Microwave Engineering

Lecture 0: Introduction
ELC 305a Fall 2015
Department of Electronics and Communications
Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Cairo University

Fundamental Question
ZS

Is there a difference between Circuit #1

and Circuit #2?!!
ZL

VS

What is the main objective in both

circuits?

ZS

VS

ZL

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

What Do We Need to Know?

Source

Transmission Line

Load

ZS
ZL

VS

Power
Supply?

Signal
Generator?
Voltage Current
Signal? Signal?

Signal Flow: Delay

and Decay?

Power
Signal?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Power Delivered?

What We Will Learn in this Course?

How to analyze a long wiring (aka: transmission line).
How to analyze a transmission line circuit, i.e. source, line and load.
How to match the line to the source and load, i.e. have power flow without
reflections from source side to load side.
How to analyze simple microwave devices, such as t-junctions, dividers and
couplers, using power-related coefficients rather than voltages and currents.

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Outline
1

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Recent Advances
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
This Course

Revision
Maxwells Equations
Uniform Plane Waves
TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium

Guiding Structures?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Outline
1

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Recent Advances
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
This Course

Revision
Maxwells Equations
Uniform Plane Waves
TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium

Guiding Structures?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications (I)

Band name

Abbr.

ITU
Band

Frequency
Wavelength

Example Uses

< 3 Hz
> 100,000 km
Extremely Low
Frequency

ELF

330 Hz
100,00010,000 km

Communication with submarines.

Super Low
Frequency

SLF

30300 Hz
10,0001000 km

Communication with submarines.

Ultra Low
Frequency

ULF

3003000 Hz
1000100 km

Communication within mines.

Very Low
Frequency

VLF

330 kHz
10010 km

Submarine communication, wireless heart

rate monitors, geophysics.

Low Frequency

LF

30300 kHz
101 km

AM long-wave broadcasting, navigation.

Medium
Frequency

MF

3003000 kHz
1 km 100 m

AM (medium-wave) broadcasts.

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Microwaves

Applications (II)

Band name

Abbr.

ITU
Band

Frequency
Wavelength

Example Uses

High Frequency

HF

330 MHz
100 m 10 m

Shortwave broadcasts, amateur radio,

aviation communications.

Very High
Frequency

VHF

30300 MHz
101 m

FM, television, ground-to-aircraft

aircraft-to-aircraft communications.

Ultra High
Frequency

UHF

3003000 MHz
1 m 100 mm

Television, microwave ovens, mobile

phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth.

Super High
Frequency

SHF

10

330 GHz
10010 mm

Microwave devices, wireless LAN, most

modern radars, satellite.

Extremely High
Frequency

EHF

11

30300 GHz
101 mm

Radio astronomy, high-speed microwave

radio relay

Above 300 GHz

< 1 mm

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

and

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Microwave Frequency Bands

Designation

Frequency range

L band

1 to 2 GHz

S band

2 to 4 GHz

C band

4 to 8 GHz

X band

8 to 12 GHz

Ku band

12 to 18 GHz

K band

18 to 26.5 GHz

Ka band

26.5 to 40 GHz

Q band

30 to 50 GHz

U band

40 to 60 GHz

V band

50 to 75 GHz

E band

60 to 90 GHz

W band

75 to 110 GHz

F band

90 to 140 GHz

D band

110 to 170 GHz

Radio Waves

Microwaves

Millimeter Waves

IR
Visible Frequencies
UV
X-Rays
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T-Rays, FIR

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

10

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Radio Bands

Band

Center
Frequency

Band

Center
Frequency

6.7656.795 MHz

6.780 MHz

2.4002.500 GHz

2.450 GHz

13.55313.567 MHz

13.560 MHz

5.7255.875 GHz

5.800 GHz

26.95727.283 MHz

27.120 MHz

2424.25 GHz

24.125 GHz

40.6640.70 MHz

40.68 MHz

6161.5 GHz

61.25 GHz

433.05434.79 MHz

433.92 MHz

122123 GHz

122.5 GHz

902928 MHz

915 MHz

244246 GHz

245 GHz

Microwave Ovens,
Wireless LANs,
Cordless Phones

Microwave Ovens,
Wireless LANs,
Cordless Phones
Wireless LANs,
Cordless Phones

RFID

The ISM bands are those bands originally reserved internationally for RF usage
in industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than communications.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Recent Advances

IEEE Spectrum, July 2007 Sept 2014

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Guiding Structures?

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Recent Advances

IEEE Spectrum, July 2009 June 2014

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Guiding Structures?

12

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

Typical System

Source/
Transmitter

Medium

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Load/
Receiver

13

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

Guided vs. Unguided Propagation

Guided Propagation

Unguided Propagation

Wave Propagation in
Unbounded media.
Propagation in the
Atmosphere.

Transmission Lines,
Waveguides,
Optical Fibers, etc.

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

This Course

Topics in This Course

Introduction to Guided-Wave Structures
Parallel Plate Transmission Line

Transmission Line Theory

Transmission Line Circuits
Matching Techniques
Analysis of Microwave Circuits
Microwave Passive Components
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Guiding Structures?

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

This Course

Course Objectives
Lecture 1

Solution of Maxwells equations in TLs: dispersion relation and field distribution.

Lecture 1

Differentiation between TL theory and circuit theory.

Lecture 2

Characterization of TLs by their parameters, dispersion properties, and losses.

Lecture 2
and 3

Analysis of TL circuits and design of TL links with the help of manufacturers'

datasheets.

Lecture 4,
5 and 6

Design of matching networks.

Lecture 7

Characterization of microwave circuits using the scattering (S) parameters.

Lecture 8
and 9

Analysis of microwave passive components (power dividers/couplers, junctions

etc).
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

This Course

Course Webpage: Moodle on Department Portal

Log in to course page using Guest key.
Check the course page for the lectures, exercises, animations,
announcements etc.

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Outline
1

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Recent Advances
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
This Course

Revision
Maxwells Equations
Uniform Plane Waves
TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium

Guiding Structures?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Circuit Theory

Source Impedance and Maximum Power Transfer Condition

ZS
ZL

VS
Max. Values
(omitted if
RMS)
2

Pavailable

V
1 VS
RL S
2 2RL
8RL

Pmatched

ZL ZS*

VS

Pavailable
1
R

2
2 4 RL2 X L2 L
XL
1

R
L

ZL ZS
Same conditions if ZL=ZS=RL

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

20

Circuit Theory

Matched Load
RS

RS
RL

VS

RL RS

Pavailable

VS

Matching
Circuit
VS

RL

??

Zin ?

8RL

RL RS

Pload ?

VS 8PavailableRL

What are the conditions on the matching network? How to characterize it?
How to analyze the circuit with the matching circuit? How to design it?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

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Circuit Theory

Matching Circuit: Examples

50
VS

50

50
100

jX

100

VS

jX

50
jB

VS

100

100

jB
VS

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Circuit Theory

Review Points
Phasor notation.
Superposition.

Source modeling and transformation.

Maximum power transfer condition.
Thevenin and Norton equivalence.

Two-port network parameters.

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Guiding Structures?

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Maxwells Equations

Integral and Differential Forms in Time Domain

dl

dl

ds

ds 0

ds
t

S t ds

ds

Linear, Isotropic Medium

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Maxwells Equations

Phasor Analysis

Phasor

r, t Re F r e jt

H J jD
D
B 0

D E

E jB

Linear, Isotropic, and

Time-Invariant Medium

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

B H

J j

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Maxwells Equations

Phasor Analysis - Example

At a specific point in space, two time-varying electric fields have the following
values:
1

1.
2.
3.

,
10cos t 30 x

5sin t 60 x

Find the cosine-based phasor expression for both fields.

Find the sum of these two phasors.
Obtain an expression for the instantaneous total field.

Solution:
1.

2.
3.

10 30,
E1 x

5 150
E2 x

8.66 60
ET E1 E2 x
T

8.66 cos t 60
x
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Maxwells Equations

Solution of Electromagnetic Problems

S

E jH

, ,

H J jE
D
B 0

E, H ?

D E

Ji

Boundary Conditions?

The current density J in Maxwells equations is the total current.

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

B H

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

27

Maxwells Equations

Homogeneous Helmholtz Equation

E jH
H jE

Source Free Equations

in Lossless Region

J0

E j H
E 2E j jE

E 0
Laplacian Operator

2E k 2E 0

Homogeneous Helmholtz
Equation

In unbounded media, wave propagation is in the directions with

non-vanishing derivatives.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Uniform Plane Waves

Dispersion Relation

0
x y

Ey E z 0

k2 E 0

2
2
2
2

k
2
E 0
2
2

k
2
Ex 0

E x Ae jz Be jz

Laplacian Operator in
Cartesian Coordinates

k 2 Ae jz 0

Dispersion Relation

f or f k
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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

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Uniform Plane Waves

Wave Parameters
Equiphase Surface

E x x
Ae jz
Ex

E jH
Hy y

Hy

A jz
e

Phase Velocity

k
Phase Constant

Intrinsic Impedance

up

ug

Group Velocity

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Uniform Plane Waves

Reflection and Transmission under Normal Incidence

Incident Wave

Reflected Wave

Ae jk1z
Ei x

Ae jk1z
Er x

A
e jk1z
Hi y
1

A
e jk1z
Hr y
1

Er

Transmitted Wave

T
Ht y
Reflection
Coefficient

Transmission
Coefficient

Ei

TAe jk2z
Et x
A jk2z
e
2

Et
Ht

Hi

1, 1

2 , 2

2 1
2 1

T 1

22
2 1

k ,
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

, 1,2

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium

What is a TEM Wave?

Plane TEM Wave

Spherical TEM Wave

Cylindrical TEM Wave

A TEM wave is one having no field components along the direction of

propagation; the electric and magnetic field vectors are in the transverse plane.
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32

Outline
1

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Recent Advances
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
This Course

Revision
Maxwells Equations
Uniform Plane Waves
TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium

Guiding Structures?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Transmission Lines

Cable Transmission Lines

Coaxial Cable

Twisted Pair

Two-Wire (Twin-Lead) Ribbon Cable

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Transmission Lines

Printed Transmission Lines

Microstrip Lines

Coplanar Waveguide

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Why Study Microwave Engineering?

Revision

Guiding Structures?

Other Guided-Wave Structures

Waveguides and Other Structures

Waveguide

Optical Fiber

Carbon Nanotube

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Conclusion
Applications operating in different RF bands.
Guided and unguided propagation.

Maxwells equations and boundary conditions: the dispersion

relation.
Helmholtz equation and a possible solution in an unbounded
medium uniform plane waves.
TEM waves in unbounded media and in guiding structures.

Islam A. Eshrah, 2008