Transcript of "Animal behavior powerpoint"

1. 1. Presented by : Abdul QaharBuneriAnimal Behavior typesAWKUM (BUNER CAMPUS)

2. 2. The first type is innate behavior.From Latin . innatus "inborn,Innate behaviors are
those you develop on your own,which do not need to be taught or learned.Innate behavior
is something the animal is born knowinghow to do.Examples include fish swimming and
geese migrating.What other examples can you think of?
3. 3. Innate behavior Behavior determined by the "hard-wiring" of the nervoussystem is
Innate behavior . It is usually inflexible, a given stimulus triggering a
givenresponse.Example: A salamander raised away from water until longafter its siblings
begin swimming successfully will swimevery bit as well as they the very first time it is placed
in thewater.Clearly this rather elaborate response is "built in" in thespecies and not
something that must be acquired by practice.
4. 4. Types of innate
behavior1:irratibity2:tropisam3:nasties4:taxes5:kinesisi6:reflex
action7:instinct8:motivation let study detail
5. 5. Types if innate behavior1: Irritabilitydef.: Irritability is an excessive response
to stimuli.ConditionsIrritability can occur in people experiencing any of a varietyof
conditions, including:AnxietyAlcoholismFever
6. 6. Examples of irritabilityProtozoans lack nervosa system but protoplasm is capable
ofreceiving the stimuli.They can distinguished between edible and non edibleparticles.
7. 7. 2: tropism :Cause of name: (from Greek trope, "a turning")Def: it is a
biological phenomenon, indicating growth orturning movement of a biological organism,
usually a plant, inresponse to an environmental stimulus.orinvoluntary orientation by an
organism or one of its parts thatinvolves turning or curving by movement or by
differentialgrowth and is a positive or negative response to a source ofstimulationIn
tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction ofthe stimulusTropisms are typically
associated with plants.
8. 8. Types of tropismChemotropism, movement or growth in response
to chemicalsGeotropism (or gravitropism), movement or growth inresponse
to gravityHeliotropism, movement or growth in response to sunlightSonotropism,
movement or growth in response to sound.Hydrotropism, movement or growth in response
to waterPhototropism, movement or growth in response to lights or colors of light (e.g.the sunflower)
9. 9. Types of tropismThermotropism, movement or growth in response
to temperatureElectrotropism, movement or growth in response to an electric
fieldThigmotropism, movement or growth in response to touch or contact
10. 10. 3:nastiesDef:these Are non directional responses to stimuli (e.g. temperature, humidity,
light irradiance), and are usuallyassociated with plantsThe movement can be due to
changes in turgor or changes ingrowth. Nastic movements differ from tropic movements in

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that thedirection of tropic responses depends on the direction of thestimulus, whereas the
direction of nastic movements isindependent of the stimulus position.
11. Types of nastiesEpinasty: downward-bending from growth at the top, forexample, the
bending down of a heavy flower.Photonasty: response to lightNyctinasty: movements at
night or in the darkChemonasty: response to chemicals or nutrientsHydronasty:
response to waterThermonasty: response to temperatureGeonasty/gravinasty: response
to gravityThigmonasty/seismonasty/haptonasty: response to contact
12. Examples of nasties
13. 4:TaxisCause of name: A taxis from ancient Greek meaningarrangementDef.:it is
an innate behavioral response by an organism to adirectional stimulus or gradient of stimulus
intensity.A taxis differs from a tropism (turning response, oftengrowth towards or away from
a stimulus) in that theorganism has motility and demonstrates guided movementtowards or
away from the stimulus source
14. ExamplesFor example, flagellate protozoans of the genus Euglena movetowards a light
source. Here the directional stimulus is light,and the orientation movement is towards the
light. Thisreaction or behaviour is a positive one to light andspecifically termed "positive
phototaxis", since phototaxis isa response to a light stimulus, and the organism is
movingtowards the stimulus. If the organism moves away from thestimulus, then the taxis is
negative.
15. Types of taxisAerotaxisAerotaxis is the response of an organism to variation in
oxygenconcentration, and is mainly found in aerobic bacteria.ChemotaxisChemotaxis is
a migratory response that is elicited by chemicals:that is, a response to a chemical
concentration gradient.[Forexample, chemotaxis in response to a sugar gradient has
beenobserved in motile bacteria such as E. Coli.Chemotaxis alsooccurs in the antherozoids
of liverworts, ferns, and mosses inresponse to chemicals secreted by the archegonia.
16. Energy taxisEnergy taxis is the orientation of bacteria towards conditionsof optimal
metabolic activity by sensing the internalenergetic conditions of cell. Therefore in contrast
tochemotaxis (taxis towards or away from a specificextracellular compound), energy taxis
responds on anintracellular stimulus (e.g. proton motive force, activity ofNDH- 1) and
requires metabolic activity.
17. PhototaxisPhototaxis is the movement of an organism in response tolight: that is, the
response to variation in light intensity anddirection.Negative phototaxis, or movement away
from alight source, is demonstrated in some insects, such ascockroaches.Positive
phototaxis, or movement towards alight source, is advantageous for phototrophic organisms
asthey can orient themselves most efficiently to receive lightfor photosynthesis. Many
phytoflagellates, e.g. Euglena, andthe chloroplasts of higher plants positively
phototactic,moving towards a light source.[
18. ThermotaxisThermotaxis is a migration along a gradient oftemperature. Some slime
molds and small nematodes canmigrate along amazingly small temperature gradients of
lessthan 0.1C/cm.They apparently use this behavior to move to an optimallevel in
soPhonotaxisPhonotaxis is the movement of an organism in response tosound.

19. 19. GravitaxisGravitaxis (known historically as geotaxis) is a response tothe attraction

due to gravity. The planktonic larvae of theking crab Lithodes aequispinus use a combination
of positivephototaxis (movement towards the light) and negativegravitaxis (upward
movement) Both positive and negativegravitaxes are found in a variety of protozoans
20. 20. MagnetotaxisLogically, magnetotaxis is the ability to sense amagnetic field and
coordinate movement in response.However, the term is commonly applied to bacteria
thatcontain magnets and are physically rotated by the force of theEarths magnetic field. In
this case, the "behavior" hasnothing to do with sensation, and the bacteria are
moreaccurately described as "magnetic bacteria
21. 21. Galvanotaxis / electrotaxisGalvanotaxis or electrotaxis is directional movement
ofmotile cells in response to an electric field. It has been suggestedthat by detecting and
orientating themselves toward the electricfields, cells are able to direct their movement
towards thedamages or wounds to repair the defect. It also is suggested thatsuch a
movement may contribute to directional growth of cellsand tissues during development and
regeneration. This notion isbased on 1) the existence of measurable electric fields
thatnaturally occur during wound healing, development andregeneration; and 2) cells in
cultures respond to applied electricfields by directional cell migration electrotaxis /
galvanotaxis.
22. 22. RheotaxisRheotaxis is a response to a current in a fluid. Positive rheotaxisis shown
by fish turning to face against the current. In a flowingstream, this behavior leads them to
hold their position in a streamrather than being swept downstream. Some fish will
exhibitnegative rheotaxis where they will avoid currents.ThigmotaxisThigmotaxis is the
response of an organism to physical contact,or to the proximity of a physical discontinuity in
the environment(e.g. rats preferring to swim near the edge of a water maze).
23. 23. Lateral-line sense organs andrheotactic responses of the torrentfish
24. 24. rat at the end of a maze arm
25. 25. KlinotaxisKlinotaxis occur in organisms with receptor cells but nopaired receptor
organs. The cells for reception are located allover the body, particularly towards the anterior
side. Theorganisms detect the stimuli by turning their head sidewaysand compare the
intensity. When the intensity of stimuli isbalanced equally from all sides then the organisms
move in astraight line. Examples: movement of larva of blowfly and butterfly.
26. 26. TropotaxisTropotaxis are displayed by organisms with pairedreceptor cells. When the
stimuli coming from a source isbalanced equally the organisms show movement. In
thisanimals are capable of showing sideways movement unlikeklinotaxis where the
organisms show movement in a straightline. Example: movement of Greyling butterfly, fish
louse
27. 27. The dorsal light reaction is another important form of a taxisdependent on bilateral
receptor organs that is exhibited by many aerialand aquatic organisms. This reaction
functions to keep the animalsdorsal surface uppermost and oriented toward the natural light
source.Again, this is accomplished by maintaining equal stimulation of bilateralphotoreceptor
organs.Argulus, a marine crustacean, normally swims with its dorsal surfacetoward light. In
a natural situation, the light always comes from above.However, if an artificial light is

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presented from below, the animal willswim about upside-down. If one eye is removed, it
makes thecharacteristic continuous circling movements.Many fish show the dorsal light
reaction, but in most it is modified byinformation on gravity detected by the labyrinth organ of
the inner ear.Thus, the orientation of labyrinthectomized fish is determined only bythe
position of the light, whereas normal intact fish orient using both thedirection of light and the
pull of gravity
28. MenotaxisMenotaxis In this constant angular orientation of theorganisms takes
place. Example: Bees returning to their hiveat night, movement of ant with response to the
sunMnemotaxisMnemotaxis are a complex type of stimuli. In this theorganisms pick up
the trails left by them when traveling backto their home. Thus this is a memory response of
anorganismse.g the hunting digger wasp uses a number of land markssimultinslly while
returning to there nest.
29. TelotaxisTeleotaxis require paired receptors. Themovement occurs along the
directionwhere the intensity of the stimuli isstronger. For example: when bees movefrom their
hive for food they balance thestimuli from the sun as well as flower butreside on the flower
whose intensity ishigher for them.
30. 5:KinesisKinesis, like a taxis, is a movement or activity of a cell or anorganism in
response to a stimulus. However, unlike taxis,the response to the stimulus provided (such as
gas exposure,light intensity or ambient temperature) is non-directional.Kinesis is an
animals non-directional response to a stimulus,for example humidity. The animal does not
move toward oraway the stimulus but moves at either a slow or fast ratedepending on its
"comfort zone." In this case a fastmovement(non random) means that the animal is
searchingfor its comfort zone but a slow movement indicates that ithas found it.
31. The two main types of kineses include:Orthokinesis: in which the speed of
movement of theindividual is dependent upon the intensity of the stimulus.Take, for example,
the locomotion of a woodlice in relationto temperature. With increased humidity there is an
increasein the percentage time that the woodlice will remainstationary.
32. Klinokinesis:in which the frequency or rate of turning is proportional to
stimulusintensity.e.g planaira changes its direction of movement according to the intensityof
light. in dim light it turns oaccsaionsliy but in bright light the rate ofturning increase.Both
orthokinesis and klinokineses result in aggregations. However, thestimulus does not act to
attract or repel individuals
33. 7: Reflex actionsOf the many kinds of neural activity, there is one simple kind inwhich a
stimulus leads to an immediate action. This is reflex activity.The word reflex (from Latin
reflexus, reflection) was introducedinto biology by a 19th-century English neurologist,
Marshall Hall,who fashioned the word because he thought of the muscles asreflecting a
stimulus much as a wall reflects a ball thrown against it.By reflex, Hall meant the automatic
response of a muscle or severalmuscles to a stimulus that excites an afferent nerve. The
term is nowused to describe an action that is an inborn central nervous systemactivity, not
involving consciousness, in which a particular stimulus,by exciting an afferent nerve,
produces a stereotyped, immediateresponse of muscle or gland

34. 34. The anatomical pathway of a reflex is called the reflex arc. It consists ofan afferent (or
sensory) nerve, usually one or more interneurons withinthe central nervous system, and an
efferent (motor, secretory, orsecreto-motor) nerve. Probably the best-known reflex is the
pupillarylight reflex. If a light is flashed near one eye, the pupils of both eyes contract.
Lightis the stimulus; impulses reach the brain via the optic nerve; and theresponse is
conveyed to the pupillary musculature by autonomic nervesthat supply the eye. Another
reflex involving the eye is known as thelacrimal reflex. When something irritates the
conjunctiva or cornea ofthe eye, the lacrimal reflex causes nerve impulses to pass along the
fifthcranial nerve (trigeminal) and reach the midbrain. The efferent limb ofthis reflex arc is
autonomic and mainly parasympathetic. These nervefibers stimulate the lacrimal glands of
the orbit, causing the outpouringof tears.
35. 35. Example of reflex action:
36. 36. 7:InstinctInstinct is the inherent inclination of a living organismtoward a particular
complex behavior.Any behavior is instinctive if it is performed without beingbased upon
prior experienceAn instinct should be distinguished from a reflex, which is asimple
response of an organism to a specific stimulussuch as the contraction of the pupil in
response to bright lightor the spasmodic movement of the lower leg when the kneeis
tappedThe behavior in fixed way is called fixed action pattern.
37. 37. Fixed Action PatternsA fixed action pattern (FAP) is a sequence of unlearned,innate
behaviors that is unchangeable.Once initiated, it is usually carried to completion.
38. 38. Fixed Action PatternsA FAP is triggered by an external sensory stimulus known asa
sign stimulus.The egg, for example.
39. 39. Lorenz andTinbergen (1938) examined egg-rollingbehavior in the greylag goose.If
the egg slipped away, she continued the motion.Once started, the behavior must be
completed in a specificway.
40. 40. Fixed Action PatternsIn male sticklebacks, the sign stimulus for attack behavior, isthe
red underside of an intruder.(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.
41. 41. Fixed Action PatternsWhen presented with unrealistic models, as long as somered is
present, the attack behavior occurs.No attack occurs with the realistic model that lacks red.
42. 42. Fixed Action Patterns
43. 43. An instinctive behavior of shakingwater from wet fur.
44. 44. Fixed Action PatternsMale English robins willattack a bundle of redfeathers placed in
theirterritory, but will ignore astuffed juvenile (no red).
45. 45. Fixed Action PatternsThere are costs involved with attack behavior.Inappropriate
attack responses can be costly.Red items are not common in the environment.
46. 46. 8:MotivationMotivation is the psychological feature that arouses anorganism to action
toward a desired goal and elicits,controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors.
Forinstance: An individual has not eaten, he or she feels hungry,and as a response he or she
eats and diminishes feelings ofhunger. There are many approaches to
motivation:physiological, behavioural, cognitive, and socialMotivation may be rooted in a
basic need to minimizephysical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may includespecific needs

such as eating and resting, or for a desiredobject. Conceptually, motivation is related to, but
distinctfrom, emotion.
47. 47. Intrinsic motivationIntrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by aninterest or
enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within theindividual rather than relying on any external
pressure. Intrinsicmotivation is based on taking pleasure in an activity rather thanworking
towards an external reward. Intrinsic motivation hasbeen studied since the early
1970s.Students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engagein the task
willingly as well as work to improve their skills, whichwill increase their capabilities.Students
are likely to beintrinsically motivated if they:attribute their educational results to factors
under their owncontrol, also known as autonomy,learning to achieve good grades.
48. 48. Extrinsic motivationExtrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activityin order
to attain an outcome, which then contradictsintrinsic motivation. It is widely believed that
motivationperforms two functions. The first is often referred to as theenergetic activation
component of the motivation construct.The second is directed at a specific behavior and
makesreference to the orientation directional component.Common extrinsic motivations
are rewards like money andgrades, and threat of punishment.
49. 49. The other type is learned behavior.Ensha Allha in nextclass.THANX