CHEM 200 LECTURE REVIEWER

Torbern Bergman (1770) difference between organic & inorganic chemistry

Michel Chevreul (1816) fatty acids from soap
William Brande (1848) no definite line between organic & inorganic chemistry
August Kekule & Archibald Couper (1858) carbon is tetravalent
August Kekule carbon chains called rings of atoms
Emil Erlenmeyer carbon to carbon triple bond for acetylene
Alexander Crum Brown carbon to carbon double bond for ethylene
Jacobus vant Hoff & Joseph Lebel (1874) spatial directions of carbon (tetrahedral)

Sigma bonds head on overlap of 2 atomic orbitals along a line drawn between the nuclei; first bond
Pi bonds only p orbitals overlapping each other; 2nd or 3rd bond
Aufbaus Principle start filling from lowest energy level first
Hunds Rule each orbital must have 1 electron first
Paulis Exclusion Principle opposite spins
Hybridization combination of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals

Electronegativity power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself

Formal charge = (no. valence electrons) (half of bonding electrons) (no. of nonbonding electrons)

Ex.
Resonance chemical connectivity is the same but the electrons are distributed differently around the structure; occurs
when electrons can flow through neighboring pi systems
Acids & Bases
*the higher the Ka, the lower the pKa, the more ACIDIC
*the lower the Ka, the higher the pKa, the more BASIC
Bronsted-Lowry Acid donates hydrogen ion
Bronsted Lowry Base accepts hydrogen ion
Lewis Acid accepts an electron pair
Lewis base donates an electron pair
ACIDS

The higher the Ka, the more acidic

The lower the pKa, The more acidic
Presence of electronegative element/group, acidity INCREASES
The nearer the electronegative element/group, the MORE acidic
The presence of a more electronegative element, the MORE acidic
Electron withdrawing groups, INCREASES acidity

*the easier the lone pairs are rejected, the MORE BASIC it is
Stereochemistry different arrangements of atoms in space

Arenes alternating double and single C-C bonds

Alkanes saturated hydrocarbons; alipathic compounds
Isomers same structure, different formula

Constitutional Isomers:
1. Skeletal
2. Functional same formula, different functional group
3. Positional same functional group, different position
Properties of Alkanes
1. Combustion
2. Halogenation (free radical)
Conformations different arrangements of atoms that result from rotation about a single bond; conformer

Torsional Strain eclipsed conformation of ethane

Anti conformation lowest energy arrangement
Gauche conformation higher in energy than the anti conformation even if it has no eclipsing interactions
Steric strain repulsive interaction that occurs when atoms are forced closer together than their atomic radii allow

Angle Strain bond angle deviates from the ideal tetrahedral value
Chair Conformation has no torsional strain; all neighboring C-H bonds are staggered
Axial hydrogens that are perpendicular to the ring (parallel to ring axis)
Equitorial nydrogens that are in the rough plane of the ring (around the ring equator)
CIS on the same side
TRANS on opposite sides
PHL 5 REVIEWER
THEOLOGY
- science that seeks to understand and forever rearticulate the life-giving gospel or good news of God in Christ Jesus
- Every Christian is a theologian
a. Dogmatic doctrines, belief, truth, teachings ; content of our faith
b. Moral attitudes, behavior, action, practice ; how, method of applying the content of our faith
Moral Theology / Christian Ethics
-

Study of the human person as the image of God ( St, Thomas Aquinas)
Study of the movement of the human person towards God; the theology of following Christ (Bernard Harring)
Science of what man ought to be (child of God made in His image and likeness) by reason of what he is

Divisions of Moral Theology

1. General Ethics
- How to reach the ultimate end (heaven)
- Movement to attain God, the end (happiness, beatitudes) through the means of human acts that is attitude and
options according to conscience (freedom morality) dictated by law, strengthened by virtues
2. Special Ethics
- Personal (bioethics, love, sexuality, etc.)
- Social (justice, politics, solidarity, economics, culture)
Sources of Moral Theology
1.
2.
3.
4.

Bible
Sacred Tradition
Magisterium of the Church/ Teachings
Branches of Science

Methods of Moral Theology

1. Revelation / Faith
2. Reason
Goals
1. Ultimate perfection of divine sonship ; you must be perfect as the father in heaven is perfect
2. Proximate continuing conversion
3. Immediate to know what is right from wrong ; to become ethical beings

Basic Attitudes
Metanoia change of mind and heart
No to sin, yes to love ; doing good
Inferiority of the soul coherence with words and deeds, unity of theory and action
Theological Virtues: faith, hope, love
Infinite Dynamism
-

We dont look at the past and stay there

Look towards the future
Always on the go, always becoming better
Continuously doing what is good

Characteristics of Christian Ethics

1. Christian Ethics is Christs Ethics
a. Following Christ as the total norm
b. Follow the total Christ
c. Christ lives
2. Christian Ethics is interior ethics
a. The heart that decides to do good or wrong
3. Christian Ethics is religious ethics
a. Religion to tie again, a group of believers who would like to reach out to God
4. Christian Ethics is centered on love
*The home is the first school of love

Philia love of friendship

Storggae love that is relational
Eros self-seeking desire
Agape love that comes from God

*God is love, all-good, and holy.

Definitions of Love

Love is thinking and willing to do good

Love is to give and share ones time, talent and treasure for the good of the other
If you love someone, you will never do him wrong
Love is the decision of the will
Love is selflessness, self-donation, self-forgetfulness, and self-denial
Love is not selfishness

*Corporal and Spiritual works of mercy

Elements of Love

K knowledge
C care
Love means care or active concern for the life, growth, and good of the other person
O openness
Love means being open to the person loved, all aware of his needs, attentive, eager, able, and ready to respond to
them
U understanding
Love means knowing the person in-depth, not just knowing facts and figures about him ; it means to penetrate
behind the external faade and discover the true meaning of a particular act or expression ; to go beyond
appearances and see that there is more to him than meets the eye
R respect
Love denotes the ability to see a person as he is, aware of his uniqueness, and wanting to grow and unfold for his
own sake, in his own ways and not for the purpose of serving oneself. Respect means I don not exploit the other. I
love him as he is and not as I need him to be an object of my use
Terms:

Brood - think deeply about something that makes one unhappy

Pompous - affectedly and irritatingly grand, solemn, or self-important
Inflated - excessively or unreasonably high
Deliberate - done consciously and intentionally; engage in long and careful consideration
Implicit - implied though not plainly expressed; with no qualification or question; absolute