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Pure Substance
Mixture
(2 or more pure substances)
Homogeneous
Element
Compound
(2 or more elements combined)
Monatomic
(particles are atoms)
i.e.: Na (s), Ne (g)
Diatomic
(particles are molecules)
Covalent Compounds
Uniform throughout
One phase
i.e.: saltwater, wine
Ionic Compounds
(particles are ions)
i.e.: NaCl, K3PO4, etc.
Heterogeneous
Not uniform throughout
Usually > 1 phase
i.e.: oatmeal, sewage
(b) Changes:
Physical: No change in substance identity
i.e.: phase changes (like melting), dissolving, etc.
Chemical: Involves a change in identity (atomic rearrangement)
i.e.: oxidation, combustion (burning), decay, etc.
2 sf
3 sf
2 sf in answer
1m
(largest au)
0.1 m
1 m for answer
V: Scientific Notation
* Used to simplify very large or small numbers.
Omits all non-significant digits (usually zeroes).
Convert to a number between 1 and 10 times 10n
Numbers larger than 1 have a positive exponent, n:
VI: Rounding
* All final answers must be rounded properly and boxed.
* Whether the last significant digit is rounded up or not
depends on the first two nonsignificant digits:
456.3 g
(< 5: no rounding)
Case 2:
456.3 58 g ----->
456.4 g
Case 3:
456.3 50 g ----->
456.4 g
Case 4:
456.4 50 g ----->
456.4 g
Conversion
Factors
(both exact)
Intermediate
(Non-rounded)
Value
2.92 x 104 cm
Rounded
and Boxed
Final Answer
Tera, T = 1 x 1012
Giga, G = 1 x 109
Mega, M = 1 x 106
kilo, k = 1 x 103
pico, p = 1 x 1012
nano, n = 1 x 109
micro, = 1 x 106
milli, m = 1 x 103
centi, c = 1 x 102
Metric (exact)
0.013 m
IX: Density
* Use as a Conversion Factor between mass and volume
* Dependent on Temperature
Density =
mass
volume
or
D= M
V
in3
exact
m = 13 5.4 lb
in3
cm3
2.54 cm
1 in
exact
mL
lb
1 mL 13.53 g
1 lb
.
1 cm3
mL 453.59237 g
exact
exact
Density (4 sf)
140 lb
X: Percentages
* Use as a Conversion Factor between part and whole
* Set up as a ratio of: part
whole (assume 100 units of whole)
Example: If dental amalgam is 32 % silver by mass and silver is going
for $18 per ounce, what is the cost of silver in 2.52 lb amalgam?
Gameplan:
2.52 lb amalgam
lb amalgam
lb Ag
32 lb Ag
16 oz Ag
100 lb amalgam 1 lb Ag
% set up
(2 sf)
exact
oz Ag
dollars
XI: Temperature
* A measure of particle motion (atoms/ions/molecules)
* As motion increases (due to heat input), temperature increases
Celsius (oC)
Fahrenheit (oF)
not precise
not accurate
GCN
pp.: 108109)
accurate
and precise