Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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DAC1042
WASTEGL
GROUPASINMET
LECTUR:ANHJDBOIM
MEBRS:
1. NURLFAHTBISK
A13024
2. NURLABIHDT.Z
3. NURAKIELFTHOBMDS
4. TSINORAZHWBM
A13089
A13025
A130749
CONTENT
LIST OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Concept of sustainability
2.1 Concept of sustainable construction
2.2 Concept of sustainable construction materials
6.0 Conclusion
7.0 References
8.0 Appendix
PAGE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
. But making cement means making pollution, in the form of carbon dioxide
emissions. Cement plants account for 5 percent of global emissions of carbon dioxide,
the main cause of global warming. Cement has no viable recycling potential; each new
road and each new building needs new cement
. Bricks production is one of the most environmentally damaging activities in the
constructions sector. The kilns tend to be highly inefficient, and use low-quality coal
with a high sulphur content. This leads to intense local air pollution, as well as a
significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions
Therefore, it is inevitable that construction materials have adverse effects on the
environment throughout their lifecycle from the raw materials acquisition through the
production process, the packaging and shipping, the installation and use, and the
ultimate resource recovery. The above two statements are examples of how the
construction industry can damage our environment. Indeed, each materials such as
aggregate, timber, steel and bitumen affects the environment in its own way.
There is a social trend in existence to make buildings and structures more
sustainable which is interpreted as both minimizing the inputs of resources and the
impact on the environment at all stages of use from original construction to eventual
removal and replacement. This broad intention is interpreted as the minimization of
energy and raw materials input and output of pollutants at the manufacturing stage,
over the life of the building or component and ultimately its recycling at the end of life
of the building. Significant sustainable efforts can be achieved through renewable or
recycled materials from industrial/ laboratory/ construction waste. Listed below are
some of waste materials that have potential to replace the common materials.
GLASS
Glass is define as essentially hard, brittle, inorganic and predominantly oxidic solid
that may be colorless or colored, and either clear or opaque due to the presence of impurities.
It is made by super cooling of a melt without crystallizing, has a short range (amorphous)
atomic order, and a structure consisting of an irregular, three-dimensional network composed
of certain atomic units (e.g., SiO4 tetrahedra) having large cations (e.g., calcium or sodium)
interspersed. Glass is available in almost any form including pastes, sheets, rods, pipes,
powders, solid and hollow-spheres, fibers, yarns, and filaments. Used for building blocks,
chemical equipment, laboratory ware, reinforcing fibers and microspheres for engineering
composites, lasers, optical equipment and instrument, and variety of other applications.
Glass is an ideal material for recycling. Over the past decade, waste glass
management has been a serious concern. Waste glass is 100 percent recyclable. It can be
melted down any number of times and processed to obtain new products. Compared with the
manufacture of new glass, waste glass recycling helps conserve raw material resources. Using
waste glass also reduces energy requirements (by an addition of about 0.2 to 0.3% per
percentage point of waste glass). Thus recycling waste glass is good for the environment, as it
protects the climate by cutting CO2 emissions and reduces the landfill space needed for waste.
Glass is usually recycled to produce receptacles (e.g. bottles and other containers for drinks
and foods) more than 3 million tonnes a year in Germany. Since the start of waste glass
collections in the early 1970s the proportion of waste glass used in glass manufacture has
steadily increased until it now stands at up to nearly 90%.
The use of waste glass as aggregate for concrete has been attempted decades ago.
Furthermore, waste glass could utilize in concrete, roadbeds, pavement, as well as backfill or
landscaping purpose. Those early efforts were thwarted by the problem of alkali-silica
reaction (ASR), which was not well understood then. Therefore, a high priority was assigned
to gaining such an understanding. It was also expected that the glass aggregate would affect
the mechanical properties of the concrete. For example, it is known that the concrete strength
is typically controlled by the bond strength between cement matrix and aggregate. If natural
aggregate with relatively rough surfaces is replaced by crushed glass particles with relatively
smooth surfaces, one would expect a drop in strength and in particular a reduction of an
already low ductility. Finally, it was recognized early on that glass concrete is basically a new
material that requires the development of appropriate production technologies.
2.0
CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability is one of the worlds most talked about but least understood words.
Its meaning is often clouded by differing interpretations and by a tendency for the subject to
be treated superficially. For most companies, countries and individuals who do take the
subject seriously the concept of sustainability embraces the preservation of the environment
as well as critical development-related issues such as the efficient use of resources, continual
social progress, stable economic growth, and the eradication of poverty.
In the world of construction, buildings have the capacity to make a major contribution
to a more sustainable future for our planet. The OECD, for instance, estimates that buildings
in developed countries account for more than forty percent of energy consumption over their
lifetime (incorporating raw material production, construction, operation, maintenance and
decommissioning). Add to this the fact that for the first time in human history over half of the
worlds population now lives in urban environments and its clear that sustainable buildings
have become vital cornerstones for securing long-term environmental, economic and social
viability.
The pace of change means we dont have the luxury of time. With urban populations
worldwide swelling by around one million people every week, theres an urgent need to come
up with clever ideas that optimize the sustainable performance of the buildings that we live
and work in.
2.1
delivering buildings and structures that provide greater satisfaction, well-being and
value to customers and users;
2.2
As global populations increase, so will the need for accommodation too. However,
current mainstream building methods are unsustainable, producing large amounts of CO2 both
during construction and throughout a buildings life. Thankfully, sustainability is becoming a
priority for developers, and with many exciting innovations happening in the construction
industry, sustainably addressing global accommodation needs seems possible.
Using green building materials and products promotes conservation of dwindling nonrenewable resources internationally. In addition, integrating green building materials into
building projects can help reduce the environmental impacts associated with the extraction,
transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal of these building
industry source materials.
These are the examples of sustainable construction materials used in construction
today.
1.
Wool Bricks
2.
Solar Tiles
Traditional roof tiles are either mined from the ground or set from concrete or clay
all energy intensive methods. Once installed, they exist to simply protect a building from the
elements despite the fact that they spend a large portion of the day absorbing energy from the
sun. With this in mind, many companies are now developing solar tiles. Unlike most solar
units which are fixed on top of existing roofing, solar tiles are fully integrated into the
building, protecting it from the weather and generating power for its inhabitants.
3.
Sustainable Concrete
Whilst 95% of a buildings CO 2 emissions are a result of the energy consumed during
its life, there is much that can be done to reduce that 5% associated with construction.
Concrete is an ideal place to start, partly because almost every building uses it, but mostly
due to the fact that concrete is responsible for a staggering 7-10% of global CO 2 emissions.
More sustainable forms of concrete exist that use recycled materials in the mix. Crushed glass
can be added, as can wood chips or slag a by product of steel manufacturing. Whilst these
changes arent radically transforming concrete, by simply using a material that would have
otherwise gone to waste, the CO2 emissions associated with concrete are reduced.
4.
Paper Insulation
Triple-Glazed Windows
The amount of energy needed to melt recycled glass is considerably less than that needed to
melt raw materials to make new bottles and jars. Recycling one bottle can save enough
energy to power a television set for one and a half hours.
B.
Not only does glass save energy by using recycled glass, but each 1000 tonnes of recycled
glass that we melt saves 314 tonnes of CO2 per.
C.
Using recycled glass in furnaces saves hundreds of thousands of tonnes of primary raw
materials each year. This reduces the need for quarrying raw materials and conserves the
countryside.
D.
Every tonnes of glass recycled extends the life of our increasingly scarce landfill sites and
conserves the British countryside.
E.
In terms of weight, glass makes up about 8% of the household waste stream. Any increase in
the amount of glass recycled means savings on waste collection and disposal costs, which are
increasing due to landfill tax.
F.
Every individual can play an active part in conservation by simply supporting glass recycling.
This is the first step to becoming an environmentally active consumer.
3.0
CEMENT:
PULVERISED FUEL ASH
Fly ash, also known as pulverised fuel ash (PFA) is the ash resulting from the burning
of pulverised coal in coal-fired electricity power stations. The ash is very fine and it is
removed from the flue gases by electrostatic precipitators. The potential of PFA is reducing
the overall CO2 footprint of the concrete. When PFA is used in concrete environmental
savings can equate to 20% reduction in overall CO2 emissions for 30% Fly Ash content
(based on mixes designed with equal 28 day strengths). Then, PFA also improved surface
finish of the completed structure. It contributes to producing a more cohesive concrete which
has a reduced rate of bleeding making it easier to compact and giving the concrete better
pumping properties. Reduces permeability, shrinkage, creep and gives greater resistance to
chloride ingress and sulphate attack. Pozzolans such as PFA react with lime (alkali calcium
hydroxide produced by cement hydrating) to form stable calcium silicates and calcium
aluminate hydrates.
These fill the voids in the concrete and remove some of the lime which reduces the
permeability of the concrete. PFA can improves long term strength, performance and
durability. The Fly Ash reaction with lime also improves the strength, durability, chloride and
sulphate resistance of the concrete. Other than that, it also minimises risk of Alkali Silica
reaction. Alkali Silica reaction is significantly reduced, if not completely eliminated, with the
use of more than 25% of PFA. This is due to the fact that PFA readily reacts with sodium and
potassium alkalis within the concrete. Lastly, PFA reduces the temperature rise in thick
sections with the addition of less cement in a concrete mix the heat that is produced through
hydration is greatly reduced.
Blast-furnaces are
mixture of iron-
ore,
limestone,
coke
operated
about
and
at
temperature
and
of
1,500C.
molten
slag
comprises mostly silicates and alumina from the original iron ore, combined with some
oxides from the limestone. The advantage of ground granulated blast furnace is durability.
GGBS has now effectively replaced sulphate-resisting Portland cement (SRPC) on the market
for sulphate resistance because of its superior performance and greatly reduced cost
compared to SRPC.
BFC is more resistant against sulphate attack than Portland cement (OPC) and
sulphate resistant cement (SRC). Next advantage is strength. Concrete containing GGBS
cement has a higher ultimate strength than concrete made with Portland cement. It has a
higher proportion of the strength-enhancing calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) than concrete
made with Portland cement only, and a reduced content of free lime, which does not
contribute to concrete strength. Sustainability also one of the advantage of GGBS. Can be
used for superstructure in addition to the cases where the concrete is in contact with chlorides
and sulphates. This is provided that the slower setting time for casting of the superstructure is
justified.
AGGREGATE:
CERAMIC
A ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic solid made up of either metal or nonmetal compounds that have been shaped and then hardened by heating to high temperatures.
In general, they are hard, corrosion-resistant and brittle. Ceramic has low density. It used to
create low value products and most residual is sent to landfills for disposal. This ceramic
production method uses these residuals to create ceramics, including insulating firebrick with
significantly less environmental emissions than current production methods.
The advantage of ceramic is water resistance. Glazed ceramic flooring tiles have a
protective layer that rests over the material, making them impervious to water and stain
penetration. They are also naturally resistant to the ravages of high humidity conditions.
These properties makes them ideal for use in moist environments such as bathrooms or
kitchens. The ceramic also have simple maintenance. Ceramic flooring is fairly easy to care
for. Dirt, stains, and liquids all rest on the surface, allowing you to easily wipe or mop them
away. Regular maintenance just consists of sweeping or vacuuming with a soft brush
attachment to keep the floor free of dirt and loose debris. If set in stains do occur you can use
most heavy duty cleaners without having to worry about damaging the material.
BRICK:
MANSORY RUBBLE
Rubble masonry, also called rubblework.
irregular sizes and shapes are used. To remove sharp shapes they may be hammered. The
rubble masonry may be coursed or uncoursed . In uncoursed rubble masonry the wall is
brought to level at every 300 mm to 500 mm. The mortar consumed in these construction is
more. Course rubble masonry is used for the construction of public and residential buildings.
Uncoursed rubble masonry is used for the construction of foundations, compound walls,
garages, labour quarters. A skilled mason may arrange the facing stones in polygonal
shapes to improve the aesthetic of the wall.
BROKEN BRICK
Broken brick pieces are large inorganic chunks that are ideal to provide support for
orchids grown in large vanda baskets. Broken brick is popular in wet climates for its modest
moisture retention properties. Broken brick can be used to provide weight in the bottom of a
pot, and to aid drainage in much the same way that chards of broken clay pots would be. For
terrestrial orchids, layer peat, coir or soil-less mix on top of broken brick for drainage.
The advantage of using a broken brick as replacement is broken bricks are cheap.
These will range in cost from about $5 - $10 per square foot, depending on the specific type
of material you choose. In some cases you may also be able to find bargain basement
materials at as low as $3 per square foot. It is also important to note that this is the price per
square foot, not per piece.
TIMBER:
POTENTIAL OF TIMBER PILING
The timber pile is probably the oldest pile foundation method and has been used for
many centuries. In some countries, and for particular applications, timber piles are still a costeffective solution. A Timber Pile is used to dry boards for more demanding building projects.
The pile need to be placed well away from other objects to reduce the risk of mold
growth. The benefit of timber piling is economical. On account of their elasticity timber
piles can be recommended for sites where piles are likely to the subjected to unusual lateral
forces. As timber is an elastic materials, it can be used in places where there is a possibility of
side friction. They can be driven rapidly and as such there is great saving in time in execution
of piling work.
GYPSUM DRYWALL
Gypsum drywall is the name for a family of panel-type products consisting of a non
combustible core, primarily of gypsum, with a paper surfacing on the face, back, and long
edges. Gypsum drywall is often called board, wallboard, or plasterboard and differs from
products such as plywood, hardboard, and fibreboard, because of its non combustible core. It
is designed to provide a monolithic surface when joints and fastener heads are covered with a
joint treatment system.
The potential of gypsum is flexibility in terms of modifications and refurbishment at
some point in time. Superior acoustics performance in terms of insulation with insulation
rating upto 74 dB. The gypsum is lighter. Light weight systems 8 to 10 times lighter than
conventional systems like Brick / Block work.
STEEL:
STEEL WASTE
Steel waste is the primary raw material in our companys activities. It covers the
largest proportion of mass in the processing of secondary raw materials. The steel waste
Provides consistent material quality; because it is produced in strict accordance with national
standards, there is no regional variance in quality. It also provides for straight walls, square
corners, and allows doors to open and close properly. Other than that, steel waste is slower
aging process with less maintenance. The fire parapets can be eliminated. Lastly, the fire
resistant does not burn and will not contribute fuel to the spread of fire.
4.1 Needs of replacing the aggregate that trigger the used of the waste glass
Why needs to replace the existing material which is aggregate with an alternative
material which is waste glass?
First of all, waste glass has basically zero water absorption compare to the aggregates.
It is one of the most durable materials known to man. It is also with the current emphasis on
durability of high-performance concrete and is only natural to rely on extremely durable
ingredients. Furthermore, the excellent hardness of glass gives the concrete an abrasion
resistance that can be reached only with few natural stone aggregates.
In addition, for a number of reasons, waste glass improves the flow properties of fresh
concrete so that very high strength can be obtained even without the use of super plasticizers
compare to stone. Not just that, the aesthetic potential of color-sorted post-consumer glass,
not to mention speciality glass, has barely been explored at all and offers numerous novel
applications for design professionals.
Last but not least, the speciality of waste glass compare to the stone aggregate is
waste glass aggregate very finely glass ground that has pozzolanic properties and therefore
can serve both as partial cement replacement and filter.
5.0
The glass is characterized by isotropy and high viscosity in all the phases of its
production and the processes of its melting and hardening are reversible. The glass is
produced by rapid cooling of melts of certain oxides or mixtures thereof. All glasses are
amorphous non organic materials produced by melting and cooling without crystallization.
They are corrosion resistant.
Glass waste is usually made up of glassware, bulbs, bottles and other items. The
ingredients of glass are very pure and glass is initially created from soda ash, limestone or
sand and is formed into a variety of colors. Glass is easily broken and can both contaminate
other recyclable materials and is a hazard to the people who sort the recyclables.
5.1
8.0
APPENDIX
Color sorted
Collection
Crushing
5.2
The application of waste glass in the industry these days are so many. One of it is in
construction aggregate. In construction aggregate, waste glass used as base course for roads,
land drains and backfill. Waste glass is also used in decorative as a concrete.
Moreover, waste glass also can be applied as constituent in concrete and as asphalt.
Waste glass can be apply in abrasive replacing silica sand, steel shot/grit, chilled iron, garnet,
glass beads, copper and nickel slag, olivine and aluminium oxide. Not just that, waste glass
also can be applied as adsorbent and caution exchange material and as filtration medium
replacing silica sand and anthracite.
In addition, waste glass also being applied as flux/binder in ceramics and bricks. Next,
waste glass also used as fractionator for matches and ammunition. As additive and flux in
metal foundry work, waste glass can be applied replacing high quality silica sand. Besides,
waste glass can also be applied as filter in paint and plastic. Not to be forgetting, waste glass
also can be applied as hydroponic rooting medium.
What makes glass such a special ingredient for concrete becomes apparent by summarizing
its special properties:
Because it has basically zero water absorption, it is one of the most durable materials
known to man. With the current emphasis on durability of high-performance concrete,
it is only natural to rely on extremely durable ingredients.
The excellent hardness of glass gives the concrete an abrasion resistance that can be
reached only with few natural stone aggregates.
For a number of reasons, glass aggregate improves the flow properties of fresh
concrete so that very high strength can be obtained even without the use of super
plasticizers.
Very finely ground glass has pozzolanic properties and therefore can serve both as
partial cement replacement and filter.
Below, some of the glass concrete products are listed that are at various stages of
development:
Paving Stone
Terrazzo Tiles
Decorative Applications
5.3
There are many advantages and disadvantages of waste glass. When waste glass used
as construction aggregate, the advantages of it are similar or lower cost, resistant to load
under compression and impact and also good drainage properties. But the disadvantages of it
is engineering specifications can be material specific. Furthermore, it also has decorative
color and finely ground glass suppresses alkali silica reactivity when applied as constituent in
concrete but can cause reduction in mechanical strength due to alkali silica reaction.
Waste glass can be used as asphalt. Its advantages are enhanced night visibility and
lower bulk density but the disadvantages of glass, it can be de-bonded from the surface and
glass particles could cause cuts and tyre damage. In addition, waste glass also can be applied
as abrasive. Its advantages are competitively priced, effective performance with angular
particles and improve safety because glass contains no crystalline heavy metal content.
Waste glass does not become sticky when wet when being applied as adsorbent and
caution exchange material but no commercial production facility to date will be the
disadvantages of it. Waste glass also can resist bacterial growth but local health regulators
need to approve its use when being applied as filtration medium. The advantages of waste
glass when being used as flux/binder in ceramics and bricks are it can low softening
temperature and reducing firing tie and fuel consumption.
Waste glass also predictable product purity and high value product but requires
expensive but requires expensive processing. Last but not least, waste glass is free flowing
and easily sterilised when being applied as hydroponic rooting medium but the disadvantage
of it is can cause cuts when handled without gloves.
6.0
CONCLUSION
7.0
REFERRENCES
BOOKS
WEBSITES
Glass Recycling
http://www.wastecare.com/Articles/Glass_Recycling.htm
Waste-Glass Recycling Plant
http://trims.co.jp/english/plant/