OCPD

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution
Overcurrent Protection
Fundamentals of Operation and Application
K. Hearfield
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

1a) Overcurrent Condition
OVERCURRENT CONDITION
OVERLOAD CONDITION
Current increases
with load
Short
circuit
MOTOR
Overcurrent protection
is provided for short
circuit clearance
MOTOR
Overload protection is
related to thermal
capacity of the plant
Load
Load
Most commonly used overcurrent devices are fuses and relays

PEEBLES
REYROLLE

2a) Overcurrent Protection for Phase Faults
3 Phase
Overcurrent
Relay
Fuses
3 Phase Fault
Detect and interrupt overcurrents
Relays are used in conjunction

with circuit breaking device
Fault magnitude limited by

impedances of primary plant
2 Phase
Overcurrent
Relay
2 Phase Fault
Can provide cost saving - widely used,

but not suitable for all applications
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

2b) Overcurrent Protection for Earth Faults
3 PH - E Fault
EF current path thru

generator earth
2 PH - E Fault
PH - E Fault
EF current path thru
transformer earth
Fault magnitude limited by:
Primary plant impedance
Method of earthing
System neutral resistance
Sensitive protection may be required
- settings below load current
Residually
connected
relay
Zero output
for balanced
or phase fault
conditions
Core
Balance
CT
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

2c) Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
2 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault
3 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault
Can provide cost saving - widely used,

but not suitable for all applications
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

3) Methods of System Earthing
SOLID
High EF Current
EARTHING
TRANSFORMER
Used where system
neutral not available
ISOLATED NEUTRAL
RESISTANCE
Zero EF Current
Low 400 - 1200A

High 5 - 100A
REACTANCE
PETERSON COIL
Reactance chosen to
equal system capacitance
Smaller and less

expensive than resistance.
Can cause high over-volts.
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION AND GRADING
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4) Radial Distribution System
HV
Power
Source
S/Stn A
S/Stn B
S/Stn C
S/Stn D
S/Stn E
S/Stn F
MV
Load
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
Selective fault clearance is required for

PHASE-PHASE and PHASE-EARTH faults
Radial Power System
Power source feeds through a number of
substations - load taken from each S/Stn
Instantaneous overcurrent protection at each

location would not provide discrimination.
UNNACCEPTABLE TO SHUT DOWN WHOLE
SYSTEM FOR EVERY FAULT
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4.1) Current Graded Protection
Fault Max. 13100A

current Min. 6850A
8800A
5400A
2900A
2400A
630A (Equivalent
600A HV Currents)
1200A
1100A
MV
Load
F1
Relay at 'A' set to

operate for max. fault
current at remote end
A
RADIAL
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
F2
8800A
D C
AIM - Protection co-ordinated to ensure minimum unfaulted load is

disconnected
Unreliable Scheme
Currents F1 and F2 may be similar - loss of discrimination
For minimum infeed A - B may be unprotected
NOTE: Max. fault at S/Stn. E < min. fault current between D-E
A
00
88
A
00
29
A
00
12
0A
63
Amps
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4.2) Time Graded Protection
Infeed
MV
Load
F
1.4s
A
1.0s
B
0.6s
0.2s
D
t
Relays nearer to power source are set to
operate in progressively longer times
DISADVANTAGE
Longest clearance time for faults nearest
to source
Operating
characteristic:
Definite time
delay
1.4s
1.0s
0.6s
0.2s
D
Amps
10
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Operating Characteristic
Operate current = 1.05 x setting
At 2x setting operate time = 10s
3/10 operating curve
Time Multiplier = 1.0
Operating Time

Definite minimum time
Numeric IDMT relay operating algorithm:
10s
3s
2s
0.14
I
IS
T .M .
0.02
2x
10x
30x
Multiple of Current Setting
11
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

Current and Time Grading of
IDMT Curves
Current Setting
Time Multiplier
Current Setting
Time Multiplier
Time Multiplier
1A
1.0
1A
1.5
0.1
Current Setting
Time Multiplier
1.5A
1.0
24.5s
15s
10s
4.5s
3.62s
3s
3s
2.27s
2s
1s
0.3s
0.2s
2A
10A
30A
2A
10A
30A
2A
10A
30A
12
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4.3a) IDMTL Curves - Time and Current Grading
IDMT Curve - General applications
t
0.14
I
IS
10000
T .M .
0.02
1
1000
VIDMT Curve
Closer grading where fault
levels differ significantly
t
13.5
I
IS
T .M .
100
T im e
(sec)
EIDMT Curve Grading with fuses

10
80
I
IS
T .M .
Long Time Inverse
Normal Inverse
LTIDMT Curve - Grading with liquid resistor

t
120
I
IS
T .M .
Very Inverse
0.1
Extremely Inverse
Characteristics can be supplemented with LS and HS

Stages e.g. to assist grading with complex characteristics
4 5 6
8 10
20
30
50 70 100
C u rren t (m u ltip le s o f s e ttin g )
13
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4.3b) Fuse Co-ordination
EIDMT relay &

fuse characteristics
Recommended current ratio 3:1

- avoids overlap of characteristics
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Relay
Overshoot
Between
relay
and
fuse
Minimum
Relay
Operating
Time
Arcing
Between
two
fuses
Fuse
characteristics
Recommended current ratio > 2:1

Safety
Margin
Pre-Arcing
PreArcing
Arcing
PreArcing
0 ms
t' = 0.4tf + 0.15s
0 ms
T.D. of 0.2s will ensure

grading at high fault levels
14
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4.3c) Co-ordination between Time Graded Relays
R2
R1
Recommended current ratio 3:1

Safety
Margin
Overshoot
(R2)
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Minimum
Relay
Operating
Time
Between
two
relays
Overshoot
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Circuit
Breaker
Tripping
Time
Between
relay and
fuse
Arcing
CT Error
- IDMT only
Minimum
Relay
Operating
Time
Maximum
Relay
Operating
Time
PreArcing
0 ms
0 ms
15
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4.3d) Time Grading - Nominating Grading Margin
Older System
Safety
Margin
Newer System
Overshoot
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Circuit
Breaker
Tripping
Time
Safety
Margin
Older
System
Newer
System
2TJM
Argus
Timing Error
7.5%
5%
Over-shoot
80ms
40ms
Safety Margin
50ms
40ms
CB Trip Time
150ms
80ms
Overshoot
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
250ms
400ms
CT Error
CT Error
Max. Op. Time

Min. Op.
Time
Min. Op.
Time
Circuit
Breaker
Tripping
Time
0 ms
Max. Op. Time

0 ms
16
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4.3e) System Study for IDMT Protection
3ph Max. Fault

3ph. Min. Fault
12596A
6846A
5753A
4156A
2882A
2417A
1410A
1289A
400/5
390A
300/5
225A
200/5
130A
11kV/415V
1 MVA
100/5
626A
601A
E
1600A
X = 4%
33/11kV
10 MVA
Infeed
165A
X = 7%
33kV Bus
95A
80A
50A
11kV Bus
PROCEDURE
Grade:
D with Fuse
C with D
B with C
A with B
Current Setting - Higher than max. load

Time graded @ max. 3ph. fault current
17
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4.3f) IDMT Grading Calculation Results
3ph Max. Fault
Infeed
33kV Bus
12596
A
400/5
390A
5753A
B
2882A
C
300/5
225A
200/5
1410A
D
130A
100/5
X=
4%
33/11kV
10 MVA
X=
7%
626A
11kV/415V
1 MVA
1600A
50A
165A
95A
80A
11kV Bus
@ D: P.S.M. = 626/(100 x 1.25) = 5

For p.s.m. 5: NI operating time = 4.3s
4.3 x TMS = 4.3 x 0.05 = 0.215s
Relay
Current
Setting
TMS
125%
0.375
100%
0.275
75%
0.175
125%
0.05
t
D
1.05
0.63
0.54
Grading margin steps 0.4s

Relay at 'A' operates for a close up fault in 0.75s.
IDMT fault clearance time < DTL time
0.205
DTL system relay at 'A' operate time

= 0.2 + 3 x 0.4 = 1.4s
53
57
82
28
10
14
6
62
Amps
18
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

280 MVA
4.4a) Industrial System Protection Co-ordination Study
11/0.4 kV
1500 kVA
5%
Single Line Diagram

Power and Voltage Ratings
2500/1
2500/1
Equipment Impedances
CT Ratios
1600/1
Fuse Ratings
Relay Characteristics
450A
19
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

4.4b) Co-ordination Issues
1000A
500A
25kA
Single Line
Diagram
2000A 25kA
25kA
500A
25kA
500A
44kA
F
Emergency
Operation
Normal Operation
1000A 22kA
F
No Operating
Restrictions
Establish load flow and short circuit currents

Grading curves plotted beginning at lowest voltage level and largest load.
Grade at the maximum fault level that can be seen by both relays simultaneously.
Grade at fuse cut-off point if less than the above.
20
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

Protection Grading - Software
21
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
PROTECTION FOR LOW EARTH

FAULT CURRENT LEVELS
22
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

5.1) Sensitive Earth Fault Protection
SEF relay current setting as low as possible
limited by residual unbalance capacitance established by test
Low CT burden required - e.g. numeric relay
DTL characteristic, back-up function
S.E.F. Relay
Semi insulating object
Low earth fault current
Core summates fluxes of primary currents

Only one core is used - CT magnetising current
is reduced by approximately 3 to 1
Core
Balance
CT
Number of secondary turns need not be related

to rated current of protected circuit - can be
optimised to protection setting
23
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

5.2) Neutral Displacement Protection
EF on non-effectively earthed system
Balanced
System
voltages
R phase EF
Faulted phase must not remain energised.

EF current very small
- OC detection may be impractical
VRES = 0
VRES
= VYR + VBR
= 3VPH
NDR detects residual voltage to earth
NDR
Operation not discriminative

- time delay required
24
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
HIGH-SET INSTANTANEOUS PROTECTION
25
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

6a) High Set Overcurrent Protection
12500
A
7000
Reach of high set
5700
B
Inverse
time element
Inverse time element

Set above max. fault
current at s/stn. B
Instantaneous high-set
primary setting 7000A
Plain Feeder
Reach of high set
Transformer Feeder
26
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

6b) HSOC Example - Calculating System Impedances
33kV
Max fault 1000 MVA
Min fault 650 MVA
Transformer Feeder
33/11kV
24MVA
Z = 22.5%
11kv
20km (0.3 + j0.43) Ohms/km

Instantaneous high-set
To determine system impedances:

OHL impedance
= 20(0.3 + j0.43)
= 6 + j8.6 Ohms
= j330002/1000 x 106
= j330002/650 x 106
= j1.09 Ohms
= j1.68 Ohms
Source impedance
Min
Max
Transformer
100% impedance @ 33kV
= j330002/24 x 106
= j45.38 Ohms
22.5% impedance on 24MVA = 0.225 x 45.38
= j10.21 Ohms
27
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

6c) HSOC Example - Establishing Relay Setting
33kV Source
Max impedance = j1.68 Ohms
Min impedance = j1.09 Ohms
33/11kV
j10.21 Ohms
11kV
6 + j8.6 Ohms
IDMT element
HSOC
Min infeed:
3ph fault 1601A
ph-ph fault 1387A
3ph max infeed

917A @ 33kV
Min. system impedance to LV busbars = min source + line + transformer

= j1.09 +(6 + j8.6) + j10.21 = 20.78 Ohms
Max. LV 3-phase fault
= 33000/(1.732 x 20.78) = 917A
Max. system Z to transf. HV side
Min. HV 3-phase fault
= max source + line

= j1.68 +(6 + j8.6) = 11.9 Ohms
= 33000/(1.732 x 11.9) = 1601A
Min. HV PH-PH Fault
= 0.866 x 1601 = 1387A
Best achievable grading margin

= (1387/917)^0.5 = 23%
i.e. RELAY SETTING OF APPROX 1128A PRIMARY
Where compromise is necessary: Stability is preferred to high speed protection

28
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
APPLICATION OF OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
29
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

7.1a) Effect of System Capacitance in Resistance Earthed System
IYC
IBC
IC
Delta or Un Earthed Star
Winding
F1
IYC
VR
IC
IBC
Instantaneous earth fault protection can be used to protect

feeder and un-earthed transformer winding, however:
For an earth fault at F1:
EF relay on healthy circuit may operate if not set above IC
IC = IBC + IYC = 3 x nominal charging current/phase
VB
VY
30
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

7.1b) EF Protection Applied to Non-Earthed Transformer Feeder
7km Feeder
Charging current - 1.8A/km
33kV
IYC
IBC
IC
F1
IYC = 21.8A
VR
IC = 37.8A
On occurence of an EF (F1) the affected phase will be earthed. 33kV

system is resistance earthed, healthy phase voltage rises to line
volts level.
IBC
Normal per phase capacitance increased by a factor of 1.732

For fault F1:
EF relay on healthy circuit may operate if not set above IC
IC = 7 x 1.8 x 3 = 37.8A primary
Set relay 2 to 3 x 37.8A i.e. 75 - 112.5A
VB
VY
31
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

7.2) HSOC & EF Protection for Transformer Feeders
Earthed Winding
F1
F3
E1
F2
Provides inst. prot for transformer feeder phase and earth faults
For fault F3 E2 will not operate
For fault F2 E1 will not operate
P
E2
TRIP
P = Phase fault protection relay

E1 = Residual earth fault relay
E2 = Earth fault check relay
P Set to
> 1.5 x max. lv fault current
> 2 x min. in zone (hv) fault current
E2 Set to
< P (for faults at F2 E2 may operate but P must not)
> LV infeed to a fault at F3
(since E2 operated by +ve and -ve sequence currents)
32
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

7.3) Faults on Star Delta Transformers
I
K
3
I
K
3
SOURCE
I
K
3
F
I
K
3
I
I
I
I
SOURCE
2I
3K
I
K
3
Earth faults on star side of transformer is seen as a phase fault on Delta side
A phase fault on the star side of the transformer requires an additional current grading
margin of :
2I
I 16%
3
Care must be taken if applying 2 phase overcurrent protection to HV side:

2P protection suitable if minimum fault current/full load current > 4
33
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

7.4) - Two Stage Overcurrent Protection
HV Source
HV Source
DTL
Stage
2 Trip
IDMT
IDMT
Separate
HV and LV
Overcurrent
Protection
2 Stage Overcurrent
Protection
Improved discrimination
Reduced grading margin
CT and Relay cost saving
Not applicable if there is a
possibilty of LV infeed to
transformer faults
IDMT
Stage
1 Trip
34
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

7.5) - Interlocked Overcurrent Protection
F1
F2
Interlocked Overcurrent Relay
Busbar
Protection
Normally Inhibited - Until

Operation of Busbar Prot.
Unit Feeder Protection
F1 -
Cleared by busbar protection
F3 -
Cleared by circuit protection
F2 -
Operates busbar protection

Will not be cleared by fdr. prot.
F3
Feeder
35
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

7.6) Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Protection
NETWORK
Generator
Overcurrent relay must be graded with network protection

Close up generator faults - initially high current.
May reduce rapidly - limited by amplitude of exitation
current and direct axis synchronous reactance
Volts Restrained OC Characteristic
Tap Setting as % of Tap

Setting at Rated Voltage
100
Volts Controlled OC
75
Inhibits overcurrent protection unless

voltage is below set-point:
Typically 0.7 - 0.9 Vn
50
25
25
50
75
100
Input Voltage (% of rated voltage)

36
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

7.7) Flashing Fault Condition
R3
R2
Argus (Inst. Reset)

TRIP
% of Algorithm
Disc Travel
Electro-mechanical Relay
FAULT
R1 Clashing conductors or re-sealing cable
Time
Argus (DTL Reset)

TRIP
Time
Loss of grading /discrimination may occur:

If R2 Electromechanical & R1 Inst. reset or if R2 DTL reset and R1 electromechanical
Some compromise may be necessary where more than two relay points are in series
37
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION
38
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

8a) Parallel Feeders - Application of OC Protection
51
51
51
51
I1
A&B
51
LOAD
I1 + I2
I2
51
LOAD
C&D
51
Conventional grading:
Grade A with C
Grade B with D
A and B have the same setting
C and D have the same setting
51
Faulted feeder:
Fault current can flow in both directions
Relays C and D operate together
Both feeders will be tripped
39
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

8b) Parallel Feeders - Directional Protection
I1
51
Solution to faulted feeder problem:

Directional control of Relays C and D
Relay D on unfaulted feeder does not operate
I1 + I2
I2
67
51
51
LOAD
67
SETTING PHILOSOPHY:
GRADING PROCEDURE
Load current always flows in non-operate direction
Grade A and B with E, assuming one

feeder in service
Any current flowing in operate direction is indicative

of a fault condition.
Grade A with D (and B with C)

assuming both feeders in service
Therefore relays C and D may have sensitive setting,

fast operating time
C & D usually set to 50% full load, low T.M.S (0.1)
40
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

9a) Ring System - Application of Time Graded OC Protection
A
51
2.1
B'
C'
67
67
67
67
0.1
RMU
1.7
0.5
LOAD
Source
Substation
A'
51
2.1
RMU
1.3
67
0.9
LOAD
F'
E'
67
67
67
67
RMU
RMU
LOAD
0.1
D'
1.7
LOAD
0.5
RMU
1.3
D
67
0.9
LOAD
With ring closed both load and fault current may flow in either direction - directional relays are required
Directional relays look into feeders - away from busbars
Non-directional relays can be used: At the source substation
On the RMU circuit with the longer time delay
41
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

9b) Grading of IDMT Relays in Ring Main System
A
51
B'
C'
67
67
67
67
Source
Substation
A'
51
RMU
RMU
LOAD
LOAD
F'
E'
67
67
67
67
RMU
D'
RMU
67
D
67
RMU
Grading Procedure for IDMT Relays
Open ring at A
Grade A' - F' - E' - D' - C' - B'
Grading margins established at highest current level seen by

both relays
Highest fault level occurs with ring closed
Highest branch current occurs with ring open
Open ring at A'

Grade A - B - C - D - E - F
Relays A, B, C, A', E', F' may be non-directional
42
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

9c) Grading of Ring Main with Argus Numerical Relays
RMU
51
67
67
RMU
67
RMU
Directional (Argus2) numerical relays can be set to tri-state, allowing

totally independent forward and reverse settings to be applied.
Source
Substation
LOAD
Outputs of Argus configured to trip relevant circuit breaker

Cost saving - less relays, CTs, installation etc.
51
67
67
RMU
RMU
43
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

9d) Problem of Grading Ring Main with Two Sources
Correct discrimination between directional overcurrent relays is not possible:

For F1 - B' must operate before A', A before D
For F2 - B' must operate after A', A after D
F1
Source
Substation
B'
C'
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
D'
A'
F2
RMU
44
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

9e) Grading Ring Main with Two Sources
Source 2
Substation
Option 2
Fit pilot wire protection to
circuit A - B
Consider S/Stns A & B as
common source busbar
50
Option 1
Trip least important
source instantaneously
Then treat as ring main
with single source
B'
C'
67
67
67
67
87
87
67
67
67
67
A'
D'
Source 1
Substation
RMU
45
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

10a) Establishing Current Direction for Phase Faults
Directional OC protection required if current can flow in both directions through relay location e.g.
Parallel feeders, Ring main circuits
Direction of a.c. is by inference not an absolute quantity, it is measured relative to some reference quantity alternating at
the same frequency - the system voltage.
Reference
I = OPERATING QUANTITY
V = POLARISING QUANTITY
Comparing phase current (e.g. IRED) with relevant phase voltage (e.g. VRED) would indicate dirn of current flow, however;
P.F. USUALLY LOW (Power system apart from loads is reactive)
USE OF FAULT VOLTAGE IS UNRELIABLE (System volts at point of fault will collapse towards zero)
Each phase of directional overcurrent relays must be polarised with a voltage which will not be reduced excessively (close
up 3-phase faults notwithstanding)
46
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

10b) Table Illustrating Relay Connections
300 Connection
600 No.1 Connection

Requires delta
connected CTs
600 No.2 Connection

Risk of mal-operation
for all fault types
900 Connection
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
Red
Phase
IR
VR-B
IR-Y
VR-B
IR
-VB-N
IR
VY-B
Yellow
Phase
IY
VY-R
IY-B
VY-R
IY
-VR-N
IY
VB-R
Blue
Phase
IB
VB-Y
IB-R
VB-Y
IB
-VY-N
IB
VR-Y
VR
IR
VR
VR-B
VR
VR-B
IR-
300
VR
IR
600
IR
-VB-N
600
VY-B
VY
VB
Example Red Phase
VY
VB
Example Red Phase
VB
VY
Example Red Phase
VY
VB
Example Red Phase
47
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

10c) 900 Relay Connection with Selectable MTA
Relay
Phase
R
Applied Applied
MTA
Current Voltage (I wrt V)
IR
VY-B
IY
VB-R
IB
VR-Y
IR
VY-B
IY
VB-R
IB
VR-Y
Relay Circuit
I
MTA
30
MTA = displacement of
current and voltage
applied to relay
I'
300
90 - 45 Relay
Balanced
primary
system
conditions
MTA
45
I'
450
ITzero
-450
V
450
IUPF
1350
ITzero
For balanced system conditions:

90 - 30 Relay
MTA:
Zero torque limits:
90 - 45 Relay
MTA:
Zero torque limits:
ImaxT
0
Primary system volts leads primary system current by 60

Primary system volts lags primary system current by 300

Primary system volts lags primary system current by 450
W.K Sonnemann:
This relay gives the best characteristic
to fit the spread of possible phase angles
48
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

11a) Establishing Current Direction for Earth Faults
Require:
OPERATING QUANTITY, POLARISING QUANTITY
Operating Signal
Obtained from residual connection of line CTs
IOP = 3Io
Polarising Signal
Ph - Ph or Ph - E voltages used in overcurrent protection
become inappropriate.
Residual voltage is used as the polarising quantity
49
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

11b) DEF - Extracting Residual Voltage
To allow for the flow of zero

sequence voltage components:
VT primary must be earthed
VT can be of 3 phase, 5 limb construction or
3 single phase units
Open delta VT
secondary
VRES = VA-G + VB-G + VC - G = 3VO

VRES
50
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

11c) DEF - Residual Voltage for Solidly Earthed Systems
S
ZS
ZL
Source
impedance
Line
impedance
System
Volts
ZS/ZL high
VR
Residual
Volts
VR =
Residual
Voltage
VR
System
Volts
ZS/ZL low
VR
Residual
Volts
CHECK FOR SUFFICIENT POLARISING VOLTAGE!
May limit
use of voltage
polarised relays
- modern relays
very sensitive
VR
51
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

11d) DEF - Residual Volts for Non-EffectivelyS Earthed Systems
F
Z
ZS
S
R
Volts drop
due to earth
resistance
S
R
Neutral point
raised above
earth potential
System
Volts
Resistance
Earthed
SUFFICIENT
POLARISING
VOLTAGE SHOULD
ALWAYS BE
AVAILABLE
Insulated or
Peterson
Coil
Earthed
VR
VR
Residual
Volts
VR
(may
approach
3VPH)
Neutral
fully
displaced
System
Volts
Residual
Volts
VR
VR
VR
52
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

11.2) DEF - Relay Connection with Selectable MTA
MTA (I wrt V)
O0
-150
-450
Resistive Neutral
IRES
IRES
Resistance
Earthed
Systems
Earthing Transformer
with Resistor
VRES
VRES
IRES
IRES
Distribution System
- Solidly Earthed
VRES
IRES
-900
Reactive Neutral
VRES
VRES
-650
Transmission System
- Solidly Earthed
VRES
IRES
Reactance
Earthed
Systems
VRES
VRES/IRES = 00
IRES
VRES/IRES = 900
53
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

11.3a) Polarising with Neutral Current
VOLTAGE POLARISING MAY NOT BE PRACTICABLE

i)
A solidly earthed, high fault level (low source impedance) system

may result in a small value of residual voltage at the relaying point.
ii)
VTs may not be available
iii)
VTs may not be suitable - no zero sequence path
If a reliable polarising signal is not available then the relay may be

polarised from a suitable current source:
e.g. from a CT located in a suitable system neutral to earth.
Polarising
signal
For relay operation:

Polarising and operating current should be in phase
Neutral current of a power or earthing transformer may be used
- but only if earth fault neutral current always flows towards the system
Neutral of Star/Delta will always flow in correct direction for polarising
Double earthed Star/Star and Auto-transformers require study.
54
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

11.3b) Current Polarising from 2 Winding Transformers
CORRECT
POL
OP
DEF Relay
POL
CORRECT
OP
DEF Relay
POL
OP
POL
DEF Relay
OP
DEF Relay
INCORRECT
INCORRECT
55
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

11.3c) Current Polarising from 3 Winding Transformers
SOURCE
POL
OP
DEF Relay
Relay
polarising
circuit
CORRECT
if ZLO + ZSO is positive
Loaded
Delta
Relay
polarising
circuit
Unloaded
Delta
56
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

11.3d) Current Polarising of DEF Protection on Auto-Transformer Circuit
Neutral connection is suitable for current polarising

if earth fault current flows 'up' the neutral for faults
on HV side
ZT
For correct application, check:
Z SO
SOURCE
ZH
ZL
Z TO
V
H 1
Z LO Z TO V L
POL
OP
DEF Relay
Where:
ZTO = Tertiary winding zero sequence impedance
ZLO = LV winding zero sequence impedance
ZHO = HV winding zero sequence impedance
(Note there is also a possibility that

neutral current may be zero)
Current polarising from

transformer delta preferred
(if transf. has delta winding)
57
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

12) Application Consideration - 2 out of 3 Tripping
HV Infeed
Directional Relay Connected into Healthy Circuit

FWD. = direction of load
3450
450
BREV
CFWD
R-B
Fault
2850
IB=IC
=+1
IA =-2
1050
1650
REV
LV DOC
Relays
AREV
2250
For HV ph-ph fault one phase of relay may incorrectly

operate in FWD dirn - depends on phase angle of fault.
Select 2-out-of-3 logic, then a minimum of two phases
must be initiated for a trip output to be issued
58
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
OVERCURRENT RELAYS
59
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

13.1) - Electromechanical Induction Disc Relay - Reyrolle Type 2TJM
Electromagnetic system operates on a movable conductor

aluminium disc, on which a contact assembly is mounted
Torque is produced by interaction of two alternating
magnetic fields mutually displaced in space and time
Upper electromagnet
Plug bridge
T = K.M1.M2.sin2
Where:
T = Torque
M1 = Flux 1 i.e. flux produced by upper electromagnet
M2 = Flux 2 i.e. flux produced by lower electromagnet
Primary
winding
Disc
Secondary
winding
Lower
electromagnet
TORQUE
Single function device

1 Current input
2 o/p contacts
Flag indicator
60
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

13.2) Schematic Diagram of Numeric Relay - Reyrolle Type Argus
Status
input
A
rms
D
dc
I>IS
Low
Set
HS1
HS2
DTL
DTL
DTL
HMI
Programmable
interconnection OUTPUTS
logic
Data
Comms
1 Phase of relay shown
Multifunction device
Up to 4 Current inputs
Up to 11 o/p contacts
LED indicators
Start
Trip
8 settings groups
Up to 9 status inputs
LCD
Data storage
Data comms PC software
61
PEEBLES
REYROLLE

OCPD

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

OCPD

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

Fundamentals of Operation and Application

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

Most commonly used overcurrent devices are fuses and relays

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

Detect and interrupt overcurrents

Relays are used in conjunction

Fault magnitude limited by

Can provide cost saving - widely used,

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

EF current path thru

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

2 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault

3 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault

Can provide cost saving - widely used,

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

Low 400 - 1200A

Smaller and less

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION AND GRADING

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

Selective fault clearance is required for

Instantaneous overcurrent protection at each

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

Fault Max. 13100A

Relay at 'A' set to

AIM - Protection co-ordinated to ensure minimum unfaulted load is

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

At 30x setting operate time = 2s

Multiple of Current Setting

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

EIDMT Curve Grading with fuses

LTIDMT Curve - Grading with liquid resistor

Characteristics can be supplemented with LS and HS

C u rren t (m u ltip le s o f s e ttin g )

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

EIDMT relay &

Recommended current ratio 3:1

Recommended current ratio > 2:1

t' = 0.4tf + 0.15s

T.D. of 0.2s will ensure

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

Recommended current ratio 3:1

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

Max. Op. Time

Max. Op. Time

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

3ph Max. Fault

Current Setting - Higher than max. load

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

@ D: P.S.M. = 626/(100 x 1.25) = 5

Grading margin steps 0.4s

DTL system relay at 'A' operate time

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

4.4a) Industrial System Protection Co-ordination Study

Single Line Diagram

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

Establish load flow and short circuit currents

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution

PROTECTION FOR LOW EARTH

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution