria and Beyond: Studies
Presented to Mogens Trolle Larsen. Ed. J.G. Dercksen. Leiden. Pp. 4798.
Barjamovic, G. (2012). Propaganda and practice in Assyrian and Persian imperial
culture, in Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and
Representation in Eurasian History. Ed. P. Bang and D. Kolodziejczyk. Cambridge.
Pp. 4359.
Bar-Kochva, B. (1989). Judas Maccabaeus. Cambridge.
Baronowski, D.W. (2011). Polybius and Roman Imperialism. London.
Barry, W.D. (1993). The crowd of Ptolemaic Alexandria and the riot of 203 B.C., Echos
du Monde Classique 37:41531.
Bastini, A. (1987). Der Achische Bund als hellenische Mittelmacht. Frankfurt.
Baughan, E.P. (2004). Anatolian Funerary Klinae: Tradition and Identity. PhD dissertation. Berkeley.
Baughan, E.P. (2010). Lydian Burial Customs, in Lidyallar ve Dnyalar / The Lydians
and their World. Ed. N.D. Cahill. Istanbul. Pp. 273304.
Bibliography
255
Baumann, G. (2005). Gottes Gewalt im Wandel. Traditionsgeschichtliche und intertextuelle Studien zu Nahum 1,28. WMANT 106. Neukirchen-Vluyn.
Bayly, C.A. (1988). Indian society and the making of the British empire. Cambridge.
Pp. 16978.
Beard, M. (2003). The Triumph of Josephus, in Flavian Rome: Culture, Image and Text.
Ed. A.J. Boyle and W.J. Dominik. Leiden. Pp. 54358.
Beaulieu, P.-A. (1989). The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 556539 B.C. YNER 10.
New Haven.
Beaulieu, P.-A. (1993). The Historical Background of the Uruk Prophecy, in
M.E. Cohen, D.C. Snell, D.B. Weisberg (eds), The Tablet and the Scroll: Near Eastern
Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo. Bethesda, MD: 4152.
Beaulieu, P.-A. (1997). The Fourth Year of Hostilities in the Land, Baghdader
Mitteilungen 28:36794.
Beaulieu, P.-A. (2003). Nabopolassar and the Antiquity of Babylon, in Eretz-Israel
27: Hayim and Miriam Tadmor Volume. Ed. I. Ephal, A. Ben-Tor, and P. Machinist.
Jerusalem.
Beaulieu, P.-A. (2013). Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Cuneiform Sources from
the Late Babylonian Period, in A. Berlejung and M.P. Streck (eds), Arameans,
Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C.
Wiesbaden: 3155.
Beaulieu, P.-A. (2014). Nab and Apollo: the Two Faces of Seleucid Religious Policy,
in Orient und Okzident in hellenistischer Zeit. Ed. F. Hoffmann and K.S. Schmidt.
Vaterstetten. Pp. 1330.
Becking, B. (1995). Divine Wrath and the Conceptual Coherence of the Book of
Nahum, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 9/2:277296.
Bedford, P.R. (2009). The Neo-Assyrian Empire, in The Dynamics of Ancient Empires:
State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. Ed. I. Morris and W. Scheidel. Oxford and
New York. Pp. 3065.
Benda-Weber, I. (2005). Lykier und Karer: zwei autochthone Ethnien Kleinasiens
zwischen Orient und Okzident. Bonn.
Benveniste, E. (1965). Termes de parent dans les langues indo-europennes,
LHomme 5:516.
Ben-Yehuda, N. (1995). The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel.
Madison, WI.
Ben-Yehuda, N. (2002). Sacrificing Truth: Archaeology and the Myth of Masada.
Amherst, MA.
Berger, E. (1970). Studien zum griechischen Grab- und Votivrelief um 500 v. Chr. und
zur vorhippokratischen Medizin, Verffentlichungen des Antikenmuseums Basel I.
Basel.
256
Bibliography
Bibliography
257
258
Bibliography
Broshi, M. (1992). Agriculture and Economy in Roman Palestine: Seven Notes on the
Babatha Archive, Israel Exploration Journal 42:23040.
Brunt, P.A. (1988). The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays. Oxford.
Buraselis, K. (1982). Das hellenistische Makedonien und die gais. Munich.
Buraselis, K. (2013). Ptolemaic grain, seaways and power, in The Ptolemies, the Sea
and the Nile. Studies in Waterbourne Power. Ed. K. Buraselis, M. Stefanou, and
D.J. Thompson. Cambridge.
Burn, A.R. (1985). Persia and the Greeks, in The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2.
Ed. I. Gershevitch. Cambridge and New York. Pp. 292391.
Burstein, S.M. (1982). Arsinoe II Philadelphos: A Revisionist View, in Philip II,
Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Heritage. Ed. W.L. Adams and E.N. Borza.
Lanham, MD. Pp. 197212.
Burstein, S.M. (1985). The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra
VII. Translated Documents of Greece and Rome, Vol. 3. Cambridge.
Burton, P.J. (2011). Friendship and Empire: Roman Diplomacy and Imperialism in the
Middle Republic (353146 BC). Cambridge.
Butler, H.C. (1922). Sardis I. The Excavations. Leiden.
Butzer, K. (1984). Long-term Nile flood variation and political discontinuities in
pharaonic Egypt, in The causes and consequences of food production in Africa. Ed.
J.D. Clark and S.A. Brandt. Berkeley. Pp. 136.
Calhoun, C. (1969). Nationalism and Ethnicity, Annual Review of Sociology 19(1993):
21139.
Camia, F. (2009). Roma e le poleis. Athens.
Carstens, A.M. (2002). Tomb Cult on the Halikarnassos Peninsula, AJA 106:
391409.
Cartledge, P. (1985). Rebels and sambos in Classical Greece, in Essays in Greek history
presented to G.E.M. de Ste Croix on his 75th birthday. Ed. P. Cartledge and F.D. Harvey.
London. Pp. 2021.
Casabonne, O. (1996). Notes ciliciennes, Anatolia Antiqua 4:11119.
Casabonne, O. (2004). La Cilicie lpoque achmnide. Paris.
Castex, A.R. and Gombert, B. (2013). La prise et la destruction de Babylone en 689
avant notre re, Hypothses 2013/1:289300.
Cathcart, K.J. (1973). Treaty Curses in the Book of Nahum, Catholic Biblical Quarterly
35:179187.
Cathcart, K.J. (1975). The Divine Warrior and the War of Yahweh in Nahum, in
M. Ward (ed.), Biblical Studies in Contemporary Thought: The Tenth Anniversary
Volume of the Trinity College Biblical Institute 19661975. Burlington, VT. Pp. 6876.
Cawkwell, G. (2005). The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia. Oxford and New York.
Chametzky, J. et al. (2001). Jewish American Literature: A Norton Anthology. New York.
Bibliography
259
Chandezon, C. (2004). Prlvements royaux royaux et fiscalit civique dans le royaume sleucide, in Le Roi et lconomie. Autonomies locales et structures royales dans
lconomie de lempire sleucide. Ed. V. Chankowski and F. Duyrat. Lyons. Pp. 13148.
Chapman, H.H. (2007). Masada in the First and Twenty-First Century, in Making
History. Josephus and Historical Method. Ed. Z. Rodgers. Leiden. Pp. 82102.
Childs, W.A.P. (1979). The Authorship of the Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos, AnatSt
29:97102.
Clancier, P. (2007). La Babylonie hellnistique: aperu dhistoire politique et culturelle, Topoi 15:2174.
Clarysse, W. (1978). Notes de prosopographie thbaine, 7. Hurgonapher et
Chaonnophris, les derniers pharaons indignes, Chronique dEgypte 53:2523.
Clarysse, W. (1995). Greeks in Ptolemaic Thebes, in Hundred-gated Thebes: Acts of
a colloquium on Thebes and the Theban area in the Graeco-Roman period. Ed. S.P.
Vleeming. Leiden. Pp. 119.
Clarysse, W. (2004). The Great Revolt of the Egyptians (205186 BC). http://tebtunis.
berkeley.edu/lecture/revolt.
Cogan, M. (2009). Sennacherib and the Angry Gods of Babylon and Israel, Israel
Exploration Journal 59:16474.
Cogan, M. and H. Tadmor. (1977). Gyges and Ashurbanipal: A Study in Literary
Transmission, Orientalia 46:7984.
Cohen, E. (2000). The Athenian Nation. Princeton.
Cohen, S.J.D. (1979). Josephus in Galilee and Rome: His Vita and Development as a
Historian. Leiden.
Cohen, S.J.D. (1982). Masada: Literary Tradition, Archaeological Remains and the
Credibility of Josephus, Journal of Jewish Studies 33:385405.
Cole, S.W. (1996). The Early Neo-Babylonian Governors Archive from Nippur. Chicago.
Cole-Dai, J. (2010). Volcanoes and Climate, WIREs: Climate Change 1:82439.
Collingwood, R.J. (1972). The Idea of History. New York.
Collins, J.J. (1993). Daniel. A Commentary on the Book of Daniel. Minneapolis.
Collins, J.J. (2013). Enoch and Ezra, in Fourth Ezra and Second Baruch: Reconstruction
after the Fall. Ed. M. Henze and G. Boccaccini. Leiden. Pp. 8397.
Comfort, A., C. Abadie-Reynal, and R. Erge. (2000). Crossing the Euphrates in
Antiquity: Zeugma Seen from Space, Anatolian Studies 50:99126.
Comstock, M.B. and C.C. Vermeule. (1976). Sculpture in Stone: The Greek, Roman, and
Etruscan Collections of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Boston.
Cook, B.F. (1976). Greek and Roman Art in the British Museum. London.
Cook, J.M. (1983). The Persian Empire. New York.
Cook, R.M. (1981). Clazomenian Sarcophagi, Kerameus 3. Mainz.
Cooper, A. (2002). The Message of Lamentations, JANES 28:118.
260
Bibliography
Bibliography
261
262
Bibliography
Dench, E. (2005). Romulus Asylum: Roman Identities from the Age of Alexander to the
Age of Hadrian. Oxford.
Deutsch, R. (2003). Coinage of the First Jewish Revolt Against Rome: Iconography,
Minting Authority, Metallurgy, in The Jewish Revolt. Ed. A.M. Berlin and J.A. Overman.
Pp. 36171.
Didu, I. (1993). La fine della confederazione achea. Cagliari.
Dmitriev, S. (2011). The Greek Slogan of Freedom and Early Roman Politics in Greece.
Oxford.
Dnitz, S. (2013). berlieferung und Rezeption des Sefer Yosippon. Tbingen.
Dnmez, S. (2007). The Achaemenid Impact on the Central Black Sea Region, in
The Achaemenid Impact on Local Populations and Cultures in Anatolia (Sixth-Fourth
Centuries B.C.). Ed. I. Delemen. Istanbul. Pp. 10716.
Donner, H. and W. Rllig. (19661969). Kanaanische und aramische Inschriften III.
Wiesbaden.
Doran, R. (1999). Independence or Coexistence: The Responses of 1 and 2 Maccabees
to Seleucid Hegemony, Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 38:94103.
Doran, R. (2011). The Persecution of Judeans by Antiochus IV: The Significance of
Ancestral Laws, in The Other in Second Temple Judaism. Essays in Honor of John J.
Collins. Ed. D. Harlow et al. Grand Rapids, MI. Pp. 42333.
Doran, R. (2012). 2 Maccabees. A Critical Commentary. Minneapolis.
Draycott, C. (2007a). Dynastic Definitions: Differentiating Status Claims in the
Archaic Pillar Tomb Reliefs of Lycia, in Anatolian Iron Ages 6: The Proceedings
of the Sixth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Eskiehir, 1620 August 2004. Ed.
A. ilingirolu and A. Sagona. Leuven. Pp. 10334.
Draycott, C. (2007b). Images and Identities in the Funerary Arts of Anatolia, 600450
BC: Phrygia, Hellespontine Phrygia, Lydia. PhD dissertation. Oxford.
Dreyer, B. (1999). Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des sptklassischen Athen (322 ca. 230
v. Chr.). Stuttgart.
Dusinberre, E.R.M. (1997). Imperial Style and Constructed Identity: A Graeco-Persian
Cylinder Seal from Sardis, Ars Orientalis 27:99129.
Dusinberre, E.R.M. (2003). Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis. Cambridge and
New York.
Dusinberre, E.R.M. (2013). Empire, Autonomy, and Authority in Achaemenid Anatolia.
Cambridge.
Dyson, S.L. (1971). Native Revolts in the Roman Empire, Historia 20:23974.
Eck, W. (1999). The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View, JRS 89:7689.
Eddy, S.K. (1961). The King is Dead. Studies in the Near Eastern Resistance to Hellenism,
33431. Lincoln, NE.
Elayi, J. and J. Sapin. (1998). Beyond the River: New Perspectives on Transeuphratene.
Sheffield.
Bibliography
263
Engels, D. (1978). Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army.
Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Eshel, H. (2003). Documents of the First Jewish Revolt from the Judean desert, in The
First Jewish Revolt. Ed. A.M. Berlin and J.A. Overman. Pp. 15763.
Evans, R.J. (1994). Gaius Marius: A Political Biography. Pretoria.
Fabry, H.-J. (2006). Nahum. Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament.
Freiburg: Verlag Herder.
Fales, F.M. (19992001). Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: Newer Horizons, State Archives
of Assyria Bulletin 13:11544.
Fales, F.M. (2007). Arameans and Chaldeans: Environment and Society, in The
Babylonian World. Ed. G. Leick. New York and London. Pp. 28898.
Fales, F.M. (2011). Moving around Babylon: on the Aramean and Chaldean Presence
in Southern Mesopotamia, in Babylon. Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident. Ed.
E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, M. Van Ess, and J. Marzahn. Berlin. Pp. 91112.
Fales, F.M. (2012). After Tayinat: The New Status of Esarhaddons Ad for Assyrian
Political History, Revue dAssyriologie 106:13358.
Farooqui, M. (2010). Besieged: Voices from Delhi 1857. Delhi.
Farrell, W.I. (1961). A Revised Itinerary of the Route Followed by Cyrus the Younger
through Syria, 401 B. C., Journal of Hellenic Studies 81:15355.
Fei, J. and J. Zhou. (2006). The Possible Climatic Impact in China of Icelands Eldgj
Eruption inferred from Historical Sources, Climatic Change 76:44357.
Fei, J., J. Zhou and Y. Hou. (2007). Circa A.D. 626 Volcanic Eruption, Climatic Cooling,
and the Collapse of the Eastern Turkic Empire, Climatic Change 81:46975.
Feldman, L.H. (1975). Masada: A Critique of Recent Scholarship, in Christianity,
Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults. Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty. Ed.
J. Neusner. Leiden. Pp. 21848.
Feldman, L.H. (2003). Conversion to Judaism in Classical Antiquity, Hebrew Union
College Annual 74:11556.
Feldman, Y. (2014). Masada, Cosmopolitan Rome, or Messianic Judea? FlaviusFeuchtwanger and the Turmoil of Mandate Palestine, 19231945. New York.
Ferguson, N., ed. (1997). Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals. London.
Finkelstein, I. (2010). The Territorial Extent and Demography of Yehud/Judea in the
Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods, Revue Biblique 117:3954.
Finley, M. (1986). The Use and Abuse of History. London.
Fischer, T. (1980). Seleukiden und Makkaber. Bochum.
Fischer-Bovet, C. (2014). Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge.
Fischer-Bovet, C. (2015). Social unrest and ethnic coexistence in Ptolemaic Egypt and
the Seleukid empire, Past and Present 229:345.
Fishbane, M. (1985). Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
264
Bibliography
Flusser, D. (1972). The Four Empires in the Fourth Sibyl and in the Book of Daniel,
Israel Oriental Studies 2:14875.
Flusser, D. (1978). Sefer Yosippon. Jerusalem.
Flynn, S.W. (2014). YHWH is King: The Development of Divine Kingship in Ancient Israel.
SVT 159. Leiden/Boston.
Foster, B.R. (2005). Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature. Bethesda, MD.
Foster, R.F. (1988). Modern Ireland 16001972. London.
Foucault, M. (1969). LArchologie du savoir. Paris.
Frahm, E. (2005). On Some Recently Published Late Babylonian Copies of Letters,
Nouvelles assyriologiques brves et utilitaires 45/2:4346.
Frahm, E. (2009). Historische und historisch-literarische Texte. Wiesbaden.
Frahm, E. (2010). Catalogue Entry No. 8, in Cuneiform Texts from Various Collections.
Ed. A. Goetze and B. Foster. New Haven.
Frahm, E. (2010). Hochverrat in Assur, in Assur-Forschungen: Arbeiten aus der
Forschungsstelle Edition literarischer Keilschrifttexte aus Assur der Heidelberger
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Ed. S.M. Maul and N.P. Heeel. Wiesbaden. Pp. 89139.
Frahm, E. (2013). A Sculpted Slab with an Inscription of Sargon II Mentioning the
Rebellion of Yau-bidi of Hamath, Altorientalische Forschungen 40:4254.
Frahm, E. (2015). Whoever Destroys this Image: A Neo-Assyrian Statue from Tell
Aa (adikanni), Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brves et Utilitaires 51.
Frame, G. (1992). Babylonia 689627 B.C.: A Political History. Leiden.
Frame, G. (2008). Babylon: Assyrias Problem and Assyrias Prize, The Canadian
Society for Mesopotamian Studies Journal 3:2131.
Frame, G. (2013). The Political History and Historical Geography of the Aramean,
Chaldean, and Arab Tribes in Babylonia in the Neo-Assyrian Period, in Arameans,
Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C. Ed.
A. Berlejung and M.P. Streck. Wiesbaden. Pp. 87121.
Frame, G. and A.K. Grayson. (1994). An Inscription of Ashurbanipal Mentioning the
kidinnu of Sippar, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 8/1:312.
Fraser, P.M. (1972). Ptolemaic Alexandria. Oxford.
Frier, B. (2000). Demography, in Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XI: The High
Empire, AD 70192, 2nd ed. Ed. A. Bowman, P. Garnsey, and D. Rathbone. Cambridge.
Pp. 81113.
Froning, H. (2004). Das sogenannte Harpyien-Monument von Xanthos. berlegungen
zur Form und Funktion sowie zur Interpretation des Reliefschmucks, in Anadoluda
dodu. 60 yanda Fahri Ika armaan. Festschrift fr Fahri Ik zum 60. Geburtstag.
Istanbul. Pp. 31560.
Fuchs, A. (1994). Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad. Gttingen.
Fuchs, A. (2001). Mugallu, in The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2/II. Ed.
H. Baker. Helsinki. Pp. 76162.
Bibliography
265
Fuchs, A. (2008). Der Turtan ami-ilu und die groe Zeit der assyrischen Groen
(830746), Die Welt des Orients 38:61145.
Fuchs, A. (2009). Sargon II, in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen
Archologie 12/12. Ed. M.P. Streck et al. Berlin. Pp. 5161.
Fuchs, A. (2010). Gyges, Assurbanipal und Dugdamm/Lygdamis: Absurde Kontakte
zwischen Anatolien und Ninive, in Interkulturalitt in der Alten Welt: Vorderasien,
Hellas, gypten und die vielfltigen Ebenen des Kontakts, ed. R. Rollinger et al.,
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 40927.
Fuchs, A. (2014). Die unglaubliche Geburt des neubabylonischen Reiches oder: Die
Vernichtung einer Weltmachts durch den Sohn eines Niemand, in Babylonien und
seine Nachbarn in neu- und sptbabylonischer Zeit. Wissenschaftlisches Kolloquium
aus Anlass des 75. Geburtstags von Joachim Oelsner, Jena, 2. Und 3. Mrz 2007. Ed.
M. Krebernik and H. Neuman. Mnster. Pp. 2571.
Fuensanta, J.G. and E. Crivelli. (2010). Late Iron Age Post-Assyrians and Persians in
Turkish Euphrates: an Archaeological or Historical Approach? in Proceedings of
the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Volume 1.
Ed. P. Matthiae et al. Wiesbaden. Pp. 6576.
Fuks, A. (1970). The Bellum Achaicum and its Social Aspects, JHS 90:7889.
Funkenstein, A. (2012). Theological Interpretations of the Holocaust: An Evaluation,
Jerusalem Review 7:73109.
Furet, F. (1981). Interpreting the French Revolution. Trans. E. Forster. Cambridge.
Gabba, E. (1954). Le origini della Guerra Sociale e la vita politica romana dopo l89
a.c. Athenaeum 32:4114; 293345.
Gabbert, J.J. (1987). The Anarchic Dating of the Chremonidean War, CJ 82:23035.
Gabbert, J.J. (1997). Antigonus II Gonatas: A Political Biography. London.
Gabrielsen, V. (2013). Rhodes and the Ptolemaic Kingdom: the Commercial
Infrastructure, in The Ptolemies, the Sea and the Nile. Studies in Waterbourne Power.
Ed. K. Buraselis, M. Stefanou, and D.J. Thompson. Cambridge.
Gadd, C.J. (1953). Inscribed Barrel Cylinder of Marduk-apla-iddina II, Iraq 15:123134.
Galsterer, H. (1976). Herrschaft und Verwaltung im republikanischen Italien. Munich.
Galter, H.D. (2007). Looking Down the Tigris: The Interrelations between Assyria and
Babylonia, in The Babylonian World. Ed. G. Leick. New York and London. Pp. 52740.
Gambash, G. (2013). Foreign Enemies of the Empire: The Great Jewish Revolt and
the Roman Perception of the Jews, Scripta Classica Israelica 32:17394.
Gambash, G. (2015). Rome and Provincial Resistance: The Rule and the Exception.
London.
Gambash, G. and H. Cotton. (2013). Iudaea Recepta, Israel Numismatic Review
8:89104.
Gawlikowski, M. (1996). Thapsacus and Zeugma: The Crossing of the Euphrates in
Antiquity, Iraq 58:12333.
266
Bibliography
Bibliography
267
268
Bibliography
Hanfmann, G.M.A. (1974). A Pediment of the Persian Era from Sardis, in Mlanges
Mansel. Ed. E. Akurgal and B. Alkm. Ankara. Pp. 289302.
Hanfmann, G.M.A. (1987). The Sacrilege Inscription: The Ethnic, Linguistic, Social
and Religious Situation at Sardis at the End of the Persian Era, BAI 1:18.
Hanfmann, G.M.A. and K.P. Erhart. (1981). Pedimental Reliefs from a Mausoleum of
the Persian Era at Sardis: A Funerary Meal, in Studies in Ancient Egypt, the Aegean,
and the Sudan. Ed. W.K. Simpson and W.M. Davis. Boston. Pp. 8290.
Hanfmann, G.M.A. and N.H. Ramage. (1978). Sculpture from Sardis: The Finds through
1975. Cambridge.
Harkabi, Y. (1983 [Hebrew, 1982]). The Bar Kokhba Syndrome: Risk and Realism in
International Politics. Trans. M.D. Tikitin. Chappaqua, NY.
Harris, W.V. (1971). Rome in Etruria and Umbria. Oxford.
Harrison, T. (2014). Herodotus on the character of Persian imperialism (7.511), in
Assessing Biblical and Classical Sources for the Reconstruction of Persian Influence,
History and Culture. Ed. A. Fitzpatrick-McKinley. Wiesbaden.
Hassan, F. (2005). A river runs through Egypt. Nile floods and civilization, Geotimes.
http://www.geotimes.org/apr05/feature_NileFloods.html.
Hassan, F. (2007). Extreme Nile floods and famines in Medieval Egypt (AD 9301500)
and their climatic implications, Quaternary International 173174:101112.
Hatzfeld, J. (1919). Les trafiquants Italiens dans lOrient hellnique. Paris.
Hauben, H. (1983). Arsinoe II et la politique extrieure de lEgypte, in Egypt and the
Hellenistic World. Ed. E. vant Dack et al. Louvain. Pp. 99127.
Hauben, H. (1990). Lexpdition de Ptolme III en Orient et la sedition domestique
de 245 av. J-C, Archiv fr Papyrusforschung 36:2937.
Hawkins, J.D. (2004). The new Sargon stele from Hama, in From the Upper Sea to the
Lower Sea: Studies in the History of Assyria and Babylonia in Honour of A.K. Grayson.
Ed. G. Frame. Leiden. Pp. 15164.
Hazzard, R.A. (2000). Imagination of a Monarchy: Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda.
Toronto.
Heeel, N. (2014). Krieg und Frieden in Apodosen von Omen-Texten, in Krieg und
Frieden im Alten Vorderasien. Ed. H. Neumann et al. Mnster. Pp. 38190.
Heinemann, I. (1938). Wer veranlasste den Glaubenszwang der Makkaberzeit,
Monatsschrift fr Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums 82:14572.
Heinen, H. (1972). Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen Geschichte des 3. Jahrhunderts
v. Chr. Zur Geschichte der Zeit des Ptolemaios Keraunos und zum Chremonideischen
Krieg. Wiesbaden.
Hengel, M. (1974). Judaism and Hellenism. Studies on their Encounter in Palestine during
the early Hellenistic Period. Philadelphia.
Henze, M. (2011). Jewish Apocalypticism in Late First Century Israel: Reading Second
Baruch in Context. Tbingen.
Bibliography
269
270
Bibliography
Huyse, P. (1999). Some Further Thoughts on the Bisitun Monument and the Genesis of
the Old Persian Cuneiform Script, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 13:4566.
Hyland, J. (2008). Pharnabazos, Cyrus Rebellion, and the Spartan War of 399,
Achaemenid Research on Texts and Archaeology 2008.3:125.
Ikenberry, G.J. (2006). Liberal Order and Imperial Ambition: Essays on American Power
and World Politics. Cambridge, UK/Malden, MA.
Iles, C. and G.C. Hegerl. (2014). The Global Precipitation Response to Volcanic
Eruptions in the CMIP5 Models, Environmental Research Letters 9/104012.
Iles, C. and G.C. Hegerl G.C. (2015). Systematic Change in Global Patterns of
Streamflow following Volcanic Eruptions, Nature Geoscience 8:83842.
Isaac, B. (1984). Judaea after 70, JJS 35:4450.
Isaac, B. (1990). The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East. Oxford.
Jacobs, B. (1987). Griechische und persische Elemente in der Grabkunst Lykiens zur Zeit
der Achmenidenherrschaft. SIMA 78. Jonsered.
Jenkins, I. (2006). Greek Architecture and Its Sculpture. Cambridge.
Jeppesen, K. et al. (19812004). The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos, vols. 17. Aarhus.
Johansen, K.F. (1935). Fragmente klazomenischer Sarkophage in der Ny Carlsberg
Glyptotek, ActArch 6:167213.
Johansen, K.F. (1942). Clazomenian Sarcophagus Studies: The Earliest Sarcophagi,
ActArch 14:164.
Johnson, P.A. (2010). Landscapes of Achaemenid Paphlagonia. Ph.D. dissertation.
Philadelphia.
Jones, C.P. (2009). The Inscription from Tel Maresha for Olympiodoros, ZPE 171:
1004.
Jones, K.R. (2011). Jewish Reactions to the Destruction of Jerusalem in A.D.70: Apocalypses
and Related Pseudepigrapha. Leiden.
Jonnes, L. (2002). The Inscriptions of the Sultan Dagi, vol. 1. Bonn.
Jonnes, L. and M. Rice. (1997). A New Royal Inscription from Phrygia Paroreios:
Eumenes II Grants Tyriaion the Status of a Polis, Epigraphica Anatolica 29:130.
Juhs, P. (2011). Bartu nabalkattu ana mat Aur ipuma uhaa...Eine Studie zum
Vokabular und zur Sprache der Rebellion in ausgewhlten neuassyrischen Quellen
und in 2 Kn 1521. Kamen.
Jursa, M. (2007). Die Shne Kudurrus und die Herkunft der neubabylonishen
Dynastie, Revue dassyriologie 101:12536.
Jursa, M. (2014). The Neo-Babylonian Empire, in Imperien und Reiche in der
Welgeschichte. Epochenbergreifende und globalhistorische Vergleiche. Ed. M. Gehler
and R. Rollinger. Wiesbaden. Pp. 12148.
Kahle, P. and F. Sommer. (1927). Die lydisch-aramische Bilingue, KIF 1/1:1886.
Kahn, D. (2008). Inaros Rebellion against Artaxerxes I and the Athenian Disaster in
Egypt, Classical Quarterly 58/2:42440.
Bibliography
271
Kataja, L. and R. Whiting. (1995). Grants, Decrees and Gifts of the Neo-Assyrian Period.
Helsinki.
Keaveney, A. (1987). Rome and the Unification of Italy. London.
Kedourie, E. (1963). Nationalism. London.
Keel, O. (2007). Die Geschichte Jerusalems und die Entstehung des Monotheismus. 2 vols.
Orte und Landschaften der Bibel 4. Gttingen.
Keen, A.G. (1992). The Dynastic Tombs of Xanthos: Who Was Buried Where? AnatSt
42:5363.
Keen, A.G. (1998). Dynastic Lycia, Mnemosyne Suppl. 178.
Kennell, N.M. (2005). New Light on 2 Maccabees 4:715, JJS 56:1025.
Kent, R.G. (1953). Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. New Haven.
Kertai, D. (2015). The Architecture of Late Assyrian Royal Palaces. Oxford.
Khatchadourian, L. (2008a). Making Nations from the Ground Up: Traditions of
Classical Archaeology in the South Caucasus, AJA 112:24778.
Khatchadourian, L. (2007). Unforgettable Landscapes: Attachments to the Past
in Hellenistic Armenia, in Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and
Landscape in Archaeological Research. Ed. N. Yoffee. Pp. 4375.
Khatchadourian, L. (2008b). Social Logics under Empire: The Armenian Highland
Satrapy and Achaemenid Rule, ca. 600300 BC. Ph.D. Dissertation. Ann Arbor.
Khatchadourian, L. (2013). An Archaeology of Hegemony, in Empires and Diversity:
On the Crossroads of Archaeology, Anthropology, and History. Ed. G.E. Areshyan. Los
Angeles. Pp. 10845.
Khatchadourian, L. (2014). Empire in the Everyday: A Preliminary Report on the
20082011 Excavations at Tsaghkahovit, Armenia, AJA 118.1:13769.
King, L.W. (1912). Babylonian Boundary-Stones and Memorial Tablets in the British
Museum. London: British Museum.
Klausner, J. (1949). How Many Jews Will be Able to Live in Palestine? Based on an
Analysis of the Jewish Population of Palestine in the Days of the Second Temple,
Jewish Social Studies: 11928.
Klawans, J. (2012). Josephus and the Theologies of Ancient Judaism. Oxford.
Knau, F. (2006). Ancient Persia and the Caucasus, IrAnt 41:79118.
Knibbe, D. (19611963). Ein religiser Frevel und seine Shne: Ein Todesurteil hellenistischer Zeit aus Ephesos, OJh 46:17582.
Kohler, E.L. (1980). Cremations of the Middle Phrygian Period at Gordion, in From
Athens to Gordion: The Papers of a Memorial Symposium for Rodney S. Young. Ed.
K. DeVries. Philadelphia. Pp. 6589.
Kohler, E.L., and E.R.M. Dusinberre. (forthcoming). Gordion Excavations 19501973 Final
Reports Volume (x): The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli, Part II: The Cremations. Philadelphia.
Kkten-Ersoy, H. (1998). Two Wheeled Vehicles from Lydia and Mysia, IstMitt
48:10733.
272
Bibliography
Kostick, C. and F. Ludlow. (2015). The Dating of Volcanic Events and their Impacts
upon European Climate and Society, 400800 CE, European Journal of PostClassical Archaeologies 5:730.
Kramer, N. (2004). AthenKeine Stadt des Grossknigs! Hermes 132:25770.
Kuhrt, A. (1987). Usurpation, Conquest and Ceremonial: From Babylon to Persia, in
Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies. Ed. D. Cannadine
and S. Price. Cambridge. Pp. 2055.
Kuhrt, A. (1988). Earth and Water, in Achaemenid History III: Method and Theory. Ed.
A. Kuhrt and H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg. Leiden. Pp. 8799.
Kuhrt, A. (1995). A History of the Ancient Near East c. 3000300 BC, vol. II. London.
Pp. 63738.
Kuhrt, A. (2007). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period.
London and New York.
Kuhrt, A. (2010). Achaemenid Images of Royalty and Empire, in Concepts of Kingship
in Antiquity. Ed. G. Lanfranchi and R. Rollinger. Padova. Pp. 87105.
Kuhrt, A. (2014). Even a Dog in Babylon is Free, in The Legacy of Momigliano. Ed.
T. Cornell and O. Murray. London. Pp. 7788.
Kuhrt, A. and S. Sherwin-White. (1991). Aspects of Seleucid Royal Ideology: The
Cylinder of Antiochus I from Borsippa, JHS 111.
Kurtz, D.V. and J. Boardman. (1971). Greek Burial Customs. London.
Kwasman, T. and S. Parpola. (1991). Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh,
Part I: Tiglath-Pileser III through Esarhaddon. Helsinki.
Labb, G. (2012). LAffirmation de la Puissance romaine en Jude. Paris.
Ladouceur, D.J. (1987). Josephus and Masada, in Josephus, Judaism and Christianity.
Ed. L.H. Feldman and G. Hata. Detroit. Pp. 95113.
Laes, C. and J. Strubbe. (2014). Youth in the Roman Empire. The young and the restless
years? Cambridge.
Lambert, W.G. (1960). Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Lambert, W.G. (2005). Historical Literature. No. 44: Letter to Sn-arra-ikun to
Nabopolassar, in Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art II. Literary and
Scholastic Texts of the First Millennium B.C. Ed. I. Spar and W.G. Lambert. New York.
Pp. 20310.
Lanfranchi, G.B. (2009). A Happy Son of the King of Assyria: Warikas and the ineky
Bilingual (Cilicia), in M. Luukko, S. Svrd, R. Mattila (eds), Of God(s), Trees, Kings,
and Scholars: Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola. Studia
Orientalia 106. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society: 127150.
Lapin, H. (2012). Rabbis as Romans: The Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine, 100
400 CE. Oxford.
Larsen, J.A.O. (1968). Greek Federal States. Oxford.
Bibliography
273
274
Bibliography
Liverani, M. (2011). From city-state to empire: the case of Assyria, in The Roman
Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Ed. J.P. Arnason and
K.A. Raaflaub. Oxford. Pp. 25169.
Liverani, M. (2014). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Trans.
S. Tabatabai. London/New York: Routledge.
Llop, J. and A.R. George. (2001/2002). Die babylonisch-assyrischen Beziehungen und
die innere Lage Assyriens in der Zeit der Auseinandersetzung zwischen Ninurtatukulti-Assur und Mutakkil-Nusku, Archiv fr Orientforschung 48/49:123.
Lloyd, A. (1994). Egypt, 404352 B.C., in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume VI:
The Fourth Century B.C. Ed. D.M. Lewis et al. Cambridge and New York. Pp. 33760.
Luckenbill, D.D. (1924). The Annals of Sennacherib. Chicago.
Lderitz, G. (1994). What is the Politeuma? in Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy. Ed.
J.W. van Henten and P.W. van der Horst. Leiden.
Luhrmann, T. (2000). The Traumatized Social Self: The Parsi Predicament in Modern
Bombay, in Cultures under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma. Ed. A. Robben and
M. Surez-Orozco. Cambridge. Pp. 15893.
Lukaszewicz, A. (1999). Le Papyrus Edfou 8 soixante ans aprs, in Tell-Edfou soixante ans aprs. Actes du colloque franco-polonais, Le Caire- 15 Octobre 1996. Cairo.
Pp. 2935.
Lutz, H.F. (1919). Selected Sumerian and Babylonian Texts. PBS 1/2. Philadelphia.
Luukko, M. and G. Van Buylaere. (2003). The Political Correspondence of Esarhaddon.
Helsinki.
Luz, M. (1983). Eleazars Second Speech on Masada and its Literary Precedents,
Rheinisches Museum f. Philologie 126:2543.
Ma, J. (1999). Antiochus III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor. Oxford.
Ma, J. (2012). Relire les Institutions des Sleucides de Bikerman, in Impact of Empire.
Rome, a City and Its Empire in Perspective. The Impact of the Roman World through
Fergus Millars Research. Ed. S. Benoist. Leiden. Pp. 5984.
Ma, J. (forthcoming). Notes on the Restoration of the Temple and the Letters in II
Macc 11, in Seleukeia: Studies in Honor of G.M. Cohen. Ed. R. Oetjen. Berlin.
Machinist, P. (1983). Assyria and Its Image in First Isaiah, Journal of the American
Oriental Society 103/4:719737.
Machinist, P. (1984/85). The Assyrians and Their Babylonian Problem: Some
Reflections, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Jahrbuch: 35364.
Machinist, P. (1993). Assyrians on Assyria in the First Millennium B.C., in Anfnge
politischen Denkens in der Antike: Die nahstlichen Kulturen und die Griechen. Ed.
K. Raaflaub. Munich. Pp. 77104.
Machinist, P. (1997). The Fall of Assyria in Comparative Ancient Perspective, in
S. Parpola and R.M. Whiting (ed), Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary
Bibliography
275
Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project Helsinki, September 711, 1995.
Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project: 179195.
Mackil, E. (2013). Creating a Common Polity: Religion, Economy, and Politics in the
Making of the Greek Koinon. Berkeley.
Mader, G. (2000). Josephus & the Politics of Historiography. Apologetic & Impression
Management in the Bellum Judaicum. Leiden.
Magness, J. (2011). A Reconsideration of Josephus Testimony about Masada, in The
Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Ed. M. Popovic. Leiden.
Pp. 34260.
Malbran-Labat, F. (1995). Les Inscriptions royales de Suse: Briques de lpoque palolamite lEmpire no-lamite. Paris.
Malkin, I. (2002). A Colonial Middle Ground: Greek, Etruscan and Local Elites
in the Bay of Naples, in The Archeology of Colonialism. Ed. C.L. Lyons and
J.K. Papadopoulos. Los Angeles.
Man, W. and T. Zhou. (2014). Response of the East Asian summer monsoon to large
volcanic eruptions during the last millennium, Chin. Sci. Bull. 59(31): 412329.
Man, W., T. Zhou and J.H. Jungclaus. (2014). Effects of Large Volcanic Eruptions
on Global Summer Climate and East Asian Monsoon Changes during the Last
Millennium: Analysis of MPI-ESM Simulations, Journal of Climate 27:7394409.
Manfredi, V. (1986). La strada dei Diecimila. Milan.
Manning, J.G. (2003). Land and power in Ptolemaic Egypt. The structure of land
tenure. Cambridge. Pp. 1645.
Marincola, J. (2007). Universal History from Ephorus to Diodorus, in A Companion to
Greek and Roman Historiography. Ed. J. Marincola. Malden. Pp. 17179.
Marksteiner, T. (2002). Trysa, eine zentrallykische Niederlassung im Wandel der Zeit.
Vienna.
Martone, C. (2012). Lettere di Bar Kokhba. Brescia.
Mason, S. (2003). What is History? Using Josephus for the Judaean-Roman War, in
The Jewish Revolt. Ed. A.M. Berlin and J.A. Overman. Pp. 155240.
Mason, S. (2003a). Josephus and the New Testament. 2nd ed. Peabody.
Mason, S. (2005). Of Audience and Meaning: Reading Josephus Bellum Judaicum in
the Context of a Flavian Audience. Leiden. Pp. 71100.
Mason, S. (2008). Flavius Josephus. Translation and Commentary. Volume 1B. Judean
War 2. Leiden.
El-Masry, Y., H. Altenmller and H.J. Thissen. (2012). Das Synodaldekret von Alexandria
aus dem Jahre 243 v. Chr. BSAK; Buske.
Mather, M. and J. Hewitt. (1962). Xenophons Anabasis: Books I-IV. Norman and London.
Maul, S.M. (2000). Sonnenfinsternisse in Assyrien: eine Bedrohung der Weltordnung,
in Strmend auf finsterem Pfad.... Ein Symposion zur Sonnenfinsternis in der Antike.
Ed. H. Khler, H. Grgemanns, and M. Baumbach. Heidelberg. Pp. 112.
276
Bibliography
Maul, S.M. (2013). Die tgliche Speisung des Assur (ginu) und deren politische
Bedeutung, in Time and History in the Ancient Near East. Ed. L. Feliu et al. Winona
Lake, IN. Pp. 56174.
Mazar, B. and H. Eshel. (1998). Who Built the First Wall of Jerusalem? IEJ 48:26568.
McCormick, M., P.E. Dutton and P.A. Mayewski (2007). Volcanoes and the Climate
Forcing of Carolingian Europe, AD 750950, Speculum 82:86595.
McGing, B.C. (1997). Revolt Egyptian style: internal opposition to Ptolemaic rule,
Archiv fr Papyrusforschung 43/2:273314.
McGing, B.C. (2002). Population and Proselytism: How many Jews were there in the
Ancient World? in Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman Cities. Ed. J.R. Bartlett. New
York. Pp. 88106.
McGing, B.C. (2003). Subjection and Resistance: to the Death of Mithridates, in
A Companion to the Hellenistic World. Ed. A. Erskine. Oxford. Pp. 7189.
McGing, B.C. (2012). Revolt in Ptolemaic Egypt: Nationalism Revisited, in Actes du
26e Congrs international de papyrologie. Ed. P. Schubert. Geneva. Pp. 50516.
McLaren, J.S. (2003). Going to War against Rome: The Motivation of the Jewish
Rebels, in The First Jewish Revolt. Ed. A.M. Berlin and J.A. Overman. Pp. 12953.
McLaren, J.S. (2003a). The Coinage of the First Year as a Point of Reference for the
Jewish Revolt, Scripta Classica Israelica 22:13552.
McLauchlin, B.K. (1985). Lydian Graves and Burial Customs. Ph.D. dissertation.
Berkeley.
Melesse, A.M., S. Bekele and P. McCornick. (2011). Introduction: Hydrology of the
Niles in the Face of Climate and Land-Use Dynamics in Nile River Basin: Hydrology,
Climate and Water Use. Ed. Melesse, A.M. Dordrecht. Pp. viixvii.
Mellink, M.J. (1971). Excavations at Karata-Semayk and Elmal, Lycia, 1970, AJA
75:24555.
Mellink, M.J. (1972). Excavations at Karata-Semayk and Elmal, Lycia, 1971, AJA
76:25769.
Mellink, M.J. (1973). Excavations at Karata-Semayk and Elmal, Lycia, 1972, AJA
77:293303.
Mellink, M.J. (1974). Excavations at Karata-Semayk and Elmal, Lycia, 1973, AJA
78:35159.
Mellink, M.J. (1975). Excavations at Karata-Semayk and Elmal, Lycia, 1974, AJA
79:34955.
Mellink, M.J. (1978). Mural Paintings in Lycian Tombs, in Proceedings of the Xth
International Congress of Classical Archaeology. Ed. E. Akurgal. Ankara. Pp. 8059.
Mellink, M.J. (1979). Fouilles dElmal, en Lycie du Nord (Turquie). Dcouvertes prhistoriques et tombes fresques, CRAI: 47696.
Mellink, M.J., R.A. Bridges, Jr., and F.C. di Vignale. (1998). Kzlbel: An Archaic Painted
Tomb Chamber in Northern Lycia. Philadelphia.
Bibliography
277
Melville, S.C. (2010). Kings of Tabal: politics, competition, and conflict in a contested periphery, in Rebellions and Peripheries in the Mesopotamian World. Ed.
S. Richardson. Winona Lake, IN. Pp. 87109.
Melville, S.C. (2011). The Last Campaign: the Assyrian Way of War and the Collapse
of the Empire, in Warfare and Culture in World History. Ed. W.E. Lee. New York.
Pp. 1333.
Mendels, D. (1992). The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism. New York.
Michalowski, P. (2014). Biography of a Sentence: Ashurbanipal, Nabonidus, and
Cyrus, in Extraction and Control: Studies in Honor of Matthew W. Stolper. Ed. M.
Kozuh et al. Chicago. Pp. 203210.
Mikhail, A. (2011). Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt. Cambridge.
Mikhail, A. (2015). Ottoman Iceland: A Climate History, Environmental History
20:26284.
Mildenberg, L. (1984). The Coinage of the Bar-Kokhba War. Aarau.
Millar, F. (1978). The Background of the Maccabean Revolution, Journal of Jewish
Studies 29:121.
Millar, F. (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 BCAD 337. Cambridge.
Millar, F. (2005). Last Year in Jerusalem: Monuments of the Jewish War in Rome, in
Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome. Ed. J. Edmondson, S. Mason, and J. Rives. Oxford.
Pp. 10128.
Millard, A. (1994). The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire, 910612 BC. Helsinki.
Miller, D.R. (2009). Objectives and Consequences of the Neo-Assyrian Imperial
Exercise, Religion and Theology 16:124149.
Miller, M.C. (1997). Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC. Cambridge.
Miller, W.I. (2006). An Eye for an Eye. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mittag, P.F. (2006). Antiochus. IV Epiphanes. Berlin.
Momigliano, A. (1994). What Flavius Josephus Did Not See, in Essays on Ancient and
Modern Judaism. Ed. A. Momigliano. Chicago. Pp. 6778.
Monson, A. (2007). Rule and revenue in Egypt and Rome: Political stability and fiscal
institutions, Historical Social Research/ Historische Sozialforschung 32/4:25274.
Moorey, P.R.S. (1980). Cemeteries of the First Millennium B.C. at Deve Hyk, near
Carchemish, Salvaged by T.E. Lawrence and C.L. Woolley in 1913. Oxford.
Morgan, M.G. (1969). Metellus Macedonicus and the Province Macedonia, Historia
18:42246.
Morris, I. and W. Scheidel. (2009). Dynamics of Ancient Empires. Oxford and New
York.
Mossman, J. (2010). A Life Unparalleled: Artaxerxes, in Plutarchs Lives: Parallelism
and Purpose. Ed. N. Humble. Swansea. Pp. 14568.
Mukherjee, R. (1984). Awadh in revolt, 18571858: a study in popular resistance.
Delhi.
278
Bibliography
Naaman, N. (1991). Chronology and History in the Late Assyrian Empire (631619
BCE), Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie 81:24367.
Najman, H. (2014). Losing the Temple and Recovering the Future: An Analysis of 4 Ezra.
Cambridge and New York.
Nardi, Z. (2014). AHRC Josephus Project Oxford Workshop Papers. (http://www.orinst
.ox.ac.uk/research/josephus/workshops).
Nenci, G. (2001). La formula della richiesta della terra e dellacqua nel lessico diplomatico achemenide, in Linguaggio e terminologia diplomatica dallAntico Oriente
allImpero Bizantino. Ed. M. Gabriella, A. Bertinelli, and L. Piccirilli. Rome. Pp. 3242.
Neujahr, M. (2012). Predicting the Past in the Ancient Near East: Mantic Historiography
in Ancient Mesopotamia, Judah, and the Mediterranean World. Brown Judaic Studies
354. Providence, RI: Brown Judaic Studies.
Newell, R.R. (1989). The Forms and Historical Value of Josephus Suicide Accounts, in
Josephus, The Bible and History. Ed. L.H. Feldman and G. Hata. Detroit. Pp. 27894.
Niehr, H. (2007). Aramischer Aiqar. Gtersloh.
Nielsen, J.P. (2012). Marduks Return: Assyrian Imperial Propaganda, Babylonian
Cultural Memory, and the aktu Festival of 667 BC, in Memory and Urban Religion
in the Ancient World. Ed. M. Bommas, J. Harrisson, and P. Roy. London. Pp. 332.
Nielsen, J.P. (2010). Sons and Descendants: A Social History of Kin Groups and Family
Names in the Early Neo-Babylonian Period, 747626 BC. SHANE 43. Leiden.
Nissinen, M. (1998). References to Prophecy in Neo-Assyrian Sources. Helsinki.
Nodet, E. (2005). La crise maccabenne. Paris.
Nottmeyer, H. (1995). Polybios und das Ende des Achaierbundes. Munich.
Oates, J. (1991). The Fall of Assyria (635609 B.C.), in The Cambridge Ancient History,
vol. III. Ed. J. Boardman et al. Cambridge. Pp. 16293.
Oates, J. and D. Oates. (2001). Nimrud: an Assyrian Imperial City Revealed. London.
OBrien, J.M. (2009). Nahum. Readings: A New Biblical Commentary. Second ed.
Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press.
Oded, B. (1979). Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Wiesbaden.
Oded, B. (1992). War, Peace and Empire: Justifications for War in Assyrian Royal
Inscriptions. Wiesbaden.
Oleson, J.P. (2000). Water-Lifting, in Handbook of Ancient Water Technology. Ed.
. Wikander. Leiden. Pp. 217302.
Oman, L. et al. (2006). Modeling the distribution of the volcanic aerosol cloud from
the 1783 Laki Eruption, J. Geophys. Res. 111.
Oman, L. et al. (2006). High-latitude eruptions cast shadow over the African monsoon
and the flow of the Nile, Geophysical Research Letters 33.
Orlin, L. (1976). Athens and Persia ca. 507 B.C.: A Neglected Perspective, in Michigan
Oriental Studies in Honor of George G. Cameron. Ed. L. Orlin. Ann Arbor. Pp. 25566.
Bibliography
279
280
Bibliography
Peremans, W. (1978). Ptolme IV et les gyptiens, in Le monde grec. Pense, littrature, histoire, documets. Hommages Claire Praux. Ed. J. Bingen et al. Brussels.
Pp. 393402.
Pestman, P.W. (1995). Haronnophris and Chaonnophris. Two indigenous pharaohs in
Ptolemaic Egypt (205186 B.C.), in Hundred-Gated Thebes. Acts of a Colloquium on
Thebes and the Theban Area in the Graeco-Roman Period. Ed. S.P. Vleeming. Leiden.
Pp. 10137.
Petit, T. (1990). Satrapes et satrapies dans lempire achmnide de Cyrus le Grand
Xerxes Ier. Paris.
Pfeiffer, S. (2004). Das Dekret von Kanopos (238 v. Chr.): Kommentar und historische
Auswertung eines dreisprachigen Synodaldekretes der gyptischen Priester zu Ehren
Ptolemaios III und seiner Familie. Mnchen.
Pfuhl, E. and H. Mbius. (1977). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs, Vol. 1. Mainz.
Pinker, A. (2009). Nahum and the Greek Tradition on Ninevehs Fall, Journal of Hebrew
Scriptures 6/8:116.
Pobjoy, M. (2000). The First Italia, in The Emergence of State Identities in Italy in the
First Millennium BC. Ed. E. Herring and K. Lomas. London. Pp. 187211.
Pongratz-Leisten, B. (2007). Ritual Killing and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, in
Human Sacrifice in Jewish and Christian Tradition. Ed. K. Finsterbusch, A. Lange, and
K.F.D. Rmheld. Leiden and Boston. Pp. 333.
Porat, D. (2011). Kafe Ha-Boker Be-Reah Ha-Ashan (The Smoke-Scented Coffee: The
Encounter of the Yishuv and Israeli Society with the Holocaust and Its Survivors.
Jerusalem.
Portier-Young, A.E. (2011). Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early
Judaism. Grand Rapids.
Potts, D.T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient
Iranian State. Cambridge.
Praux, C. (1965). Polybe et Ptolme Philopator, Chronique dgypte 40:36475.
Price, J.J. (1992). Jerusalem Under Siege: the collapse of the Jewish state, 6670 C.E. BSJS
3. Leiden.
Price, J.J. (2007). The Failure of Rhetoric in Josephus Bellum Judaicum, Ramus:
Critical Studies in Greek and Roman Literature 36(1): 624.
Pritchard, J.B. (1969). The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures.
Princeton.
Pryce, F.N. (1928). Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman
Antiquities of the British Museum I/1: Prehellenic and Early Greek. London.
Pucci Ben Zeev, M. (2005). Diaspora Judaism in Turmoil, 116/117 CE. Leuven.
Quack, J. (2008). Innovations in ancient garb? Hieroglyphic texts form the time of
Ptolemy Philadelphus, in Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his world. Ed. P. McKechnie
and P. Guillaume. Leiden. Pp. 27589.
Bibliography
281
Radner, K. (2003). The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC, ISIMU:
Revista sobre Oriente Proximo y Egipto en la antiguedad 6:16584.
Radner, K. (2006). Assyrische uppi ad als Vorbild fr Deuteronomium 28.2044,
BZAW 365:35178.
Radner, K. (2006). Provinz: Assyrien, in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und
Vorderasiatischen Archologie 11/12. Ed. M.P. Streck et al. Berlin. Pp. 4268.
Radner, K. (2010). Assyrian and non-Assyrian kingship in the first millennium BC,
in Concepts of Kingship in Antiquity. Ed. G.B. Lanfranchi and R. Rollinger. Padova.
Pp. 1524.
Radner, K. (2011). Royal decision-making: kings, magnates, and scholars, in The
Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Ed. K. Radner and E. Robson. Oxford and
New York. Pp. 35879.
Radner, K. (2011). The Assur-Nineveh-Arbela triangle: central Assyria in the NeoAssyrian period, in Between the Cultures: The Central Tigris Region in Mesopotamia
from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC. Ed. P. Miglus and S. Mhl. Heidelberg.
Pp. 32129.
Radner, K. (2014). The Neo-Assyrian Empire, in Imperien und Reiche in der
Weltgeschichte. Epochenbergreifende und globalhistorische Vergleiche. Ed.
M. Gehler and R. Rollinger. Wiesbaden. Pp. 10120.
Radner, K. (2015). High visibility punishment and deterrent: impalement in
Assyrian warfare and legal practice, Zeitschrift fr altorientalische und biblische
Rechtsgeschichte 21:103-128.
Rajak, T. (1996). Hasmonean Kingship and the Invention of Tradition, in Aspects of
Hellenistic Kingship. Ed. P. Bilde et al. Aarhus. Pp. 99115.
Rajak, T. (2002). Josephus. The Historian and His Society. 2nd ed. London.
Rajak, T. (2005). Josephus in the Diaspora, in Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome. Ed.
J.C. Edmondson, S. Mason, and J.B. Rives. Oxford. Pp. 79100.
Rajak, T. (2014). Josephus in Rome: The Outsiders Insider and the Insiders Outsider,
Scripta Classica Israelica 33:191208.
Rajak, T. (forthcoming). Josephus through the Eyes of Zvi Hirsch Masliansky (1856
1943): between Eastern Europe, the USA and Eretz Israel, in Josephus in Modern
Jewish Culture. Ed. Andrea Schatz. Leiden.
Ratt, C.J. (1989). Lydian Masonry and Monumental Architecture at Sardis. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley.
Rauh, N.K. (1993). The Sacred Bonds of Commerce: Religion, Economy, and Trade Society
at Hellenistic Roman Delos. Amsterdam.
Rawlinson, G. (1871). The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, Volume
III. London.
Reade, J.E. (1998). Assyrian Eponyms, Kings and Pretenders, 648605 BC, Orientalia
NS 67:25565.
282
Bibliography
Bibliography
283
Roosevelt, C.H. (2009). The Archaeology of Lydia, from Gyges to Alexander. Cambridge.
Rose, C.B. (2005). The Tombs of the Granicus Valley, in The Achaemenid Impact
on Local Populations and Cultures in Anatolia (Sixth-Fourth Centuries B.C.). Ed.
I. Delemen. Istanbul. Pp. 24764.
Roshwald, A. (2006). The Endurance of Nationalism. Ancient Roots and Modern
Dilemmas. Cambridge.
Rouech, C. and S. Sherwin-White. (1985). Some Aspects of the Seleucid Empire: the
Greek Inscriptions from Falaika, in the Arabian Gulf, Chiron 1:139.
Rubin, N. (1989). On Drawing Down the Prepuce and Incision of the Foreskin (Periah),
Zion 54:10517.
Rudich, V. (2015). Religious Dissent in the Roman Empire: Violence in Judaea in the time
of Nero. London.
Rudolph, C. (2003). Das Harpyien-Monument von XanthosSeine Bedeutung innerhalb der sptarchaischen Plastik, BAR International Series 1108. Oxford.
Rumpf, A. (1933). Zu den Klazomenischen Denkmlern, JdI 48:5583.
Russell, J.M. (1999). The Writing on the Wall: Studies in the Architectural Context of Late
Assyrian Palace Inscriptions. Winona Lake, IN.
Rutgers, L. (2006). Reflections on the Demography of the Jewish Community of
Ancient Rome, in Les Cits de lItalie Tardo-Antique (IVeVIe Sicle): Institutions,
conomie, Socit, Culture et Religion. Ed. M. Ghilardi, C. Goddard and P. Porena.
Rome. Pp. 34558.
Ruzicka, S. (1985). Cyrus and Tissaphernes, 407401 B.C, Classical Journal 80.3:20411.
Ruzicka, S. (2012). Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire. Oxford and New
York.
Saggs, H.W.F. (1975). Historical Texts and Fragments of Sargon II of Assyria: 1.: The
Assur Charter, Iraq 37:1120.
Salmon, E.T. (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge.
Santoro, M.M., et al. (2015). An aggregated climate teleconnection index linked to historical Egyptian famines of the last thousand years, The Holocene 25(5): 897279.
are, T. (2013). The Sculpture of the Heroon of Perikle at Limyra: The Making of a
Lycian King, AnatSt 63:5574.
Sartre, M. (2001). DAlexandre Znobie: Histoire du Levant antique IVe sicle av.
J.-C.-IIIe sicle ap. J.-C. Poitiers.
Schfer, P. (1981). Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand. Tbingen.
Schfer, P., ed. (2003). The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered. Tbingen.
Schatz, A., ed. (forthcoming). Josephus in Modern Jewish Culture: New Perspectives.
Schaudig, H. (2001). Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros des Grossen.
Mnster.
Scheidel, W. (2001). Progress and Problems in Roman Demography, in Debating
Roman Demography. Ed. W. Scheidel. Leiden. Pp. 181.
284
Bibliography
Schindler, D.E. et al. (2010). Population Diversity and the Portfolio Effect in an
Exploited Species, Nature 465:60912.
Schmidt, A. et al. (2012). Climatic Impact of the Long-Lasting 1783 Laki Eruption:
Inapplicability of Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotopic Composition Measurements,
Journal of Geophysical Research 117/D23116.
Schmitt, H.H. (1969). Die Staatsvertrge des Altertrums, vol. III. Munich.
Schmitt, R. (2002). Die iranischen und Iranier-Namen in den Schriften Xenophons.
Vienna.
Schmitt, R. (2006). Iranische Anthroponyme in den erhaltenen Resten von Ktesias Werk.
Vienna.
Schrer, E. (1973). The History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ. Edinburgh.
Schwartz, B., Y. Zerubavel, and B.M. Barnet. (1986). The Recovery of Masada: A study
in Collective Memory, The Sociological Quarterly 27.2:14764.
Schwartz, D.R. (1992). On Sacrifices by Gentiles in the Temple of Jerusalem, in Studies
in the Jewish Background of Christianity. Ed. D.R. Schwartz. Tbingen.
Schwartz, D.R. (2005). Once Again: Who Captured Masada? On Doublets, Reading
against the Grain and What Josephus Actually Wrote, Scripta Classica Israelica
24:7583.
Schwartz, D.R. (2008). 2 Maccabees. Berlin.
Schwartz, D.R. and Z. Weiss with R.A. Clements, ed. (2012). Was 70 CE a Watershed in
Jewish History? On Jews and Judaism Before and after the Destruction of the Second
Temple. Leiden.
Schwartz, J. (1986). Jewish Settlement in Southern Judaea from the Bar Kokhba Revolt to
the Muslim Conquest. Jerusalem.
Schwartz, J. (2014). Yavne Revisited: Jewish Survival in the Wake of the War of the
Destruction, in Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: How to Write
Their History. Ed. P. Tomson and J. Schwartz. Leiden. Pp. 23852.
Schwartz, S. (2010). Were the Jews a Mediterranean Society? Reciprocity and Solidarity in
Ancient Judaism. Princeton.
Schwartz, S. (2011). Imperialism and Jewish Society, 200 BCE640 CE. Princeton.
Schwartz, S. (2013). Was There a Common Judaism after the Destruction? in
Envisioning Judaism: Studies in Honor of Peter Schfer on the Occasion of his
Seventieth Birthday. Ed. R. Boustan et al. Tbingen. Pp. 321.
Schwartz, S. (2014). The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad. Cambridge.
Schwartz, Seth. (1991). Israel and the Nations Roundabout: 1 Maccabees and the
Hasmonean Expansion, JJS 42:1638.
Schwarz, J. (2015). Survivors and Exiles: Yiddish Culture after the Holocaust. Detroit.
Schwertfeger, T. (1974). Der Achaiische Bund von 146 bis 27 v. Chr. Munich.
Scott, J.C. (1987). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New
Haven.
Bibliography
285
Scott, J.C. (1992). Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven.
Seton-Williams, M.V. (1954). Cilician Survey, Anatolian Studies 4:12174.
Seux, M.J. (1967). pithtes royales Akkadiennes et Sumriennes. Paris.
Sevin, N. et al. (2007). The Dedetepe Tumulus, Studia Troica 8(1998): 30527.
Seyer, M. ed. (2007). Studien in Lykien, ErghJh 8. Vienna.
Shachar, Y. (2011). Josephus the Stage-Manager at the Service of Josephus the
Dramatist: Masada as Test Case, in Flavius Josephus: Interpretation and History. Ed.
P.S.J. Pastor and M. Mor. Leiden. Pp. 35779.
Shehata, D. (2001). Annotierte Bibliographie zum altbabylonischen Atramhasis-Mythos
Inuma ilu awilum. Gttingen.
Sherwin-White, A.N. (1973). The Roman Citizenship. Oxford.
Sherwin-White, S. (1987). Seleucid Babylonia: A Case Study for the Installation and
Development of Greek Rule, in Hellenism in the East. Ed. A. Kuhrt and S. SherwinWhite. Berkeley. Pp. 131.
Shi, F., J.P. Li and R.J.S. Wilson. (2014). A Tree-Ring Reconstruction of the South Asian
Summer Monsoon Index over the Past Millennium, Scientific Reports 4/6739.
Shipley, G. (2011). Pseudo-Skylaxs Periplous: The Circumnavigation of the Inhabited
World. Exeter.
Sievers, J. (1990). The Hasmoneans and their Supporters: From Mattathias to the Death
of John Hyrcanus I. Atlanta.
Simpson, R.S. (1996). Demotic Grammar in the Ptolemaic Sacerdotal Decrees. Oxford.
Sinclair, T.A. (1990). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey,
Volume IV. London.
Slanski, K.E. (2003). The Babylonian Entitlement nars (kudurrus): A Study in Their
Form and Function. ASOR Books 9. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.
Smallwood, E.M. (1981). The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian. A Study
in Political Relations. Leiden.
Smith, A.D. (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford.
Smith, A.D. (2000). The Nation in History. Hanover.
Smith, A.D. (2008). The Cultural Foundations of Nations: Hierarchy, Covenant, and
Republic. Malden and Oxford.
Solway, J.S. (1994). Drought as a Revelatory Crisis: An Exploration of Shifting
Entitlements and Hierarchies in the Kalahari, Botswana, Development and Change
25/3:47195.
Spek, R.J. van der. (1987). The Babylonian City, in Hellenism in the East. Ed. A. Kuhrt
and S. Sherwin-White. London. Pp. 5774.
Spek, R.J. van der. (2008). Multi-ethnicity and ethnic segregation in Hellenistic
Babylon, in Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity. The Role of Power and Tradition. Ed.
T. Derks and N. Roymans. Amsterdam.
286
Bibliography
Starr, I. (1990). Queries to the Sungod: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria.
Helsinki.
Steel, C. (2013). The End of the Roman Republic, 146 to 44 BC: Conquest and Crisis.
Edinburgh.
Stein, G.L. (2014). Persians on the Euphrates? Material Culture and Identity in Two
Achaemenid Burials from Hacnebi, Southeast Turkey, in Extraction and Control:
Studies in Honor of Matthew W. Stolper. Ed. M. Kozuh et al. Chicago. Pp. 26586.
Steiner, R.C. and C.F. Nims. (1985). Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin: A Tale of
Two Brothers from the Aramaic Text in Demotic Script, Revue Biblique 92:6081.
Sterling, G.E. (1992). Historiography and Self-Definition: Josephos, Luke-Acts and
Apologetic Historiography. Leiden.
Stinson, P.T. (2008). Lale Tepe: A Late Lydian Tumulus near Sardis. 2. Architecture and
Painting, in Love For Lydia: A Sardis Anniversary Volume Presented to Crawford H.
Greenewalt, Jr. Ed. N.D. Cahill. Cambridge. Pp. 2548.
Stokes, E. (1970). Traditional resistance movements and Afro-Asian nationalism. The
context of the 1857 mutiny in India, Past&Present 48:100118.
Stokes, E. (1986). The Peasant Armed. The Indian Rebellion of 1857. Oxford.
Stolper, M. (1985). Entrepreneurs and Empire: The Mura Archive, the Mura Firm,
and Persian Rule in Babylonia. Leiden.
Stolper, M. (1990). The Kasr Archive, in Achaemenid History IV: Centre and Periphery.
Ed. H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg and A. Kuhrt. Leiden. Pp. 195205.
Stolper, M. (1994). Mesopotamia, 482330 BC. in The Cambridge Ancient History,
Volume VI: The Fourth Century B.C. Ed. D.M. Lewis et al. Cambridge and New York.
Pp. 23460.
Stolper, M. (1995). The Babylonian Enterprise of Belesys, Pallas 43:21738.
Stolper, M. (2006). Parysatis in Babylon, in If a Man Builds a Joyful House: Assyriological
Studies in Honor of Erle Verdun Leichty. Ed. A.K. Guinan et al. Leiden and Boston.
Pp. 46372.
Stone, R. (2004). Icelands Doomsday Scenario? Science 306:12781281.
Streck, M. (1916). Assurbanipal und die letzten assyrischen Knige bis zum Untergange
Ninevehs. Leipzig.
Stronach, D. (1997). Darius at Pasargadae: a neglected source for the history of early
Persia, Topoi Supplement 1:35163.
Stronk, J. (2010). Ctesias Persian History. Part I: Introduction, Text, and Translation.
Dsseldorf.
Strootman, R. (2011). The Seleukid Empire: A European kingdom in Asia. Paper presented at the Asia Institute of UCLA.
Strootman, R. (2013). Babylonian, Macedonian, King of the World: The Antiochos
Cylinder from Borsippa and Seleukid Imperial Integration, in Shifting social
Bibliography
287
288
Bibliography
Taylor, M.J. (2014). Sacred Plunder and the Seleucid Near East, Greece and Rome
61:22241.
Tcherikover, V. (1959). Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews. Philadelphia.
Thompson Crawford, D. (1984). The Idumeans of Memphis and the Ptolemaic
Politeumata, in Atti XVII Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia. Naples.
Pp. 3.106975.
Thompson, D.J. (1999). New and Old in the Ptolemaic Fayyum, in Agriculture in
Egypt. From Pharaonic to Modern Times. Ed. A.K. Bowman and E. Rogan. Oxford.
Pp. 12338.
Thonemann, P. (2009). Lycia, Athens and Amorges, in Interpreting the Athenian
Empire. Ed. J. Ma, N. Papazarkadas and R. Parder. London. Pp. 16794.
Thornton, J. (1998). Tra politica e storia: Polibio e la guerra acacia, Mediterraneo
Antico 1:585634.
Thornton, J. (2001). Lo storico, il grammatico, il bandito: Momenti della resistenza greca
allimperium romanum. Catania.
Timmer, D.C. (2014). Nahums Representation of and Response to Neo-Assyria:
Imperialism as a Multifaceted Point of Contact in Nahum, Bulletin for Biblical
Research 24/3:349362.
Townshend, C. (2013). The Republic. The Fight for Irish Independence. Dublin.
Tritsch, F.J. (1942). The Harpy Tomb at Xanthos, JHS 62:3950.
Tuplin, C. (1998). The Seasonal Migration of Achaemenid Kings: A Report on Old and
New Evidence, in Studies in Persian History: Essays in Memory of David M. Lewis
(Achaemenid History XI). Ed. M. Brosius and A. Kuhrt. Leiden. Pp. 63114.
Tuplin, C. (1999). On the Track of the Ten Thousand, Revue des tudes anciennes
101.34:33166.
Tuplin, C. (2004). The Persian Empire. in The Long March: Xenophon and the Ten
Thousand. Ed. R.L. Fox. New Haven. Pp. 15483.
Tuplin, C. (2010). All the Kings Men, in The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art
and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East. Ed. J. Curtis and S. Simpson. London.
Pp. 5161.
Tuplin, C. (2013). Berossos and Greek Historiography, in The World of Berossos. Ed.
J. Haubold et al. Wiesbaden. Pp. 17797.
Turnbull, C. (1972, 1987). The Mountain People. New York.
Turner, E.G. (1984). Ptolemaic Egypt, in The Cambridge Ancient History VII. Ed.
F.W. Walbank et al. Cambridge. Pp. 11874.
Turner, E.G. and M-Th. Lenger. (1955). The Hibeh papyri, Part II. London.
Ussishkin, D. (1993). Archaeological Soundings at Betar, Bar Kochbas Last Stronghold,
Tel Aviv 20:6697.
Vallat, F. (2011). Darius lhriter lgitime, et les premiers Achmnides, in Elam and
Persia. Ed. J. lvarez-Mon and M. Garrison. Winona Lake. Pp. 26384.
Bibliography
289
Vanderhooft, D.S. (1999). The Neo-Babylonian Empire and Babylon in the Latter Prophets.
Harvard Semitic Museum Monographs 59. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
Vandorpe, K. (1986). The Chronology of the Reigns of Hurgonaphor and Chaonnophris,
Chronique dEgypte 61:294302.
Van De Mieroop, M. (2003). Revenge, Assyrian Style, Past and Present 179:323.
Van Henten, J.W. (2001). The Honorary Decree for Simon the Maccabee (1 Mac. 14:25
49) in its Hellenistic Context, in Hellenism in the Land of Israel. Ed. J.J. Collins and
G.E. Sterling. Notre Dame, IN. Pp. 11645.
Van Koppen, F. (2011). The scribe of The Flood Story and his circle, In The Oxford
Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Ed. K. Radner and E. Robson. Oxford and New York.
Pp. 13966.
Vesse, A.-E. (2004). Les rvoltes gyptiennes: Recherches sur les troubles intrieurs en
gypte du rgne de Ptolme III la conqute romaine. Leuven.
Vera Chamaza, G.W. (1992). Sargon IIs ascent to the throne: the political situation,
State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 6:2133.
Vidmar, N. (2001). Retribution and Revenge, in J. Sanders and V.L. Hamilton (eds),
Handbook of Justice Research in Law. New York: 3164.
Vogelsang, W. (1992). Rise and Organisation of the Achaemenid Empire. Leiden. Pp. 96119.
Volkan, V. and N. Itzkowitz. (2000). Modern Greek and Turkish Identities and the
Psychodynamics of Greek-Turkish Relations, in Cultures under Siege: Collective
Violence and Trauma. Ed. A. Robben and M. Surez-Orozco. Cambridge. Pp. 22747.
Von Dassow, E. (1999). On Writing the History of Southern Mesopotamia Zeitschrift
fr Assyriologie 89:227246.
Von Graeve, V. (1989). Eine sptarchaische Anthemienstele aus Milet, IstMitt
39:14351.
Von Reden, S. (2007). Money in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge.
Von Reden, S. and D. Rathbone. (2015). Mediterranean grain prices in classical antiquity, in A History of Market Performance from ancient Babylonia to the modern world.
Ed. R.J. van der Spek et al. London. Pp. 149235.
Waelkens, M. (1986). Die kleinasiatischen Trsteine. Typologische und epigraphische
Untersuchungen zu kleinasiatischen Grabreliefs mit Scheintr. Mainz.
Waerzeggers, C. (2015). Babylonian Kingship in the Persian Period: Performance and
Reception, in C. Waerzeggers and J. Stkl (eds), Exile and Return: The Babylonian
Context. BZAW 478. Berlin/Boston: 181222.
Wagner, K.A. (2010). The Great Fear of 1857. Rumours, Conspiracies, and the Making of
the Indian Uprising. Oxford.
Wagner, K.A. (2011). The marginal mutiny: the new historiography of the Indian uprising of 1857, History Compass 9(10): 76066.
Walbank, F.W. (1984). Macedonia and Greece, in The Cambridge Ancient History,
vol. VII. Ed. F.W. Walbank et al. Cambridge. Pp. 22156.
290
Bibliography
Walbank, F.W. (1988). Antogonus Gonatas: The Early Years (276261 B.C.), in A History
of Macedonia, vol. III. Ed. N.G.L. Hammond and F.W. Walbank. Oxford. Pp. 25989.
Walbank, F.W. (2000). Hellenes and Achaeans: Greek Nationality revisited, in Further
Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Ed. P. Flensted-Jensen. Historia Einzelschrift 138.
Stuttgart. Pp. 1933.
Walker, C.B.F. (1981). Cuneiform Brick Inscriptions in the British Museum. London.
Wallinga, H. (1991). Naval Installations in Cilicia Pedias: the Defence of the
Parathalassia in Achaemenid Times and After, Anatolia Antiqua 1:27681.
Waterfield, R. (1998). Herodotus: The Histories. Oxford.
Waters, M. (1996). Darius and the Achaemenid Line, Ancient History Bulletin 10:1118.
Waters, M. (2000). A Survey of Neo-Elamite History. Helsinki. Pp. 4446.
Waters, M. (2011). Notes on the Medes and Their Empire From Jer 25:25 to HDT 1.134,
in A Common Cultural Heritage: Studies on Mesopotamia and the Biblical World in
Honor of Barry L. Eichler. Ed. G. Frame et al. Potomac, MD. Pp. 24353.
Waters, M. (2014a). Earth, Water, and Friendship with the King: Argos and Persia in
the mid-fifth Century, in Extraction and Control: Studies in Honor of Matthew W.
Stolper. Ed. M. Kozuh et al. Chicago. Pp. 33136.
Waters, M. (2014b). Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550
330 BCE. Cambridge and New York.
Waters, M. (forthcoming). Cyrus Rising, in Cyrus: Life and Lore. Ed. R. Shayegan.
Washington, D.C.
Waywell, G.B. (1978). The Free-Standing Sculptures of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
in the British Museum. London.
Weinfeld, M. (1986). The Protest against Imperialism in Ancient Israelite Prophecy, in
S.N. Eisenstadt (ed.) The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations. SUNY Series
in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press: 169182.
Weiss, Z. (2010). From Roman Temple to Byzantine Church: A Preliminary Report on
Sepphoris in Transition, Journal of Roman Archaeology 23:196219.
Weiss-Rosmarin, T. (1977). Josephus Eleazar Speech and Historical Credibility,
Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress of Jewish Studies: 41727.
Weitzman, S. (2004). Plotting Antiochuss Persecution, JBL 123:21934.
Wenzel, M. and Okimoto, T.G. (2016). Retributive Justice, in Clara Sabbagh and
Manfred Schmitt (eds), Handbook of Social Justice Theory and Research. Springer:
237256.
Wessels, W.J. (1998). Nahum, An Uneasy Expression of Yahwehs Power!, Old Testament
Essays 11/3:615628.
Wexler-Bdolah, S. (2009). Al Ha-kesher shebeyn Rehov Ha-Amudim (ha-Kardo)
Ha-Mizrahi shel Yerushalayim Veha-Legyon Ha-Asiri Ha-Romi Le-Or Hafirot Rihvat
Ha-Kotel, in Hiddushim Be-Arkhiyologiyah shel Yerushalayim U-Sevivoteha. Ed.
D. Amit, G. Stiebel, and O. Peleg-Bareket. Jerusalem. Pp. 1927.
Bibliography
291
Wiesehfer, J. (2003). Vom oberen Asien zur gesamten bewohnten Welt, in Europa,
Tausendjhriges Reich und Neue Welt. Zwei Jahrtausende Geschichte und Utopie in
der Rezeption des Danielbuches. Ed. M. Delgado, K. Koch, and E. Marsch. Freiburg.
Pp. 6683.
Wilker, J. (2007). Fr Rom und Jerusalem: Die herodianische Dynastie im 1. Jahrhundert
n. Chr. Frankfurt a. M.
Wilson, A. (2008). Machines in Greek and Roman Technology, in The Oxford
Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World. Ed. J.P. Oleson.
Oxford. Pp. 33766.
Wilson, A.J.N. (1966). Emigration from Italy in the Republican Age of Rome. Manchester.
Winter, I.J. (1983). The Program of the Throneroom of Assurnasirpal II, in Essays on
Near Eastern Art and Archaeology in Honor of C.K. Wilkinson. Ed. P.O. Harper and
H. Pittman. New York. Pp. 1532.
Witham, C.S. and C. Oppenheimer. (2005). Mortality in England during the 17834
Laki Craters Eruption, Bulletin of Volcanology 67:1526.
Woolf, G. (1998). Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul.
Cambridge.
Woolf, G. (2011). Provincial Revolts in the Early Roman Empire, in The Jewish Revolt
against Rome. Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Ed. M. Popovi. Leiden.
Yadin, Y. et al., eds. (2002). The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of
Letters: Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabataean-Aramaic Papyri. Jerusalem.
Yener, K.A., ed. (2005). The Amuq Valley Regional Projects, Volume 1: Surveys in the Plain
of Antioch and Orontes Delta, Turkey, 19952002. Chicago.
Young, R.S. (1951). Gordion1950, University Museum Bulletin 16.1:320.
Zahle, J. (1975). Harypienmonument i XanthosEn lykisk pillegrav, Studier fra Sprog- og
Oldtidsforskning. Copenhagen.
Zahle, J. (1983). Arkaeologiske studiere i lykiske klippgrave og deros relieffer fra c. 550
300 f. Kr. Sociale og religise aspekter. Copenhagen.
Zahle, J. (1990). Religious Motifs on Seleucid Coins, in Religion and Religious Practice
in the Seleucid Kingdom. Ed. P. Bilde et al. Aarhus. Pp. 12539.
Zambon, E. (2008). Tradition and innovation: Sicily between Hellenism and Rome. Stuttgart.
Zawadzki, S. (1988). The Fall of Assyria and Median-Babylonian Relations in the Light of
the Nabopolassar Chronicle. Poznan.
Zawadzki, S. (1994). The revolt of 746 BC and the coming of Tiglath-pileser III to the
throne, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 8:5354.
Zawadzki, S. (1995 [1996]). The Circumstances of Darius IIs Accession in the Light of
BM 54557 as against Ctesias Account, Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch
Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux 34:4549.
Zawadzki, S. (20112012). Ummn-manda Revisited, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin
19:267278.
292
Bibliography
Zerubavel, Y. (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli
National Tradition. Chicago.
Zhuo, Z., C. Gao and Y. Pan. (2014). Proxy Evidence for Chinas Monsoon Precipitation
Response to Volcanic Aerosols over the Past Seven Centuries, Journal of Geophysical
Research 119/A11:663852.
Ziosi, F. (2012). Roma e gli Ebrei in Rivolta, Dissertation, Scuola Normale Superiore
di Pisa.
Zissu, B. (2001). Rural Settlement in the Judaean Hills and Foothills from the Late
Second Temple Period to the Bar Kokhba Revolt. PhD Thesis. Jerusalem.
Zuckerman, C. (198588). Hellenistic Politeumata and the Jews. A Reconsideration,
Scripta Classica Israelica: 89.