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TheEvolutionofDatabase|AllAboutDatabases

TheEvolutionofDatabase
InDatabaseSystemsonOctober18,2010byMuhammadHaadi
Fromprestageatlesystem,torelationalandobjectrelationalsystems,databasetechnologyhasgonethroughseveralgenerationsand
itshistorythatisspreadovermorethan40yearsnow.
TheEvolution:
1968FileBased:predecessorofdatabase,Datawasmaintainedinaatle.
FlatFiles:
Earlier,punchedcardstechnologywasusedtostoredatalater,les.Buttheleshavenoassuchadvantage,ratherhaveseveral
limitations.

(hps://mhaadi.les.wordpress.com/2010/10/atle.jpg)

AllAboutDatabases

Advantages

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Limitations
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Variousaccessmethods,e.g.,sequential,
indexed,random

TheEvolutionofDatabase|AllAboutDatabases

Requiresextensiveprogrammingin
thirdgenerationlanguagesuchas
COBOL,BASIC.
Separationandisolation:Eachprogram
maintainsitsownsetofdata,usersof
oneprogrammaynotbeawareof
holdingorblockingbyotherprograms
thatarebeingusedsomewhereelse,by
anotheruser.
Duplicationofdatasamedataisheld
bydierentprograms,thus,wastesspace
andresources.
Highmaintenancecostssuchasensuing
dataconsistencyandcontrollingaccess
Sharinggranularityisverycoarse.
Weaksecurity.

Note:Thedistinctionofstoringdatainlesanddatabasesisthatdatabasesareintendedtobeusedbymultipleprogramsandtypesof
users.

[19681980]EraofHierarchicalDatabase:ProminenthierarchicaldatabasemodelwasIBMsrstDBMScalledIMS(Information
ManagementSystem).
HierarchicalDataModel:
Mid1960sRockwellcollaborateswithIBMtocreatetheInformationManagementSystem(IMS),IMSleadthemainframedatabasemarket
in70sandearly80s.
Inthismodel,lesarerelatedinaparent/childmanner,witheachchildlehavingatmostoneparentle.
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(hps://mhaadi.les.wordpress.com/2010/10/bb727070advsrd01_bigenustechnet10.gif)

Advantages

Limitations

Ecientsearching.

Compleximplementation

Lessredundantdata.

Diculttomanageandlackofstandards,
canteasilyhandlemanymany
relationships.

Dataindependence.

Lacksstructuralindependence.

Databasesecurityandintegrity.

NetworkDataModel:
Early1960s,CharlesBachmanndevelopedrstDBMSatHoneywell,IntegratedDataStore(IDS)
Itstandardizedin1971bytheCODASYLgroup(ConferenceonDataSystemsLanguages).
InNetworkdatamodel,lesarerelatedasownersandmembers,similartothecommonnetworkmodelexceptthateachmemberlecan
havemorethanoneowner.
Networkdatamodelidentiedthefollowingthreedatabasecomponents:
1.Networkschemadatabaseorganization[structure]
2.Subschemaviewsofdatabaseperuser
3.Datamanagementlanguageatlowlevel,procedural
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(hps://mhaadi.les.wordpress.com/2010/10/ssnetwork.gif)

Advantages

Limitations

Abilitytohandlemorerelationship
types

Systemcomplexityanddicultto
designandmaintain

Easeofdataaccess

Lackofstructuralindependenceas
dataaccessmethodisnavigational.

DataIntegrity
DataIndependence

ProminentnetworkdatabasemodelwasCODASYLDBTGmodelwhereasIDMSwasthemostpopularnetworkDBMS.
Here,IamclearlymentioningonethingthattheHierarchicalModelandtheNetworkModelwereinuseinalmostthesameera.

[1970present]EraofRelationalDatabaseandDatabaseManagement:TherelationaldatabasemodelwasconceivedbyE.F.Coddin
1970.Itcanbedenedusingthefollowingtwoterminologies:
1.Instanceatablewithrowsorcolumns.
2.Schemaspeciesthestructure(nameofrelation,nameandtypeofeachcolumn)
Themodelisbasedonbranchesofmathematicscalledsettheoryandpredicatelogic.
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RelationalDBMSataglance:

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RelationalDBMSataglance:
(hps://mhaadi.les.wordpress.com/2010/10/table.png)

GeneralComparison:
Hereisaglimpseofallthosedatabasemodelswehavediscussedtillnow.

(hps://mhaadi.les.wordpress.com/2010/10/comparison1.png)

ObjectOrientedDatabaseModel:
Itsupportsthemodelingandcreationofthedataasobjects.

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(hps://mhaadi.les.wordpress.com/2010/10/1.jpg)

Advantages

Limitations

Canecientlymanagealargenumberof
dierentdatatypes.

SwitchinganexistingdatabasetoOODBMS
requiresanentirechangefromscratch.

Objectswithcomplexbehaviorsareeasyto
handleusinginheritanceandpolymorphism
etc.

AnOODBMSistypicallytiedtoaspecic
programminglanguageandanAPI;this
reducesitsexibility.

Reducesthelargenumberofrelationsby
creatingobjects.

Adhocqueriesarediculttoimplementas
onecannotjointwoclassesasonecanjoin
twotablesinRDBMS.Therefore,queries
dependuponthedesignofthesystem.
Createsproblemswhendeletingdatain
bulk.

ObjectRelationalDatabaseModel:
Objectrelationaldatabasesspantheobjectandrelationalconcepts.
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Advantages

Limitations

Largestoragecapacity

Thearchitectureoftheobjectrelational
modelisnotappropriateforweb
applications.

Highaccessspeed

Letstakeaeetinglookatthehistory.
1970:TedCoddatIBMsSanJoseLabproposedrelationalmodels.
Twomajorprojectsstartandbothwereoperationalinlate1970s
INGRESatUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleybecamecommercialandfollowedupPOSTGRESwhichwasincorporatedintoInformix.
SystemRatIBMsanJoseLab,laterevolvedintoDB2,whichbecameoneoftherstDBMSproductbasedontherelationalmodel.(Oracle
producedasimilarproductjustpriortoDB2.)
1976:PeterChendenedtheEntityrelationship(ER)model
1980s:Maturationoftherelationaldatabasetechnology,morerelationalbasedDBMSweredevelopedandSQLstandardadoptedbyISO
andANSI.
1985:ObjectorientedDBMS(OODBMS)develops.
1990s:IncorporationofobjectorientationinrelationalDBMSs,newapplicationareas,suchasdatawarehousingandOLAP,weband
Internet,Interestintextandmultimedia,enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)andmanagementresourceplanning(MRP)
1991:Microsoftshipsaccess,apersonalDBMScreatedaselementofWindowsgraduallysupplantedallotherpersonalDBMSproducts.
1995:FirstInternetdatabaseapplications
1997:XMLappliedtodatabaseprocessing,whichsolveslongstandingdatabaseproblems.MajorvendorsbegintointegrateXMLinto
DBMSproducts.
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(hps://mhaadi.les.wordpress.com/2010/10/history.gif)
Figure1.PictorialrepresentationofDatabaseEvolutionoverdecades

Obviously,wecannotdiscussallofthehistorymaterialhere,soifanyonewantstostudymore,herearethenamesofthemodelsproposed
uptillnow:
1.Semantic[SIM:SemanticInformationManager]
2.Multidimensional[MDDBMS]
3.Associative
4.ConceptOriented[CODM:ConceptOrientedDataModel]etc.
11Comments

11ResponsestoTheEvolutionofDatabase

RajivChristopher
February10,2012at12:00pm|Reply
DearSir,
Iwassearchingforthehistoryofthedatabasethatwasusefulformeimpartknowledgetomystudents.Ifounditgivememore
information.
https://mhaadi.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/theevolutionofdatabase/
Rajiv

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Rajiv

gr3enchkl8
September2,2013at2:50pm|Reply
Thanksforsharing..ThearticlewasquitehelpfulformyassignmentintheDBMSclass.
3.Otlet,Bush+ProtoDatabases|WordsinSpaceNovember5,2013at10:59am|Reply
[]Haadi,TheEvolutionofDatabaseAllAboutDatabases(October18,[]

Will
February6,2014at1:12pm|Reply
Whataboutdocumentorienteddatabases?

FaricohTushera
July10,2014at9:22pm|Reply
Acomprehensiveevolutionaccount.Thankyou.

petronillah
November7,2014at8:04am|Reply
Thisarticlewasreallyhelpfultome.bigup

ajggray
February24,2015at3:05pm|Reply
IsthereanupdatedversionofthisarticlegoingonthroughXML,NoSQLandtriplestores?

MuhammadHaadi
February25,2015at9:40am|Reply
https://mhaadi.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/theevolutionofdatabase/
Notyet.Iamtoobusyworkingunfortunately.

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TheEvolutionofDatabase|AllAboutDatabases

Notyet.Iamtoobusyworkingunfortunately.

GeorgeCarter
July22,2015at12:27am|Reply
Thisarticlehelpsprovideabackgroundtohowwehavearrivedatthispoint.Thankyouforposting.
.

ErastusMugambi
October5,2015at3:16pm|Reply
quitehelpfultomystudyondatabase

Himanshu
May13,2016at4:30pm|Reply
ThanksSir..veryhelpful.
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