(MSc)

KH

.: 3080002

:
:

, 2009

20 21

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:
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. 2

.
3

,
, ,
,
,
,

(Virtual organization Breeding Environments-VBEs),
,
,

.
4

(Service
Oriented Architecture-SOA)
.
SOA,
, (virtualization) ,
SOA SOA
.

,
,
2

 :

(software),
(hardware) .

web services.

.


,

.

2007-2013,

.

Abstract
The beginning of the digital age as a result of the technological
advancement in the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st
combined with the rapid development of internet, contributed to the creation
of the globalization phenomenon. The globalized economy is characterized by
a burst of the competition in international and local level. The appearance of
new complex products and services which demanded advanced technological
competencies for their production, made it clear to the high level managers of
all companies that they should acquire a great amount of resources and special
competencies in order to get along with the new conditions of the business
environment.
The lack of the needed resources and competencies forced the
companies to cooperate and form strategic alliances. However the situation
became more complicated because of a second characteristic of the globalized
economy: the great rapidity of change and the fluidity of the business
environment. The only way to survive in such circumstances is to respond to
every business opportunity or challenge in a quick and agile manner. This was
the causa causans of the virtual enterprise.
In this paper a wide approach of the virtual enterprise phenomenon is
taking place starting from its background and concluding with its final
technological implementation. In chapter 2 the conditions that drove to the
creation of the virtual enterprise are described and theres also a narration of
the way that those enterprises evolved from the strategic alliances of the past.
Chapter 3 is starting with a conceptual description of the virtual
enterprise and thereafter a deep analysis of this kind of enterprises is attempted
covering a number of issues like their basic characteristics, a description of
their structure and functionality, the known types of virtual enterprises, the
stages of their life cycle, whats the proper way to prepare their creation in
terms of management and human resource planning, analysis of their creation
process, a presentation of the Virtual organization Breeding Environments
(VBEs), the network management, the relationship between virtual enterprises
and organizational learning, their contribution to the sustenance and later
growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and last their impact on the
employment expectations.
In chapter 4 an analysis of the role of the innovative technologies
regarding the creation and the operation of the virtual enterprises is taking
place and an extended examination of the Service Oriented Architecture
(S.O.A) which is one of the most significant technologies used in the
construction of these enterprises. This examination covers specific issues as:
definitions of SOA, the benefits of SOA, virtualization of an enterprise,
critical success factors of SOA and the use of SOA in government. Following
in the same chapter a step by step description of the implementation of the
virtual enterprise using innovative technologies is presented, starting with the
requirement analysis and the search for new collaborators based on
competencies and concluding with the final implementation choosing certain
software, hardware and networking solutions. Web technologies like webservices and the semantic web have a dominant place in the implementation
process.
4

 :

The Greek business world and society is not very familiar with the
virtual enterprise concept. However it is the fundamental concern of this paper
to show that implementing the concepts of service oriented architecture (SOA)
and virtual enterprise on Greek government agencies and SMEs will indeed
contribute to the improvement of the fiscal conditions of the Greek economy
and help Greece deal with the financial crisis. A further research concerning
these two concepts is consistent with the goals and policy of the two new
developmental programs called Government Reform and Digital
Approximation concerning the betterment of the functionality of the Greek
government agencies and the increase of the competitiveness of the Greek
economy and are partly funded by the E.U. Hence such research can be
included within the implementation of these two programs.

1.
2.

................................................................................................... 8
:
................................................................................. 9
2.1 ........................................................................................................ 9
2.2 ....................................... 9
2.3 : ................................. 11
3.
(Virtual Enterprises) .......................................... 12
3.1 : -................................. 12
3.2 ....................................... 13
3.3 ................................. 15
3.4 ................................................................. 17
3.5 .......................................... 19
3.6 ...... 24
3.7 :
............................................................................... 26
3.8 ................................................... 28
3.8.1. ............................. 29
3.8.2. 30
3.8.3.
(Virtual
organization Breeding Environment-VBE) ............................................ 31
3.9 :
.............................................................................................. 34
3.9.1. ...................................................................................................... 34
3.9.2. ....................................................... 34
3.9.3. ............ 35
3.9.4. ................................................................... 36
3.9.5. .................................................................. 39
3.10 ............................. 40
3.10.1. ............................................................................... 40
3.10.1. .......... 43
3.11 - ........................... 45
3.12 ................................................. 47
4.
............. 48
4.1
.......................................................................... 48
4.2 (Service Oriented Architecture) ...... 52
4.2.1. ....................................................................................................... 52
4.2.2. -- ............................................................ 52
4.2.3. S.O.A..................................................................................... 54
4.2.4. S.O.A. .......................................... 55
4.2.5. S.O.A. ............................................ 58
4.2.6. S.O.A. ............................................. 60
4.3 ................................ 63
4.3.1. ....................................................................................................... 63
4.3.2 -
............................................................................................. 63
4.3.3. .
.................................................... 70
6

 :

4.3.5. ............................................................................................... 76
4.4 ..................................................... 81
4.5 - .......................... 88
5.
.................................................................................................. 91
...................................................................................................... 94

1.

20 21,

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(Service Oriented
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2. :

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10

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11

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SABRE.

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3. (Virtual Enterprises)
3.1

: -

,

. :
(virtual enterprise), (virtual organization),
(agile enterprise), (agile organization),
(networks), (network enterprise),
(network organization), (Inter-firm networks),
(ambient or amborg organizations),
(instant virtual enterprise).


. Marco Botarelli, Paolo Taticchi Luca
Cagnazzo (virtual enterprise)
,
,
.[5]
B. R. Katzy G. Schuh :


( , )
. [28]
Bjorn Andersen (ambient or
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12

 :

Ebers (Inter-firm networks)
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organization)


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3.2

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13

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17

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18

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19

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20

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23

3.6

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24

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26

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27

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3.8

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28

3.8.1.

.
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[27]:
() .


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2:
29

3.8.2.


: top-down
bottom-up.
[27]:
(1)
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PRODNET project (Camarinha-Matos,Cardoso,
1999).
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-
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30

 :

, -
portal .

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project.[29]

web services ,

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(Service Oriented Architecture-SOA)
(Semantic Web) 5
.

3.8.3.
(Virtual organization Breeding
Environment-VBE)


,

, .

:

31

 :

;
,
(format);
,

;

;



. Camarinha-Matos Afsarmanesh

(Virtual organization Breeding Environment-VBE).

(VBE)


,

.[27]
VBE
Virtuelle Fabrik , IECOS
, CeBeNetwork , Helice network
, o NetworkA , Torino Wireless
Treviso region .
VBE :

,


.

/
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: (i) ICT ( ),

, (ii)
(

), (iii)
(
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:

32

VBE , ,
.
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, ,

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(administrator)
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33

 :

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3.9

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3.9.1.

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34

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37

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39

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3.10.1.

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44

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4.

4.1

20

.
(Information and Communication
Technologies-ICTs) .
... ..
, ICTs
90
2000.[6]
ICTs
.
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Foray Lundvall (1996) ,
ICTs KBE

.

48

 :

(knowledge management)
.[1]
Greenspan (2000) Brynjofsson (2003)
ICTs.[6]

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(. . 2.3).

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ICTs


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49

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50

 :

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5:

51

4.2

(Service Oriented
Architecture)

4.2.1.

,
(Service
Oriented Architecture-S.O.A.). SOA
,

.
.


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4.2.2. --

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Lankhorst
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(Service Oriented ArchitectureS.O.A.)


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.[21]

52

 :



(domains) . [47]
SOA , , ,
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web services.
SOA
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.
.
SOA , ,
.. ,
:
1)
.
2)
.
3)
(views)

, .
4)


(portal ) (
).
SOA ,
,

.

SOA .

.
, ( )
( ).


. SOA .. ,

53

 :



.
,

.

.

. SOA

,
, .

4.2.3. S.O.A.
SOA



.
SOA [19][21][24]:
1) : SOA

(stakeholders)

,
.
2) : SOA

.
3) : SOA
WSDL, SAML, SOAP, UDDI,
( -)

.
4)

SOA
.

- ,

( ).
5) :
SOA


( ).

54

 :

6) : SOA

,
,

.
7) ERP: ERP

, . SOA

.




, SOA
,
.

4.2.4. S.O.A.


(virtualization),
.
/ [20][26]:
1) :

.

,
.
: ,
, , .
2) :
(portal)

, ,

.
, ,
. ,


.



.
3) :
,

55

 :

, .
(virtual offices),
(virtual meetings).

,

.
4)
:

,
,

.
6
(Darwin Reference Architecture)[21]:
) .

,
(),
.
.


-
.
) .

/
, . SOA

,

, .
) .

(integration interoperability)
(semantic interoperability) web
services ,
.
,
.

, , .

(. . 4.2.2)
) .

(hardware) .
(hardware )
.

56

 :


(ubuntu, windows)
.

,
, ,
,
(abstracted)
(servers),
(, switches,
).
,

.



,
, .

Adjudication
IDM

Custom
GIS

COP

Custom

HP Select
Access

Geo Tools

Dir

Open View

.NET

MS

Linux

J2EE

Backup Recovery

.Net

Oracle

6:
(Darwin Reference Architecture)

57

4.2.5. S.O.A.
SOA
[21]:
1) :

SOA

.


.
2) :

.

. SOA


.


,
.

:
:

:
,



3) SOA:
SOA
, .
:
)
.
millisecond SOA
,

(frameworks)
.
) (legacy)
. SOA
.
) .

58

 :

,
SOA .
)
.

SOA,

,
.
4) SOA (governance):
,

SOA. SOA
:
) ,
,
.
) ,

.
) ,
,

(registry)
.
) ,
,

.
) ,
, ,
, .

SOA
:

.


,




SOA. ,

.
SOA
,

.

59

4.2.6. S.O.A.
SOA
,
.
SOA


,

.
SOA
.


.
SOA
.[24]
,
.


,
.

,
.

.
()


,
,
.


,
.
,

, ,
,
.
,
,
.
,

.



. ,

60

 :

,
,
.

.

.
.

.

:
.
SOA
.
SOA , ,
,
, ,
,
.

.

,
,
.

.

(Business and Information-BIS department)

, SOA
.[24]
SOA

.

(legacy)
- Java,
web services (front-end portal). To
portal
.
,
SOA,

.


(Enterprise Service Bus)
(Data Services Platform).
.
20%
.

61

 :

SOA
. SOA
SOA
,
. SOA ,
SOA
,
.
SOA
.
.
,
.. web services,
. ,
,

. SOA
,
.
SOA ,
.
SOA [49]:



,







:
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
SOA;
SOA
. SOA
.

.
SOA .
,
.
(
SOA) Standish Group

62

 :

,
2006[50]:
52% 189%
42%

31% ,
16%

:
, SOA .
SOA
,

.

, ,
.

4.3

4.3.1.


. .


,
(. . 4.1).
-

.

4.3.2 -


.
- (. . 3.3)

.
(. . 3.8.3)
( ), (
) (
)

63

 :


(Virtual enterprise Breeding Environment-VBE).
( )
.

,
,
.
,
.


.
- (lead firm)
(portal)
Content Management System (CMS)
VIENNA[35] .

7: VIENNA

64

 :


,
-
.

.
,
.

,
,
.



.

.[35]

BEBE

BEBE

8:

65

 :


-
.
. -,
,

.
-
.


. -
, - -

- -
:
.

[29]:

,

(..
)

(actors), , ,
, , ,




,
,


9.[9][12]

, - -
,

.

-,
SOA.
- ,
, .

66

( )

-
( )

-
( )

&

&

&

Web-based

Web-based

Web-based

( )

&

Web-based

9:

67

 :

-
, SOA [12][21].
(legacy systems)
web based

.

(Mission Critical Business Processes)

. web based
9

-.

, , ,

.

,
.

: (core services) (third
party services).[29] (core services)

(actors), ,
-

.
(third party services)
.
,
[29]:
1) (Service Provider).


,
. ,
(lead firms)
,
.
2) (Third Party Services
Provider). (plug-in)


(. 4.3.3)
.

.
3) (Clients).

68

 :

,
.

Building
owner

Designers

Maintenance
firms

Contractors

Building
users

(Clients)

INTRANET (VPN)
VE ADMIN
TOOL

INFO
BROWSER

(Service
Provider)

VE SERVICE MGMT
TOOL

Services via API

INTERNET
WRAPPER

WRAPPER

EXISTING APIs

EXISTING APIs

Company Xs
Applications

Company Ys
Applications

Company X services

(Third party
Services
Providers)

Company Y services

10:


/:
) :

.

(Service Provider).
) :

.
- (clients).
) :


(Third Party Services Providers).


(On Demand Operating Environment)
, .[34]

69

4.3.3.
.

,


,

. ;


(intranet)
(VBE) (
).
Jrgen Dorn
HR-XML.[32]
XML

(Human Resource-HR).
,
- .
HR-XML
, (attributes)
.
,

(TaxonomyID),
(CompetencyId). ,
,
[51].
, ,
.

.
,
.
11 .

11:
70

UserArea
. CompetencyEvidence
( )
,
.
4 : ,
,
. CompetencyEvidence
, , , ,
, ,
. 12
CompetencyEvidence.

12: CompetencyEvidence
,
,
,

.
CompetencyWeight ( )

.

.
CompetencyWeight.

13: CompetencyWeight

71

 :


.
HRXML .
, (description) ,
(name), (CompetencyId)
(TaxonomyId)
. (idOwner)
Vienna University of Technology (VUT).

(CompetencyEvidence)
(
). (, ,
, ).
90% (NumericalValue).

(CompetencyEvidence)
( ).
(CompetencyWeight)
( Project Management) 90%.

1
-

<Competency xmlns=http://ns.hr-xml.org/2004-08-02
xmlns:xsi=http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance
xsi:schemaLocation=http://ns.hr-xml.org/2004-08-02 Competencies.xsd
description="Models the experience in project management"
name="Project Management">
<CompetencyId id="ProjectManagement" idOwner="VUT"/>
<TaxonomyId idOwner="VUT" id="1"/>
<CompetencyEvidence
dateOfIncident="2002-06-30" name="Course Score"
typeDescription="VUT test" typeId="Test">
<EvidenceId description="Test result" id="2002 -06-30-34"
idOwner="VUT"/>
<NumericValue maxValue="100" minValue="0">89</NumericValue>
</CompetencyEvidence>
<CompetencyEvidence dateOfIncident="2002-10-31" name="Experience"
typeDescription="Month of Experience" typeId="Experience">
<EvidenceId id="ProjectDocumentation" idOwner="ec3"/>
<NumericValue description="Project size in person
months">90</NumericValue> </CompetencyEvidence>
<CompetencyWeight type="levelOfInterest">
<NumericValue description="ec3 Scale 100 point" maxValue="100"
minValue="0">90</NumericValue>
</CompetencyWeight> </Competency>

.

top-down ( ) bottom-up
. top-down
, bottom-up

72

 :


.

project management

.

1
-
2
..
3

<Competency name="ProjectManagement">
<CompetencyId id="27" idOwner="VUT"/>
<TaxonomyId idOwner="VUT" id="1"/>
<CompetencyEvidence
dateOfIncident="2006-01-31" typeDescription="aggregatedCore">
<NumericValue maxValue="100" minValue="0">53</NumericValue>
</CompetencyEvidence>
<Competency name="ProjectPlanning"> typeId="Experience">
<EvidenceId id="aggregation" idOwner="ec3"/>
<NumericValue description="planning experience in
months">9</NumericValue> </CompetencyEvidence>
<CompetencyWeight type="strategicFocus">
<NumericValue description="ec3 Scale 100 point" maxValue="1.0"
minValue="0">0.2</NumericValue>
</CompetencyWeight> </Competency>

A, B
.
,
,
-
.

14. ,

(VBE Competency Profile Registry),
(Public Competence Profile Registry)
e-Commerce Competence
Center (ec3)
.

,
.
,
.

(Vienna University of Technology-VUT).


,
,
. .
,
( )
(certificate)
.

73

 :


web services. (queries)
, web services
(intranet)
.
-
,
.

( )

(VBE Competency Profile
Registry)

Web Services

(Public Competency Profile
Registry)

(Taxonomy Server)

(.. Vienna
University of Technology Certificate
Server)

14:

,
(Semantic Web).
(semantic)
,

.[52]

74

 :


.

.

, .


,
.
,

.
web services
,


.

, , agents
service agents.[31]
web services
WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
XML web
services SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)

web services .[53] [54]

[31]:
() .
agents


.
() .

(..
).
web services
(-
), ( just-intime ).
,
,
.
() .
,

.

.
() web services service agents.

75

 :


.

. , ,


. [31]

4.3.5.



.
(software), (hardware)
.

(lead firm)
(server)
(VBE
Competency Profile Registry)
(backup).

(Service Manager)
(core services)
(third party services).
(portal)
. (core
services) (third party services),
(administrator)

(Service Manager).
H
,
(core services)
-
(third party services) .

web-based
(wrapper)
( ).
- (server)
- (intranet)
(legacy systems).

.

XML API,
API
(Service Manager). -

.

76

 :


OSMOS.[29]
Java
.
,
.
X XML
Java Java invoker
Java .
Java XML
XML.
Java
(virtualization)
.
HTTP
XML -.
HTTP

API Invoker.
XML X.
authenticateUser ActorManager
login password ,
.
<XMLRequest>
<user_id>ROLE_A_ADMINISTRATOR</user_id>
<project_id>SERVER_ADMINISTRATION</project_id>
<service_type>CS</service_type>

<service_name>ActorManager</service_name>
<method>

<name>authenticateUser</name>
<params>

1 :
) (login)
) (mylogin)

<param> <name>login</name>
<value>mylogin</value>
</param>

2 :
) (password)
) (mybirthdate)

<param> <name>password</name>
<value>mybirthdate</value>
</param>
</params>
</method>

</XMLRequest

Java Java
.
XML
XML .
X XML :

77

 :

1)
,

2) ( API Invoker)
3) (Java )
4) Java XML
Java XML
5)

web-based ( )
String HTML (.. URL
) XML .
:
1)

2) ( API Invoker)
3) HTML XML HTTP
web-based
4) o HTML XML


(run-time registraition or deregistration).

.
-
(Intranet VPNs)
Internet IP, Frame Relay ATM
VPN[55][56][57].

.

15: (Virtual Private Network-VPN)

(intranet)

78

 :

(Encrypted VPN tunnels)
. VPN
-
(VPN servers) (VPN routers).

16: (tunneling)


(GRID)
(VBE)

.[23][36]
.

VBE
.

17:

79

 :

XML
.[33]



(RDBs) MySQL, Oracle ,

.


18. [36]


(backtracking)
.

(update)

(SQL, Oracle)

(copy)

(SQL, Oracle)

(change)

18:



.

,

.
, ,
-.

80

4.4

,
.

.

:
-

1) - :

)


,
.


.[14]
)


,

.
,

.[14]
)



.

.

.

,


.[15]

81

 :

, ,

,

,
.
)


. , ,

,

.[37]



.[19]
)
,
,

,
.
,

.[37]
()
. [58]
)


.


-.

.[19]
,

.
)

.

,
.

82

 :


,
,
.
,
.[28][34]
2)
)



. ,


.[59][60]
) SOA
:
,
.[21]
:
I. :

,
,
.
II. :
SOA
.


-
.

(Business Service Registry)
(. . 4.2.6).
III. :

.


/ ,
,


- .
IV. : (. .
4.2.4)
.
(virtualization)

83

 :

().


/
( )


.
,
,
SOA:
I. :
web services,
,
.

.
.
II. :
web services
web services ...

.
III. :
web services

.


.
IV. :


,
SOA.
) Hidden Sharing SOA Chaos
SOA
,
.

.
Hidden Sharing SOA Chaos ,

/ (encaptulates)
.[23]
.
, 1
S1 D1
19. 1
S1 D1 .
.

84

 :

1
S1 D1.


/
.

19: Hidden Sharing SOA Chaos

)

1 ,
(siloed)
.
1 (Grid)
2
,

, .


.

20:
85

 :

)


:
.
,
..
.
S1 S2
. ,
.
. S1

( ) S2
,
S1
S2.
,
,
.

21: (
)

.
.

. ,

. ""
,
,
.

.
, 50
20 , S2 ,

86

 :

S1
S2,
. 22
.

22: ( )
,
(end-point) .

,
(bottleneck).

(replication) caching partition
(endpoints). ()
.
,
.

23:
87

 :

)


. ,

(rollback) ,
(forward recovery),

.
,


(hardware).


.
,

(Identity Management).[25] O

//


/ .

4.5

,
.

/ (. . 4.4)

.


.[14]
-

( ),
,
.


.
(VBE)
() .

88

 :


.



.[58]
-

.

SOA,
,
web services.
.
Mike Healy Jennifer Iles[15]

,
.

, ,
ICTs
ICTs.


, ,
.

,


.




.
,

.

.

.
2009
14
57 ( 2008) 71
: ,
.[61]
,
(10)
(WCY-World Competitiveness Yearbook) International Institute for
Management Development (IMD). 52
57
.[62]

89

 :



300.800 . 125,3%
2009, 2008 15,7
. 2009
272.300 . 113,4% , 237.196
. 99,2% 2008, 14,2
.[63]


.
(), 2009
9% (452.706 ) 7,1% (354.727 )
2008,
97.979 .[64] Morgan
Stanley
.

.

Morgan Stanley
10 ,
200% .
12,2% 2010
12,8% 2011.[65]
,
Deutsche Bank,
stand by .[66]


.

,
,

.

/
, .


. 4.2.6,

,
.


.


.

2007 2013[67].

.

90

 :

,
.

.


GPT (. . 4.11).

,

.

.



.
-

2007 2013,


.[68]


.
, ( )
.

5.

20 .

.

.
,

.


.
, ,

.

.
, ,
, ,

.

91

 :


.

,
. ,

,
.
,
,
.
(Virtual organization Breeding
Environments-VBEs)
, ,
.

.
, ,

. ,

.
(Service Oriented Architecture-S.O.A)
,

. SOA
(virtualization) (hardware)
(software)

.
,

.


. SOA

(wrappers) web services

(front-end portals).
SOA
. SOA


,
. SOA
. SOA ,
, ,
.
-

.
XML-HR

92

 :

,
.

, .

(semantic web)
.

.

. -
.


.


.
SOA



.

2007-2013,
.
.

93

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