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1. a). What is a set? Explain various methods to represent a set in set theory.
Answer:
A set is a group or collection of objects or numbers, considered as an entity unto itself. Sets
are usually symbolized by uppercase, italicized, boldface letters such as A, B, S, or Z. Each
object or number in a set is called a member or element of the set.
Examples include the set of all computers in the world, the set of all apples on a tree, and the
set of all irrational numbers between 0 and 1.
When the elements of a set can be listed or enumerated, it is customary to enclose the list in
curly brackets. Thus, for example, we might speak of the set (call it K) of all natural numbers
between, and including, 5 and 10 as:
K = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Methods to represent a set:
There are two methods to represent a set. One is Rule method, another one is Roster method.
Rule is a method of naming a set by describing its elements.
For example, { x: x > 3, x is a whole number} describes the set with elements 4, 5, 6,
.Therefore, { x: x > 3, x is a whole number} is the same as {4,5,6,}. { x: x > 3}describes
all numbers greater than 3. This set of numbers cannot be represented as a list and is
represented using a number line graph.
Roster is a method of naming a set by listing its members. For example, {1,2,3} is the set
consisting of only the elements 1,2, and 3. There are many ways to represent this set using a
rule.
Two correct methods are as follows:
{x: x < 4, x is a natural number} {x: 0 < x < 4, x is a whole number}
An incorrect method would be {x:0 < x < 4} because this rule includes ALL numbers
between 0 and 4, not just the numbers 1, 2, and 3.
b) Define the following with the help of suitable examples.
(i)
Demurrages law
Answer:
Demorgan's First Law:
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
The first law states that the complement of the union of two sets is the intersection of the
complements.
Proof :
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
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Consider x (A B)'
If x (A B)' then x A B
Definition of compliment
(x A B)' Definition
(x A x B)'
Definition of
(x A)' (x B)'
(x A) (x B) Definition of
(x A') (x B') Definition of compliment
x A' B' Definition of
Therefore,
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
Demorgan's Second Law:
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
The second law states that the complement of the intersection of two sets is the union of the
complements.
Proof :
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
Consider x (A B)'
If x (A B)' then x A B
Definition of compliment
(x A B)' Definition of
(x A x B)'
Definition of
(x A)' (x B)'
(x A) (x B) Definition of
(x A') (x B') Definition of compliment
x A' B' Definition of
Therefore,
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
(ii)
Finite Set
Answer;
Finite Set
A finite set is a set that has a cardinality that equals a natural number (1, 2, 3, ). Let's say
that B represents a set. If |B| = n such that n is a natural number, then B is a finite set.
The empty set is also a finite set. The empty set has no elements and is denoted by the symbol
or by a pair of braces, { }. The cardinality of the empty set is 0 (|| = 0).
Examples of Finite Sets
The set described at the start of this lesson is an example of a finite set. Set A was defined as
the prime numbers less than 20. There are eight prime numbers less than 20, so A had 8
elements or a cardinality of 8.
Let's define a new set as follows:
B = (a, e, i, o, u)
B is the set of vowels in the English alphabet. B is a finite set because it has 5 elements or a
cardinality of 5.
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Subset of a Set
Let's use sets A, B and C again as defined above and listed again here
A = {Nebraska, Ohio}
B = {d, g, z}
C = {d, g, z, Nebraska, Ohio}
We can say that A is a subset of C because all the elements of A are also elements of C. A
subset is a set made up of components of another set.
Set A is more specifically a proper subset of set C because A does not equal C. In other
words, there are some elements in C that are not in A. A proper subset is a subset that is not
equal to the set it belongs to. Some textbooks or websites will use this notation to specify a
proper subset (note that the underscore is removed). In this lesson, the first figure we showed
will be used for all subsets.
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Identifying Subsets
Now let's talk about identifying subsets. This part of the lesson gets a little tricky. First, we
need to accept that there can be sets within sets. This means that sets can be elements of other
sets. Let's look at this example:
D = {2, {2}, 3, 4, {7}, {11, 12} }
In set D, there are six elements. Three of the elements are sets of one number or of multiple
numbers: {2}, {7} and {11, 12}. We can distinguish these elements as sets because of the
brackets. The other three elements are individual numbers: 2, 3 and 4.
Elements 2 and {2} are not the same because {2} is a set and 2 is not a set. In addition, the
numbers 11 and 12 are not elements of D, but the set {11, 12} is an element of D. This
distinction between elements and sets is straightforward but often is a difficult rule to apply.
2.
Answer:
(a).
Let f be a function of two variables that is defined in some circular region around (x_0, y_0).
The limit of f as x approaches (x_0, y_0) equals L if and only if for every epsilon>0 there
exists a delta>0 such that f satisfies
Whenever the distance between (x,y) and (x_0,y_0) satisfies
We will of course use the natural notation
When the limit exists. The usual properties of limits hold for functions of two variables: If the
following hypotheses hold:
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1:
Linearity
Products
of
functions:
Quotients
of
functions:
2:
(provided L is non-zero)
The linearity and product results can of course be generalized to any finite number of
functions:
The limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits of the functions.
The limit of a product of functions is the product of the limits of the functions.
It is important to remember that the limit of each individual function must exist before any of
these results can be applied.
(i)
=0.017469259761
(ii)
(b).
d/dx[f(x)
g(x)]
limh0f(x+h)g(x+h)
f(x)g(x)h
=
limh0f(x+h)g(x+h)+f(x+h)g(x)
f(x+h)g(x)f(x)g(x)/h
limh0[f(x+h)g(x+h)g(x)h+g(x)f(x+h)
f(x)/h]
limh0[f(x+h)g(x+h)g(x)h]
+limh0[g(x)f(x+h)f(x)/h]
f(x)g(x)+f(x)g(x)
3.
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Answer:
a.
f(1)= -0.456
f(x)= for x=0
= infinity
Since f(x) is not equal f(1)
Therefore not continuous at x =0
b.
f(x) at x=0
f(0)= 3
left hand limit:
f(x)= 3+2x
3+2*0
=3
Right hand limit
f(x)= 3-2x
3-2*0
=3
Since LHL=RHL
Therefore it is continuous but not derivable
A function can fail to be differentiable at a point a lim
if either
h0
Assignment B
Case Detail :
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f(a+h) - f(a)
h
Please give your answer in at least 25 words and press save and continue button.
1.
Answer:
a)
One definition of integration is that it is the inverse of differentiation. For example, if we ask
the question What did I differentiate to get the result 2x? If we recall the results of
differentiation, it is clear that the answer is x2. But is this a unique answer?
The answer should clearly be no! We could have differentiated x2+1, x24, x2+3 , x2+1461.
All of these expressions differentiate to give 2x. Clearly the answer to our question
of x2+constant=C. The (unknown) constant C is known as the constant of integration.
b).2
[e^tan(x)] sec^2(x) dx
u = e^tan(x)
du dx = e^tan(x) sec^2(x)
du = e^tan(x) sec^2(x) dx
replace the entire integral with "du" !!!
du = u + C
= e^tan(x) + Ceval [0, 4]
= [e^tan( 4) + C] [e^tan(0) + C]
= [e e] = e 1
2.
Answer:
(a).
tan^-1x/(1+x^2) dx
Let tan^-1(x) = u
x = tan(u)
dx = sec^2(u) du
The integral becomes
u sec^2(u) du / (1+u^2)
= u sec^2(u) du / (1+tan^2(u)
= u du , since 1+tan^2(u) and sec^2(u) cancel each other out.
= u^2/2 + C
=[ tan^-1(x) ]^2 /2 + C
(b).
1) put sinx = t
cosxdx = dt
tdt = t^2/2 +c = 1/2sin^2 X +c
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3.
Answer:
note, d/dx -sin(x) = -cos(x)
Therefore ln(-sin(x))= -cos(x)/(-sin(x))
Add constants: d/dx [-ln(1+sin(x))]= cos(x)/(1+sin(x))
-ln(1+sin(x))
Also,
Add constants: d/dx [-ln(2+sin(x))]= cos(x)/(2+sin(x))
-ln(2+sin(x))
So answer is
-ln(1+sin(x))* -ln(2+sin(x))
Answer (b):
A square matrix is a square array of numbers where the number of rows and columns are
equal. The plural of matrix is matrices. Each number in the matrix is called an entry.
Each entry is labeled based on its position in the matrix. For example, the entry in the first
row and second column is labeled a with a subscript of 1, 2. You can label the entries of a
matrix with any lower case letter, but you must keep the same letter within the same matrix.
A square matrix
The above matrices are 3x3 matrices because they have 3 rows and 3 columns. A matrix can
have entries of numbers, fractions, decimals, and even algebraic expressions. A square matrix
can be any size as long as the numbers of rows and columns are equal. You can have a 2x2
square matrix as well as a 10x10 square matrix.
A diagonal matrix is a square matrix of the form
(1)
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where
is the Kronecker delta, are constants, and
, 2, ..., , with no implied
summation over indices. The general diagonal matrix is therefore of the form
(2)
often denoted
. The diagonal matrix with elements
computed in the Wolfram Language using DiagonalMatrix [l].
Triangular Matrix
An upper triangular matrix
can be
is defined by
(1)
Written explicitly,
(2)
A lower triangular matrix is defined by
(3)
Written explicitly,
A square matrix that is not singular, i.e., one that has a matrix inverse. Nonsingular
matrices are sometimes also called regular matrices. A square matrix is nonsingular iff its
determinant is nonzero (Lipschutz 1991, p. 45). For example, there are 6 nonsingular (0,1)matrices:
The following table gives the numbers of nonsingular
matrix type
-matrices
-matrices
-matrices
Sloane
counts for
A056989
A056990
A055165
ASSIGNMENT C
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, 2, ...
None of these
Ans: d
Answer : d
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Answer:
d
Answer: a
Page 12 of 27
Answer: d
Answer: a
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Answer: C
Answer: c
Answer: b
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Answer :d
Answer:d
Page 15 of 27
Answer: b
Answer: d
Answer: b
Page 16 of 27
Answer: b
Answer: a
Page 17 of 27
Answer: b
Answer: d
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Answer: d
Answer: b
Page 19 of 27
Answer: c
Answer: b
Page 20 of 27
Answr: b
Answer: b
Page 21 of 27
Answer: c
Answer:d
Page 22 of 27
Answer: d
Answer: d
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Answer: a
Answer: a
Page 24 of 27
Answer: c
Answer; a
Answer: d
Answer: b
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ANSWER: D
Answer: d
Answer: d
Page 26 of 27
Answer: a
Answer: b
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