LECTURE - 11

PYL100
Electromagnetic Waves and
Quantum Mechanics

Announcements
1. Slides of Lectures1-10, and Exercise Sheets 1-3
are all uploaded at https://moodle.iitd.ac.in
Also, hard copies placed at Xerox Shop.
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Recap:
Magnetic vector is perpendicular to electric vector.

The Poynting Vector

Electromagnetic waves are able to transport energy from
transmitter to receiver (example: from the Sun to our skin).
The power transported by the wave and its
direction is quantified by the Poynting vector.
For a wave, since
E is perpendicular to B:

r 1 r r
S=
EB

(1852-1914)

S
B

John Henry
Poynting

In a wave, the fields

change with time.
Therefore the Poynting
vector changes too!!
The direction is
constant, but the
magnitude changes
from 0 to a maximum
value.

EM Waves in action
Power, Intensity and Radiation Pressure
Energy from SUN
Momentum of sun light: Shape of Comets
Laser Cutting, Drilling, Manufacturing
Laser Cooling & Trapping (Optical Tweezers)
Dispersion of Light, Spectrometers
Communication: Radio, Microwave, Optical

8.1.2

POYNTINGS THEOREM

Result from Ch.2: Work necessary to assemble static charge

distribution against the Coulombs repulsion is (eq.2.45)
Energy Content of Electric Field: W e =

0
2

2
E
d

Result from Ch.7: Work required to get currents going against back
emf is (eq.7.34)
1
2
W
=
B
d
Energy Content of Magnetic Field: m

2 0

This suggests that the total energy stored in electromagnetic fields:

U em

2
1
B
= ( 0 E 2 + ) d
0
2

POYNTINGS THEOREM

Let E and B are fields at time t to due to some & J distribution.

In the next instant dt, the charges move a bit.
Q: What is the work done dW by e.m. forces acting on theses
charges in the interval dt?
The work done on a charge q (using Lorentz force law),

ur uur
ur r ur r
dW = F d l = q ( E + v B ) vd t
ur r
= q E vd t
ur
r
Qq = d & J = v , the rate at which work is done on
ur ur
all charges in a volume V is, dW
;

dt

= ( E J )d
V

E.J work done per unit time, per unit volume

( i.e. power delivered/Vol.)

How to eliminate J in E.J ?

r r 1 r r
E
E B 0 0
E J =

t
0

ur
ur E
1 ur ur ur
E ( B) 0 E
=
t
0

POYNTINGS THEOREM

(using J from Maxwells 4th Eqn.)

E
B = 0 J + 0 0
t
ur
ur E 1 ( E 2 )
E
=
t 2 t

r r r
r r r
r r r
Product rule 6: ( E B ) = B ( E ) E ( B )
r r r
r r r r r r
E ( B) = B ( E ) ( E B)
r
ur
ur ur
r r r
r B
B
st
(1 term on RHS B ( E ) = B
using E =
)
t
t
r r
1 1 B 2 r r r 0 E 2
(only in terms
EJ =
+ ( E B)
0 2 t
of E & B)
2 t

r r
1 1 B 2 r r r 0 E 2
EJ =
+ ( E B)
0 2 t
2 t

POYNTINGS THEOREM

r r
1 B2
1 r r r
2
EJ =
+ 0 E ( E B)
2 t 0
0
2
ur ur
dW
d 1
B
1 ur ur ur
2
) d

= ( E J ) d = ( 0 E +
( E B ) d

dt
dt V 2
0
0 V
V

Using Divergence theorem on 2nd term,

2
r r r
1
dW
d 1
B
2

( E B ) da
= 0 E +

dt
dt V 2
0 0
(I)
(II)

Poyntings Theorem

Work - energy theorem

POYNTINGS THEOREM

r r r
dW
d 1
B2 1
2

( E B ) da
= 0 E +

0 0
dt
dt V 2

r r
ur 1 ur ur
dU em
dW
=
S da
If we define S = ( E B) , then
0

dt

dt

LHS Rate of work done on charges by e.m. force

RHS, Ist term Rate of decrease of total energy stored in the fields
RHS, IInd term Energy flowing per unit time out of the surface
S energy flux density
The Poynting Vector (S) gives the Energy per Unit Time,
per Unit Area, transported by the Fields
ur r
S da = Energy per unit time crossing the infinitesimal surface da

r r
gives the total power passing through the closed surface.
S

d
a

Ex. 8.1: Current I flowing down the wire (dia a, length L) under
the influence of applied voltage V. Find out the energy
delivered to the wire per unit time (i.e. power).

ur 1 ur ur
0 I
V
VI
E= , B=
; S=
( E B) =
L
2a
2 a
0
S points radially inward
Energy per unit time passing in through the surface of the wire = S.da

r r
VI
S da = S (2 a L) = 2aL (2 a L) = VI

which leads to
Joule heating

Ex. 9.2: If E points in the x-direction, then B points in y-direction

~r
~r i (t kz )
~r
~r i ( t kz )
1
x and B ( z , t ) = E 0 e
y
Then, E ( z , t ) = E0 e
Taking real parts,

r
v
1
E ( z , t ) = E0 cos(t kz ) x , B ( z , t ) = E0 cos(t kz ) y
c
1
1 2
2
Energy per unit volume stored in e.m. field, u = 0 E + B
2

For the case of monochromatic plane wave,

r
1
1 2
)
2
2
B = 2 E = 0 0 E (since B ( z , t ) = E0 cos(t kz ) y
c
c

0 0 E 2 0 E 2 E and B contributions to u are equal.

B2
=
=
20
20
2

B 2 0 E 2
=
20
2

u =0 E 2 =0 E02 cos 2 (t kz )
As the wave travels, this energy is carried along
The energy flux density (or Energy/time/area) transported by the
fields is given by the Poynting vector S,
r 1 r r
S=
EB

For monochromatic plane wave along z direction, this gives

r 1
(E0 ) cos(t kz ) E0 cos(t kz )( x y )
S=
0
c
2
2 E0
cos 2 (t kz )z = c 0 E02 cos 2 (t kz )z
=0 c
c
r
S = cu z)
Note that S is energy density (u) times the velocity of the waves (c) !

 This link between S, u and c is actually expected, since, in a time

t, a length ct passes through area A, carrying with it an energy,
u (Vol ) = u ( Act )

Energy/time/Area (S, by definition) transported by the wave is uc.

EM Wave Intensity, Energy Density

For a monochromatic plane wave, e.g. in the case of light, =5000,
period is so small (~10-15sec), that any macroscopic measurement
will encompass many cycles, all we measure is the average value,
u = 0 E 2 =

1
0 E 2
2

r
1
S = c u z = c 0 E 2 z
2

1
2t

2
2
dt
cos = cos kz
T
T 0

1
=
2
T

Intensity: Average Power/Area transported by an e.m. wave,

I S =

1
c 0 E02
2

Example: Solar Energy

The light from the sun has an intensity, I of about 1kW/m2.
What would be the total power incident on a roof of
dimensions 8x20m?
I = 1kW/m2 is power per unit area.
P=I A=(103 W/m2) x 8m x 20m=0.16 MW!!
The solar panel shown (see Fig.) has
dimensions 47in x 29in.
The incident power is then 880 W.
The actual solar panel delivers 75W
(4.45A at 17V): less than 10% efficiency

EM Spherical Waves
The intensity of a wave is power per unit area.
If one has a source that emits isotropically (equally
in all directions) the power emitted by the source
pierces a larger and larger sphere as the wave
travels outwards.
So the power per unit area,
i.e. Intensity decreases as
the inverse of distance
squared.

I =

Ps
4 r

Example: Radio Transmission

A radio station transmits a 10 kW signal at a frequency of 100 MHz.
(We will assume it radiates as a point source). At a distance of 1km
from the antenna, find the amplitude of the electric and magnetic
field strengths, and the energy incident normally on a square plate of
side 10cm in 5min.

Ps
10kW
2
I=
=
=
0
.
8
mW
/
m
4r 2 4 (1km) 2

1
2
I=
Em Em = 2c 0 I = 0.775V / m
2c 0
Bm = Em / c = 2.58 nT

Received
energy:

P U / t
S= =
U = SAt = 2.4 mJ
A
A