Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
BY
NOEL CUTHBERT MUSHI
(1027934)
CERTIFICATION
I, the undersigned certify that I have read and here by recommend for acceptance by CATHOLIC
UNIVERSITY OF EATERN AFRICA (CUEA) this research report presented by Noel Cuthbert
Mushi in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree In Bachelors Of
Commerce In Accounting.
This research project proposal is my original work and has not been presented for any academic
awards in any other university
Signature.........................................
Date
.......................................................
Date
..........................................................
Date
..........................................................
Dr.
Senior Lecturer,
Department of Management
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA. (CUEA)
DEAN/DIRECTOR, DIRECTORATE/SCHOOL/BOARD
DECLARATION
I Noel Cuthbert Mushi, I declare that the contents of this research report are the results of my
own findings to the best of my knowledge and have not been presented to any university or
collage for academics awards.
Name:
Signature:
_________________________
Date:
_________________________
COPYRIGHT
All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form by any means like electronics, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher or CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF
EATERN AFRICA (CUEA).
Noel Cuthbert Mushi
2016
All rights reserved.
DEDICATION
This piece of work is dedicated to my lecturer Dr. Thomas Ngui for his unrelenting knowledge
and teachings towards a successful completion of this work. The work is also dedicated to my
class mates Elias Matau and Pascal Lugobi for their supports and ideas. This research report is
dedicated also to my Lord Jesus Christ, who gave me a chance to study university degree and
accomplishing my research work, my family most especially my dad and mom who have been a
strong pillar to all, my family most especially my dad and mom who have been a strong pillar to
all my advances.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this research work would not been possible without the support and sacrifice
made by a number of individuals and institution. I am highly indebted to a number of people
who have made several contributions to make my research a success. I am extremely grateful to
my Lord, my God and my Saviour, Jesus Christ for His unceasing love, grace, peace, providence
and protection for my life. The successful completion of this work came about as a result of a
massive contribution made by several people; without which the work would not have been
materialized. I therefore, deem it necessary to express my profound gratitude to the following
people. Thanks to my friends who motivated me and colleagues who challenged me to take this
bull by its horns. Sincere gratitude should go to my supervisor Dr. Thomas Ngui for his heartfelt
guidance, also for his constructive advice in all aspects of my research work, God bless you.
I am solely responsible for any shortcomings, errors of omission and commission found in this
study.
ABSTRACT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1
1. Introduction:
1.1 Background
Traffic congestion is a widely recognized transport cost. It is a significant factor in transport
system performance evaluation and affects transport planning decisions. As a road reaches its
capacity, each additional vehicle imposes more total delay on others than they bear, resulting
in economically excessive traffic volumes. Congestion tends to increase travel time, arrival
unreliability, fuel consumption, pollution emissions and driver stress, and reduce life
satisfaction. Congestion can be recurrent (regular, occurring on a daily, weekly or annual
cycle) or non-recurrent (traffic incidents, such as accidents and disabled vehicles). Some
congestion costs only consider recurrent, others include both.
Road traffic jams continue to remain a major problem in most cities around the world,
especially in developing regions resulting in massive delays, increased fuel wastage and
monetary losses. Due to the poorly planned road networks, a common outcome in many
developing regions is the presence of small critical areas which are common hot-spots for
congestion; poor traffic management around these hotspots potentially results in elongated
traffic jams. In this paper, we first present a simple automated image processing mechanism
for detecting the congestion levels in road traffic by processing CCTV camera image feeds.
Our algorithm is specifically designed for noisy traffic feeds with poor image quality. Based
on live CCTV camera feeds from multiple traffic signals in Kenya and Brazil, we show
evidence of this congestion collapse behavior lasting long time-periods across multiple
locations. To partially alleviate this problem, we present a local de-congestion protocol that
coordinates traffic signal behavior within a small area and can locally prevent congestion
collapse sustaining time variant traffic bursts. Based on a simulation based analysis on simple
network topologies, we show that our local de-congestion protocol can enhance road capacity
and prevent congestion collapse in localized s
Economist William Vickrey identified six types of congestion:
1. Simple interaction on homogeneous roads: where two vehicles travelling close together
delay one another.
grappling with traffic congestion. The latter part of the project highlights various ways
through which public and private institutions can be more effective in their various functions
in view of a future sustainable public transport system in Nairobi.
Transport forms a key component of creating a competitive business environment as well as
means through which various socio economic and environmental objectives can be achieved.
Traffic congestion has frustrated the realization of such objectives in many cities across the
world. Congestion prevents us from moving freely and it slows and otherwise disrupts the
conduct of business within urban areas.
According to Jonathan I. Levy, et al (2007), Congestion has a range of indirect impacts
including political and the marginal environmental and resource impacts of congestion,
impacts on quality of life, stress, safety as well as impacts on none vehicle road space users
such as the users of sidewalks and road frontage properties. In many cities across United
States of America the costs of wasted time and fuel due to traffic congestion was estimated in
year 2005 at $60 billion.
A transport system should facilitate the movement of people, goods and services as
efficiently as possible from origins to destinations that are separated in time and space, and
thus reduce the effects of distance as an inhibiting factor in peoples ability to realize their
economic and social aspirations. The type of traffic congestion being witnessed in Nairobi is
leading to increased costs, longer travel times, constrained economic productivity, and
adverse health and environmental externalities. Population growth in Nairobi will most
certainly continue to have adverse implications on the transport system and traffic
congestion. In 2009, the population of the Nairobi Metro was around 6,658,000; it is
estimated that under a business as usual scenario, the population of Nairobi will grow to
approximately 14 million by the year 2030. While population pressure has been one of the
key contributing factors to transport challenges, other factors include:
Increased vehicle ownership;
Inefficient spatial distribution of land uses, among others;
Inadequate transport infrastructure;
1.2
Statement of Problem
1.3