History of Pakistan

1857
WOI

1858
Accession
To uk

act 1861

1867
Hindi/
urdu

Act 1982

1885
Congress
formation

1905
Benga
l
partiti
on

1905
Siml
a
dep
utati
on
------

1909
Minto
morley
reform
s

1916
Luckn
ow
pact
-----

Row
lett
act
--Apri
l
1919
Jaliy
aan
wala
nbag
h

1919
Chel
msfo
rd
refor
ms
------

Khilafat
moveme
nt
---Noncooperat
ion
moveme
nt
----Hijrat
moveme
nt
----Moplah
uprising
-----

192
1
Hin
du
mah
asa
ba

1922
Chau
ra
chaur
i and
end
of
NonCopMov

Dehli
propo
sals

1927
Simon
commi
ssion

1927
Nehr
u
report

1929
Quaids
14 points

1930
IQBALS
Allabad
address

Nov.
1930
1st RTC

GandhiIrwin Pct

2nd RTC

1932
3rd RTC

1932
Commun
al
Awards

1935
G Act I

details

Elections

details

1939
End of
congress
rule
details

1939
Day of
deliveranc
e
details

1939-1945
2nd World
War

1940
Pakistan
resolution

details

details

1940
Viceroys
offer

1942
Crips
mission

Quite
IndiaGandhi

1943
Wavell
plan

1944
Gandhi
Jinnah
talks

details

details

details

details

details

June 1945
Simla
conference
details

1945
Labour
party in
rule

winter
1945-46
Elections

Feb 1946
New
cabinet
mission
plan

Interim
govt

details

details

details

details

March
1947Mountbe
tton in India

details

June 3 plan

Radcliffe
award

Division of
Punjab /
Bengal

Independenc
e Act 1947

details

details

details

details

elections

1939
End of
congress
rule

1939
Day of
deliveranc
e

1939-1945
2nd World
War

1940
Pakistan
resolution

details

details

details

details

details

10

Pakistan established
1947

11

Congress ministers answerable to congress high command , not to

parliamentsimilar e.g.???

No cow slaughterhindi now official language

Azan forbidden
Example???

Hindu Muslim riots (pigs in mosque/noise)

Bande-matarem /start of official day

Wardha scheme: Gandhi's philosophy: Hindu heroism in educational

texts
Wadiah munder scheme:
Homage to Gandhi pic in educational institute by dr. zakir Hussein
Communal riots in Bihar, united provinces, Bombay
12

12

Duration: 1935-1945
Crown needed support of congress
For military assistance
Congress placed demands:

1. Explain objectives of war

2. Let elected legislature make constitution

3. Central executive should enjoy support of legislature

Results of war not good for Britain: allies defeats

revealing its weakness
13

Pakistan resolution
23rd March
1940 1940
Difference between
Pakistan resolution
Allabad address

14

Aug 1940: viceroy's offer:

1. Executive council to expand
2. war advisory council with Indian rep
3. After war: constitutional assembly from
peoples mandate
Both parties rejected
PM sends: Crips mission
Crips mission cant meet indians:leaves in
fortnight
15

Crips mission suggestions:

1. Constitutional assembly : provincial elected
members + nominated members by state
2. future constitution after war
3. Britain retains defensefresh agreement of
transfer of power
4. C in C & Finance minister British

5. suggestions to be accepted by both in whole

Congress response: post dated cheque on a
failing bank (immediate TOP.) ML also rejected
16

Quit India movement

by congress: 1942

Quaid response : political blackmailing???

ML: divide India & ???

GO
17

Gandhi Jinnah talks: 1944

Gandhi's suggestion:

1. Muslim area demarcation by commission approved by both

2. referendum

3. Treaty of separation
4. Common areas: foreign affairs, defense, communication,
custom and like

Lope whole???
18

Wavell plan: 1943

New viceroy-former CinC

1. new executive council: 14 seats

5 for muslims rest for: Hindus, low caste Hindu ,

Sikh
2, run interim government: seek peoples mandate
for constitution
19

Simla conference: June 1945

Viceroys proposal:

all portfolios to I.G. except WAR

Equal rep to Muslims &Hindus

deadlock
ML: all 5 from ML
Condres: 1 from punjab non-ML

Viceroy accepted
20

Elections- 1945-46
ML

Cong
-ress

Center:
all

Similar
results

Overall: 446/495

Bengal: 113/119
Punjab: 79/86
Nwfp: congress
Quid s stance go proved

21

Cabinet mission plan : feb 1946

New PM: L. Attlee sends three cabinet ministers

agenda: constitutional issues

Political & eco situation: joblessness after was:
inflation
Congress: one federation, one legislature

6 provinces- two sov states- two constitutional bodies

Plan: no justification for division
Safeguard of Muslims -necessary
22

United
federation
FA,def,com,fi
Three groups
of provinces

Group A

Group B

PUNJAB
All
province SINDH
s accept BALOCHI
in group
STAN
B&C
NWFP

Group C

BENGAL
ASSAM
23

Legislative assemblies to
elect constitutional
assemblies
1 rep for 1 million & Sep
electorate for Muslims and
Sikhs

First zonal CA to make

constitution at zonal level
Then combine to make it for
central
Unions executive composed
of:
Rep from provinces and
p.states

Provinces free to join to

group of their own choice
Same for princely states

24

Interim govt by viceroy:

major parties

5 seats for ML and Congress I

SIKH I CHRISTAIN

Congress : one seat for non-ML

VICEROY: 5ML
6 congress

Invited 14 overall
PROMISE: EVEN IF ONE
REFUSES
& congress refuses

25

ML response

Accept: can lead to Pakistan

Congress : accepted plan
Rejected interim government scheme
viceroys promise: we shall proceed even if one of the
parties disagree.
Viceroys response: lets get on with the constitutional
part first
Quaid: statesmen dont eat their words.

ML withdrew its support. And Congress accepted and

made interim govt
26

Nehru becomes a President of

congress

Constitutional assembly once

formed can change constitution
ML: cant do that unilaterally
27

Direct action plan

Breach of promise regarding interim govt

promised of equal seats breached

Doubted Nehru's intentions
Nehru's statement: 10th July
Probability is that there will be no partition
league withdrew its acceptance: Hindu dominance
at center , renounce titles:
day fixed: 16 Aug 1946- riots
28

Riots: congress did nothing to prevent

Heavy death toll
Killed in thousands
50,000 refuges in Bengal
Ml: joins interim government
5 nominations headed by Liaqat Ali
khan

29

Constitutional assembly elections

July 1946
ML: 73/296
congress& allies: 212
ML: refuse to take part in deliberation
Jinnah and Nehru invited to London
30

Congress members of constitutional

assembly proceed on their on own.
22nd Jan 1947: congress passed
resolution
independent federal India
31st Jan 1947: ML passed resolution:
condemning

ML demanded : called upon British

to declare as failed
31

20th feb 1947: PM promises self rule by

Jnue1948
So British line of section:
Preparatory measures
Legislation for TOP
Agreement regarding TOP with Indian
representatives
New viceroy to carry out TOP

March 1947: Mountbatten arrives Delhi

Political scene:
Punjab : unionist party tottering under ML rule
NWFP: ML civil disobedience
Fierce communal clashes
Civil servants bitterly divided- English headmen
desperate t leave
British troop repatriation
Union of India seemed impossible
32

MB tries to persuade Jinnah for joint

constitutional assembly: 73:199: refusal

3 June 1947: British accepted

division: promised TOP by 15
august and right to secede
from common wealth

33

3rd June plan, 1947:

Nothing on constitution :
Procedure for decision according to wishes of the people
Main features:

Punjab , Bengal , Sindh choice with provincial

legislature
Muslim majority but congress rule
Referendum
Partition of Punjab (57%) and Bengal (55%) were painful

34

Within 1 month a bill drafter to the effect

Became: Independence Act of India 1947

Features:
Established of two independent states
British to cease control on 15th august

35

Princely states of India

36

562 in total

Treaty based relationship

Independence Act-free on 15 august
Freedom to choose either dominion or other
arrangements
Pakistan contagious to 14 only
Congress perspective: since cant maintain
IR, war must join either
ML: freedom of choice
37

Kashmir

Contiguous to Pakistan
Muslim majority- Hindu ruler
Hyderabad
Contiguous to India
Hindu majority Muslim ruler
Largest and wealthiest
38

Kashmir:

1846-British sold Kashmir to dogra ghulab Singh for 75 lac-treaty of

Amritsar
Run by an autocratic manner- heavy taxes- first war of freedom in
1930
Geographically- continuation of western plains- road train linkages
trade with areas that became Pakistan- timber was exported by
being floated down the rivers in Pakistan
Cultural connections- religious strategic economic ties

Hyderabad:

Nizam wanted status of dominion

Viceroy said: not possible
Was Muslim so was inclined towards Pakistan
Pressure from India - signed treaty of accession, further pressure in
aug1948,
Nizam filing complaint with UN- Indian troops sent before petition
heard- occupied
His decedents still fighting law suits
39

Mountbatten
Addressed chamber of Princess- 25th July 1947 as
crown rep & Reception on 28th July

Dislike for Quaid-statements and memoirs

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: head of Ministry of the
States
V. P. Menon, secretary of Ministry of the States
Integration of 500 states to India
Menon drew up
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._P._Menon
40

Menon
drafts

instrument of accession to state

Stand still agreement

defense
External affairs
instrument Communications
of accession Full autonomy apart from above three

To cover existing arrangements

Stand still for Custom ,Currency and similar

agreement

Two standard doc with no variations

allowed
For signing stand-still agreements, signing
accession agreement was a pre-requisite
41

States contiguous to Pakistan were few

None of the states acceded before 15 aug

Bahawalpur on 3rd oct
khairpur, chitral,Dir, swat,amb a few
month later
, kalat, lasbella, kharan, makran- end of
march,1948

42

princes that signed

accession to India
Lost control and
assets

States absorbed into

contiguous provinces
43

States contiguous to Pakistan were few

None of the states acceded before 15 aug

Bahawalpur on 3rd oct

khairpur, chitral,Dir, swat,amb a few
month later
, kalat, lasbella, kharan, makran- end of
march,1948

44

Problems of the
new state
45

Quaid: Pakistan has come to existence for ever

Wont survive: not viable: politically, economically,

geographically, militarily

46

Problems of the new state

geographical
Political
economical
social
Princely states
Division of assets
Water dispute

Massacres/ Refugees

47

Political Problems

East Pakistan: provincialism/linguistic

Almost no government buildings,

officials
Constituent assembly- wealth land owners with little
political experience
Majority of population in east- government and army in
west
Quaids health

48

Social Problems
Ethinic diversity: pukhtoons, baloch, sindhis, pujabis,
bangalis
Different cultures, traditions, languages, lifestyles

49

Division of military assets Problems

British C in C wanted to keep armies of both countries
together
June 3 plan- division of army and its assets
Muslim regiments to Pakistan and rest to IndiaEquipment given to Pakistan was shabby

No ordinance factory in Pakistani areas- India refused to

share any- 60 c=million given as financial exchange- wah
factory
C in c did not pay impartial role- criticized and
compelled to resign

50

Water dispute
Problems
Pakistan most irrigation is canal water dependent
Indus and its five tributaries
Three western rivers from jummu & Kashmir
Indus
Jhelum
Chenab

Three eastern rivers from India

Ravi
Beas
Sutlej
India has many river systems that flow in India and fall
into sea without crossing Indian border
Partition of Punjab cut across river systems making India
upper and Pakistan lower stream

51

Canal water Problems

It was important that India does not interfere with waters
which are vital for irrigation of west Pakistan
1st April 1948- India stopped water of Sutlej and RaviThreat of famine and loss of crops
Pakistan complaint to world bank
During this time Pakistan purchased water from India to
avoid economic disaster
September 1960- Indus basin river treaty
(signed by)Ayub khan and Nehru
Western rivers to Pakistan
Eastern rivers to India

52

53

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Division of financial assets Problems

At the time of division : 4 billion lying in reserve bank
Pakistan to get 75o million- Indian leaders refuse
200 million paid- remaining stopped- Patel- no further
payment till Pakistan backs off on Kashmir issue
Gandhi hunger strike- 500 million paid- 50 million still
unpaid

55

Economic Problems
Raw material produce- but no industries
Hindus monopoly of trade
Bank and financial institutions located in Indian territory

East Pakistan problems:

Road-railway-river transportation system-deplorable
Calcutta jute trade

Pakistan fund

State bank of Pakistan 1st July 1946 quid's address

56

State bank of Pakistan 1st July 1946 quid's address

I shall watch with keenness the work of your Research Organization in
evolving banking practices compatible with Islamic ideas of social and
economic life. The economic system of the West has created almost
insoluble problems for humanity and to many of us it appears that only
a miracle can save it from disaster that is not facing the world. It has
failed to do justice between man and man and to eradicate friction from
the international field. On the contrary, it was largely responsible for
the two world wars in the last half century. The Western world, in spite
of its advantages, of mechanization and industrial efficiency is today in
a worse mess than ever before in history. The adoption of Western
economic theory and practice will not help us in achieving our goal of
creating a happy and contended people. We must work our destiny in
our own way and present to the world an economic system based on
true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice. We will
thereby be fulfilling our mission as Muslims and giving to humanity
the message of peace which alone can save it and secure the welfare,
happiness and prosperity of mankind.
57

Land and people of Pakistan

58

land of Pakistan:
Land linksKhyber Pass -Afghanistan
Karakorum Highway -China easier

Pakistan's coastline on the Arabian Sea- sea trade

Karachi a natural harbor -Warm waters- re fuelling ships
air routes between west and east pass through Pakistancentral position

mountain ranges which protect us from the Siberian

winds
glacier helps to increase the volume of water in the rivers

59

How do u identifying features of Pakistanis as a

nation???

Deen, zameen samandar .

Patriotic????
Emotional???
Irresponsible- indisciplineHelpful???
Clumsy???

Lazy- disorganized?
Where do we stand on charts of civility???
60

People of Pakistan

61

Jokewell

Qasmi
joke
62

Our achievements after getting Pakistan????

Atomic technology

63

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