Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
MATERIAL
Please Be
r. .1
RETURN TO
WARRENVILLE
PUP^l in IRRARY
DA IE DUE:
Loose
pHts:
Return
charge
made on
is
all
overdue
books.
University of Illinois Library
mi
DEC
18
1S4T
''^^
-D
..Zl
m 28
f'.
23
I9b5
m m
1
0861
X 0 irr
27214
2015
https://archive.org/details/astronomywithoutOOmaun
ASTRONOMY WITHOUT
A TELESCOPE.
LIBRARY
OF THE
of
UNlVERSiTY
IIUNOIS.
ASTRONOMY
WITHOUT
A Guide
to
the
Study of
E.
Autho7'
the
A TELESCOPE
WALTER MAUNDER,
of "-The Royal
Observatory,
Greenwich;
the
"
Its
E.R.A.S.
History and
Work.'"
%ont>on
KNOWLEDGE
to
Illustrated
"
and Introduction
Constellations,
OFFICE,
326,
HIGH HOLBORN.
PREFACE.
'HE
last
and
telescopes.
interest
efficiency of
astronomical
fields
of great
attracted there
is
some danger
lest it
should be forgotten
the unassisted
which
it
alone
is
human
and
to
The more
was in the
first place,
papers in
in the
examination.
The
it
first,
much
in
and no doubt
series of short
it
still
had
to
1900 a
subject has
greater length
it
mysteriousness, and
commenced
Knowledge upon
its
may prove
to those who,
it.
I hope,
suggestive,
viii.
PREFACE.
it.
many who
still
them night
and
Where
and
to
whom
every letter
is
a glittering world,"
observation.
For the
to
Miss
Bacon,
M.
Antoniadi,
M. Easton,
Col.
E.
E.
Markwick, and Mr. H. Keatley Moore, for their permission to use photographs or drawings, and to the
Council of the British Astronomical Association for the
loan of several blocks.
E.
St. John's,
London,
October, 1902.
S.E.,
W. M.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
'There is astronomical work appropriate to every grade of
instrumentWork appropriate to the naked-eyeWork for
which the naked-eye alone is suitable Waked-eye Astro-
nomy
accomplished
much
bright
CometsAnd with
Programme
of the
Sun
Book
SECTION L
CONSTELLATION STUDIES.
CHAPTEE
I.
signThe
dONTENTS.
CHAPTER
II.
The
Stars recognised
The seven
Plough The Pole Star Cassiopeia Capella
Vega The great guidiilg Constellations Their movements hour by hour and month by month A great clock
Stars that never set the first to be learned
Stars of the
arid calendar
...
...
...
CHAPTER
...
...
...
...
12
...
29
III.
IV.
CHAPTER
...
38
V.
...
...
CHAPTER
...
...
...
...
55
VI.
Perseus
and
Andromeda
...
CHAPTER
77
VII.
Canis Mihoi"
...
...
Major and
99
'
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
XI.
VIII.
The
Way
and the
bright stars
The
The Southern
Cross
8ECTI0N
II.
TELESCOPE.
CHAPTER
THE
SIJN
I.
Primitive observation
The
earliest
first
A pin-hole altazimuth
CHAPTER
risings
Stars
Pleiades
...
...
126
II.
instrument
seasons and
STARS.
...
...
...
...
CHAPTER
...
...
134
III.
Mercury
Visibility of
Venus seen
in daylight
and Jupiter
Visibility of
^Planetary conjunctions
and Venus
the phase
? Saturn
...
...
Mars
...
...
143
CONTENTS.
xii.
CHAPTER
lY.
Sunspot curve
...
...
...
CHAPTER
...
. ,
153
V.
A MODERN TYCHO.
SECTION
. . .
161
III.
TELESCOPE.
CHAPTER
I.
METEORS.
L^te birth of
Meteoric
November, 1833
of observation
...
CHAPTER
...
170
II.
When best
seen in England
^The
The
" Stronger Light "The " Diffuse Light "The " Effulgence " The Q-egenschein or Counterglow The Zodiacal
band
. .
183
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
xiii.
III.
ATTEOB^.
PAGE.
Beam
Leading forms
of Aurorse
Details
of 1896
195
CHAPTER
IV.
Favourable
203
CHAPTER
NEW
STAES.
New
Way Novae
Stars
V.
Stars
Distribution
1604
1892 The
of 1572 and
Nova
Aurigee,
for
New
212
YI.
The Comet
tails
Three
types of
tails
of 1901
222
CHAPTER
YII.
of the corona
for Stars
logical
photographs
228
xiv.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
VIII.
Prof.
daytime
visible in the
Herschel-The
total
light of
? Humboldt and
all
the
Sir John
Stars Results of
CHAPTER
Does
it
IX.
from
Ring
"
ordinary
of
exact observation
...
...
CHAPTER
...
245
...
X.
VARIABLE STABS.
Discovery of variability of Mira Ceti Variation of AlgolMethod of observing variable stars Beta Lyrse Delta
Cephei Four
classes of variables
Irregular
variables
...
CHAPTER
XI.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE,
The Corona
Fig.
1.
of 1900,
)}
February 13
3.
,,
March 15
4.
April 15
22
May
15
23
June 14
23
July 15
24
August 14
24
September 14
25
5.
6.
3>
7.
8.
9.
10.
>
11.
))
12.
5>
13.
>J
14.
>>
19
...
22
October 14
25
November 14 ...
December 14 ..
26
15. S pica
!J
18
...
,,
51
Frontispiece.
28
2.
>>
May
26
27
39
46
16.
53
17.
60
18. Antares
19.
20.
64
The Greater
The Pleiades
69
}>
21.
J>
>5
23. Sirius,
'>
24. Pinhole
and Taurus
79
...
102
...
106
...
112
...
133
XVI.
ONTENTS.
PAGE.
Sun
Sun
28.
Lambda Piscium
1881,
June 22
from 1882
33.
154
156
to 1891
36.
Tube
37.
M. C. Easton
The Milky Way
38.
40.
41.
The Comet
The Comet
157
159
168
185
Chart ...
...
39. Distribution of
137
138
150
March 22
145
at 2 a.m.
The
36*'
52 and
at the rising of
...
...
...
...
...
...
188
200
206
in
Cygnus
New
208
of 1901, on April 24
of 1901, on
May
and
May
Milky
May
12
by Miss
215
223
224
Way
Comet
226
C. O. Stevens
229
233
28,
STAR MAPS.
^O.
PAGE.
'
1.
2.
The Region
of the Lion
3.
The Eegion
of the
4.
The Region
of Arcturus
5.
The Region
of the Scorpion
6.
The Region
of the Birds
7.
The Region
of the Royal
8.
The Region
of the Water-Bearer
9.
The Region
of the Sea-Monster
10.
The Region
of Orion
11.
The Region
of Sirius
12.
...
33
...
...
...
...
Water Snake
...
41
49
...
...
...
...
57
65
Family
...
...
...
73
...
81
89
...
97
105
113
121
CONSTELLATIONS.
MAP.
PAGE.
Andromeda
1,6,7,10
Antlia
3,11
...
122
12
...
123
...
Apus
Aquarius
6,7,8,9
...
Aquila
5,6,8
Ara
5,8,12
74
3,9,11,12
Aries
7,
Auriga
1,2,7,10
Eootes
1,2,4,5,6
Caelum
9, 1], 12
Camelopardus
1,10
Cancer
2,10,11
Canes Venatici
1,2,4
9,11
Canis Minor
2,10,11
Capricornus
5,8
...
....
119, 120
94
104
Cassiopeia
...
1,7
...
3, 5, 11,
51
...
122
37
*42
43
...
112
112
84
11,12
Centaurus
Ceplieus
...
10
Canis Major
...
86
119, 122
Argo
Carina
78
...
120
35
12
...
117, 120
1,6,7
Cetus
7, 8, 9, 10
Cliameleon
12
Circinus
13
35
87
...
122
122
CONSTELLATIONS.
Columba
Coma
MAP.
...
Berenices
XiUl cciilb
...
120
44
5,8
71
a
b
53
3
...
...
Crux
OU
OU
3,12
Cygnus
Delphinus
12
2,4
A
...
Corvus
Crater
PAGE.
9, 11,
XIX.
118
6,7
71
6,7,8
...
Dorado
84
9,11,12
Draco
Equuleus
...
Eridanus
...
...
122
1,4,6
34
6,7,8
98
9, 10, 11,
Fornax
...
12
93
...
...
122
Gemini
2,
10
107
Grrus
8,9,12
120
Hercules
1,4,6
...
56
Horologium
9,11,12
Hydra
2,3,5,11
Hydrus
12
Indus
5,8,12
Lacerta
Ijco
Major
...
...
37
...
Q
7,
38
43
X-L
111
...
Libra
3,4,5
Lupus
3, 5,
12
Lynx
1 2
10
...
Magellanic Clouds
12
Malus
3,
Mensa
Microscopium
Monoceros
...
11
2
...
122
123
6,7
Lepus
Musca
50
...
2, 3, 4,
..
Leo Minor
Lyra
122
...
...
122
11
120
12
122
...
5,8.12
122
...
2, 10,
32
11
...
115
...
122
XX.
CONTENTS.
CONSTELLATIONS.
Norma
MAP.
PAGE
a, o,
122
Octans
Ophiuchus
...
Orion
Paro
...
108
61
12
8,
123
6,7,8,9
Perseus
1,7,10
Phoenix
78
8,9,12
Pictor
12
9, 11,
Pisces
Piscis Australis
Pleiades
...
122
...
122
7,8,9,10
8,9
91
86
10
Puppis
100
12
9, 11,
Eeticulum
...
Sagitta
Sagittarius
...
Scorpio
12
...
120
...
122
75
5,8,12
68
5,8,12
Sculptor
62
8,9
Serpens
122
4, 5, 6,
Sextans
61
3,11
Taurus
54
7, 9, 10,
Telescopium
Toucan
Triangulum
Triangulum Australe
Ursa Major
Ursa Minor
117
4,5,6
9, 10, 11
Pegasus
...
5, 8,
8,
12
7,
10
12
Yela
100
...
...
122
...
122
...
122
80
12
1,2,4
...
11
29
32
3, 11,
12
120
Virgo
Volans
Yulpecula
12
...
6,
122
7
76
INTRODUCTION.
OME
years ago,
beginning to
trouble,
tented
chiefs
White
Father,"
give
them a
they
came,
the
interview
President,
have
against
to
the
and were
and
threaten
to
to invite
demonstration
would
took up arms
they
an
to
get restless
was
Washington
authorities at
which
it
when
with
and,
of
incidentally,
the
vast
encounter
Federal
shown
" G-reat
their
to
resources
ever
they
Grovernment.
So
some
of
if
the
mighty
particular,
some
hundred-ton
guns.
The monster
fired,
benefit.
ducted to the ruin which had been the target that they
terrible
n.
INTRODUCTION.
had
The Indians
wrouglit.
overwhelmed
with
astonishment
and
fear,
as
their
difference.
charge of the
official in
when one
pointing to
the
You
won't
come
was true
The
officials
felt its
heavy
of
more exhibitions
and
of
It
artillery practice.
no
force at once,
is
may
an instrument
size of
be a fatal
disqualification.
A
to
is
no
achieved without
of real
the
interest
possession
of
or
utility
telescopes
cost.
can
of
The great
by the
like
State,
or
command
INTRODUCTION.
III.
This view
from
far
is
In the
correct.
first
place such
By
would be utter
that for which
result of this
it
will
great
its
power renders
modern
that our
is
it
The
specially fitted.
it
all.
is
the bulk of
measurement of
scopic examination of
satellites,
nebulae,
stellar
velocity in the
new
the discovery of
We
see,
planetary
therefore,
that the
Nor
size
fields of research,
and can
be well
has not been reduced." *
still
done by
instru-
new
giant tele-
work which
is
this
Not only
all.
smaller instruments
are the
work
are departments of
for
gun would be
a.Eed Indian
gathering
* Mr.
W.
power
Maw,
is
or shooting snipe.
not
always
the
is
for
Grreat light-
most
important
p.e.a.s., Presidential
II.
ISo. 1, p. 8.
B 2
INTRODUCTION.
IV.
quality;
more
far
for
essential,
and here
of
field
is
practically useless.
E.
Prof.
Barnard,
E.
Astronomical
one
in
Photography,
his
of
lectures
on
point
by
this
illustrated
all
field
Then over
us.
to the
mand.
It
the
great
com-
that,
Andromeda
But
it
however
powerful
it
to give
the
view
field of
this
there
nebula,
when considered
in
Andromeda
full
extent
as a whole.
the heavens of
nebula,
and
to
far
deal
There
are,
then,
is
it is
well to
definite
is
branches of
astronomy in
a hindrance.
science
this,
was pursued
V.
INTRODUCTION.
the
and amount
the
the
of precession,
The length
conceived.
of
obliquity
the
year,
even
the
ecliptic,
lunar
chief
fact
inequali-
ties,
dimensions were
relative
observation,
been repeated,
feat has
remember,* there
will
really
Indeed, in our
the truth.
to
tion
and with a
all
the same
Knowledge
readers of
for, as
is still
own day
Hindu
of the chief
members
may
kind
knowledge," for
perfect
world.
But
on that
account.
and
will
it is
in habits
public
great
far
human
and im-
observatories
and accuracy
effort
of
the
sailor,
It is
in observation
not every
so to turn
Knowledge
for
November, 1899,
it
man who
or
the skill he
* See
the
of
As
wishes to become a
of
of order
sum
of this
is
appliances in the
Work
it is
means what
the
of the solar
p. 257.
but
INTRODUCTION.
VI.
the increase in
less.
" What was done in the olden times can be done in the present
day,
and I wish
may make
to
by the employment
home
to
them
in a
way
"
What
is,
on
air,
faithfully
I lay great
be.
The mere
fact of describing in
immense
made
is
Of
and accuracy.
course, the country offers greater facilities than towns do for this
out-of-door work, but there are few towns where access cannot be
had
to
some convenient
sufficiently free
from
site
traffic to
and
allow of star
maps being
referred to
first
en-
deavour will be to identify the brightest stars and trace out approxi-
Continuing this
As time
set earlier
and
come
eastern horizon.
As
and
moon
in her
goes
identified'
his
at different
visible,
INTRODUCTION.
stars,
VII.
will
and he
will, I
fair start
if
character.
He
if
as a cross-staff, a
still
Of
his
mind the
will,
must be
nevertheless, be
observer
become a
real astronomical
though
it
may appear
steps
And
majestic
movement
machine in creation,
of
the
will soon
heavens,
be
felt to
interest that
* Journal of the
Ifo. 1, p. 12.
British
the
sublimest
be enthralling.
may be
the
taken in
observer will
INTRODUCTION.
VIII.
own
its
training.
which are
fields,
unaided eye
First of
by no means too
full of interest,
^re required
telescopes
fully
culti-
is
there
all,
is
The
and
letters
in
all
expectation
general
Articles
was
Everyone
utmost.
the
to
without
charge,
efforts of
human
at
who
was doomed
have
meteors.
if
cared
there
display,
become
to
is
observer,
the
Mr.
W.
most
without solution
to
outdo any
no
loss to
to disappoint-
be a spectator
observers
of great interest
with
It is perhaps
pyrotechny.
ment.
utterly
and
of
value,
of a single
all
astronomy
the
still
remains
problem
of
Milky
Way.
Here
INTRODUCTION.
again no telescope
is
is
sky,
And
requisites.
sight,
this field
mentioned
have
of
plorers
keen
also one
When we
A clear
required.
IX.
G-alaxy.
Yet
night
roll of ex-
night
after
its
Only
our
how
yet
Cosmos
structure,
large a proportion
involved in
is
who can
Thirdly, there
will it
to
give
up
the
its
the mystery of
of
an understanding of
its
tell ?
is
We
in these
it
but
it
And
it
and
pendently
discovered
by an
sun,
more
difficult
Englishman,
and not a
schein,
we have again
objects of
the
greatest
unfitted
for
interest
telescopic
INTRODUCTION.
X.
this
sufficiently observed.
of the
immediate
But
recurrence
is
these
of
lations
and
in
phenomena.
beautiful
of
of the constel-
work
men-
just
when they
observing Aurorse
most important.
to
collect
descriptions,
set in again.
number
of
most vivid
it
And
is
this is
very easy
and picturesque
scientific
accounts
we
are favoured by
The determination
magnificence.
of
the positions of
minute details of
its
structure
lie
the
still
contour of the
and from
its
tail
amongst the
apparent form
several
Sun
INTRODUCTION.
Drawings
scope.
fulness.
have
of the corona
Observations of the
XI.
**
still
a certain use-
shadow bands,"
of the
during twilight
totality
sea
and
and planets
of the stars
six
naked
during
Of these
visible
and
and value.
first
four are
eye.
and
appreciable
telescope at
of the study
amount
all,
of
of
number
of objects
which
It is
my
intention, therefore,
all,
work which
but to include
which a good
My
parts.
for
stellations,
recognised.
so
And
in this connection
and
of the
stars
it
may
may
be easily
be permissible
names
of particular stars,
INTRODUCTION.
XII.
For
without a Telescope."
*'
Astronomy
may
of astronomical work.
to
and
say, of Meteors,
Aurorse
efficiency in
Eclipses.
is
its
or
some
for
is
Third,
observations for
which
directions,
it
may have
as with
a limited
able to accomplish
efficiency
is
some
little
help of an
SECTION
CONSTELLATION
I.
STUDIES.
SECTION L
CONSTELLATION STUDIES.
CHAPTER
I.
The workman
is
astronomer in
general
transit circle;
his equatorials.
are
his
tools.
For the
telescopes
But the
his
fathers of the
to-day
is
stars.
the better he
is
It
is
by the
stars
by the
stars
my
Astronomy
Way,
I have felt
notes
without
on
the
therefore, necessary to
various
Telescope "
it,
departments
by
series
of
of
Origm of
the Constellations.
When, where,
and
heads.
First, folk-lore, or
oral
This
tradition.
more
who
is
it is
the
documentary evidence
allusions
and in the astronomical records of
India and China.
Thirdly, what we may term to use
a popular and convenient, though somewhat inapprocalled
in classical writers,
priate
expression the
Assyriological "
monuments and
evidence of
into
fruitful
great antiquity,
hands but
ticular,
most
lately.
and
source
the
significant, reaching
though
it
back
whom we received
whom the Greeks
Lastly, there
groups themselves.
Constellation Studies.
is
it
and unmistakable
it
of all
goes, it is the
and
is
most important
especially valuable
when
To follow up any
going categories.
is
also
although
it
is
of these researches
The
source
is
when the
place
reasons
it
it
constellations
were
devised,
and
and the
the constellations
times.
Ptolemy's
This was
description of
Aratus of
Soli,
date
Catalogue,
great
revision
to everyone that 48 of
The
" Almagest,"
137 A.D.
known
b.c.
of
the
There
about
Catalogue of
is
also a very
poem
of
The
48
b.c.
constellations,
therefore,
by
inference, be
years.
have
But
clearly
their origin
earlier date.
The poem
was not based upon actual observations made in G-reece
by either Aratus or Eudoxus, but upon a description of
This has
the heavens made quite 1500 years earlier.
been inferred from the references to the places of the
equator and tropical circles, and of the rising and setting
it
of stars.
But
still.
If
is
rise
down on a
globe,
The reason
sky uncovered.
of the
The
for this
is
obvious.
and
radius
its
of the place.
point of Aries," as
sun
to
is
at the
4730
years,
centre of that
since the
unmapped
The longitude
indicated,
we now
celestial
amongst the
stellar
forms,
and the
the
is
not directly
absence
and the
the
of
crocodile
seem
indication
The internal
was in the
already found,
S. pole
space.
Armenia.
where the
of
latitude
Mr. Eobert Brown, when by an entirely independent method he tracks the constellations back to
the head of the Euphrates valley.
firms
interesting relations.
of
all
or else recumbent
Constellation Studies.
6
the
summer
solstice in the
The
larity
size
of
irregu-
rendered a
constellations
these
is
number
of theories
it
clears
origin
constellation
the
of
away a
different
and
it is
tradition is
certain
selves
on
and conclusive
of the constellations
mapped long
them-
ment
considerations which
afford
constellations in general
one
man
time,
in one country
and
is
that
many
the old 48
making a
constellation at one
in another country
This arrange-
but one of
evidence
are
all
towards the
and so
making another
and
mapped out
at one time
in one place.
constellations were
their
circumstances.
astronomy was.
First
This
they mapped
is
clear
ele-
from two
might have
easily
of the
in
There
number, belong
is no doubt
supreme importance of the ecliptic in the
astronomy of these unknown ancient people, for the 12
signs by which they marked it, have come down to us
the
of
by numerous
different
Egypt,
further note
is
The
Dragon.
his
marked by the
is
origin.
folds of the
ecliptic is the
The pole
of light.
from
common
of the ecliptic
illuminated course.
is
Here there
is fixed the
fabled creature which symbolises darkness, cold, eclipse,
and night and with these, evil and death.
;
no mean amount of
The pole
thought.
of the
ecliptic
skill,
equator
is
and
of its
of a merfe savage.
observation,
and
easily identified
and the equator can with very little trouble be made out.
But these were left unmarked. Had they been precisely
marked the date could have been fixed within a few
years instead of within a few centuries.
they
constellations
did
not
mapping them
consult
astronomical con-
Six obvious
canons
should have been obeyed had this been the guiding idea.
1.
The
equal
possible,
They
constellations
size.
2.
to
should
out.
should
have
been roughly of
the natural
have
been
as far as
3.
Constellation Studies.
8
irresgular.
possible,
equal in
size.
the celestial
the
and British Empires on the terrestrial; whilst
Sicily and
to
paralleled
be
might
Arrow
and
Triangle
Hydra sprawls
Crete.
sevenths of the
across
entire circle.
may be reckoned
Of the 48
as increased
to
figures,
which
64 by subordinate
frequently,
38 are the repetitions, more or less
two
women,
four
men,
ten
are
There
of some 11 forms.
goats,
two
monsters,
centaurs, four fisbes, four serpentine
crowns, two streams, two dogs, and four
figures,
birds,
including
two
eagles.
Whilst of intermingled
illustration in Ophiuchus,
we have a fine
his foot
stars as Hercules for his head,
same
the
sharmg
and his
right into the head of the Scorpion,
constellations,
plunged
body'^inextricably
the Great
strikingly
placed
pairs
But
in
stars
plantigrade
of the feet of a great
of
configuration
general, the natural
of
ample.
Take Pegasus as an
ex-
horse
Two
they then?
The
first
What
purposes.
are very
purpose had
commonly ascribed
to them.
is
very
plausible
at
First of
first
all, it
sight,
the
This
but does
explains only 12
lengths;
the
Virgin
much
represents
over a fortnight.
nearly
six
Thirdly,
they stand.
Aries was
And
lastly,
devised, whereas
Taurus was.
had
to
defend them.
grave objections.
This idea
is
open to some
had meant no
also
more than this, and had been freely ]3laced in the sky
by anyone who chose, it is impossible to think that the
process would have come to so sudden a termination
5000 years ago. Not only was there no effort made to
Constellation Studies.
10
map
men
be-
lations
many
state for
left in this
historic times.
Two
generations.
The
first,
Equuleus,
is
simply a slight
Coma
Berenices,
constel-
and obtained a
The other
is
brevet rank
sort of
stellations
it
is
that they
clear
designed as a whole.
some
were deliberately
This
and
designed,
is
attitudes
attitudes,
thousands of years.
which
have
been
for
preserved
next sign
is
more striking
On
still.
it
The
in.
ice,
but the
fishes are
not
tails.
round
e.g.,
the
fish-tail
to
Capricornus, the
lyre
It
Then
are
in
11
truncated, Taurus,
several
there
cases
are
meda
Even where
are examples.
this
is
evident intention;
the
Birds;
symbols.
another
The Zodiac
which
is
some
signs
the Fishes
to
clearly
and
is
devoted to
other
watery
intended to form an
lie
neighbouring figures.
The ancient
were
constellations
years
therefore
desio:ned
somewhere between the ^gean and the Caspian, probably near the head of the valley of the Euphrates, a
people which domesticated the sheep, goat, bull, dog and
horse,
the
bow and
lion,
and
hare,
and used
The
and
constellation figures
may
not
all
There is
some question about the zodiacal sign of the Balance.
Ursa Major and Ursa Minor may not originally have
been bears, but rather waggons or chariots, and so also
details
seem
to
CHAPTER
The Great Star Clock
The
stars
with
wear a very
ir.
in the North.
astronomer
telescope
The
little
or
no
his telescope at
it,
it
of
field
out
first
like a rifle,
his
on the
by
its
sights.
instrument until
its circles
dome round
until
in
last of all,
The names
and then,
is
moves
opposite
found, have
therefore very
for him.
significance
Not
no graduated
He
circles
the North.
13
to
it
is
stars.
inadequate
guides
the
to
with
the rest.
is
in
word a knowledge
essential
for the
the
of
most cases
The knowledge
perfect
in a
recognition
direct
its
make up amongst
themselves,
of the constellations,
observer.
grouping
such grouping, a
of
of
great
star can be
was
It
is
so
the
first
from the
very beginning.
telescopes,
heavens
into
constellations,
the
ascribing
certain
The same
of science.
necessity
makes
itself felt
in every branch
made
the objects
named, a knowledge of their properties and peculiarities begins and a whole new field of
research is opened
out.
And
an
interest
know
its
country,
instantly
beauty
is
name.
and
set
when
how much
their
Constellation Studies.
14
And
taught them.
we
so to-day
"Why
me
home
at
which
me
I don't half
know
make
day?"
to this
So the work of learning the stars, though it may inand brings no reward in the shape
of
The
spectacles," has
a charm of
the
own.
mind the
sense
is
first
With
its
silent
linked
himself
measured
to
the
the deep
great mnids of
un-
past.
"I
am
as old as
" Brother to
"
By
However
to myself;
often,
constellations
Egypt
them
therefore, the
inseparable portion of
my
work
of
undertaken,
teaching the
it
forms an
present task.
To us
in
us at
stars,
region.
Constantly revolving
The
chief
and
of the year.
constellation
of
this
region
is
the Great
Bear, the leading stars of which are the Seven, which have
won the
men
in all ages.
The
15
the North.
Wain
(the
everyone,
on the
to
waggon,
known
is
first
Of these seven
stars,
which,
tinguished as being
Zeta by
its
much
Delta
the faintest of
the
is
dis-
seven,
close
Each
the seven
of
own
Alcor, its
stars
the
of
G-amma,
etc.,
Ursae
The other
Majoris.
chief
stars
by the G-reek
letters, their
out of use.
tail.
by a curious
the
first.
The
G-reek Alphabet
|3
Gamma
Delta
e
Epsilon
^ Zeta
5
set of
Mu
Lambda and
Alpha
Beta
The
is
the second,
as follows
Eta
Theta
Nu
Tau
Xi
TJpsilon
Iota
Omicron
<^.
Phi
Kappa
Pi
CM
A.
Lambda
Kho
Psi
Mu
or
CO
Omesra
ri
ju.
Sigma
Constellation Studies
16
and the
of the constellation
which
figure
Alpha
commonly known
are
as the
supposed
it is
Beta and
Pointers," for as
**
"Where yonder
sky,
To deck
form
Those
And where
the
first
nearly
up
to the
pole
Alpha
star,
at
to
of the
tail of
is
at
Pole,
we
find
Way,
here almost
W,
the prin-
her Chair."
is
At midnight on the
first
the
Lady
in
being, as
left
it
were,
to right, that
is
from west to
17
east, as if
North.
in the
The
is
last
named being
distinctly brighter
Starting from
Way
towards
we
the west,
Cassiopeia,
find
number
stars
in
members
cipal
of the Galaxy,
The
in the north-west.
the
of
constellation
Perseus,
Alpha in the
constellation Auriga.
It
is
it is
is
and the
Capella,
a star
im-
a very pretty
Not
from Capella
far
Auriga,
is
Menkalinan,
magnitude,
second
stellation
in
or
which Capella
is
Alpha.
straight line
is
Milky
of
On
Star,
side,
in brightness, the
ship
the
of
and
of
The
northern heavens.
its
to keen sight,
make up with
a constellation which
lies
it
five
bright stars
immediate neighbourhood,
is
for the
The
chief guiding
heavens,
therefore, for
distinctive
little
of the Pole,
oji
stars,
the right
of Cassiopeia
the northern
brilliants
left,
between them
Constellation Studies.
18
North of England
Vega is lost
To watch
each
other
Pole,
is
is
when due
north.
regular
ceaseless
mind capable
what
seen.
of
We
realizing
the
to
significance
of
movement
of
spectacles
impressive
actual
HORIZON.
Fig.
regularity
1. Looking
of
nortli at
whose
Midnight on Januaey
working
so
utterly
13.
dwarf
the
The sense of
mightiest work accomplished by man.
sank
regularity
perfect
this ceaseless motion and of its
had
and
observers,
deep into the minds of the earliest
do with the sacred, or at least semi-sacred
character, which attached to the study of astronomy
much
to
But beyond
the
North.
19
this,
movements
clock.
An observer, watching through the hours of
a winter's night, will see the Plough low down in the
north at first, raise itself little by little towards the
east, reaching the zenith about 5 o'clock in the morn-
and
ing,
at
daybreak
be
moving downwards
in
the
ZENITH.
HORIZON.
Fia.
west.
2.
on February
13.
but
if
act as a calendar to
20
Constellation Studies.
and
of the
latitude of
London who
due
faces
The
north.
first
midnight in the middle of February, the third for midnight in the middle of March, and so on.
them
regard
Thus
January
sent
the
1,
Or we may
two-hourly intervals
representing
as
in
the sky at 5
o'clock
in the
11
at
o'clock,
and No.
1 at 1 o'clock in the
3,
and
like
The following
morning.
manner represent
o'clock in the morning
4 would in
single night.
table
shows
the
hours
during
different
any
diagrams,
for
in
the North.
J
Is
gooooooo
lllllllllll
iiiilliillll
iilliifllll
lliilllllll
iililiiillii
lliilllllll
^^^^^^^^^^^^
iiUiiiitili
lliilllllll
llllllllllll
S
o o o o o o
Constellation Studies,
22
ZENITH.
[horizon.
Fig.
3.
HORIZON.
Fig.
4. Looking
north* at Midnight on
ApEii
15.
the North.
ZENITH.
HORIZON.
.
5. Looking north
at Midnight on
ZENITH.
May
5.
24
Constellation Studies.
ZENITH.
Tlie
the ,North,
ZENITH.
HORIZON.
10..Looking
Constellation Studies,
26
ZEKITH.
HORIZON.
Fig. 11.
HORIZON.
Fig. 12.
diagram
No.
Capella
is
the
North.
very
27
in
iiearlj
the
is
level
No. 4 the
Plough Handle
of
is
it.
In
not seen,
Ist.
28
ConsteJlation Studies,
for
passes
it
and,
meridiem a
ilie
and therefore
zenith,
since
his back.
he
is
is
facing
In diagrams
little
to the south
northward, somewhat
5,
is
and
Vega
to the
fore
of
the
south,
behind
not seen,
is
and
there-
In Nos. II and 12
manner.
m the north is
horizon
indicated.
Cassiopeia, Vega,
are
stars
the
shown
diagrams
Minoris
brightest
is
Capella,
five stars
of
Ursa Minor.
of
The centre
star
of
indicate
the
we can
For other
enough
by remembering that for every month later in the year
that we take we must also take two hours earlier in the
evening to obtain stars in the same position, or if we
take a single day later in the year then we must choose
our time four minutes earlier.
CHAPTER
III.
The
first
Stars.
and those
is
to learn
which
and which mark out with sufficient nearness
the four quadrants ~ Cassiopeia, Capella, the Plough, and
circle
round
it,
When
Vega.
round the
chief jewels
celestial pole
and with
their changing
and horizon,
as thej swing
during the successive hours of the
it is easy to go on to the
study of the lesser details of the great circumpolar region.
The
in
them ancient
number, five of
Camelopardus, Ljnx, and
The
five
first
attention.
URSA MAJOR.
There
is
constellations
we should begin
Must
first
And
to
which of these
with.
gems
to tell,
Constellation Studies.
30
as the "
known
well
so
Plough " or
'*
Charles'
to
our
own peasantry
Wherever men
Wain."
these seven
all
not only to
visible,
the
names
stars
of "
have
arisen
The
suggested them.
Wagon
how
has
configuration
natural
their
but as
It is easy to see
the autumn
we look
at
of the year,
share.
Or the four
stars above
wagon
may
be considered the
"Wagon"
the
seven
stars
have
been
not
only
in
Pole:*'
And Homer
"All those
Orion,
stars
all
it
Two
Bears
or
"shining" one,
applicable to the
and
seven
the
latter
stars,
as
is,
"bright"
wordvery
justly
being pre-eminently
But
of a bear.
in its
this
which
origin,
am
title
from
indeed far
is
31
Ai'jan
is
In
certain.
Plough
The
its
name from
and
according
Crete, frc>m
cannibal
his
Bear
of the
front
alphabet, proceeding
G-reek
first
is,
Alioth
not clear
but this
Delta,
the
of
tail "
Zeta
is
the
of
two
a comparatively
all,
since
names
is
is
it
is
together
modern appellation
is
called
Alkaid or Benetnasch
meaning
It
will
be remembered that
the patriarch
almost
Eta,
"
is
therefore,
called
authority
tail,
us,
Megrez,
usually
much
the
is
name
Epsilon
the "bear";
Phecda
is
root
the
The
the present day
the
great stars
seven letters
order from
in
the
and
ploughshare
the
of
else
loves,
or
many
The seven
Kronos,
father
one of Zeus's
Callisto,
is
were
transferred to heaven as
G-reat
Classical
they
that
Aratus, held
to
fainter copy
near neighbour.
the greater,
^'
Aish"
unchanged the
name which
the
32
Constellation Studies.
Job was
By
drama
of
Mizar
double stars.
rendered
it
it
much
a
the
way the
every
the
it
of the
first
double
to
the
closer
first
was the
was
it
in
is
has
telescope,
is
its
enumeration.
it
to
Mizar with
and
the great
far the
stellation
eye;
when
written.
first
first
double.
Epsilon
very
really in
is
marks
Majoris
Ursse
is
the 30th of
Novem-
plough handle
and
their
many
ing
fields.
of
stars
immediate neighbourhood
offer
interest-
to
also
URSA MINOE.
Merak and Dubhe
the
"Pointers,"
from Alkaid.
names which
it
is
it,
from
its
nearness to
so universally applied to
is little
has borne.
An
it,
nowa-
many Arabic
opera-glass,
however,
34
Constellation Studies.
stars
Lambda
is
fainter
Three other
still.
stars, visible to
lies
constellation is usually
is
may be mentioned
which
of
it
it
bears
little
group of
sight, is of the
utmost
components enable
its
and
Beta
Gamma
are the
at
any
rate
divided
is
only
other
conspicuous
or
at
two hours.
the
bears
Kappa
name Kochab, "The
with
role
title
the
to say, the
Gamma
The
radiants.
In September, there
bourhood of 51 Cephei
near
Pherkad on our
globes.
Gamma
in April, there
minor
is
is
another from
Ursse Minoris.
DRACO.
Lesser,
is
and
Bears,
almost
encircling the
all,
and
is
It is certainly one of
believed by
**
Arafus "
This
:*
is
many
to be
the Serpent
35
A mighty
His
coil
The
other's
around
on either side
wrapped
in coil."
ban,
Within
the
centre
of
whom made
in
connection with
make up
his
the jaw,
Three
it.
stars, Xi,
I^u,
Mu
and Mu,
Nu, the
freely scrawled.
The only
stars of the
Constellation Studies.
36
Caph
latter
or
much
stellation,
between
less
conspicuous con-
Cassiopeia and
the
Dragon,
referred to
now by
most interesting
its
Arabic name.
Delta
is
one of the
making was
legends
represented
there
were
in
existence
before
meant
" comely."
Cassiopeia
is
glass scrutiny,
and
it
also
furnishes
repays
to the
opera-
naked-eye
radiants, of which
astronomer several important meteor
It is also a
notice.
one from near Delta deserves especial
in which to comparticularly favourable neighbourhood
famous
brated
of the
through
our
historically
Nova
of
1572- the
the square, or
formed very nearly the fourth point of
Stars.
37
Gamma mark
Camelopardus is a great
straggling constellation,
the stars of which are
faint, which lies
between
all
Ursa
^"'""P^'"' ""-^
the Pole
Another group
is
"P^ards almost to
Lacerta,
tion fitted
Andromeda.
radiant point
he Lacertids, a meteor
shower, active in August
and
September, there ,s nothing
to distinguish the
group
Apparently at one time the
foreleg of Pegasus
crossed
th. region, smce Pi Cygni,
which hes beyond it
from
Pegasus, bears the name
Azeltafage, the "hoof
of the
of
CHAPTEE
The Staes of
The
IV.
Speing.
marks on the
but are
at the
stars of
summer.
is
first
LEO.
The nights
famous of
all
stellation, that is
Its
most
the con-
primacy
was in
the time
brightest
solstice
derived
first
its
this constellation at
devised,
name,
is
the
and no doubt
Eegulus,
or
its
"little
The Stars of
Sprint/.
Eex.
lic^nMo-KO,,
star,
A, Eegulus.
Fis.
valley refer to
ancient Persia
it
it
it
inscriptions of the
calls it
Euphratean
B, Denebola.
Ptolemy
the Plough.
was the
king," whilst in
"
chief of the four " royal
stars
E 2
Constellation Studies.
the
superiors in bright-
are its
stars
magnitude
first
ness
of
constellation
The
when the
Bear
Glreat
is
Lion
the
very
is
found
easily
known.
and below
elevation,
c^reatest
midnight
at this season at
The
it
in
stars
is
at its
it
we
markmg
the Sickle, six bright stars
Eectangle
head and breast, whilst a
principal groups;
the
animal's
Oreat
the foot to an
Eectangle.
the fourth foot leads to the
beginning with the most
Sickle,
The stars of the
order, Epsilon Mu,
following
in the
run
westerly,
of the
Gamma, Eta, Alpha. In the very centre
place
the
is
these,
of
four
first
trapezium made by the
Zeta,
of
the
radiant
of
the
celebrated
shower
Leonid
of
drew
real
scientific
of solving
many
of the problems
The fourth
in
star
brightness,
interesting
and
Gamma
is
but
little inferior to
and in a telescope
beautiful
double
it
star.
is
Eegulus
an extremely
It
bears
the
"Forehead," though it
Arabic name Algieba, meaning
on the Lion's breast. It forms a
is
actually situated
Constellation Studies.
42
yellow
is
aamma,
white.
Zeta and
Leavino-
i
i,
the Eectangle, the
,
we come
Sickle,
the
to
four
stars-
brightest,
one of the
Delta
many Denebs,
sky,-and from
in the
interesting opera-glass
that
its
is
"Tail," which
companion
stars,
we
find
forms an
field.
CANCEE.
Preceding the Sickle of
and
least
Zodiac.
conspicuous
most
Its
of
Leo
all
significant
is
the
feature
is
found in the
and
fifth
Far
it floats.
parts."
These are two Asses that a Manger
that in Praesepe
a young beginner has fancied
comet, but the
naked-eye
new
a
has discovered
lie
of small stars,
cluster
a
be
to
it
least optical aid shows
upon it, he
telescope
his
turned
Galileo
Many
and
directly
detected
its
nature, counting
43
LEO
MINOR.
this region.
None
of Its components exceed
the fourth magnitude, and
it
IS chiefly noticeable
to the naked-eye astronomer
as the
home of a meteor radiant of the
second rank.
LYNX.
The Lynx,
very
similar
to
been
so,
most uu-ursine
agility.
OANES TENATICL
XJnderneath the three stars
which make the handle
he Plough, or tail of
the Bear, is a bright
star
easily recognised from
the comparative barenes!
of tie
of
Caroh,
Charles' Heart," so
called because Sir
C
Scarborough declared that it
shone with peculiar bright-'
made
his eftiy
Constellation Studies.
44
London on
into
his
restoration.
constellation like
attaches only to the single star; the
we owe
and Leo Minor, being one of those which
Lynx
who named
ingenuity of Hevelius,
the
to
Cor Caroli
double
is
it
Canes
a beautiful
20"
the components of which are about
star,
apart.
but
Almost midway between Cor Caroli and Arcturus,
No. 3 in Messier's
nearer the latter star, is the cluster
catalogue.
COMA BERENICES.
Below Canes Venatici, and immediately
of the rectangle of Leo, is
to
the east
ancient, is
it
for
observer,
crowded in
"
attract the
will
region
it.
delicate
sharp-sighted
attention of the
points and
Serviss writes of
it
of
films
light
are
if gossamer
will perceive a curious twinkling as
One
dewdrops were entangled there.
You
spangled with
rhyme, who
might think the old woman of the nursery
had skipped
went to sweep the cobwebs out of the sky,
beauty
this corner, or else that its delicate
instincts."
housewifely
her
even from
had preserved
it
The
and
hair
from
story of its
sister
to
an
of
naming
is
Aphrodite,
should
her
expedition on which
consort
he had
return
safely
out.
The
set
that Aphrodite
^ress
up
to heaven, in
"
45
VIEGO.
The Lion
is
by the Virgin
below the royal beast, format
lie
downwards more
easily
is
it
is
"From
its
vernal light,
triangle
of
made
A triangle appears
Denebola
are
the
the Virgin.
-the bright
Constellation Studies.
46
line
boundaries of Virgo.
runs a
little
south of
on the
line to
little
north of
/
/
/
/.
/.
/
/
P, Polaris.
C,
Cor
Caroli.
Fig. 15.
Spica
star,
A, Arcturus.
D, Uenebola.
S, Splca.
"
aamma, marks
ecliptic
almost
the
precise
47
point
where
of the
the
is
of double stars.
Silver
Age succeeded
to their fathers,
she
withdrew
to
the
mountains, and fled thence to the sky when
the Brazen
Eace fashioned murderous weapons and
devoured the
flesh of plough oxen for their food.
The account of her
which
is still
most generally
sents the
The
Aratus
As rushing on
When
his prey.
God
of day,
his arrows
fields
and
from
afar,
thirsty plain.
proving, as
But
us
tells
Brown
already
further proof
is
the
name
Lion.
of
Epsilon
them over 30
of
longitude,
Constellation Studies,
48
more nor
neither
less.
As a matter
only over 18
most irregular length, Cancer extending
early period,
an
50.
At
about
or 19% whilst Virgo covers
equal
twelve
into
divided
therefore, the ecliptic was
condirect
no
having
and
not constellations,
portions,
that
is
it
arbitrary
the
with
months.
Since,
then,
the
constellation
older
the climatic
that
country
can
have
any basis in
fact.
The con-
The
effected.
sign of the
Accadian calendar connects the sixth
the moon
heaven,"
of
daughter
Ishtar, "the
Zodiac with
in
of
"the
in Virgo's lap,"
refers to the
medieval
and Child.
representation of the sign as the Madonna
the two arms
The region of the sky enclosed between
Leo, lies near the pole of
of the Y, and Denebola and
50
Constellation Studies.
these
sky.
stellations, the
The
latter
constellation
equilateral
triangle,
meridian,
two other
is
Gamma
and the
to
line
Gamma
stars
of
Delta
Virginis almost an
When
about equal
on the
brightness,
Epsilon and Beta, lie below Gamma and Delta and make
up with them a neat little trapezium.
Beta Virginis
and Delta Corvi make a rough equilateral triangle with
Four
stars in a semi-circle, of
which Delta
is
These two
the middle,
little
groups
in
of Libra.
ea.sily
It has
few
remembered
51
from Procyon.
stellations
''symbol of
storm, wind,
the Crow,
the vault of
clouds,
or rather
Storm-Bird.
Carl
rain
Raven,
Gr.
are chaotically
is
mixed"; and
west shore of the Caspian, thought these three constellations represented the petroleum wells of Baku.
The
great extent of the
Hydra, with
its
folds
and knots,
Of these three
constellations, Crater
is
some pretty
fields.
double, whilst a
much
be found
it.
BOOTES.
Arcturus
entire sky.
is
If
Constellation Studies.
52
Arcturus
the Plough,
The
owes
star
its
name
It is
It is
now
the
Herdsman,
is
constellation
it is
true,
make up
all that, of
the most
This circumstance
may
constellations thereof."
probability.
Arcturus stands
Orion.
53
arc.
COEONA BOEEALIS.
Arcturus and
Gamma
name
is
A, Arcturus.
B, Alphecca.
C,
Gamma
and
Bootis.
is
The reason
Platter.
left of
of
Alphecca
D, Epsilon Bootis
and suggesting
to the old
making up a semi-
Arabian star-gazers
The
V^intage."
Constellation Studies.
54
"
circular, the
Crown conspicuously
glows."
it
and neat arrangement of Corona make
afforded
it
and in 1866
a pretty pbject for the opera-glass
For on the
chance for the naked-eye observer.
The small
size
a grand
night of
May
and
the east, was overshadowed by a new
This was
Alphecca.
outshone
which
companion
five furthest to
bright
Coronae, the
invention of
first
the
"new
new
star in Perseus
had
sensation
hydrogen aroused
have appeared since the date of
lines of
Anderson. So
one so recently discovered by Dr.
observations of its
however, as the relatively incomplete
point to T Coronae
spectrum changes go, they seem to
from those which have
being a nova of a different order
far,
succeeded
it.
SEXTANS.
Leo, and enclosed
Immediately under the Sickle of
Crater, and Hydra, is a
between that constellation, and
only three are
with a few faint stars, of which
dull region
brighter than the fifth magnitude.
CHAPTEE V
The Stars op Summer,
Vega, how the zenith star for our latitudes
during the
midnight of early summer, but which crossed the
meridian
at midnight in spring at the time when
the constellations
were mapped out, stands between two groups
of
figures of
most striking
stellar
which
and
to the east
numberthe Swan,
The old
constellation
makers have
haphazard
groups,
in
the designs
they
left
evident proof
selected
for
the
to
star
them.
for
north.
whom we
F 2
56
Constellation Studies.
now
call
ple
in the
head downwards
it
is
feet.
due to a mere
holder
is
the
man and
an attitude which
Genesis
between a
down
crushes
The
is
curled
recalls
iii. 15.
HERCULES.
A line
most westerly
of
the Kneeler.
This
is
not a brilliant
constellation, having
Gamma,
map
lily
six stars in
the Crown,
Hercules
the
is
name now
58
Constellation Studies.
constellation,
Aratus sings
But what
man
in
it
com-
who
his task or
this
honoured wight
The
first
crest."
In a poem
On
the
the
first
curve of the
lily
of Hercules, two-thirds of
Eta,
is
may be picked up
clusters.
It
full glory
command
of a first-rate telescope.
Gamma,
Beta,
of Hercules runs
Epsilon,
diamond
Beta, Gramma and Xi.
Pi and Iota
who have
the
Head
making a
of the
Dragon,
current outlines of
The
from
Gamma
lily of
Hercules extends
a well-marked
liiie
is
Delta,
stars,
constellation
of
the
59
Nu,
to
the
star
of
little
which
if
LYRA.
" There
is
And
this,
Fronting the
When
The
Unknown Form"
(i.e.,
whilst yet
it
Lyre;
the Kneeler)
"he set
it
down
brought to Heaven."
recognise.
two angles
of
by Epsilon and
Zeta.
Epsilon
to very
naked-eye double
at once,
itself
upper angle of a
keen sight a
and no great
each star as
is
telescopic
a neat
little
power
is
required to show
little pair.
Each
angles.
of these stars is
its
time
it
minima
even when
faintest
is
it
of
magnitude 4 J,
it is
but as
always
The Milky Way flows across the S.E. angle of the constellation, and this, with its dazzling leader, its numerous
pairs, its beautiful fields
and wonderful
variable, renders it
astronomer,
it is
also
To the naked-eye
the
Lyrids
their
radiant point
60
Constellation Studies.
The
constellation
last
is
its
word
it
of the principal
At nesr
at waJci, the
Fig, 17.
Al nesr
in contrast to Aquila,
we now
that is to
the " soaring
call Altair,
is,
eagle."
61
points.
who
depicted
and crushing
whom we
Serpent-holder,
The heads
of
together near the zenith, and the chief star of each constellation
follows
it
is
He
constellation.
are none of
in
any
them
His principal
star. Alpha,
Hague, "the head of the serpent charmer," lies
midway between Vega and Antares; as the old rhyme
Eas
has
al.
it
"Through Eas
al
Ophiuchus
describes
is
the southern
summer
him thus
enormous
beast,
With
His limbs
it
sky."
Aratus
Constellation Studies.
62
With
its
writhing
tail,
he grasps
The
head on high
The head
of the Serpent is
in northern sky."
marked out by
five stars in
The
Northern Crown.
of the
feet of the
Beta
stars are
five
X of
at the top.
lies
a notable
for
maps he
is
him that he
On our modern
ecliptic,
which
if
much
it
is
now
would have a
In this
case,
How many
constellations
did
the
or twelve
original
Chaldean
The question
Zodiac contain,~eleven
very important one as bearing on the origin of
?
is
the
The Stars
division
63
Summer.
of
significant
is
of
least
mapped out.
The assertion that the Chaldean Zodiac
originally of only eleven constellations is made
by Servius the grammarian, in
The latter
works of Virgil.
Emperor Augustus,
in
the
consisted
explicitly
his
commentary on the
in
his
address to the
first
Claws,
drawing back
its
Our
made
for
the Scorpion
gave to one of the figures a double space
with its
another
and
body
its
occupying one sign with
;
Brown's explanation of
outstretched Claws.
is
this double
very ingenious.
slain
And
upon Artemis
how
A tale of
old
thanks.
This, huger
still,
And
so
Orion
'tis
flies
said that,
to
when
all
the constellations,
is,
64
Constellation Studies.
sun
the Scorpion, on
i.e.,
>
A, Arcturiis.
B, Alkaid.
C,
Alpha
Librae.
D, Eegulus.
E, Spica.
F, Antares.
Fig. 18.
Antares
and a
Librje.
The
by bestowing on
it
writing in the
first
Georgic
we owe
to the
Romans,
Virgil
66
;;
Constellation Studies.
but we cannot now say liow far back into antiquity the
symbol goes. Though as Aratus truly says,
"
the
Few
are
for splendour
its stars
Libra can be
constellation
and renown,"
found by an
readily
Where yop gaunt Bear disports a tail, seek Alkaid at its tip,
From thence a ray athwart the space to south-south-east must
And when Arcturus has been passed prolong th' imagin'd line,
mark a
'Twill
Alpha Librae
it
is
it
claw, a
The
Zuben
which
marks the
first in
el G-enubi,
Zuben
ecliptic
el
to
name
its
belongs
clearly
Libra's sign."
unlucky star as
often called
title
star
an
is
really should be
but
the
dip
Beta
to
Librae.
it
forms
triangle
with
Beta
Alpha
Librae,
Librae
forming
an
Mu
and
equilateral
Virginis,
is
star
it
that
the brightest of
is
now
the
in
it
with
history.
For
the stars in
all
as equal
with
An tares.
it
As
must
But passing on
we come
to
There
is
no
difficulty in tracing
gem,
is
Ant-
angle, Spica
angle.
Antares stands
in a long
stars,
the
its
animal
legs.
"
and fainter
stars to right
and
constellations,'"
left
as
show
Serviss
67
head
and flourishing
to the west,
its
The pair
Lambda
this pair of
both
of
it is
but a
worth
well
Turning
examination
bacli to
the
opera-glass.
little
below,
is
Messier's catalogue.
of interesting
optical
with
The
entire
and beautiful
assistance
as the
fields
number 4
constellation
in
full
is
opera-glass
gives.
The two
and pretty
whilst
Nu
pair, situated
Scorpii,
on the
ecliptic,
Omega
Scorpii,
little
is
Close
to
^ho
Ophiiichi
is
the
comet-like
cluster.
which by
Constellation Studies,
68
red
reddest
the
colour,
Ares or Mars,
we
come
Mu
and then to
Scorpii,
glass,
Zeta,
gives
down
star lower
in the curve,
To the English
good binocular.
observer, Scorpio
hugs
itself,
greatest glory
its
and
its
Way
attains
of form.
SAaiTTAEIUS.
Following
Archer,
Scorpion
the
Sagittarius,
who
on
the
carries
ecliptic
comes the
string to
is
Sagittarius,
it.
so low that
lie
known.
is
perhaps
less
lower
Still,
still,
there
is
at the
it
lies
other of
indeed
it
Scorpio does
made
its
brilliance has
no
difiiculty in recognising it
it
better
on
its
end of June.
The
old rhymester
directs us
"From
Deneb, in
tlie stately
little
marked by the
Sigma are
in advance of
its
numerous
divisions.
northerly of
Lambda,
Proceeding
these downwards,
69
from
the
most
Mu,
\/
..A
X'
\
N
f
/
^><\
>D
i
A, Vega.
B, Deneb Adige.
C, Altair.
D. Sigma Sagittarii.
letter
Gamma,
point of the
the
little
in advance
of
Delta,
is
marks the
discharging at
Constellation Studies.
70
and
practically
exhaust the
list
of
its
brighter stars.
But though
Sagittarius
viewed as a whole,
lation,
is
it
Mu,
the greatest interest in opera-glass or telescope.
region
a
of
centre
the
the upper horn of the Bow, is
region in Virgo
as rich in star clusters as the nebulous
is
in nebulse.
catalogue, forms
Delta.
Messier
logue, a star cluster quite unlike
in the
upwards
Passing
attractive.
as
line,
we come
to Messier 18,
8,
but almost
same straight
then Messier 17, the famous
little
further
off,
Messier
little
These clusters are the principal objects in the
asterism
modern constellation. Scutum Sobieski, an
16.
valiant John
which Hevelius devised to celebrate the
Europe from
of
deliverer
and
Poland,
of
Sobieski, king
map makers
modern
other
some
and
Proctor
the Turk.
and
Sagittarius.
It
was
practically
entirely
enclosed
contains but a
within the borders of the Galaxy, and
Scuti
single notable star, the variable E.
nebulae is
of telescopic stars, clusters and
;
able.
degrees
Sir
of space it
but
its
wealth
just visible
Of its clusters the most wonderful is
"
of Wild
Plight
the
to the naked eye, and is Messier 11,
constellation.
the
Ducks," on the north-eastern border of
stars.
71
CORONA AUSTEALIS.
The
shown
in the
Led round
his fore-feet.
name."
(Brown's Aratus.)
The
little to
so as to distinguish
it
CYGNUS.
Eeturning to Yega, the key star of this region of the
heavens,
we
Swan and
home
close to the
the Eagle.
constellations
It is a
which, whatever
its
significance,
many
cannot
of the stellar
is
in front another
Without a bow
and by
From
size,
ocean
And
tells us,
Arrow
it flies
cast
the Bird
nigh a second
sails
when night
flies
Constellation Studies.
72
Way
the Milky
due
to
forming
very keystone,
its
The
we now know
" Bird," or as
traced out.
easily
western
divides
This
it.
body, and
angles
is
edge
tail of
of
figure
the
the
of
bright
great
represents
which here
outstretched
the
Crossing
neck,
at right
it
The
sents
constellation
whole
the
Swan," may be
the
"
the
it,
is
neigh-
its
has
often
termed
been
from
its
Gamma
beyond
name
is
Lyrae as
Gamma
from Yega.
is
Its
derivation of the
due to a mistake.
dajajah,
the
"
Hen's Beak."
the
Gamma,
of
the
power of a
field-glass.
cross,
is
the
centre
region.
is
of
of sky
most
interesting
from Beta to
itself
is
in the midst
interspersed
of rich streams of
Gamma
Gamma
small stars,
lanes.
marks the
Gamma
to
74
Constellation Studies.
we
Epsiloii
find
one of
tlie
in
tbe Milkj
called
"hindmost"
or
both
"follower,"
titles
appropriate
The entire region of the constellation is full of interest and beautj, whatever the optical
power with which it is examined, from the naked eye up
enough
to its place.
One
many
of the
interesting
one on each
is
side,
is
Omicron.
orange.
AQUILA
Aratus
" Bird,"
defines
refers
the
to
without naming
it
as
agrees with
but Eratosthenes
species,
Cygnus as the
constellation
its
identification.
its
Dr. Lamb's
somewhat
Altair,
The second bird is, howthe Eagle, and its chief star,
three bright
of the
stars
in
Milky Way.
is
the
straight
The three
"Flyer";
one, Alpha,
the
line,
on the borders
"Soaring
Eagle,"
as
con-
with
Eagle "
Falcon "
Vega,
"
the
Swooping
" Falling
or
"
is
75
White
Tarazed, the
star,
The
trouble,
that of
Cygnus.
together,
mark
Two
is
stars,
Zeta
much
very
fainter
70 and 71,
pair,
the Milky
reproducing
marks
Way, we
find
and head
Gamma
Proceeding from
down
we
by no means so good as
and a
direction,
mark
much
stars,
downwards
which
stars
of the
Swan.
Alpha, Beta,
Theta
to a bright star,
Fol-
Gamma,
is
Eta,
its
its
SAGITTA.
The quotation from Aratus given a couple
refers to
is
little
constellation
of pages above,
lation
narrow
to 10,
the
of
of
stars
the
line,
it
is
Arrow.
fourth
Possessing
only
five
little
a
but 4 in length, increased by the moderns
in
poem, and
having
logued by Ptolemy.
lost
its
five
principal
The history
of
It
stars
duly cata-
Arrow was
was not shot by
the
76
Constellation Studies,
to that in
which he
head and
it
is
shooting.
This
is
the explanation
of the phrase
" Another
Arrow
cast
Without a bow;"
who
despatched
it.
The Herdsman
grips
his
crook,
the
and
if
was
really Hercules,
we
Germanicus
tells
the
modern
Hevelius in 1690.
eye observer
it
in
the
is
extent,
framed
by
celebrated
in the field-glass.
Yulpecula,
latter half of
observer the
constellation,
June,
and
to
the
telescopic
visible
CHAPTEE
yi.
The
the stars of
summer
and
in the
when we come
autumn,
For the southern horizon is
the year by a chain of seven
herself
five in
is
marine in
all
member
character,
and Cassiopeia
and well-recognised
stellar designs,
These are
the five constellations which, together with Cetus, preserve
to us the legend of Perseus and the maiden whom he
The
delivered.
G-reek sources,
is
and
in all lands.
any
fault,
story, as it
Her
ages
all
yet condemned, in
is
story.
to
some
terrible
the very crisis of her fate a young hero, who has already
abundantly proved his mettle in other fields, appears
on the scene. Her beauty and her distress alike appeal
to
him
and
is
a light task.
of,
wedding
bells.
and
rejoicing to the
sound
Constellation Studies.
78
may
Andromeda
the
Brown
be, as
dawn
to
is
but
if
imbue
of
Pygmalion,
it
say, the
it
it
fill
with the
the
bride,
his
rosy red
of
human
As
life.
interest,
in
we may
and
the story
us, as for
is
in
all-
may
bore.
liave
with a
spirit
we
that
solar
the dead
so,
may
Perseus
Andromeda,
and
sldh,
lion's
us,
assures
is
him,
more
lifeless
look
still
the
old
romance, ever
new and
ever true
Two
now
when once we have found
of the group
is
in the
sky,
but
zenith,
slightly
under consideration
then
to
the
be
west
seen,
of
chief stars
When
Cassiopeia.
may
and Cepheus,
The
Cassiopeia
high up in the
generally
respectively Beta
and
G-amma
readily
zenith,
where Cassiopeia
horizon
down from
seated,
is
and along
its
axis,
The
Cassiopeia.
point
of
the
is
Mirfak,
i.e.,
more
the
the east
to
79
distinct
known
are
of
marked bj two
stars,
demon "
smaller,
Cassiopeia.
of
star, so called
from
its
'
r*
'
.E.
W"
in
Triangle.
the
small
but
ancient
constellation
of
the
80
Constellation Studies.
TRIANGULUM.
IX
This
is
of
from
importance,
great
on
the
quoting them.
and forethought.
Eef erring
popular in a certain
in itself,
is
it
which
it
this
as
evidence
Brown's remarks
may be
forgiven for
to
he
school,
says
" They
would
followed suit
is
as
clear,
a pretended
Brown
It
triangles,
equally
strongly
The
Taurus.
selection
conspicuous
stars
Triangle
is
strong
much more
the head of
therefore of these
by no means
the
form
to
it
in
example,
for
as,
such a
suggested
figure.
stars
the
indication
of
the
only
the
constellation
that,
not
designs,
definite
The
principal characteristics
the
of
three
constella-
"Her
garlanded head,
Her diamond
She
still
And on
in
Of the
her
first
sandalled feet,
her
still
hang the
rich attire
her wrists
he says
retains,
galling chains."
PEGASUS.
His description of the constellation of Pegasus
is
one
82
Constellation Studies.
of the
fullest
There
no
is
now known
common
two
to the
hand
left
constellations.
same
Its
as
Alpha
is
name, Alpheratz,
tradition
close
Its
body
it
As
That
if
to
is
say,
make up
Perseus,
Of
Andromeda
star
common
to
the Square.
Aratus
referring
after
says,
to
"Her
Gl-leam bright with
hope
Her brave
mighty
His giant
deliverer
anxious eyes
flies,
son of Jove
The
" cloud
of
is
the Milky
Way,
on an arm of which, Mirfak, the chief star of the conThis " dust
stellation, stands.
for
sky
"
Cassiopeia,
lies
Perseus, one
present.
of
Then, again, in
formed by
Gamma
the
Persei,
centre
of
the
triangle
Gamma Andromedae
34 Messier,
and
Qrpssing
83
Gramma Andro-
neighbourhood
the
meteors
with
associated
November
line
Nu,
close
the
it
pointing
stars
The next
Cassiopeia.
third
three
now
of
en-
Passing on
23.
starting point of
upwards
Beta
of these stars to
to
shower
comet, and
Biela's
to
of
of
towards
is
east,
after
Mu,
the
lies
the
the great
our
skies.
The
Andromeda the
is much less
double
naked-eye
possesses
Pegasus
region nearest
interesting, but
Pi, the
in
star in
the
horse's hoof.
When
Square of Pegasus
is
a succession of designs,
all of
is
held by
fishes
The
first
pretty
little
behind
Dolphin that
constellation of the
the
wing
outstretched
follows the
of
fishtail
the
of
Then
we have
Eagle.
Next
Capricornus.
coils itself
and the
Southern
Fish
at
his
Aquarius
feet.
is
Below
more
a pair of
this
as
Cetus,
two
form
terrible
Aquarius.
united by a
fishes
group
waving riband.
the
design
of
the
the
"
Whale,"
but
water-pot of
to us to-day
traditionally
rather of
earth,''
84
Constellation Studies.
pours
from
forth
his
mouth a
DELPHINUS.
The
first
member
and
is
easily found.
stellation,
line
be for-
This
is
mag-
the constellation
Two
logue.
fifth.
pact
little
Alpha, Beta,
lozenge,
the
Gamma
straight line
of
Gamma
the Dolphin
is
one of
and
Though
Sicilian
astronomer.
In his
simply the
name
Cacciatore, latinized
and
of
Piazzi's
assistant,
Niccolo
spelt backwards.
CAPEICOENUS.
Capricornus
tarius,
is
and
is
is
a centaur or man-horse,
invariably a goat-fish.
so
Just as Sagittarius
Capricornus
is
almost
ex-
85
plained
constellations
the
winter
solstice
explanation,
made when
sign
fell
many
centuries
and
Capricorn,
had been
Capricorn
before
that
late
the
guess,
meaning of the
lost.
may
be found by
Altair.
drawing a straight
Omega
Vega
Oapricorni
above
lies
it,
lies
line
just
and marks
lies
the horns
of
Alpha
and the
and
it is
paratively recently.
nection
with
The two
each other,
it
stars
and
their
which mark
the
fishtail.
Deneb
Algiedi, the
tail of
Delta
is
indeed the
Following Zeta
is from Beta,
the opera-glass will show as a faint
point of light, 30
Messier, a large cluster of remarkable richness.
Constellation Studies.
86
AQUARIUS.
"
Down from
Then
space,
bright Vega, cast your glance across the Dolphin's
place."
just as far again you'll find the Waterbearer's
Aquarius
one of
is
tlie
as a
immemorial
which
is
now
man
lias
been
pouring out a
arm
is
stretched back-
as to reach over
wards to the
He
Capricornus.
by
almost the entire length of Capricorn. The figure is
stream
The
main.
the
in
out
marked
clearly
no means
in the
number
of faint
which
stars in the eastern portion of the constellation,
star
a
Fomalhaut,
to
curves
wavering
lead downward in
Eoyal
ancient
four
the
of
one
and
magnitude
of the first
Dwellers further south can recognise Fomalhaut
without any difficulty, since Achernar lies just mid- way
Stars.
between
it
it.
Its
strangely
Mouth," for
centuries that
us,
simply
Fomalhaut
name
enough
the starry
means
through
of
the strangest
all
Fish's
the
long
his stream
" the
to
as pouring forth
fish
surely
of symbols.
S7
triangle,
Aquarius
is
of
the
pitcher from
which
pouring.
of
Aquarius
is
marked by
from Beta
Mu
opera-glass to reveal
CETUS.
The
meda
and Andromeda
which might otherwise have escaped
recognition owing to
the distance which lies
between them in the
sky
The
Stream, Eridanus, too, which Cetus
appears to have poured
out of his mouth, is evidently
an integral part of the story
Constellation Studies.
B8
as
we
find
it
in the heavens,
The
it
some
connection with
distinct
But
marine groups.
at all
same quarter
of
been
have
at
have a
called,
seven
the
of
least
same watery
is
a very
striking circumstance.
It
is
impossible to
suppose that
the association of
close
con-
We
these
in
such
may
stellation
is
Water Snake,
We
of
the true
far
significance of this grouping would lead us too
saw
mythology
Greek
astray from our present purpose.
destroy
in Cetus the monster which Neptune sent to
insolence
and
pride
Andromeda, in punishment for the
of
her
'ler
V.
Cassiopeia,
and
this,
of
course,
is
the
A.ratus.
account
"
Mark where
Nor
Brown
dares he pass
identifies
tlie
bar,
beneficent gods,
the spirit of Chaos, the enemy of the
and he notes that the
and opposed to law and order
;
90
Constellation Studies.
Canis
"
significance
ill
Hydra,
representing, with
To the
sky,
line of a
being
length
itg
Though none
50,
breadth 25.
average
its
Proceeding from
east to
lounge chair, or
of the
it,
O micron
if
we
carried
curves
constellation
down
to
The back
mark the
front leg.
distinctive
names
more
in
a graceful curve,
Only a few of
common
belongs to
strictly
the
the
have
stars
Alpha
use at present.
is
known
full
Upsilon,
title
is
Omicron
it.
Beta
being Fomalhaut.
is
Lambda, the
mag-
fifth
its
al Tania,
And upwards
glides,
Where numerous
gleam
The
star
of
Cetus
is
Omicron
to
its
it
title
of
Mira,
because of
its
91
remarkable variations.
first
1596,
down
in
known almost
has been
of variation
which
is
it
occupies
to equal Aldebaran.
naked
invisible to the
circumstances,
therefore,
minimum
Such a variation
maximum
still
four times as
is
baffles
our every
it
is
hidden by enormous
certain
is
its
great as this.
Under ordinary
eye.
brightness at
its
Its period
eleven
sunspots,
with
still
but a crude
is
many
a
is
difficulties.
It
that a variation in
a single course of
its
changes.
it
Yet Mira
is
PISCES.
The idea
carried
Andromeda
is
is
far apart, a
shine.
tails,
92
Constellation Studies.
The knot
of
Cetus,
devoted victim,
his
the
hate
distant
the Sea-
of
Monster.
The
into
monster Typhon
clearly only
an
The doubling
festly
of the fishes is
Adar, that
to say,
is
The
Ve-adar.
constellations
Although Pisces
the naked eye,
its
is
two brightest
number
of stars
arranged
in
trace
to
two
its
it
obvious
is
fifth
an easy
is
it
consists
chiefly
of a
magnitudes,
streams.
the constellation,
by
as
easterly star of
Ceti,
out,
stars.
magnitude,
two
This
al Kaitain, the
is
*'
implied
knot of
The Stars
of
Autumn.
93
ERIDANUS.
The
give
of
constellation
marked
specially well
it
Stream
tlie
is
the
Akkadians
and
Aratus
one.
it
Eratosthenes
seems extremely
identified
name
name, meaning
"
Eridanus
"
may be
with
the
Brown
con-
it
a Turanian
The meaning
of
is
river
not apparent at
first
sight, since
the story
of
Sea-Monster
Perseus
is
con-
we
flood, to
Andromeda was
sacrificed.
be
so,
the
Hebrew account
of
principle.
Proctor has
great
Deluge, and
it
is
his
Babylonian
Or
it
may
tradition.*'
" when within the sea there was a stream " which
flowed on both sides of Eridu, the Eden-city, situated in the Abyss.
"The Abyss had not been made, Eridu had not been constructed,
The glorious house, the house of the gods, its seat had not been made
The whole of the lands were sea.
When
94
Constellation Studies.
names
common
in
use to-daj
Achernar,
" the
meaning
Ptolemy's Catalogue
the
end
Eridani, a bright
now known
is
of
the
with the
star
river."
apparently
it
^vas
it
was
felt
as
In
corresponding-
title is
unless
Alpha
star far
But
meaning
its
hence as new stars came into view with southern exploration, the constellation
was prolonged
to within 32
known
AEIES.
Close
the
greater
is
is
W,
to say,
He
can also be
found readily by following the stars which mark the belt
of Andromeda. Proceeding from Nu Andromedse through
Mu and Beta, we find at double the distance between Nu
As Aratus
flat
tells
triangle which
us
marks the
you would
find
him
in the
crowded
skies,
lies."
to the north
and westerly,
is
the faintest.
compact
little
triangle
the
Pleiades
all
95
constellation.
The mythology
as
is its
of the constellation
as little striking
is
It
is,
of course,
Argo;
indeed
is
it
the Earn
it,
whose golden
But the
to seek.
nor
there
is
constellations
the
the
story carries
anything in the
support
to
of
fleece
the
legend,
An
explanation which
that
asserts
plausible,
the time
first
to symbolize
it
first
Eam
was placed
when the
that as the
at
the
constellations were
came
it
and
out,
was natural
know
the equinox
Taurus.*
mapped
appears more
sight
fell
in
the
middle
of
the
constellation
and
constellation
of the
Eam
to represent
it
as
it
it
figures
I.
It
is
onwards from
Ram
stars of the
B.C.
really fell
amongst
tlie
three
96
Constellation Studies.
come down
to us
from
antiquity.
There
is
It proves
and these
theories
when they
real origin
lost.
The only
known by
their Arabic
Alpha
head.
brightest
first
it
afterwards.
star
on the
"
is
the
constellation.
it is
And by
He knew
is
"the horn-push,"
Tauri, to which
the
the entire
for
in
Eam,"
formed round
"
Hamal, the
as
being put
star
Brown indeed
known
is
full well
how
working,
far Alnath
fix
was shove
Aries above,
is."
knew
Chaucer
is
to say
from
celestial
first
longitude
to the first
is
star in
Beta
and
Mesartin,
Gramma bear
the
names
Sheratan
and
08
Constellation Studies.
together therefore
two
mean
" the
A
may
small
constellation
receive
in
this
a passing notice.
on Hamal.
region
of
sky
the
close
is
of
Aratus, but
stars
it is
formerly
described as
stated that
Hipparchus formed
belonging
to
we now have
it
the
Dolphin.
it
from
It
is
CHAPTEE
VII.
The
long
heavenly
nights
hosts
squadrons.
winter
of
gather
Sirius,
by
the
are
in
their
most
resj^lendent
stars,
Day.
Bog
the Lesser
New
Year's
same
is
Procyon,
night.
star, follows
constellations,
the
brilliant stars,
ship
with
all
many
the stellar
small
unaided
region,
stars
sight.
just
within the
clearly
grasp of
though Dr.
Lamb
fails,
majestic
sight,
with
less
Men
call
him
and
glittering thigh.
the
Sirius, for
star,
intensely bright,
100
Constellation Studies.
TAUEUS.
There
of the
The
its
no
in the
cluster
Pleiades, to the
star
Bull
is
heavens,
of the
The
head.
marked
capital
orange
star,
mark
latter
well-
V.
marks
upper
the
hand
left
Y,
the
of
Gamma
marks the
Theta
angle.
and Theta 2
Delta
lie
between
Gamma
we come
length,
their
the tips
much
chief
stars
Pegasus,
is
to
the northern
Beta,
in
for
constellation,
shown only
Following the
of
being
and Epsilon.
in
half
little
length,
horn,
Bull,
like
and beside
his
Iota
Tauri stands just mid- way between Beta and Zeta on the
one
side,
straight
line
Lambda
Tauri,
and
Iota
Epsilon on
through
followed
on,
the
other.
Gamma
passes
leads
just
A
to
below
The names
are restricted
the
names
for
the two
groups,
the
individual stars
stars
that
is
101
And
Alcyone CeloenoMerope
Electra Taygeta and Sterope
mellow land
to the
their
command."
little
ones."
of
to
chickens."
them as
writing their
name
" the
Many
doves "
of the
or
as " Peleiades."
" rock
pigeons,"
They were
likewise
the " Vergiliae," "the stars of spring," or the " Atlan-
tides,"
from
their father.
Modem
astronomers have
I
"
102
Constellation Stndieft.
Pleione,
the parents of
the
As
in Dr.
ASTEROPE
..
>
Tayceta
%Maia
Celoeno
PLEIONE
IKTLkS
^
^ALCYONE
%Electra
Meropl
'
'
opening year.
the reference to
This no doubt
**
is
the
first
meaning
of
103
Job XXXVIII.
Whilst in conjunction with the sun
they were hidden from view for
forty days, reappearing
in
summer drew
as
" There
And
But
is
near.
a time
Thus Hesiod
when
sino-s
o
lie
human
eye;
When
which in so many
considerable distance
the group.
nations
and unconnected, we
find
the
the
Six
stars are
most
widely
tradition
that
are only visible to-day, seven
was their
original number.
The probability seems that this
is no
mere legend, but the record of
an
though
SIX stars
astronomical fact
Several of the present Pleiades
are slightly variable, and
Alcyone, the leader in brightness
to-day,
have
only
centuries.
of
the
detected
attained
It is
that
rank
within
would seem to
the
last
few
therefore
members
of
without
the
telescope,
be
may
in
time past
have
104
Constellation Studies.
between
the
horn
southern
H jades,
tip,
the
is
horns.
Bull's
in
first
Zeta
of very slow
is
Lambda
Tauri
is
Ih.
is
of a dark companion.
that
it
sinks
down
its
maximum,
magnitude
of
it
3*4!
at
due
Its period
or rather
minimum
to 4*2.
AUEiaA.
"Next tlie broad back and sinewy limbs appear
Of famed Auriga, dauntless charioteer.
Far
form begins
The
To
sacred goat
upon
*******
Kind
And
foster nurse
feet.
Beta Tauri, the northern horn, belongs also traditionally to the constellation of
Auriga
chariot
now known
is
visible,
modern
as
and
repre-
ConsteUatiun Studies.
106
Le
sentations
is
described
in
as
the
attitude
of
stellation is Heniochus,
name preserved
in
Aurigse,
for us
" the
" Menkalinan,"
name
the Arabic
shoulder
for
the
of
Beta
rein-
holder."
The
out.
chief stars of
the
gem Yega on
creamy
light,
the opposite
A, Capella.
B, Menkalinan.
Fig. 22.
midnight.
C, Castor.
F, Alnatli.
D, Pollux.
E, Aldebaran.
of the crossbeam,
straight line
to Delta, a star
Theta the
head of the
triangle
Of the three
figure.
by Capella, Epsilon
stars
107
marking the
little
is
on February
1,
the extreme
dis-
star discovered
new
south
The
position of the
Nova
is
At
it
GEMINI.
Passing on further to the west, a pair of bright stars
are seen as far below the forefoot of the Great Bear
as Alpha is above it.
These are Castor and Pollux, the
constellation
is,
according
Brown, a
to
Twin Brethren
stellar
mysterious
work
of
together.
In classical legend they are the children
Zeus and Leda, the Dioskouroi, and by no means have
many
their
stories
like
that
questionable
if
it
is
safe
to
press
far
the
theory
108
Constellation Studies.
the
that
so
ancients,
designing
the
in whicli they
and lunar
to
speak,
constellations
had dramatized
to
solarized
the
stars,
relations.
The four
by
Mu
in the
cluster,
eye,
is
Close
Xi.
is
is
a splendid
glass.
Castor
is
is
Milky Way.
region
of
the
The
of several
is
it
ORION.
straight
line
literature, ancient or
modern, sacred or
classical.
to in
Both
the
Authorised
There
constellation.
rendering
of
109
is
much
to
this
that
the
31,
probability
but there
tion.
such
great conqueror,
xiii., 10,
tions."
If Kesil, therefore,
general;
of
unless,
the
in
this
sky
perchance,
is
we
mad
ambition.
Constellation Studies.
110
latter
The
former.
was
stellar
one
stellation,
the con-
was taken as a
or the
taken
giant,
as
representing the
on
therefore,
this
view
found in the
no distinction
His prey
Up
from the
east the
flies,
Now
it is
Of course
certain, as
it
as a constellation
is
also a
has no improbability.
on
the
It is possible,
its
vastly
more powerful
moon
and
his chase,
may
well be doubted.
to
to
colour,
and
is
is
Alpha, Betelgeuse,
That furthest
obviously orange in
" the
shoulder of the
The
giant."
Bellatrix,
Ill
This last
is
Gramma,
from
title is
Al
title
corner
"the conqueror."
Najid,
The
south-western
eastern, belongs to
sword," the
from
Iota, to
which
this
star
really belongs.
it
Saiph, "the
to
mark
his
legs.
sword
is
line
below Epsilon.
To
the
appearance being
glorious
object
Gramma, but a
Milky
the
little
Taurus,
to
whilst
star;
its
great nebula,
Iota.
diffused
the most
heavens.
to the
Theta and
42,
north,
Orion's head.
Way
are,
misty
is
due to the
in
triangle of stars,
mark
These
Theta
eye,
is
a compact
and Phi
2,
little
which
the feet of
between
and Aldebaran a
curving line of stars runs nearly due south, marking the
lion's
Bellatrix
of the Bull, as
if it
"\
was the
is
:'
,
The
much
of
interest
for
the
hare,"
oE
naked-eye
known
observer.
Its
as Arneb,
"the
triangle,
Constellation Studies.
112
far
more majestic
in its proportions,
triangle,
is
and Procjon.
"
To reach
afar,
tlie
spicuous star;
Then
Its
The
span
brilliant
practically
this is so
and vast
is
low for
so
lies
though in
English observers
full
that
star.
But
sky, being
Bt--
itself
--
-- -C
is
rendered
.jj
'
\
\
'.
'.
'
\
\-'
.'.,' 'v
'
A, Sirius.
B, Procyon.
Fio. 23.
C, Betelgeuse.
Sirius,
D,
Bfillatrix.
that
to
it
it
its scintillations,
serves alone to
which
E, Eigel.
114
Constellation Studies.
two causes
to
the one
the other,
it
can
striking
its
it
And
The name
meaning
name
appropriate enough
and one
The
in conjunction with
of
summer.
or
" prince,"
the
or
as " chief,''
it
bright
"
all
Our name
is
simple enough.
in other words,
Procyon
but as rising
earlier,
dog";
before
it
and
so
heralding
its
appearance.
The
distinct
eye
is
creamy or yellowish
on a
fine
sensitive
The
shows a
star, yet
which to a
tinge,
constellation
of
the
first
Lesser
named.
Dog
in
Ptolemy's
This
is
is
so
much
less
brilliant
than
Sirius.
'
4X5
to call
Procyon and
its
the stars.
in
the presence of
two
fairly bright
stars
some
five
degrees apart.
is
Beta
our horizon
is
it,
whilst another
follows.
is
CHAPTER
VIII.
Stars.
in the
a strange, unforgettable sensation
to
latitudes
northern
high
our
from
first
the
old
is
voyage
southern
Night
hemisphere.
after
night
the
our sky at
constant occupants of
and disappear,
the south.
from
us
upon
whilst new
and the
friends
old
of
But beside the disappearance
in the north
stars
coming into sight of stranger stars, the known
attiunfamiliar
that still remain to us adopt most
perplexing
more
tudes, and these become more and
Lordly Orion stands on his
south we go.
the further
turning
the exact attitude of a little city Arab,
Zodiac, all in
cart-wheel; the long procession of the
head
a
in
the
altered
no longer recognisable
ful face that watched us there is
" inverted.
globe
his spotty
as such, since we see
of the sky
general characteristics
are familiar, they possess some
Starting from
observer.
that cannot fail to strike the
we
Scorpio, here
in
in
the
very zenith,
w^
fin^
117
Way sweeping downwards towards the southwest in masses of the greatest brilliancy and complication.
the Milky
lollowed by the
and the
fifth.
The Centaur claims ten stars brighter
than the third magnitude, the Wolf three, Argo
fifteen,
one of which, Canopus, is inferior only to Sirius.
As
Way
the Milky
enters Canis
it
more
three
therefore,
above
the third.
from Scorpio
brilliant in
to
This belt of
the
sky,
is
of
this belt
Eound
to
rival
even
we
find
the
southern
the Great
Cepheus
and
placed
and
round
Lacaille,
the
pole
Bear,
the
there
no star groups
the Dragon,
or
The new
southern
are for
are
Cassiopeia,
constellations,
pole
the most
which were
by Dircksz
Keyser,
southern pole
contains
is
situated,
but a single
magnitude, nearly all
star
its
as
bright
as
members being
the
fourth
fainter
than
lis
Constellation Studies.
magnitude
is
The southern
6^.
Sigma
pole star,
Octantis,
The other
are
the
presence
which there
Then
sky.
two
the
of
Magellanic
close
we
to
much more
Clouds, to
is
Way,
find
the
blacker and
northern course.
There
is
its
surroundmg
is
it
hems
celestial river
of
generally seem
from being
far
as that which
and
so bright
distinct
Lastly,
light.
much
richer
in
within
just
stars
the
especially
rich
the
in
regions
of
and
Eridanu.s
New
Zealand,
and
the colonies
Southern
the
Cross
on March 28th
it
and
and
circumpolar
at
midnight
Canopus being
then
and west of
end of the
whilst
it,
Victoria
of
is
river,"
on the
south.
These great
of the
When
leader stars
enable
the
general
trend
is
is
beam by
"Delta
of the two.
at no great
and Beta,
Eetii
first
magnitude
star,
Beta
Centauri
lies
Stars.
but a
II9
further
little
from Beta
not quite
is
spread
Kappa
beam.
Argo
is
greater part of
The
vessel
is
its
drawn
we read
Thus
Brown's
in
Argo drawn."
Jason's
is
beach
grounds.
it
fact,
in
his
view,
the
constellations
generally were
designed by the Greeks to celebrate the
heroes and deeds
of this
great expedition.
us
later
it-Centaurus, who
just
left
the
ship,
is
constellations near
represented as having apparently
and the Altar at which he is
sacrificing a pictorial
Deluge of
120
Constellation Studies.
horizon; the
whom
the Centaur
offering
is
up,
Centaur's head,
is
member
only bright
the
of
that
Argo
is
reference
groups Malus,
stern
keel.
speaking,
the
G-enerally
modern
constellations,
and
are
inappropriate
to
their
surroundings,
and
There is,
unsuitable as means for identifying the stars.
representing
as
however, one exception. If we take Argo
thigh "
is
is,
of the Greater
Dog, whose
room
for the
new group.
Those who
and most
new
constellations
is
lA
IIA
IIIA
Al
Ou
CO
ZD
2
i
1,
a.
2-
O
<
i
o
o
o
X
\
>
.'I-
o
o
o
>
X
/)
<
XVII
XIX
XX
z:
122
Constellation Studies,
at
form
principal
its
gentle
whilst a bright
The Microscope,
characteristics.
and Piscis
and the Sculptor's Tools, now more generallyknown as the Sculptor, which he added below Aquarius,
Australis,
and Cetus
Sculptor
Argo
of
sails
wedged
in
below Hydra
lies
and
beneath the
constellations
which
have been
Beta Argus
by the
lies
side
and
pole,
is
of Canopus-;
constellations,
Mountain,"
Reticulum
Dorado,
Pictor
and
Lesser Cloud
lies
constellations
tive
constellation
Centaur
them
Milky
Way
six
primitive.
other
constellations
The three
and the
Passing over
Five
feet of the
beside,
constellations
two
of
immediately
new.
Circinus
below
Way,
Southern
its
a neat
little
figure
Alpha
is
Apus, which
Centauri.
is
123
midway between
Alpha Crucis and Alpha Pavonis. The latter is a second
magnitude star and the brightest in Pavo, the Peacock,
the most brilliant of the new constellations, except Grrus
and Crux, and covering a considerable portion of the zone
the one furthest from the Centaur, lying
of small stars to
Indus, a fainter
lies
rounding Octans.
SECTION
ASTRONOMICAL
II.
EXERCISES
WITHOUT A TELESCOPE.
SECTION
IL
ASTRONOMICAL EXERCISES
WITHOUT A TELESCOPE.
CHAPTEE
The Sun and the
It
may seem
I.
Seasons.
and
idle suggestion
were
first
and
modern observatories
Yet if
of exactness.
degree
to an almost inconceivable
the
but
is
this
that
see
shall
moment
we
we think for a
which are
now
ascertained in our
know
in
learning the
perfectly well
we
is
the most
We
make a chemist
of a
can never
made
We
make
known
127
the Seasons.
far
and
in so doing,
he not
skill
amount
a sense which no
of reading about
them could
ever supply.
It has
Astronomy that
this
There
is
disseminated
there
known by
little
Much
modern tendency
to the
smoky atmosphere
bodies
the crowded
lights in streets
glitter of the
to
live
in
buildings
is
towns.
the shining of
dulls
due simply
Here the
the heavenly
We
is
stars
and therefore we
do
not
notice
them.
We
did,
do not
tell
the sun's
us that.
place
in
Therefore, except in
unnoted.
But
first
in early times
importance.
The
this
constellations
were
mapped out
some 5000 years ago, but before that was done how
long before we cannot tell the length of the year had
been determined and the apparent path of the sun
amongst the stars had been laid down.
The exact
128
if
work
But
to-day.
And
is
strongly
is
available, the
recommended
to
make
it.
If this
had
beginner in astronomy
use of
own
their attention
some given
drawn
and
set
behind different
this observation
the distance
distinctness
upon
it.
the
of
of
number and
They would
so
to speak
and a few
and sedulous record of the exact position of
rising and setting would give an exceedingly
years' careful
the sun at
close determination of
year.
line.
A line
drawn at right
rising and setting,
mean
much more
line.
But
due south
obstructed on
The conditions
widely that
as to
it
making
for
different
so
and
it
would be useless
for
wlio take
make
It
up the pursuit
129
the Seasons,
is
Astronomy should
observations independently, and too detailed
beforehand would defeat the very object
their
instruction
of naked-eye
for
It
would soon be
felt
ranged along
it
are
The
to
itself
So perhaps the
some means
of observing the
shadow
it
casts
sun-dial.
spear of some
before his
it
would not be a
difficult
The
re-
day
shadow changed
in
its
six-foot spear
noonday
at
in
than 2
at
feet
another.
This
instrument, so
may
measurement,
bably we see
obelisks
and
it
science
it
begun
lent itself
measurement
temples, though
to
and pro-
Egyptian solar
of
is
simple,
well have
these
the
no
An
upright
stick,
level surface,
may
carefully
had
ceased.
therefore well
mark
the
first
advance
130
will
be found
knob
at
shadow more
to render the
easily
observed.
The
meridian line
at
marked with
be
to
some
cousiderable
exactness.
drawing a
circle
of the
afternoon watching
lengthens
itself
shadow
till
as radius,
the tip of
to exactly reach
the
the
shadow again
circle.
We
shall
The date
summer
of the
would
is
change in the
scarcely perceptible.
noonday shadow of a
day
But
sufficient
far exacter
the very
inches long,
slightest trouble
made
either of tin or of
and
an
fixed to the
of
it so
the Seasons.
131
The
next
graduated
should be
graduated
him bj the
rod.
would be to
The material
step
circle.
fit
of
the
tube
with
which the
should be
it
the student.
can
be very
easily purchased
circle
The
ways; the
circle
so
turn with
as
may
to
then
be
read
it,
by
its circumference
or the
be fixed in one position with respect to
the vertical, and the tube may be
turned round upon
the same centre as that of the circle.
In this case the
tube should be supplied with pointers
to read on the
circle
may
itself
circle.
it
centre of which
circle
our
must be
should be
is
fixed
the
be
horizontal
rough
plane,
model
of
and
an
altazimuth.
Its first use will be to determine
the meridian
by
taking an observation in the morning,
reading both
circles then in the afternoon, waiting
until the sun
had descended to the same altitude a second
time,
then
reading
the
azimuth
circle
again.
To
set
and
the
132
midway between
azimuth
telescope to the
azimuths would be to
set
it
these two
roughly in the
meridian.
of the
fortnight or
and
least height of
between
difference
mean
these
of
two
and the
extreme
equinox.
at the
is
determined to the
for
if
we
set
the equator
co-latitude
is
plainly
altitudes
be
which
altitude
must
The date
nearest
Half the
the sun.
must
two
these
of the equinox
the
is
be
the
the
when
will
it
be
difficulty,
in other words
of
make
field
of
an
overlook.
it
is,
would therefore
and
The exactness with which these could be determined would depend
upon the skill and patience of the observer, who could,
tropical year,
ecliptic
ere
long,
if
the Seanons.
138
and
closer accord.
CHAPTEE
II.
is
Stars.
towards
we
are dissociated
How
few of
and
heavens
It
was
movement.
distributed
all
this,
in the
there
celestial
host,
was some-
no star ever
"
that motion
Without
left its
rest,
appointed
its
many
It
motion
is
understood to-day,
is
movement
machine
rise
to
Stars.
185
less impressive
some
even
now
to
true meaning.
But
east, there
perceptible in
Little
and the
by
little
stars to pale,
it
may be
pletest
It
of the -
Venus
is
Morning
Star."
But
that
At
it is
only
L 2
186
light.
it
its
growing
longer
and
still,
so on, until
Such
their
"
stars are each in their turn
first
before sunrise
much
of
morning
stars,"
and
by
made
Not without
an obser\ration of very considerable exactness, and one which requires absolutely no instrument
not even the simple one of an obelisk or an upright
spear, still less of the solid masonry of a "solstitial"
of a
or "equinoctial temple," or the huge trilithons
reason, for
it is
Stonehenge.
And
same part
of
exactly as those
it
do, if
stars
them to be
down
This
observation
constitutes their "heliacal setting," and its
supplements that of the " heliacal rising."
circumpolar stars,
of course clear to begin with that the
in such a
useless
quite
are
set,
never
which
the stars
137
Stars.
work.
Capricorn.
pentis,
lie
tion in
we may take
general rule
equinox
Alpha Ser-
it
setting,
but as a
is
The
equinox
at the
'
Piscium
* P/sciurn
.iv
Horizon
NORTH
#
'..V
Horizon
P/scitrm
4t Piscium
'
'
13
IS
Marc"
Fig. 25.
Positions
If the sun
moved always
li
would
rise
at precisely the
same time
star,
as the
138
is
Conse-
quently the sun rises about two minutes earlier every day,
and the
stars
which
the 8un 4 m. 2 m.
Fig. 26.
rise at
;
that
dawn
is
to say,
two minutes.
to
it
sun
is
Piscium.
also
coming nearer
may
If the
readily be
The
result is
that there
For the
139
Stars.
a star which set with the sun one day would set 4 minutes
before
sun
it
is
about two minutes later each day, and the star therefore
would
sun 4 m.
If the star
was
heliacal
especially
settings,
for
stars
south
of
the
equator.
It follows
It must, however, be
made.
is
seem to
rise
much more
much shorter
in the sky
its
They, there-
sharply,
and dawn
space of time.
much
all
But
the
140
and
now
to rise sheer
may
often be seen
Under
with
all
when
it
There
is
colure.
who
care to try to
And
tbere
is
a real
years,
as to
capable,
is
its
practical efficiency.
light
this,
the work
training
of bright moonlight
on his observations
in the
a great refractor.
one
Occasionally
comets
passing
through
our
system
so
and these
physical behaviour.
of heliacal risings
141
most
likely to
be the
autumn
of the
first
will
it
to discover.
first
seen at
lost to view.
The three
Eigel,
August
mentioned
stars
may be
earlier,
Sirius,
Procyon and
and May.
They
are
and Procyon
on January 12th.
falls
31st,
nearly
setting.
Thus Spica
rises at the
sets in the
rises
The
for
forty
days,
are
now
invisible here in
England
for
A
in
on
May
fall in
the middle of
19th.
is
Orion and
bright sky.
142
such a comparison.
suitable for
Betelgeux, the
suspicion
x\lnath
green
of
and
of-
The orange
tint
of
is
so obvious
between the
tints of
and
interesting research,
it
still
remains to make.
Stars for Heliacal Observation.
At
March a Pegasi,
Mar/cab.
7 Pegasi, Aloenih.
a Piscium, Okda.
April a Arietis, Hamal.
/3 Orionis, Rigelr
7)
May a
At Kising.
Setting.
Tauri, Alcyone.
August
Bigel.
a Orionis,
Canis
Procyon.
/3
Minoris,
a Canis Majoris, Sirius.
a Gancri.
September a Leonis, Regulus.
jS
Leonis, nenebola.
CHAPTER
III.
their wanderings,
lawless,
naked
In
eye.
this
work he
The
which moving
groups.
first
never
144
them
their elongations.
less bright, since
most
easily observed
when they
are at
is
object, a
difficult
amount
conditions
Venus
to 28,
nearly 48.
is
most favourable
as
an evening star
when
is
as
his
to be seen
morning
occurs
when
his
western
in
England
have
seen
have persistently
152)
"To
of
if
But
as
Knowledge
it
would
seem
Egypt and
But
in
145
Secturrv
loo fzingi
due
of EqiLCLtoriAiJy Belt
W. at Sunset Lajt 62" jV
T/ij scurte.
Fia. 27.
Positions of
The
Lcut.
36
JV,
interval between
West
horizon,
is
little
146
elongation,
four months, there must be at least one favourable configuration in every year.
three.
The
In general there
will
be two or
The motions
of
Venus
more
slowly,
a wider one.
The mean
is
is
There
course no difficulty at
all in
some
greatest
is
of
is
is
her disc
is
when Venus
is
the entire
is
recognising
These changes
brightness.
it
lighted
angle.
the other,
up by the
The disc is
On
darkness.
conjunction, that
her disc
is
smallest
size.
is
to say
entirely
when she
on the further
illuminated, but
in full sunlight.
is
it
is
in superior
then at
its
The March of
At
much
conjunction, so
is
much
light
which
But
it
full.
147
the Planets.
it
it
when
it
was
as she
pensates,
then
it
com-
From
The time
of size.
is
this
is
some
Then a period
after.
evening
star.
period of
it
the
And
Venus
is
synodic
At her
there
is
greatest brightness,
no
Venus
same
is
difficulty in
of
brightness
of
the
naked eye
The hindrance
planet, but
the
is
is
When
impression
dates.
so briiliant that
Venus
returns a
found the
so
if
is
bright an object
hopeless task
it is
to try
and
find
it
again
first
overlooked so
the eye be
" What a
"
!
is
for
Venus
at her greatest
148
Now
40 seconds
vision,
and
it is
is
know
if
It
It is just possible
this
the earth.
From
astronomer, neither
is
from those of
differ
the stars,
slowly.
risings,
Their move-
on the meridian
is
to
amongst the
eight days.
stars at
is
in about
when
the planet
brightest, and
planet
is
it
is
is
nearest to
at the
in opposition, that
at midnight.
to say,
is
on the meridian
The March of
the .Planets:
149
made
Venus
and all
The
satellites of
if it
first
were a solitary
it is
star,
and
distant from
it 5f minutes of arc,
one-sixth of the apparent diameter of the
moon. Many
people can separate
and 3 Lyrse which are considerably nearer to each other.
The fourth
satellite
attains
by
when
is
The
in Siberia he once
to Jupiter,
said, pointing
"I have
tale.
Wrangel explains the
hunter's remark as referring to an
immersion and sub-
sequent emersion
of
it
Telescope.
Astronomical Exercises without a
150
to pass
would have
as he did.
scarcely described the incident
the satellites of
opera-glass of course easily shows
should suffice to elongate
Jupiter, and one optically perfect
phase
ring is fnlly open or to show the
An
sufficiently different
from
of time in
which
Saturn
JUPITER
''
"
* Venus
/>/.s/
NORTH
The
28
Hor/zo/i
SOUTH
of 1881,
East Horizon at 2 a.m. on the morning
'
June
22.
of
The March of
the Planets.
151
The
when he
and therefore
is
is
in the
more
relatively fainter, to
compare him as
to his brightness with the stars near
to which he passes.
This
is
undertake, yet
visibility
One
feature of the
attract attention
being
152
was made
the only missing member, and tliis conjunction
of the
midst
the
in
the more impressive by the presence
was
group of the waning moon. This beautiful spectacle
witnessed in the early morning of June 22, 1881.
CHAPTER
IV.
It
observations thus
is,
made can
of astronomical drill,
search, there is
as
same apparent
how
much
possible
efficient
the planets
for
is
the
soon
1^4
large
number
NORTH.
SOUTH.
is,
22,
I think, most
produce a composite
155
and Moonspot'f.
Sitnspots
which each
effect to
its
which they
will record
of the
them
And
in a drawing.
"personaUty" of astronomical
artists
the study
should be a
The drawings
their drawings.
volume referred
of the
any
set
a careful comparison of
of the
moon
will
not
are
'
are from
M. E. M. Antoniadi
" It
is
The
respectively.
comments
latter
all
the
" details that the naked eye reveals to us on the surface of our
"
satellite.
It
is
above
all
emmetropic
it
moon should
If the eye
is
not
is
The accom-
" with concave glasses, allowing at least ten stars to be seen in the
" group of the Pleiades
" lunations
" Tranquillitatis,
" Fecunditatis
come
paler.
still
it is
The
Ms^re
little
Maria Crisium,Yaporum,
"
"
"
" of Copernicus
in size
by
irradiation,
and present
to the
Lacus
Solis
The white
spots
to that of the
as seen in a telescope.
Procel-
Humorum
surroundings,
156
" occupie8 an
"
is
not seen.
is
but
....
Mare Nubium.
Lastly, the
Mare Serenitatis
sun,
it."
it
But any
Fig. 30.
observer
Drawing
who
of the
Moon by M. Maurice
day by day
Petit.
to its patient
Of
powering
sun's light
light
of
the
sun by a
dark
is
no longer
glass
over-
or
the
157
maximum
four
the
same time.
Had
it
But
show a
one day in
activity will
may
be seen at
Fig. 31.
Drawing
of the
Moon by M.
Antoniadi.
we know
incalculable.
for them,
the solar
first
of the axis.
158
The accompanying
parison between the
little
table
number
the last two decades in which there were spot groups the
Year.
were
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
visible.
1002
1155
1079
811
381
179
89
78
99
569
1214
1464
1282
974
543
514
375
111
78
129
91
68
35
17
3
3
8
32
99
135
112
82
58
52
42
9
75
29
maximum
ably to a
as the second,
minimum.
and
falls off
again as unmistak-
details of the
first.
The
159
Venus
disc, or
in transit
almost
would
not
in all cases correspond precisely to the limit for the visibility of spots
limit
selected
visibility
under-stating,
not over-stating,
which could be
seen.
it
in
1882 to 1891.
the
number
of groups
Of course, there is no possibility now for the " Astronomer without a Telescope " to improve on the information
which the telescope can give us as to solar physics, but the
lesson which the foregoing table has to teach
important one.
Observations, as
difficult
is
a most
and as apparently
seemed to be
in the
if
carried out
Even
after the
160
instrument,
worked
but
at a single object
covery before
it
optical
power of
He had no dream
him when he
set
of the dis-
His own expression was that he "set out like Saul, looking
and found a kingdom." There are
kingdoms yet to be won, even in those fields of astronomy
which the telescope cannot touch. In particular, changes
and
changes at their
maximum
CHAPTEE
A Modern
V.
Ttcho.
it is
now
transit circle
and
allied
instruments
though
it
Yet
own
in
This condition
Hindu
is
The very
connected
For
this
purpose a
full
and
correct calendar is
Europeans astronomy
is
To
162
of religion
But a
serious
difficulty
Two hundred
years.
many
common
in
use,
results
and magnitudes
the times
faulty
all
the ancient
left
discrepancy,
keenly
felt
It
was in consequence
to
observatories in
Mahommed Shah
order to obtain
new data
Three of the
by.
five
and Benares.
Of
one at
these, the
been the
first.
at
circle
fundamental
and altazimuth
are con-
instruments,
here at
so
corresponding purposes.
The
first
is
is
a right-angled triangle,
feet,
the
gnomon
therefore
is
The
face of
A Modern
163
Ti/cho.
Up
the
left
its
of the
gnomon
these
also
shadow
being
provided
falls
gnomon being
and flanked on
wards from
it
either side
by
down-
Fig. 33.
in the centre
semi-circles sloping
to
serve
as altazimuths.
and
size,
and
Colosseum at Rome.
by three
of each
tiers of
The wall
of each
tier,
is
to be
pierced
the breadth
164
is
The
difference
command
one
is
from the
is
pillar,
172^ feet in
it.
The
circumference, or 55 feet in
celestial object to
positions
no doubt
But the
lies
it
off
at
sight,
for us in
when
huge
Of these the Great Pyramid is by far
the greatest and most perfect example. The north shaft,
pointing to Alpha Draconis, the pole star of the period, the
astronomers sought for exactness by the
ei'ection of
structures of stone.
exterior of the
delicately
the
oriented,
dates of recurrence of
autumnal equinoxes.
would
the
fix
most
spring and
Pyramid would be
in
shadow at
sunrise,
the autumn.
of the equinoxes
would
been claimed
its
own monument
as, if
precision.
A Modern
Tj/cho,
165
age,
secret of the
building,
"
They
s aid.
Go
to, let
it
Alike at Delhi, at
by the Euphrates,
let us make us a
Ghizeh, and on Salisbury
to
"make
name"
was,
efficiently
means, and by a recluse in an obscure village.* Chandrasekhara Simha Samanta is a near relative of the Eaja of
Khandapara, one of the tributary chiefs of Orissa. At
the early age of ten, having been taught a
by one of
his uncles,
little
astrology
Knowledge,
Siddhanta-Darpans
166
and of the
and settings of
risings
disappointed to find
was deeply
how
great
stars,
was
he
the
no two
Hindu almanacs
the current
;of
and one
predictions,
of the
almanacs may be
Bengali
agree in their
much
as
as
of the
out in the
longitude of a planet.
In this
difficulty
problem unaided.
himself, to
He had
to
was fondest
thin rod of
wood twenty-four
which
The
is
to devise them.
cross piece
is
The one
of which he
is
make
end of
form of T.
mean
inclinations of the
of the ephemerides
it
is
0-0028 days.
only
orbits
of
The
The errors
arc.
new constants are
about a minute of
computed from
his
Modern Tycho.
167
of comparing his
and
observations
and with
entirely
utter absence of
illustration of
the comparison
many
As
his
abandoned
his hypothesis
and
tried
village,
we seem
to see
of, as
N 2
SECTION
III.
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
WITHOUT A TELESCOPE.
SECTION
ASTRONOMICAL
III.
OBSERVATIONS
WITHOUT A TELESCOPE.
CHAPTER
I.
Meteoes.
is an old saying, of the truth of which we are often
reminded bj our dailj experience, that what is every-
It
body's
business
someone
Work
is
is
nobody's
obliged to do, or
too which
is
it.
and
is left
is
is
appointed, no one
is
undone.
which
only
which no one
Work
business.
is
But
it
the
is
This
telescope,
well
mounted,
clock
is
is
reach.
driven,
a work which
powerful
and furnished
But
171
Meteors.
in
spite
of,
number
of
Sa
ardent followers.
that,
found
although
it
rise, it
On
progress.
is
its
see
who has
The departments
unworked.
left
eyes
almost
of
star
and
in both cases
such progress has been the work of the last few years.
striking.
comes
first
for
assistance at his
command
who has no
meteors
optical
him
as
records to note
how
A^ery recent is
For thousands
of years
men
whom was
At
would come,
battalions," in such
as to compel attention
ment and
to
fear.
But
seem
that
was
is
about them as
it
moments that
they shone.
There
is
172
of the
pheDomena
tirst is
utterly unfruitful
of nature
The
men
pass,
long generations of
each having seen the same kind of event, and yet the
let
one man,
But,
three or
facts,
How
may
the date
1840.
"
The FalHng
Stars,
and other
fiery
meteoi's,
which are
fre-
and
figure
their
efiluvia of acid
When
the
and
and alkaline
more
to the variety of
size, arise
which
bodies,
the atmosphere.
fioat in
earthy parts became too heavy for the air to support, and by their
gravity fall to the earth.
"
fell
On
the 13th of
between
iN
Ocean, and
Mexico, and from the North American Lakes to the southern side
of
J amaicd.
These
fireballs
It
point,
moon
were of enormous
They
size
one appeared
seemed
to emanate
and were not accompanied by any particular
at rising.
all
so as to leave a
It did not
seem to occur
above
all
Meteors.
foundation
the
of
attracted thousands of
of
gazers,
it
caught the
attention
became
it
an
Humboldt, who
flight.
November shower
the direction of
had himself
the
seen
its
great
of
and drew
fall,
attention,
hesitation,
November shower
number
value and
hundreds
of
Adams and
of
radiant
his
points,
whilst
we know
the
of
many
researches
of
some cases
shown
of
to be not
a truly planetary
nature, travelling
air,
but bodies
How
Simply by
174
patient,
careful,
intelligent
by carefully noting
meteor was
seen
first
observation.
and w^here
First
of
all
points in
the
it
disappeared.
This
indeed
all
it
is
For
this
may term
he
The choice
possible
way
which
circles
of
what we
chart can
amount
star charts.
as no
or other
there
or parts of
them;
is
only one
projection
all
great
say, for
all
lines
that
is
to
lines as
we
see
them on
is
to
acquaint
the sky.
The
observer's
first
duty, therefore,
effort,
to
learn
his next,
quickness
by repeated and
and
correctness
This
several
other
there
are
from
the other.
Meteors.
he cannot
fail
with which
175
know when
themselves
characteristics.
Some
streaks
from one
like the
moon
leave
trains
is
have
also
their
in-
phosphorescent
of
More
sparks.
at rising,"
down
to
others
recorded
form
1.
2.
Brightness
if
very
some planet
first
appearance of
the meteor.
4.
5.
6.
Duration of
7:
8.
visibility.
Ml*.
Fireballs,"
176
appeal to be supplied
less earnest,
common
in
meteors
no doubt that
is
is
so necessary in these
this attractive,
though
difficult,
In
benefit.
recent years there has scarcely been one out of ten fireball descriptions
utility.
definite
its
height,
its
But when
he has
fifty or
sixty imperfect
of a
at about the
The
him
same time.
which
is
of
published
of little utility,
though
'
On June
10, 1891, 1
suddenly,
globe like
slowly,
Venus
at her brightest.
obliquely southwards.
it fell
When
it
up
its
Dropping somewhat
As
it
passed in
all
the hues of
the rainbow.'
(2)
'
its
1892,
December
12, llh.
22m. Q.M.T.
'
177
Meteors.
Object: Fine meteor, nearly =2.
Path
55*^
+ 41^
Duration of
Colour
45 + 20
to
flight
length, 22.
1*2 second.
Bluish-white.
Appearance
it left
its
path, where
Probable radiant
Ursae Majoris.'
" If all such reports were modelled according to the latter plan
and promising
"
Some
remember
years ago I
up doubts.
An
me
what
wanted
where
it
!
I thought,
'Ah, this
is
its
Of
it,
But the
'
course,
flash,
may be
it
and
all
was over
beneficial for
amateur
should
would-be computer."
Mr. Denning
tells
of
these
arrows.
to
intervals of
as
has employed a
fifty
to
two
much
experiments
from one
He
distances from
One item
skill.
the
as
possible,
and
by
an average
178
similar characters
The meteors
as
to
as to rate of motion.
affected
colour,
streaks,
and
etc.,
also
of path
is
when
the radiant
is
have
its
it
it,
and the
moves forward in
when some
to be secured.
There
is
wanderer flashes by
in knowing that one has secured as full and
accurate a
record as possible
for a
of its appearance.
It
moment,
"
One moment
Yet
brilliant
it
has
left
,
*
179
Meteors.
may
un-
be eloquent of
suspected truth.
chief of
those which
all
indication.
has shown
Swift.
considerable
be in intimate con-
itself to
Comet
1862 discovered by
of
time
before
date
the
of
maximum,
its
August 10, the radiant point travelling steadily backward in the sky from the borders of Cassiopeia and
Andromeda
in the
radiant,
after
night,
having
been
abundantly
strict
Perfseids,
shower
former
goes
to
October 12,
A.D.,
\SSS,
a sufficient
to have
swarm
the
Newton and
of meteors travelling in
an
parelli
elliptic
;
Adams
orbit
round
practically the
Prof.
I.,
moved
in
180
The
November
great shower of
to our knowledge,
13,
less
abundant
dis-
After 1869
ceased,
November
the heavens on
immediately
As there appeared
number of meteors as
to be
increase
slight
in the
and 1866
was
the
increased
following
year.
answer expectation
It
matter
is
of
to
described
The reason
a great shower.
as
Dr. Johnstone
Downing considering
and Dr.
Stoney
of the
than of knowledge.
The
Andromedes,
November,
the
are
Leonids.
in
The
the
all
second
respects
Leonid
great
shower
of
great
contrast
to
radiant
does
not
rise
the
on November 14 until 10.30
Andromede radiant is up the entire night, being nearly
The
in the zenith when the Leonid radiant is rising.
Leonid meteors are extremely swift; the Andromedes
are very slow. The Leonids are distinguished by their
green colour, suggesting the presence of magnesium the
Andromedes are rather yellow, as if sodium were their
in
the
evening;
chief constituent.
Meteors.
The
181
history of the
Andromedes
Whilst the
is
as well
known
as
approach the
latter
earth
does,
Their period
is
in recent years
and 1892.
Biela,
December, 1846, and which has never been seen since 1852,
when it returned, still in two portions.
and
date of
maximum,
November 15
the Andromedes,
or
is
now
Bielids
as
position
of
July
another
have
and August,
fact
enabled
which
Mr.
referred
long
Denning
to
years
to
above,
of
has
patient
been
work
demonstrate namely,
circumstance
182
and
after
Such a
fact,
men
stared
at meteors
and half
of
studied
of astronomy,
For
six
thousand
them and
for
much,
learnt
in half
The following
list
Name
a Serpentids
Leonids ...
Ursids
i3
Lyrids
V Aquarids ..
/3
Pegasids
Cepheids
"-P
^
...
...
Perseids
Aquarids
...
Perseids
V Pegasids
...
P Piscids
V Aurigids
...
Orionids
5
Gl-eminids
C Taurids
Leonids
e Taurids
to the
Shower.
of
Quadrantids
K Cygnids ...
a Draconids
and
ampler
Companion
p. 72,
An
...
...
...
Andromedes
Geminids
Observatory.
Radiant Point.
E.A,
Dec.
o
230
295
211
236
]75
+ 53
161
270
338
333
335
48
339
45
5
346
73
92
106
55
150
63
25
108
+ 53
+ 69
+ 11
+ 10
+ 58
+ 32
+ 27
+ 57
+ 43
-12
+ 57
+ 10
+ 0
+ 42
+ 15
+ 23
-r
+ 23
+ 22
+ 43
+ 33
Eijoch.
Jan. 23.
Jan. 14-20.
Feb. 1-4.
Feb. 1520.
Mar. 415.
Mar. 24.
Apr. 1921.
Apr. 29 May
6.
May 29 June 4.
June 1028.
July 23 Aug. 16.
July 2531.
Aug. 9-11.
Aug. 25 Sept. 22.
Sept. 38.
Sept. 12 Oct. 2.
Oct. 1524.
Oct. 1429.
23.
13-15.
2028.
2324.
Dec. 114.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
CHAPTER
II.
earliest
of which I
know was
end of
"Britannia
his
It is as follows
Baconica," published in
1660.
way
Stars,
clear Nighb.
There
is
to touch
no such
them.
Way
It
is
to
be observed any
to be observed at
any other
Way
believe
at that
it
hath
accurate for
In the
and
our
attains a brilliancy
is
ordinary English
and
quite
suffi-
experience.
more constantly,
distinctness
of which we
seldom have any example here. There, not only
during
spring, but more or less during the whole
year, if the
western sky be watched after sunset, as the
twihght
fades out, it will be seen that the twihght
which at
o 2
184
first
it
sky around
the
of
becomes
near
and fading
horizon
the
and when
towards
apex.
often
perhaps
couple
as
Way
Milky
as
much
as
is
it
i.e.y
magnitudes
of
the latter
that
as
is
its
seen,
it
much
to
say,
excess
in
is
best
of the
length
at
until
darker,
average
of brightness
away
its
until
of the sky.
The shape
may
It
is
broadest
be as wide as 25
close to the
horizon, where
or even 30,
it
and
its
parallel.
why
It is easy to see
object
is
so
much
The
temperate zone.
this
twilight
is
so
moon
It cannot, therefore, be
so soon after
sundown
the
ecliptic,
lower
in
with
our
pro-
of so elusive a
is
sufficient to
which
skies
much more
is
than
its
in
is
axis
nearly
equatorial
so
coincides,
regions,
much more
is
and
prolonged.
The Zodiacal
If
we take
it
that
is
it
185
Light.
after
the
of
ning
to
show
S.
Fig. 34.
when
And,
itself.
Solstitial
upon
the
is
of
the Ecliptic
the
begin-
accompanying
WEST
will show,
equator
the Light
as
W.
Inclination
diagram
and
ecliptic
N.v
is
up more abruptly
its
into
brightness
is
convincing himself
the sun
the
nature of
or less of a mystery.
lies in
that
the
We
it
it,
with
the
Light
still
of
remains more
it
result
from time
to time.
It
may
not
"
186
and rough
So
we have
that
anomaly of a vast
oijly
in
facts respecting
many
of
to
we are
has noticed
difficulties are
real.
We
will
sees.
it is
and yet
it.
observation.
its
no
and
of
first
requiring
observation;
its
is
attend
for
astronomy has
in ignorance
This
definite
to-day, wh^en
still
any
changes.
astronomical object
not
its
brightness
its
for
of very little
respect to the
In
stars.
all
atlas.
He has therefore to
He painfully identifies
must
which
necessarily
be
examined
the
light,
finds, there-
fore,
is
in
He
what he has
that
it
in
this
field
may
be counted
Yet
this
trouble.
difficulty
First of
would become
"
an
all,
much
who
astronomer
without
telescope
The Zodiacal
must
187
Light.
itself.
dark
the
in
with
dodges as having
It is possible
sufficient
and cutting
card,
will
found
be
may be
clearness,
it
across
got
write
to learn to
and such
little
with lines
of
trouble
little
the back of
the
through,
book
may be
Or
helpful.
note
the
may
fall
from the
the page
upon
may
purpose of
be lighted
chart
might
is
up
without
writing
If
it.
found that
the
of
sensitiveness
the
be made
by
tracing
the
map
If
affected.
of
the
this
region
little
stars.
lamp
underneath.
If a
lamp
is
used,
it
will
probably be found
accompanying diagram.
is
shown
is
an angle of 46 to the
lamp up
to the star-map.
lies.
to the
little
is
holes
188
may
still
The
drawD.
But,
it
seen so
who
will
much
seriously take
is
what
is
use.
question of
year.
up the work.
Take
its
for
it
in
example
variability
in
England?
one
There
question
is
the
189
number
of
days when
conditions
all,
any periodicity in
variation, and,
its
if
j
so,
whether
it
Hof rath
ust as
in
each
period as exact
of
all
less
might transform
itself into
a help.
point,
what
shows or
is
else that it
plane
to ascertain,
by atmospheric absorption
its
want
observations in one
We
we cannot
is real
tell
or not.
apparent outline
is
is
all.
affected
whether an apparent
shift in
made
it
is
in several
distinct latitudes.
The following
in Zodiacal
of
the evening.
visible
Light work.
First of
The magnitude
in the west
all,
of
should be recorded.
The
visibility
here,
it
may be
upon
this
190
class of work.
glare of
The Light
itself
be perhaps easiest,
to
map
out
its
It will
extreme
and
of
in the
it
is
The
very important,
should be especially
The
strictest attention.
of the
may
marked
differ-
mapped down.
The Rev. George Jones, whose observations made in the
year 1853-5, when Chaplain of the United States steamoutlines of both should be
are
classic,
191
more attenuated
degree.
There were no sharp boundary
between these different intensities of Hght; "the
Stronger Light passed by degrees into the Diffuse, and the
lines
boundary of the
Diffuse Light.
an approximation
mended by
Prof.
mode
at
method
Searle,
The
contour-lines.
difficult
to the
Arthur
first,
latter the
though
of observation.
or of the Milky
and a
Way
drawn
line is
it
the
method
of
a more truly
is
scientific
is
viz.,
This
of observation recom-
chart,
The eye
it
down on
the
will
sense a contour-line, as
perceptible light
for
though
the axis
is
it
it
it
marks the
marks the
distance from
followed,
it.
Where
the
method
at a
great
of contour- lines is
different plan.
Cone," as
it
its
" Zodiacal
192
related
hood of the
or " Counterglow."
about
It is
7 in breadth.
but
its
to find at first
it
is
difficult object
position
its
may
It attains its
The end
Galaxy.
is
it
interfered with
is
by the
it is
The
" Zodiacal
Band "
is
a fainter phenomenon
It
is
still,
a broad belt
Zodiacal Cone.
The Gegenschein
is its
brightest portion.
ecliptic,
is
due to
3,
Morning observations
for
much
is
requisite to
is
is
As a
from
three" the
193
full is the
little after
The question
moon
moon
as to whether the
The watch
the lunation.
it
itself
was
when
horizon
i.e.,
moon was
in
and consequently
still
high
of light, that
is
was 4| south
side of
due
a bright streak
along the
and moon
and
visible
of these occasions
ecliptic,
it.
if
seen,
Zodiacal Light.
So, too, the pulsations noticed by Humand others should be watched for. The
latter writes of them very confidently, and is
convinced
that they are not a mere physiological effect. He
describes
them thus : " The changes were a swelling out laterally
boldt,
Jones,
194
as
if it
higher upwards, to
and
The
the
"Atlas
Keen
it
eyesight, patience,
and a small
equipment that
star-atlas
is
are,
required for
Zodiacal
Light work.
The description of the work
not seem inviting, yet when once it is taken up,
the looking for that strange, beautiful, yet faint and
elusive glow will be found full of interest, and the more
may
its
of
its
CHAPTER
III.
AuROEiE.
relating to
sufficient
demonstration.
importance.
astronomical
connection.
They vary in number as
observed in any given locality in accordance with the
sunspot cjcle.
More than that, they are evidently in
in
terrestrial
non-occurrent
in
magnetism.
England
at
They
the
are
practically
sunspot
minimum,
but
fire
mundane
it
196
to
On
way he saw a
his
and waited
When
till
flames
the
terrestrial
Aurora Borealis
beautiful
it
and
electricity,
'
He
'
replied,
soon be
so
Have you
'
Certainly
An
over.'
forth.
seen the
Eadowitz was
fire.
his hat,
explanasilent
and quietly
disappeared."
Grranted the suitable position the most important consideration
is
for the
mind
watch as possible.
clearly
established,
to
as
arising
fluctuations.
elements
are set
is
up
the
Now
but
the
many
observation
of
questions
their
the
minor
magnetic
Self-recording magnets
observatories,
many
between
perfectly continuous.
at
are
there
connection
is
also,
by the intervention
of
cloudy nights.
It
is
weighted
Aurorse.
by the difference
and summer.
in
Further,
auroral observations on
scale.
197
it
difficult
is
to
express
perfectly uniform
our
numerical
of
was
Another year may
abundance simply
own
free
from accident as he
systematic and as
can.
possible regularity.
be very prolonged.
It
will
be
rest,
as the
watches should
sufficient
if
they
are
perfectly regular.
It is much to be desired that auroral observers
should be scattered as widely as possible, that we may
be able to present not merely the auroral conditions for
It has already
been discovered that aurorse are most frequent in two
zones, one in the northern and one in the southern hemi-
sphere,
the
progress
of
the
cycle.*
shift
their position
with
In mid-latitudes, as
in
198
The place
sunspot minimum.
at the
latitudes
of the
observer, therefore,
is
broken
by-
record
in
of
system of
a regular
observations
many
observers
in the field.
The following
scheme
is
due
to the late
Mr.
J.
Rand Capron,
f.r.a.s., of
auildf ord* :
1.
An
may
be, or
An
evenly dark space between the arc and the horizon, con-
Bright
rays,
streamers,
or
coruscations,
continuous or in
Transverse,
horizontal
(or nearly
from the
so)
streamers,
or rays,
arc.
groups
3.
4.
The streamers
1.
2.
arc or arcs.
p. 312.
Aurorfe.
199
and
as to
5.
Any movements
6.
of such movements.
The
7.
direction
rapid succession.
8.
If the aurora
listened for,
and
if
is
particular to ascertain
to
An
specially
bright
is
the fixing of
mination of
its height.
by reference to the
at the time.
stars if
many
of these
are
visible
have at hand
upon
it
come and go
so
As
the auroral
any such
200
be crossed by two
and
should
it
Fig.
36. Tube
be read
off.
As
ment
if,
it is
a decided improve-
is
up
to a hole in
in
giving
remarkable
auroral
beam
of
1882,
November
17.
nearing
The
201
Auroras.
till
the
o'clock
" Strong
morning.
following
earth
all
and America."
of
celestial
body might
several
Some twenty-six
hundred times
their rapidity."
vations of the
phenomenon were
collected together
obser-
by Mr.
seemed
to
yet
height of the
miles,
and
direction
speed about
its
of
its
or four of
means
the
observers
for measuring
the
but
possessed some
height of
flight
Had
its rising
beam
and
was
three
simple
at
its
setting,
may
first
thing to be aimed at
as definite as possible.
auroral observation
is
It
most
is
is
to
In
all
make
the work
the record
felt.
They
are beautiful
and
202
But
amount
desirable
of
phenomena
definiteness
which the
to
can be ascribed
will
require practice.
From
determine.
Thus on March
of which
it
difficult to
is
was
The
an unmistakable aurora
fact that
On
if
its
direction
of
the
it
It
would be
be shown that
made
at widely- separated
to whether
stations
fail to
would soon
settle as
as auroral or zodiacal,
CHAPTER
IV.
of
"
to either horizon.
This
zenith
Seen in
tlie
is
Gralaxy, that
summer
objects
and sweeps
that
is
And pavement
in
of all celestial
Enghsh
across our
itself
downwards
But
to the Astronomer.
gold
appear,
Milky Way,
Powdered with
stars."
Its
is
in
the
through
zenith
again
descending
Aquila,
Serpens,
it
zenith
at
midnight
on
Sagittarius
just
is
until
It
the
and
other
side
Scorpio
to
continues to cross
mid-December,
when
Argo, between
marked by the
constellation
passes downwards
Auriga
zenith
in
now
from whence
it
204
Cygnus
is setting.
The Galaxy
Alexandria
no modern
is
precise description of
and
the
stirred
and
it,
to
it
imagination
of
roadway
as the
of
their
halls
eternal light,
his
dream
It
the
of
of
even as savage
races
from
Ptolemy of
discovery.
down
handed
has
or
"
it is
Die Jakobs-
at
Bethel,
moved.
two leading
concerning
facts
One, that
it.
marked
it
the
circle;
that
other,
was
it
not equal
and
brightness,
in
that
especially
it
long
though
before
it
gorgeous
i
defies
the
gives
invention
it,
of
though in
starfields,
the efforts of
it
in
distinctness,
broke up
into
and
two
the
telescope,
and
to
fully to resolve
colour,
places
distinct streams.
in
some
in
though
out
some
most
our
its
when we
portions
powerful
Way
still
characteristic formations
it
instruments
as a whole
is
stars
by the unessentially
a naked-eye object.
The dwellers
flaring
with
'abandon
all
'
in
arc
cities
lamps or incandescent
lights,
must
205
Way.
But there
are
houses,
set
The
ebony.
in
long
above
faint
twihglit,
visible
the
night
all
not
interfere
moon
evasive
recognises
that the
The
season belongs
of
show herself
at
all,
As
south as
if
them may be
Milky Way.
utilized
increase.
is
still
crosses
far advanced.
August
to
November
inclusive,
may
and
still
as
be devoted to
it,
though
of the morning.
observation
of
its
object
is
it
is
so
The
easily seen.
pre-eminently a naked-eye
field
whole sky.
it
Way;
to
reunites
see
where
mark out
it
radiates
206
at a
It
is
photographic
we should
examination
by the
most
Fio.
157.
Way
C.
careful
and
sight.
Easton.
This is astronomical work of a high order of importance which has been very seldom adequately attempted
indeed, it is not too much to say that it was not until the
it
was
first
seriously
field
207
:
Hermann
Klein,
recently
still
Mr.
illustrated
entitled
More
others.
Boreal,"
us,
attained finality.
my
not
It is
intention
these
in
regular history or
summary
to
any
to give
That has
of observations.
papers, either
describe
Nor do
I wish to
to see for
himself, since I
fear in
many
cases
My
intention
is
may be
who wish
in
which
to do so
may
may be
original.
year,
most
casual
Way
Milky
we
find
almost
sharp
some
light
ness.
it
to
is
will
clear night,
disappearance.
there
it
it
in others
is
In one place
in another
Here
the
it
outline
narrows
will
coagulates into
it
at
places
;
observer
is
And amongst
be
In
would
specially
invite
208
to those of Aquila.
Cygni
Fia.
numerous
of
which
is
so
is
rift in
essential
a true understanding of
as the
Gamma
the
cross ways
its
and
meaning.
side- rifts,
Here too
to
Lactee."
are seen
observer
the
as the
As
to
essential
the actual
same
sort
observation, the
of
first
is
by
interference
all
method
209
Here comes
light.
artificial
of difficultj that
is
in the
experienced in drawing
much
must learn
examining
him
to
dictate
to
The
observer.
latter
perfectly shielded
is
then might
for
is
describe
from the
the
course
of
down upon a
ruby
faint
its
arranged
to
observer's face.
means.
shine
The
light itself
only on the
like
It is possible
must
of course
light,
the stars by
be
this work,
but
it
think
to the
ruby
it
light.
inclined to
card
If the
luminous paint
recommend
either
that
is
it
used, I should be
be used under a
punched to represent
the stars or under a sheet of ground glass or tracing
paper or cloth on which the stars have been indicated
in
by black
been
dots.
It is the examination
details
2l0
of the
Milky
be done.
Way
well known.
sions
Its general
which branch
Galaxy, their
recorded.
method.
comparative
positions of
Let
two
to neighbouring
stars,
areas
first
and
h.
it
In
will be
the
Further,
may
is
when
be possible
compared
chosen,
to
be
one
is
only
little
a>h,
and
so on;
but
it
1.
would be represented by
2,
make a comparison
steps.
The comparison
will be undesirable to
several times
from one
of the retina
may
same part
The time of
may
be supplied
later.
same
So far
altitude
absorption
As
may
is
211
effect of
atmospheric
"The
remembering:
had of
I have
best views
have
it
not at
all
It
The work
to be
done
is
the examina-
and portions
of
it
are
"
still
dark
nio-ht
But
if
is
to
see
in
for."
whatever
notandumj, nevertheless
that he
(quicquid nitet
must learn
it is
watched
before he
can record.
The
careful
Way
say.
On
that he
is
the other
record.
effort,
The.
come with
practice.
first
attempts
dis-
well as in detec-
CHAPTER
New
The
V.
Stars.
felt to
all ages,
The
be an impressive occurrence.
been
constellation
of a
changed in
its
n^w member, a
is
it
is
and not a
planet,
so at variance with
supernatural.
It
such an event
was impressive,
it
in the times
indeed
before the
it
conveyed
of
scarcely
any lesson.
"new
stars,"
fruitful,
of the facts
which we have
"new
star"
may pass in
a few
New
Stars.
213
future, the
life-history of the
host.
It
stars" of
more
however imperfect,
is
stable
we can hope
the
-new
within
its
may
star"
power,
it
is
give
us
the
essential that
information
of a stringent
lie
who
is
to'
that
be subjected to the
fullest
it
And
on the
watch
which
will
fortunate enough to be
Such watching
the dilettante
is
medal,''so
have
inspired hundreds
of
letters to observatories or to
to - the wonderful
new
star."
'
new stars,"
214
is
work
to
slowly, steadily,
constellations
till
position of
quainted with the appearance, brightness, and
then night
this,
done
has
When he
their every member.
after night
it
within his
enough, to carefully scrutinise all the stars
borne in
be
The labour will be great, but it must
view.
such
and
mind that such acquaintance with the heavens
regular scrutiny of
branches of
only to
watch for "new stars" may well be incidental
"
be made subsidiary
research.
it is
clear that
some more
to
it
ought
fruitful line
Way
of
is
might be combined
particularly a form of astronomy which
or on its branches,
Way,
with it since it is on the Milky
;
that nearly
all
will show.
of all "
new
stars "
is,
of course, the
Cassiopeia in
one which appeared in the constellation
with the
associated
November, 1572, and which is always
actually
not
Tycho Brahe, since, though he was
name
the
of
first to
discover
it,
he has
systematic observations of
it.
left
was
It
visible
"new
to sight in
for
seventeen
star" appeared,
This one
is
always
its
actual
pupils,
discoverer was not Kepler himself, but one of his
216
John Bronowski.
Its position
of
Ophiuchus.
more
such briUiant Novx as these have been seen in
first
when
reckoned,
were
stars
recent times, since both
1572
of
star
the
indeed
seen, to be brighter than Jupiter
brilliancy.
ranked as equal to Venus when at her greatest
No
The
first of
those noted in
like that of
Ophiuchus. It was
1604, discovered in the constellation
and was then
detected by Mr. Hind on April 28th, 1848,
Four days
increasing in brightness.
which
lies
it
second magnitude.
It
may
others.
It
had
magnitude
been observed several years previously as of
as a
classed
now
being
visible,
it still remains
91
and
variable
must
whose
of
CoronjB.
Still its
outburst
Schmidt,
have been very sudden, for Dr. Julius
Very
the
of
was
heavens
acquaintance with the
to
constellation
Mr. Birmingham's discovery, he had the
but had
observation,
the Northern Crown under his
fall to
to
was
nothing unusual. The next discovery
noted
his
own
lot.
On November
Cygnus.
magnitude star had appeared in the constellation
fifth
the
of
and was only
Thi'^s star rapidly faded away,
history
magnitude on November 30th. Its spectroscopic
light
the
was of intense interest, for, by September, 1877,
monochromatic,
coming from the star was almost entirely
be given by a
and corresponded with that which would
planetary nebula.
New
217
Stars.
considerable
involved in a
actually
nebula, the
great
nebula
of
This was
the nucleus.
to
close
College Observatory, or at
its
made at
the Harvard
Peru.
these,
and
On
February
is
1st, 1892,
Nova
"
south of
in Auriga.
prism
at
Fifth magni-
."
star
Td Milky
it
as a "
many
new
made
so great
a sensation in 1866.
first
glance gave
entirely
new chapter
its class
in the
is
than
by quoting
the
account
Thomas D. Anderson,
given
by the
in a letter
which
me
that as I
am
the writer of
218
" It
was
my
land received
post-card.
am
magnitude
on the morning of Sunday, the 24th ult ,1 saw a fifth
and x Auriga;,
star making a very large obtuse angle with /3 Tauri
and I am positive that I saw it at least twice subsequently during
Unfortunately, on each occasion I mistook it for
much
26 AurigEe, merely remarking to myself that 26 was a
morning
brighter star than I used to think it. It was only on the
it was a
of Sunday, the 31st ult., that I satisfied myself that
that 'night.
On
strange body.
than
X.
How
eye I cannot
my
each occasion of
as
it
seeing
ult. it
was
it, it
was brighter
visible to the
since I
naked
had looked
"You might
also
my
readers, that
case
allow
is
me
My
astronomy, unfortunately,
the means at
made
'
my
is
'
state,
of the
disposal on the
ult.,
all
when
Star Atlas
to
times."
An
examination
wliicl)
Prof. Pickering
had made
of
20th,
when
its
magnitude was
4-4.
It
then decreased
maximum
The
star therefore
fully six
it
had been
visible to the
it
its
declined.
naked eye
for
New
when
219
Stars.
it
But
it
notice
altogether,
it
new
serious business, as
he
He
writes
fraitless, that
is
Nova
Aurigee
my
least,
fruitless as
a certain joyfiil
my
had up
to
'
'
photographs, although
it
is
But
me
phenomena
little
midnight sky.
commence a search
for
new
I therefore
stars."
the
naked
great
eye,
work
but extended to
of
all stars
included in
This
necessitated his
own account
to
stars.'
I worked with
220
and often
away, and
if
The
have
to
remained
had passed
is
house from which I can thoroughly examine the heavens, face the
Not only
north-west.
is
my
field of
circumscribed,
my
of the heavens
discomfort
is
command
that part
and unclouded
skies, are in
them transparent
felt
At
first
by means of
hunting for
Nova was
for Wovce,
When
came
to see that
make a
For
it
this I
used
my
repre-
if
months
of searching, during
was able at
stars
last to
and suspected
come
across one
Nova
Persei,
binocular or telescope
when
need
either
heavens."
It
February,
1902,
they
and
when
at the annual
The words
of the
clearly.
New
22ad of
down
last
in the sky.
221
Stars.
when
of
27 magnitude and
made
it
low
possible for
Pickering to obtain
It
is
a veritable tour de force, such as a priori would have seemed impossible to have discovered both,
and
am
delighted that
we have
to
discovery was
burst,
to the discovery of
Nova
Persei
for
the out-
as
G-rimmler discovered
it
Nova
Persei.
Herr F.
Mr. Ivo
detected
of
the
members
it,
British
Astronomical
Association,
the
other
CHAPTER
VI.
heliacal
pointed out that the systematic observation of
it is true,
risings and settings offered a chance a rare one,
to be despised of making the first dis-
but
still
one not
Still,
and the
come, it
" astronomer without a telescope " will naturally be anxious
attracts
justly
to
know
upon
if
there
is
universal attention;
effect
it.
There
is.
He
head.
But the
shape, extent,
and
precise
form and
posi-
naked
tion of the comet's tail are better observed by the
eye than with the telescope
far wider field,
and
is
the
embrace a
light.
of the
To map
tail
out, night
or tails with
its limit
and
223
by no means unimportant
tasks.
The
reason.
and awe-inspiring.
of this theory
Jl^i/
Fig.
The
first
td
40.The Comet
Mm
of 1901 on April 24
shape we owe
it
and
May
but in
its
5.
present
in general directed
sun,
tails of
comets are
of
regard a comet's
head.
tail as
we must not
of 1843
224
perihelion, pointing
after perihelion.
But
if it
oC
J2
Fig.
,Mai
o 1901 on
May
12.
it off
in a
would be accounted
particular time,
had
left
for.
The
tail,
seen at any
particles
which
came
from
o:ff
it
moment,
is
225
composed of
at successive instants,
particles that
and
not a body
is
an action the
efficiency of
in
an
as contrasted with
moving
is
electrical action
Thus
mass.
its
in its orbit
the
in
will
find
themselves practically
be
may
less
actually
repelled
separate
it
to
of
the comet.
Of the
lightest
These
of particles
or fourteen times
long straight
tails
form an
Such
tails are
first
type.
made up
and the
metals
heavier
of hydrocarbons
would, from
whilst iron
their
molecular
In
it
is this
is
type
which
visible to the
is
naked
226
brush-like,
is
considerably less
Fig. 42.
May
12.
tail of
the
Comet
hemisphere in
in the southern
method
made
On
and
of
tail.
of treatment,
or hydrogen type.
tail,
type
first
tail
away.
tail,
Lunt
May
at the
12th,
was of
tail of
broad faint
tail
is
May
5th with
some 25
drawing
dark
rift,
showed
but a long
and a short
in length,
tail
The
lines
its
tail.
It not only
especial interest.
the principal
little
the
type,
and
finds that
when the
particles
which make
it
up
a vast quantity of
/S,
y and
8,
The points
of in
in the diagram,
and
0-15.
CHAPTEE
A
It
is
pletely
shunned bj
visible in
will not
menon within
last
and
England happened
this country
1927.
YIT.
modem
of
it may be well
worth while to glance at the various kinds of work
which can be undertaken by " astronomers without
It should be borne in
mind by
all
who
are favoured
obligation
eye " is
no excuse for
"
kind of moral
selfishness.
something,
make some
of service
record, which
who preceded
may
We
us
hereafter be
some
of
of
owe an
who
the
in-
did leave
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
ofSlLlKOiS..
231
First of
all,
who
for the
who
undertake,
in like
watches
work
total
for
eclipse
anyone to
without
telescope, is to
trivial
that
is
we have
that
cycle,
it
varies in
and
this
fact,
and more irregular contour, a third the faintest extenThe results have really not been contradictory but
sions.
work
in drawings, were
The previous
failure of
first
time.
in some
and had cast unmerited suspicion upon the
drawings which delineated them.
quarters,
The work
to be done off-hand.
who has
already
The intending
acquired
skill
is,
artist
and
should be one
quickness
R 2
in
232
The time
draughtmanship.
short,
and
the
an eclipse
of
object to be
sketched
terribly
is
bizarre
is
and
unfamiliar.
moon,
of
or,
But
cloud.
diameter of
little
the
eclipsing
wisps of cirrus
first
sight
totality.
is
the
first essential
by which
is
This
may be
the
If
weight
it
at
the
end of
the plumb-line
against vibration
and
if
fifth
observer might
make
a rapid out-
of
to indicate as precisely
terms of
its
moon should be
diameter.
In some former
eclipses,
A
so
disc,
as
to
leave
the
eye
more
mended
as
it
most careful
is
to
coming on of the
much
Fia. 44.
all
sensitive
This
is
for
the
not recom-
a troublesome
But
useful device.
233
avoid dazzling
partial phase,
their
eyes
and should
during the
rest
them
as
is
an admirable
Notes as to any
may
be taken up by those
To note
234
which
would be
lost,
of the sky,
of
some value as a
and when
for, for
though
it
an
eclipse
would be
of the
its
equator.
The observations
some interest, and as
of the
it
"shadow-bands"
is
one of
or set
wall.
centric circles of
known
their diretion of
motion
and after
totality
determinations must be
rods,
is
made
careful
The
and of the position of the sheet or wall.
drawn up by Mr. E. W. Johnson
following questions
Members
235
Questions.
1.
How
2.
What number
seconds
3.
bands were
What was
4.
Were
5.
What was
6.
9.
10.
Were they
11.
Was
before
What was
What was
What was
7.
8.
in 10
say,
visible,
their speed ?
their
direction
after totality
same
as
naturally
to
the
12.
How
13.
Did you
The
subject
of
work,
meteorological
for
there
totality ?
leads
is
change
might be marked.
third place.
should be
made
preceding
same hour
temperature
in
eclipse,
when the
at the
eclipse takes
place.
eclipse.
236
yet
without
it
They
namely,
overhead, at
sun-
Yet as
in all
probability
it is
perhaps
field is
feet
itself.
In this case the camera should be firmly fixed
and exposures not exceeding half a second should be
given.
be found quite
For
sufficient.
shorter
focal
lengths
graphing the landscape during the approach and recession of the shadow.
five
series of
photographs taken at
a valuable record of
of time or the
plate itself
totality.
Por-
may
A
form
of sensitometer.
287
The most
successful attempt
to
sketch
the corona
scale,
was
that
By
am
Members
piece),
series of sketches
made
by-
of Algiers.
CHAPTER
Stars by Daylight
Are
yill.
There
is
that
?
if
which
shaft
as
may
chimney
The
tradition is one
or
lost in the
overpowering
The
tradition,
well founded or
effect.
It
not,
caught a glimpse of
four hours as
it
it
for a
Dickens indeed
Stars by Daylight
daylight.
tion
the
Sum
"
But
is
The gorge
of
extremest
its
239
of Starlight.
It is only
noon
and
that
to time
may be
many
times over
day; but the telescope not only directs the eye and greatly
limits the
observer, but
it
in the question,
Much more
recently an
who had
American astronomer
succeeded.
set
up a tube
by daylight,
also with
no
the
first
effect.
It has
G-reenwich, in this
is
manner.
Elamsteed marks
it
it,
but
The
is
it.
But
its
240
the
moment
Sir
of transit.
case,
which he considers
who
the earliest
astronomy
**
circumstance
stated that
attention to
at a certain
hour
hand
it
evidence.
is nil.
Emperor Jahangir,
of
it,
who threw
space a legend which still makes periodic reappearand finds not a few devout believers. But direct,
ances,
naked eye at midday is still to seek. By scientific testimony, I mean the record of the day, hour and minute
when the
star
was
seen,
the latitude of
its
the observations.
who
**
its
or,
on so
Stars by Daylight;
many
Sum
the
occasions,
241
of Starlight.
clear,
nothing."
rest
and
and could
see
Whether
of sky illumination,
daylight
described
and so
practicable, it suggests a
is
Newcomb
among
by
method for dealing
Newcomb
"total
may
to,
amount
Prof.
of light
received
from
theories
amount
all
the stars
of light resulting
a control on
we must regard
serve as
It is also a quantity
as remaining constant
it.
One
of these
which
made
J.
The
was pushed
disc
in
and out
later,
Prof.
p. 212.
242
of star magnitude,
from whence
Newcomb's
first
may
be inferred.
regions of the
Eoughly
speaking,
the
sky to be compared
Galaxy
appeared,
of the
brightness
directly.
surface
for
it.
of different
down by means
of an
stars for
Both
results,
and there
first
approximations,
different regions
would be by means
: A
of
black
all
should look
Stars by Daylight
and
the
Sum
243
of Starlight.
known
itself
The
will.
some given
its
direction,
draw tube
until
the
could
just be
certainly
in
the angle
The
discerned.
aperture, the
length of the draw tube, and the part of the sky to which
it is directed, must then be carefully recorded.
such an instrument.
circles
must be
If used
for this
purpose
its
noted.
It
sum
artificial lights,
is
of illumination which
of starlight
may
and that
be present.
* See
p. 133.
is
244
But there
still
first
Thus, two
was unusually
light.
sum
if
total of
the light
it
Way
some of the
or
the
starlight.
must be due
to
(a)
of
the
and
sum
of starlight,
is
if so,
there
will
in addition
what are
its
come the
any variable
nature and
CHAPTEE
Various
There
are certain
IX.
Sky Effects.
so near that
it
Amongst
which
made
These Luminous
fields of
been
There
all
explored.
is
work which
still
close at
hand
an ample harvest
to be
lie
man who
can
summer
their
246
is
them
for the
slightly
tinted at times
brilliant
with blue
if
cirrus,
was remarkable
Erom 1885
morning
hours.
Their movements were more
and were such as might be caused so
has been suggested if, though travelling with the
interesting
it
still,
From any
and
it.
must be regarded
as most remarkable.
which we owe
twilight,
247
and that
still
remain unexplained.
Can
If so, they
may be
The
first
was comparatively
great eruption
restricted both as to
area and time, and took the form of a remarkable coloration of both sun
and moon.
At
Batavia, in Ceylon, at
green
blue
and yellow
more
"
when
at the zenith,
A much
by the Eev.
S.
This
to its setting,
it
is
Thus
is
in
the
stated
invariably surrounded by an
this tint
violet,
sometimes
and fades
at about 45
immense quantity
of dust particles of
an extreme minute-
s2
248
ness driven
remained, though
still
a great height in
For as
it
about
late as
could then be
distance
of
10.
The third
were formed
nature
of
in the
the glow,
in the
make nor
yet
translucent
of their colouring
was
mediums.
The
regularity
particularly striking.
Four colours in particular have been noticeable in these afterglows, and in a fixed order of time and place orange, lowest and
"
nearest the
broader
a faint
sundown
still,
above
this,
lilac.
The
lilac disappears
from crimson
till
above
this,
above
this,
to scarlet, or orange,
fills
249
tract
30'^
about
in
vertical line
coloured,
through
lake-red
The colour
rich rose-
and by 9 p.m.
rapidly in height,
independently
it,
light.
it
had ceased
to
be
visible.
effects of
suffer a
lost to us in a greater
would appear
to be
The afterglow
reflective
The height
of that
wheu
some
definite altitude, or
greatest brightness.
from
is setting,
or
is
at
250
'Telescope.
averaged
after
its
minutes'.
IE the secondary
light, the
it must
But if, as appears more
probable, the secondary glow was due to the same stratum
from
it,
its
height would
be about 11 miles.
On
interesting
If the
observer turns his back on the sun, he will see in the east,
immedia,tely after sunset, a long dark line spread along
the horizon.
is
of the Earth,"
rises
especially
easy
a very interesting
to
watch
manner
at
revealed
sea,
in the case of
less dis-
locality,
itself
and
in
the luminous
is
earth covering
them
little
lighted
The
up
first,
" Earth's
little
it
shadow of the
On the other
by
hand,
if
they were
Shadow
"
came strongly
into evidence in
251
The Rev.
XXIX.,
S.
E.
p. 549, sajs:
" I beg special attention to my former remark of the earthshadow sharply cutting off the upper rim of the first glow. This
was very manifest in the strong heavy glows of September, showing
'
'
clearly that the first glow directly reflected the sun's rays, while in
much
longer, the haze reflects only the light of the first glow."
observer in
(p.
'
p. 194,
549),
is
he writes
the statement by an
to
south-east.'
" I wish to say that the above language almost exactly describes
shadow cutting
off
'
the earth-
of
the haze was evidently well defined, so that, as the horizon intercepted the direct rays of the sun, a well-marked shadow
this black
moved
Yery often the second glow was more conspicuous and impressive
than the
because
first,
If the secondary
sunlight, then
it
no doubt
its
reflection of direct
But
its
diffusion as
compared
A.
Ricco,
mentions a third.
in
it
addition
From time
to
these
of the
two
first.
points,
252
phenomenon
down.
Thej
we sometimes
manner
to the
when
air,
i^articles of
light
is
do"
dust
the
admitted through a
may
which has
set,
and
is
seen by us
England
it
rare
is
Here
in
Col. E. E.
may
be
Markwick,*
the
In
on several occasions these crepuscular rays as being conspicuous in the primary glow, but they were not seen in
the secondary, a further proof that the former was due to
direct,
and the
Knowledge,
we look
If
253
we
see
of the waves.
analogous reflection
is
It occasionally
produced in the
air
In
base,
fine
which
is
known
as a " Sun-Pillar,"
from the
happens that an
this case a
The
particles are
light,
forming
it.
The
rays, those
particles of
these,
The composite
red rays.
from
resulted
orders
of
them.
And
the
upon
the
rays
two
passing
richer
different
through
reflection
of
the
sunset
the
interaction of
plicated sunset
was
the
particles
effect of
the
and
glow
itself
there
by
a great
elevation.
" Thus,
and that
stratum
and
diffraction
the
lower
254
and
the meteorologist,
may be
But they
the various
all
are distinguished
from
and the
like
in that
its
and from
may be
much on
But they
this account as
from
measurement";
it
" Science,"
it
certainly depends
is
of
and the
its
brightness,
and duration,
faculty
is
developed of recognizing
Thus
record.
March
6th,
been apparent to
all,
"
The Eruption
pillar
moved an
of Krakatoa," p. 195.
Various Sky
255
Effects.
had made
who knew
it
horizon.
So in the
and
who
specific observations
after
peculiarities consisted.
as the late
Mr.
wherein they
differed
means
for
computing
it
is
very desirable
phenomenon
stiff
rod carrying
staff, in fact,
would be of
not
much
and
but
so on.
its
of
mere estimation.
CHAPTEE
Variable
It
is
X.
Stars.
since
David Fabricius,
a star in
he had
observed in August,
This appeared an
October.
by-
portance, since
not
all
of
in precisely the
had noted
to have
disappeared.
Here,
however, the
it was not
Holwarda detected the star again as of
the 3rd magnitude in December, but found it disappear
in the following
This
star,
summer
therefore,
Omicron
Ceti,
autumn.
Hevelius the
the
first to
The
first star,
that
is
or the
There
it
is
seems
of
the
257
Variable Stars.
This
Hipparclius and Ptolemy compiled their catalogues.
by
described
Perseus,
Beta in the constellation
is
of the
is
G-orgon
down
to us
Demon
Star,
and
it
is
at least
that
owed its name to the
down
sinks
though ordinarily of the 2nd magnitude it
almost to the 4th at perfectly regular intervals of two
a probability that
fact
it
The
Groodricke in 1782.
was re-discovered by
it
latter observer
two years
later
with one of
five
and
a-third days.
At
be
rare
objects
until
the
prises
The most
is
Algol.
The
student,
avoiding
all
references
to
stars.
but
not
variable, whilst
greatly
brighter
be distinctly fainter.
very
At
Arietis, the
little
than
our
Zeta will
258
rivals
brightness.
tion
Gamma
Alpha Persei or
Directly this
and that
should be commenced.
variable
star
in
than
observers
Andromedse
is
and a second
find that
no longer
it
to
the
variable,
among
It is usual
estimate
these
differences
" steps,"
make
central
be
principle,
selected,
be clearly
brighter,
one
however,
of
which
than
fainter
that
is
the
the
two
stars
observer
The
should
decides
to
variable,
in
brightness.
to
indiscriminately.
comparison.
259
Variable Stars.
star
was equal
it
to,
and the
An
brighter.
where a and
are
the two
comparison
This
stars.
slightly nearer
it is
b.
the following
way he
much more
delicate
If
first
But
other.
one will
one
if
is
seem the
it will still
Where
is
which one
is
is
two "
steps."
will
be
one
is
if
Of course there
is
indeed,
it
is
stars should
To begin
more
with,
bearing in
be as nearly as possible at
effect
upon
the estimation.
is
that no effort
same moment.
This might
mean
that their
260
images
Both
fell
upon portions
the observer
which
satisfied
is
and
the commencement of a
and the
minimum
star
difference will
The
observation.
for Algol
is
remaining
say
for half-
If he should be fortunate
vations.
will
the
an-hour
is
brighter,
enough to
hit
upon
somewhat
first,
at a third
and recovery
The
hours.
light
is
to say
is
or about the
The observation
of
minimum
before
brilliant
is
light or
pleasing colours.
when
systematically
a doubt that he
Star
is
that he
is
miles
millions
of
distant
sn.n.
greater
and not
recorded,
watching
space the
of
There
less
across
will
be a
because
if
if
by
of
Demon
untold millions of
signalling
sense
it
and
of
of
that far
achievement,
him anything
Variable Stars.
261
watching Algol.
He
will
Algol
has
offer
period.
is
field
Minimum
him.
so
as
to
of
work which
after
minimum
determine
the
the utmost
the purpose
of
determination
is
the
student's
for his
own
and
making an independent
Nevertheless
it
elements of the
has been by the continual repeti-
tion
drop
Algol from his observing list until he has been able
not only to work out a period for himself, and so
to
predict in advance future minima, but also to
detect
the earth.
It
is
of Algol
of
is
course well
due to
revolves round
Beta Lyrse
it
known now
is
of a
little
more than a
magnitude.
T
single
262
it
differs
from that
the
decline being
is,
the
variables
longer
of
ness at
it
Mira Ceti
maximum
scarcely
is
light bringing
it
that
down
range
it
is
ranks
it
The
sometimes
distinctly brighter
down
Its bright;
at
maximum, but
minimum, its
it
goes
faintest
watch
it
at its
interesting phase.
it is
A telescope,
much
therefore, is
better that
it
should
not be used.
The four
stars above
Algol
is
maximum
light
The
and
ourselves.
Two other bright stars are known of the same class, viz..
Lambda Tauri and Delta Librae, the former with a period
of nearly 4 days, the latter with one of nearly 2^ days.
From
263
Variable Stars.
members
somewhat
rapidlj.
has no ana-
Delta Cephei
is
period
is,
is
Sagittae,
few days,
The
is
itself.
Eta Aquilse
W and X
Sagittarii,
eight; that
it is
star at
In
which
maximum
of
Its
Of the
Lyrse,
members
and
Hydrae,
The
stars in this
from 10
to 14
Orionis,
fifth
W (34)
Bootis,
stars for
is
it
331 days,
Geminorum,
sometimes
mean period
in
Thus, as
to
minimum.
it
ranked
at
it
is
maximum is
Lyrse
is
class consists of
only 46 days.
the "irregular variables,"
Four notable
T 2
stars
264
Alpha
Orionis or Betelgeuse
Cassiopeise or Schedar;
al
Alpha
Gethi;
The study
on the border-line of
"
work open
field of
to the possessor of a
whilst
as to
good opera-glass is
most industrious observer,
may be regarded
Name.
Numbei.
209
806
1072
1090
1411
1768
2098
2213
2375
2509
3796
4826
5274
5374
5912
6181
6202
6368
6472
6733
6758
6794
7120
7124
7149
7459
7483
7803
8073
8273
Period.
Max.
a ("assiopeise
0 (Mira) Ceti
p Persei
^ Persei (Algol)
A Tauri
6 Aurigae
a Orionis
Geminorum
T)
S Monocerotis
Geminorum
U Hydraj
E Hydrse
W Bootis
S Librae
Herculis
a Herculis
Herculis
g
II.
Sag-ittarii
Sagrittarii
Scuti
Lyrse
Lyrse
W
/3
X Cygui
rj
Aquilae
S Sagittse
T Cy^ni
Vulpeculse
/X
Cephei
Cephei
/3
Pegasi
0 34 50
2 14 18
2 58 46
3 140
3
4
5
6
6
6
10
13
14
14
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
s.
55 8
54 47
49 45
8 51
35 28
58 11
32 37
24 15
39 2
55 38
25 21
10 5
13 38
41 16
58 38
42 9
46 23
52 17
46 44
47 23
51 2^
+ 55
59-3
3 25-7
+ 38 27-2
+ 40 34-2
+ 12 12-5
+ 43 40-5
+ 7 23-3
+ 22 32-2
+ 9 59-3
+ 20 43-0
- 12 51-9
- 22 45-9
+ 26 57-2
+42
+ 14
+ 33
-
20 47 13
21 40 27
27
29
5
+ 33
+ 43
+ 32
+ 0
+ 16
+ 34
+ 27
+ 58
22 25 27
22 58 55
+ 27
20 13 11
+57
d. h.
7-3
6-1
30-2
12-3
47-6
35-1
48-7
14-8
48-8
39-7
44-9
22 2
0-4
52-5
19-3
54-2
32-4
2-2
1-7-5-0
3-4
2-3
3-4
3-0
1-0
3-2
4-9
3-7
4 5
3-5-5-5
5-2
5-0
47-5-0
3-1
4-6
4
4-8
4-7-57
3-4
4-0
40-6-5
3-5
5-6
5-5?
Type
of Variation.
Miu.
'
m.
2-8
8-9-5
332
4-2
3-5
2 20 49
4-2
3 22 52
4-5
1-4
3-7'4-2 231
5-4
3 10 38
4-5
10 3 42
6-1-6-3
9-7
425
6-1
6-2
2 7 51
5-4-6-0
3-9
5-4
6
7 0 17
5-8
7 14 16
6-0-9-0
71
4-5
12 21 47
4-7
46
13-5
406
4-7
7 4 14
6-4
8 9 11
6?
5-5
6-5
4 ?
5 ?
3-7
2-2
4-9
2-7
Irregular.
Long period.
Irregular.
Eclipse.
Eclipse.
Irregular.
Irregular.
Long period.
Short j)eriod.
Short period.
Irj-egular.
Long pei'iod.
Reciprocal eclipse.
Long period
Long
365
1 11 57
Long
432
5
Long
8 47
period.
Short period.
Short pei'iod.
})eriod.
Short period.
period.
Short period.
Irregular.
CHAPTER
XI.
The Colours op
Staes.
although in general
possessors of
it
size.
The wide
difference
as to brightness
which there
is
is
;
it
first
glance
requires a
their
many
stars as being
somewhat
when
it
came
to the
The
stars in general
recorded as ''fiery."
being
distinctly
all.
Of these
orange
or
six
we should
class five as
red
Antares,
Betelgeuse,
us an intensely white
star,
The
sixth, Sirius, is to
266
discussions as to whether
last
has changed
colour in the
its
it.
may
account
the horizon, a
from time to
we
For, as
momentary
it
is
it
see
it
all
It is
"
And
from
well-known passage
The
hue
and emerald."
may
is
far
show
differences
W.
Franks,
S.
this that
all
able
f.r.a.s,,
and
some
made
up
for the
eight inches.
telescope, or
who
The
observer,
therefore,
who has no
good
field-glass,,
many
differences
of
colour.
would be within
his reach,
267
would be sure
tion
of the
to
come with
practice
two
different points to
keep in mind.
The one
is,
what
it
work
speaking they
wave-lengths
ground-
Roughly
"VV'e
in other
have no
Even
in the
and even if we
and divided the spectrum
twelve or more different
went further, as we
easily might,
We
together go to
make up
as
shining
tints
which
"We
may
regard, there-
by white
more
light plus a
specific colours.
268
wliicli
division
effect
itself,
and
the
to
five-fold
following
full
colour.
Amongst
its
something
it
is
astronomy that we
richer tints.
For
tint.
more refrangible colours do not come
The range is from orange-red up to
into consideration.
Beta Librae
two other
to green.
stars,
Alpha
that
of
Lyrse,
orange,
may be
following heads
five
(3)
orange-yellow,
(1)
reddish-
yellowish green.
naked eye
colour,
it is
but the
wide
field
of
field-glass or
artificial
view,
standard of
up
The
make
stars
accurate possible.
The most
satisfactory
would probably be
to take a
name
them simply
It
tint.
269
would probably be
work
work
of
For
and
number
Then,
similar
work
then to those of
this
it
to
and
Thus,
if
a hundred
less
depth of
star of deepest
tirit,
first
tint,
of
other method.
free
would be
state that
Alpha
a period of 33 days.
in like
manner
to have
The
it
certainly has
case of
it
shown
may
itself
270
is
It
therefore
is
may yet
to do so,
it
succeed
But should
clear
and
mode of
The blue
shining;
in
and white
stars
colour of
stars
is
Yega and
stars, like
their
scintillation.
Sirius,
most
The planets
steadily.
This scintillation
is,
own
diameter.
follows that
It
when the
may reach
may seem
us one
is
air,
even
the next,
show
many
and the
through which
in great agitation,
The
to us real
is
The one
exception,
it
is
always near the horizon when seen with the naked eye,
and partly because its diameter is very small. It owes its
Greek epithet
peculiarity
The measurement
of the
planets.
amount,
or, rather,
rapidity
271
is
The review
is
much
field-
glass.
We
have come as
it
telescope
many
task.
guides,
fail of his
reward.
The growth
in the
power of per-
Eeal too
is
is
method.
work
And
means
increase
of recording at once
and recording
in
of
power, and
power gives
pleasure.
272
Pleasure there
is
too in gaining as
it
even
our knowledge
if
is
really increased
pleasure,
if
The
been both
many and
And
there
is
above
its
all in this
to be realised otherwise.
We
we look up
It
to
God has
Most High.
written
we stand
INDEX.
PAGE.
Acliernar
Eridani.
A7itares
Achilles, Shield of
30
Adams, J. C
Adar, The Month
173,
179
92
101
Afterglows
25:i
248, 251,
Air-pump
Antlia.
103
=
=
35,
239
31,
109
^IcT/one (Pleiad)
...
= a Tauri
Alderamin = a Cephei.
101,102,
1C3
Aldeharan
Alpheratz
Day
IO3
Altair =:
V.
208
74,
74,
75
Aquilae (Tarazed)
Aquilae
74,
75
263
75,
Altar)
93,119122
...
149
...
Arcturus
31
= a Bootis.
Arequipa Observatory
(Cfmopus)
117122,
217
208
86,117122
...
95,
119
53
Cygni.
Aries (The Earn;
95, 96,
Arietis (Hamal)
79, 94, 96, 141,
3 Arietis (Sheratan) ...
94, 96,
Arietis
(Mesartin)
Y
94,
Aristotle
Arneh
119
= a Leporis.
= Sagitta.
151
257
257
95
238
Arrow
52
Anderson, Rev. T. D.
Andromeda
60,6871,
3 Aquilae {Alskain)
Aridif
Aquilae.
Amos
68-71,
112
a Argus
270
87
60,
Argonauts
Ariadne
3 Aquilae.
= Ara.
86,
75, 85,
Argo Navis
HI
Al Sufi
Altar
87
...
90,91,93,94,98,99,102,
= a Coronse Borealis.
= a Andromedae.
Aquilse (^ttair)
122
86,
Alphonsine Tables
AlsJiain
6, 10,
...
157
123
Almagest
Al Minlcar al dajajah = 3 Cygni.
Al Najid = y Orionis,
Alnath = 3 Tauri.
Al Nilam. = e Orionis.
Al Nitak = g Orionis.
Alphard a Hydrae.
Alphecca
...
Arago
=
=
Algol
Alioth
Alkaid
All Saints'
155^
Aquarii (SadalmeHlc)
& Aqxmvii (Sadal Sud)
Aquila (The Eagle) 55,
Aratus
Leonis.
p Persei.
e Ursae Majoris.
-r] Ursae Majoris.
122
Ara (The
=y
Algieha
T)
PAGE.
= a Scorpii,
54, 107,
217221
a Andromedae
(Alpheratz)
78, 79,
Nova Andromedae
Andromeda, Great Nebvila
Andromedae Met eors ...
Asses, The,
y and S Cancri
Astraea
Virgo
42,
45
47
Atlas (Pleiad)
102
82
217
217
194
194
63
258
of
83,
83,
179181
Augustus, Emperor
17,
104107,
203
274
INDEX.
PAGE.
Aurigse (Capella)
2729.
17,
106108
59,
3 Aurigag {Menkaliaan)
X Aurigse
106
217,
218
Canes
217,
218
Aurigae
Auroras
Aurorae,
217-221
195202
107,
Scheme
Aurorse,
Tube
Auroral
Beam
1882
Auroral
for observation of
of
November
of
March
200
162
r[
Ursae Majoris.
44
Bctelgeux or Betelgeuse
= a Orionis.
Bhaskara
Bielid Meteors
162,
167
= Andromedes.
Bird of Paradise = Apub.
247,
216
251
247249
207
5153,
56, 71,
...
Cassiopeiae (Schedar)
3 Cassiopeise aph)
Nova Cassiopeiae (The
Bull =- Taurus.
Burns, Gavin
Ursa Major
CAMBLOrARDUS
...
...
29, 37,
-86
87
85 -87
85
198, 201
120
...
14
101
117,
3537,78,
Cephei (Alderamin)
...
119123
117,
...
51 Cephei
S Cephei
36,
Ceraski
Ceres
Cetus (The Sea-monster)
257, 262,
84
122
31
179
Ceti (Menkar)
3 Ceti {DipMa)
o Ceti (Mira) ...
Chambers, G. F
208
36
34
263
245
161
...77, 83,
87-93,
119
214
Geminorum.
Celceno (Pleiad)
264
264
37
"Pilgrim"
36,
=a
Centaurus
Cepheus
241
...
145
83
85,
Star)
263
35
216
137,
10,
Callisto
...
Capron, J. Band
Carina (The Keel)
265
3, 5, 34, 36,
Cacciatore, Niocolo
Ca;lum (The Graving-tool)
...
= a Argus.
Capella = a Aurigse.
Caph = 3 Cassiopeise.
Castor
Bradley, John
223227
Bredikhine, Theodor
" Britannia Baconica "
183
British Astronomical Association,
266
Star Colour Section of
Bronowski, John
Canopus
76
W Bootis
Carlyle
Birmingham, John
Bishop, Rev. S. E
" Bishop's Eing"
Boeddicker, 0
99, 112,
120
137142,
115
236
256
Benares
Benetnasch
Berenice
90, 99,
99,
Bayer
46
43, 44,
2U
283,
...
44
= ir Cygni.
Backhouse, T.
Bacon, Miss Gertrude
Balance = Libra.
Bartschius
145
43,
199
202
4th,
30, 137,
Hunting
(The
200
Beam
Azelfafage
Venatici
Dogs)
17th,
...
50
45
for observation of
198,
42,
8 Cancri
26Aurig8e
Nova
38,
122
90
90
263
149
Chameleon
122
Chandler, S. C
Chandra sekhara
...
Auriga.
Charioteer
257
255
165
167,
INDEX.
275
PASE,
Charles II
Charles'
43
Wain
Chaucer
Chemical Furnace
Childrey,
9G
183
122
63
101
74,
1)8
dfijajalt)
118
Cygni (Azelfafage)
X Cygni
Nova Cygni
120
10,
Comets
44
222-227
225-227
...
1811
223
1843
223
1862 (Swift)
179
179
1866
I.
(Tempel)
1882
141
1901
227
Comet, Biela's
83,
181
Conon
10,
44
217,
218
...
Copeland, R
Copernicus
89
Cor CavoU~a,
Canum Venaticorum.
Coronse
Coronse
T Coronse
53,
54
54
54,
216
50, 51,
101
90
(/llp7iecca)
Counterglow
= Gegenschein.
Coverdale, Miles
CoRVtrs (The Crow)
g Coryi
51
Cancer.
Crab
Messier
Crab Nebula
Grus.
Crane
Crater (The Cup)
I.
...
104,
213
50,
Cross, Northern
Cross, Southern
Crow
51
252
119
= Crux
72
117,118,
122
72,
Dohili
216
3 Capricorni.
Delhi
162,
163
83, 84,
86,
Delphini (Rotaneu)
3 Delphini (Svalocin)
Deluge, The Great
93,
Beneh AJgiedi = 8 Capricorni.
Deneb Adige
a Cygni.
Dmiehola
3 Leonis.
Denning, W. F. 173175, 177, 178,
98
84
84
119
181. 182,
Dickens, Charles
Dioskouroi
Gemini
244
238
107
3 Ceti,
" Does' Leaps "
Dog, Greater = Canis Major.
Dog, Lesser
Canis Minor.
Dogs, Hunting = Canes Venaticorum.
Dolphin
Delphinus.
Dorado (The Sword Fish)
Downing, A. M.
Draco (The Dragon) 7, 10, 34, 35,
Biphds,
16
122
180
117
35,
164
35, 58,
239
K Draconis
Draco.
Dragon
34
= a LTrsae Majoris.
Dumb-bell Nebula
76
Eagle
Aquila.
Earth's Shadow
Easton, C
250
206, 207,
Ecliptic, Pole of
208
132
7,
Eclipse, Meteorology
123
74
37
263
Ecliptic, Obliquity of
CoRVUS,
Corona
Northern
Crown,
Borealis.
Crown, Southern = Corona
Australis.
Crux (The Southern Cross)
118, 119,
IT
Dahlie
Crepuscular Eays
Cross, False
...
...
120
a Columbse (Phact)
Coma Berenices
Comet of
Comet of
Comet of
Comet of
Comet of
Comet of
115
= Crater,
Cursa = p Eridaui.
Fornax.
Dr
PAGE,
Cup
Plough,
35
235
228237
...
228
...
232
...
231
276
INDEX.
PAGE.
Eclipse, Total Sohn; of J027
I[(iedi
Edinburgh Observatory
217
Electra (Pleiad)
101
" Engonasin"
Hercules
58
Equinoctial Temple
136
Equinoxes, Determination of
...
Equdleus (The Horse's Head) 10,
Eratosthenes
66, 74,
Eridanus (T^e River) 87, 9:J94
130
98
Eridani (Achernav)
3 Eridani {Cursa)
9 Eridani
Eros
118,
122
118,
122
Fabricius, David
94
...
151
...
136
Herdsman
91,
256
Herodotus
Fish,Southern=Piscis AusTRALis
Flamsteed, Eev. John
Fleming, Mrs
" Flight of Wild Ducks "
Flying Fish
Volans.
...
(M
35,
215,
219
11)...
70
=
Fomalhaut a Piscis Australis.
W.
Furnace)...
266
107
217,
218
194,
207
136
258
Heliacal Risings
Heliacal Settings
Heliacal Stars, List of, for observation
" Hen and Chickens "
Pleiades
94
Pisces.
Anrigae
Heis
...
ids) ----naiul
a Arietis.
...
Eudoxus
" Evening Stars "
Fishes
93
{The K
Hattial
Hare = Lepus.
Harp = Lyra.
Harvard Coll. Observatory
Harvard Photometry
= Auriga.
aeniochus
Hercules
5659, 60,
GetM) ...60,
76
264
Herschel, A. S.
Herschel, Sir John ..
Herschel, Sir William
248,
249
Hesiod
Hesychius
103.
Hevelius
Hind, J. R
256
216
4, 98,
257
8, 11, 55,
Herculis (Ras
al
= Bootes.
61,
58
173,
240
67,
70
141
52
Hipparchus
Holwarda
256
42
Gegenschein
Gemini (The Twins)
192,
245
203
Geminid Meteors
108
(PoUux)
108 142,
Geminorum
Ti Geminorum
Gemmill, S. M. B
iii.
15
xi.
...
108,
108,
Gentur Muntur
Georgic
I.
48,
122
{Alphard)
Hydrae
Hydrje
263
211
Hydrus
163
64
Isaiah
Ishtar
76
xiii.
10
= Virgo
Jackson-Gwilt Medal
Jahangir
257
Jesse,
264
Jeypore...
207
Jey Singh
Job ix. 9 ..
Job xxvi. 13
Job xxxviii. 31
Johnson, E. W.
15
158
221
221
120,
70
...
50
...
263
...
263
...
123
52,
109
122
03,
...
122
56
= Cmi.vw.
a Hydrse
162,
265
263
Greek Alphabet
Greenwich Solar photographs
Gi'iiiiitiler,
128
165
Germanicus
Gomeisa 3 Canis Minoris.
Goodricke
Gore, J. E
Gould, B. A
Graving-tool
142
ment
HoROLOGiuM (The Clock)
Horse Shoe Nebula (M 17)
Humboldt
173, 193,
Htades
100,
Hydra (The Water Snake)... 8, 50,
t,
Genesis
Genesis
30
Galileo
aGeminorum
3 Geminorum
101
61,
Homer
Galaxy =^ Milky Way.
136
142
123
...
48
...
220
...
240
...
245
...
162
162, 164
...
...
52
34
109
234
190,
193
216
277
INDEX.
page.
Kepler
" KesU "
Orion
1S5,
214
...
109
Keyser, Dircksz
" Jfimaifi, "
Pleiades
120
109
Rudyard
Kipling,
239
Klein
Kneeler
Hercules,
Kochah
0 Ursse Minoris.
Krakatoa, Eruption of
247
207,
269
250,
122
Lacertid Meteors
Lacerta (The Lizard)
...
29,
Lamb, Dr.
74 99
Leo (The Lion)
6, 38 -42, 45, 47,
37
37
50,
Leonis (Regulus)
(
40, 42,
52
50
Leonid Meteors
40, 172, 173, 179- -181
Leo Minor (The Lesser Lion) 43, 44
lieo Minorid Meteors
43
Lepus (The Hare) ...
110,111, 120
Leporis (Arheh)
111
Librae (Zuhen
el
Genuhi)
64
...64, 66,
67
268
liYNx
...
55,
262
245
193
193
227
122
29, 43,
44
5961,
71
I-yrse
Lyrse
59, 257,
270
261- 263
..17, 59,
149
Lyrid Meteors
Magellanic Clouds
118.
Mahommed Shah
Maia
(Pleiad)
...
..
Manger Praesepe.
Mark wick, Col. E. E.
Mars
68, 150, 151,
122
162
102
120
144, 221,
-155, 167,
252
213
166,
270
...
128
101,
102
= y Arietis.
104;
(2), 87;
67; (6), 67;
70;
(8),
(11), 70;
(16), 70; (17), 70;
(1),
(24),
70;
(30),
44;
(3),
(4),
67;
(7),
58;
(13),
"(18)
,
85;
(31)
122
(Pleiad)
Meteors
70;
83 ;
67,
216
170-182
50, 64.
3 Leonis Denehola)
7 Leonis (Algieha)
...
102
213
248
Mesartin
Messier
117,
247,
...
Menk'iUnan
3 Aurigse.
Menkar a Ceti.
Me nsa (Table Mountain) ...
Merak
3 Ursse Maioris.
Mercury
143146, 150, 151,
Meridian, Determination of
Merope
252,
Lacaille
PAGE.
MiCROSCOPIUM
Midgard Snake
Milky Way, 59, 72, 78,
Milky Way, Pole of
...
117, 184,
175
...
182
...
122
...
51
203211
Mintaka = 8 Orionis.
Mira = o Ceti.
=
=
Miyfak
a Persei.
Mizar
Ursse Majoris.
Moestlin
Molesworth, Capt. P. B.
MoNOCEROS (The Unicorn)
S Monocerotis
Montanari
Moon
116,
151154,
Moon, Mansions of
" Morning Stars "
Mui-zavi =: 3 Canis Majoris.
MnscA (The Fly)
Napoleon
Nebulous Eegion
Newcomb, S
New
221
115,
115
263
...
257
156,
1.57
135,
7
136
...
122
...
109
241,
70
242
212- -221
Newton, H. A.
Newton, Sir Isaac
Nova
Nova
Nova
Nova
Nova
Nova
Nova
Nova
103
...
50.
Stars
Nimrod
Norma (The
...
95,
179
119
109
Square)
Andromedse
122
(1885)
Aurigse (1892)
Cassiopeise (1572)
36,
Coronse (18db)
5i,
Cygni (1876)
Ophiuchi (1604)
Ophiuehi (1848)
Persei (1901)
'
...
214,
...54,217 220
217
219
214
216
216
210
-^16
221
278
INDEX.
page.
" Observatory,"
to tlie "
"The Companion
182
117, 122,
123
Octantis
a Pisoium,
Olbers
Ophiitchus (The Serpent-holder)
118
CT
Olida
Pinhole Altazimuth
Pistes (The Fishes)
130,
...
a Piscium
{Ohda)
{{{as al
Hague)
Orion
90,
60, 61,
62, 74,
Pleiades
120, 137,
141
142
111
Oxford Uranometria
258
Panyasis
58,
Pavo (The Peacock)
Pegasus (The Plying Horse)
911, 37, 7880,
83, 84, 98, 100,
Pegasi {Mavhah)
...
P Pegasi {Sclieaf)
y Pegasi {Alge^iih)
Perseus 11, 17, 7783,
{Algol)
263
111
76
116
264
257
79
82
2, 94, 104,
t, Persei
Nova Persei
54, 220,
Perseus, Chister of
Perseid Meteors
...
173, 178,
Perseid Meteors, Shifting Radiant
270
263
221
82
179
181
of
M. Maurice
155.
156
= a Columbse.
7 Ursse Majoris.
Plieilcad = y Ursse Minor
2731,
52
14
(Pole
Minoris,
Polarift
Pollux ~ 3
Star)
32
Ursse
Geminorum.
Praesepe
42,
213
164
Ptolemj', Eaergetes
Ptrppis (The Stern)
10,
164,
134
257
44
120
165
196
40, 42,
44
122
252
Family
Royal Stars
Royer
39,
Hon. Rollo
120
254
= a Aquarii.
3 Aquarii.
Sadalmelik
Sadal Sud
is.
Phocnix
122
Piazzi
Pickering, E. C
218.
PiCTOR (The Painter's Easel)
'
Pilgrim " Star Nova Cassio-
Si
2^1
peise, 1572,
Russell,
Phact
Phecda
"Phenomena," The
238
123
78, 79,
257261,
Petit,
111
79,
102
Pliny
Plough, The
111
79
3 Persei
111
239
Pleione (Pleiad)
265
120
3 Orionis
30, 94,
8-t,
122
a Ophiuchi
138
92
133
122
W Sagittarii
X
76
263
203
233
Sagittarii
Haiph
Saturn
K Orionis.
148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 181,
213
279
INDEX.
PAGE.
PAGE.
Scnrborough, Sir C
43
173,
179
Sokmidt, Julius
207,
216
Scliwabe
160,
189
Scheat
Schedar
P Pegasi.
=a
270
5,
8,
SoBiESKi
Searle,
(Sobieski's
191,
192
203
Ophiuchus.
Serpent-holder
Serpens.
Serpent
Servius, The Grammarian
Serviss, Garrett
63
...
44,
66
234,
51
235
235
tions
48
Shakespeai-e
Sheratan
3 Ai'ietis.
" Sickle" of Leo
Siddhantas
Ma
Canis
40,
42
162, 166,
167
j oris.
70
130
136
Sobieski
Solstices
Solstitial
Spica
Temples
a Virginis.
Sterope (Pleiad)
CO
Stockmar, Baron
Stonehenge
Stoney, G. Johnstone
Smlocin
3 Delphini.
101,
102
196
164
180
153,
Sunspot Curves
= Cygnus.
Swift, Lewis
Staff
..
104
101,
102
...
122
...
266
...
52
...
48
122,
...
123
258
123
207
167,
214
151,
181
),
94,
122,
Twins = Gemini.
Tycho Brahe
= Monoceros.
Bear) 8,
2932, 37,
117
269
32
40
32
35
32, 35,
Ti
Meteors
Ursa Minor (The Lesser Bear) 11,
16, 28, 32-34, 117,
a Ursse Miuoris (Polaris) 16, 17, 20,
258
35
Variable Stars
256,
Variable Stars, List of, for Observation
Ve-Adar. The Month
Vega
a Lyrse.
264
Vela (The
120
156
159
Swan
Tangent
79,
218
262
104
253- -255
Sun-Pillar
Table Mountain
265
ilrsid
Sun
Toucan
Triangulum
8,
Triangulum Australe
80 (Alcor)
229
136,
...
Tatjgeta (Pleiad)
nasch)
Square of Peg-asus
Stars, Search for, during Eclipse
Stevens, Miss
...
Taurid Meteors
Taurid Meteors
106-108, 142,
\ Tauri
Unicorn
Uranus
111
96,99, 104,
Trouvelot, E. L.
8, 55, 61,
Hirius
...
Titus Andronicus
Cetus.
Telescopium
Tennyson
Theoa
Thuban = a Draconis.
Shield)
Scuti
Sea Monster
80 95,
111,112, 142,
t,
203
ScoRpro.
ScuTOM
(Aldeharan)
Tauri (Alnath)
11,
a Tauri
51
Scbwartvi, Carl G.
Scintillation
Scorpii {Antares)
9, 11,
99106, 108,
Cassiopeise.
Schiaparelli, G.
Scorpion
Sculptor
179
= Mensa.
166,
255
Sails)
264
92
280
Venus
INDEX.
PAGE.
135,143,144,146150,
...
Vesta
...
Vindemiatrix
Virgil
Virgin
= e Virginis.
9, 10,
64
Wreath
Corolla
Virginis (Spica)
192
yirginis (Vindemiatrix)
...47, 53,
= Aquarius.
Watersnake Hydra.
Water bearer
192
Year, Length
of.
4,
Maps
127,
Young,
54
C.
8,
132
43
208
122
213
75
76
263
Zodiacal
Zodiacal
Zodiacal
Zodiacal
Zodiacal
Zodiacal
Zuhen
Zuben
el
ol
Light
Band
191,
192
190,
191
...
190
190,
191
'
'
p Librae.
= a Librae.
Chamali
Genubi
234
192
Cone
and
149
Corona
How to determine
ERRATA.
Map
4550,
269
AUSTRALIS.
53, 63, 70, 151,
Weber
Whale = Cetus.
Wolf = Lupus.
Wrangel...
63,
= Virgo.
239
UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIt-URBANA
3 0112 048367756