Editan - Living English (CD Book)

Episode 1 - 42
Living English
Anne, a wine dealer from Singapore, arrives at Adelaide Airport and meets her local buyer, Sarah.
Anne walks out with the other passengers...
EPISODE 1
Anne, a wine dealer from Singapore, arrives at Adelaide Airport and
meets
her local buyer, Sarah.
Anne walks out with the other passengers...
ANNE
Excuse me...
SARAH
Anne Lee?
ANNE
Yes. Hello
SARAH
Dont worry. Marks strong ? Arent you dear?
MARK
No worries.
SARAH
Come on. Lets go to the hotel.
They leave the airport.
Learn about :
1. Greetings
2. Introductions
3. Simple Sentences
4. Personal Pronouns
5. This and That
6. Adjectives
SARAH
Im Sarah Taylor. Im your new local buyer. Pleased to meet you.
(they shake hands)
ANNE
Its very kind of you to meet me.
SARAH
Oh. Sorry. This is my husband, Mark.
1. GREETINGS
There are many different ways of meeting people.
The most common word is: Hello.
This can be used in any situation.
A more informal word is: Hi!
Only use hi for friends or informal situations.
MARK
Good morning. How are you?
ANNE
Very well thank you.
MARK
How was your flight?
ANNE
Actually, Im a bit tired. It was a very long flight.
SARAH
Lets get your bags.
The three watch as the bags go around. Anne points.
ANNE
Thats mine there! The red one.
SARAH
Anne Lee?
ANNE
Yes. Hello
We also use:
How are you?

or How are you going?
And you can say:

Good morning (before 12 midday)
Good afternoon (12-6pm)
Good day (anytime)
Good evening (after 6pm)
MARK
Its heavy!
ANNE
Sorry.
MARK
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
Replies
SARAH
Im Sarah Taylor. Im your new local buyer. Pleased to meet you.
(they shake hands)
A reply to hello can be hello.
Hello Peta.
Hello Trevor.
ANNE
Its very kind of you to meet me.
A reply to Hi can be Hi.

Hi Peta.
Hi Trevor.
SARAH
Oh. Sorry. This is my husband, Mark.
A reply to Good morning can be Good morning.

Good morning Peta.
Good morning Trevor.
A reply to How are you? can be Good thanks

How are you?
Good thanks.
Another reply to this is fine thanks

How are you?
Fine thanks.
3. SIMPLE SENTENCES
English is made up of sentences.
A sentence always starts with a capital letter, and ends with a

fullstop,
question mark or exclamation mark.
Here is a simple sentence:

Im Sarah Taylor.
or informally Not bad

How are you ?
Not bad.
and more formally : Very well thank you.
How are you?
MARK
ANNE
2. INTRODUCTIONS
If the person you meet doesnt know your name, you say it:
Hello, Im......... (your name).
Or
Good morning. My name is......... (your name).
If you are introducing someone, you can say:

This is......(persons name).
This is Sue Smith.
Or
Id like you to meet Sue Smith.
Often we give more information when introducing someone.

This is my office manager, Sue Smith.
Or This is my brother, Phillip Taylor.
A common reply is:

Pleased to meet you.
Or
Nice to meet you.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
This is made up of three parts:

The subject : I.The verb : amThe object : Sarah Taylor
Look at this sentence.
She likes wine.

The subject is she.
The verb is likes.
The object is wine.
The subject of a sentence is the person or thing that performs the

action.
In the sentence : Lions eat meat. The subject is

lions.
SARAH
This is my husband, Mark.
Possessive pronouns can be used instead of the noun:

For example:
This is my hat.
This is mine.
That is your hat.
That is yours.
Possessive pronouns are:

mine
his
hers
yours
ours
theirs
ANNE
The object of a sentence is the person or thing that is affected by the

action.
In the sentence Lions eat meat. The object is
meat.
4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal Pronouns are words which stand for people. Subject
pronouns are the subjects of sentences.
They are:
I
he
she
it
you
we
they
5. THIS AND THAT

This can be used to refer to objects or people right next to the
speaker.
This is my wife, Mary.
This is my watch.
SARAH
This is my husband, Mark.
That is used to refer to objects or people further away.

That is the man you want to speak to, over there.
That is the post office, across the road.
ANNE
Subject pronouns usually go before verbs.
For example:
I like frogs.
Possessive adjectives go before nouns to show who or what owns

something.
For example:
This is my hat.
That is your hat.
Possessive adjectives are:
6. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives describe things or people.
Words such as light, heavy and strong are adjectives.
They usually go before nouns, or after verbs.
For example:
Annes bag is heavy.
Its a heavy bag.
The hat is red.

Its a red hat.
my
his
her
its
your
our
their
*********
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 2
ANNE
Maybe later.
Sarah and Mark take Anne to her hotel.

She checks in.
CLERK
Will you want a newspaper in the morning?
ANNE
Thank you very much for picking me up.
ANNE
No thank you.
SARAH
Youre very welcome.
Will you be alright here?
CLERK
OK. And how will you be paying Ms Lee?
ANNE
Thanks. Ill be fine. And thank you Mark, for helping with my heavy
bags.
ANNE
Credit card.
CLERK
Thank you. Heres your key. Its room 309. Enjoy your stay Ms Lee.
MARK
Dont mention it.
SARAH
Alright then. Nice to meet you finally. Ill ring you tomorrow.
ANNE
Thank you. I hope I will.
Learn about :
1. Saying Thank You
2. Saying Goodbye
3. The Future Tense
4. Paying
5. Formal Titles
1. SAYING THANK YOU
The most common way of thanking someone is to say:
Thank you
This is said as one word.
ANNE
Nice to meet you too.
SARAH
Goodbye.
CLERK*
Good morning. Would you like to check in?
ANNE
Yes please.
CLERK
And your name?
ANNE
Anne Lee.
CLERK
Ah yes. Could you just fill this out please?
How long will you be staying?
To add emphasis we can say:

Thank you very much .
Or:
Thank you so much.
A more informal word is:

Thanks
ANNE
Two weeks.
Some polite replies to thank you are:

Thank you. Dont mention it.
Or:
CLERK
Are you here on business?
ANNE
Mainly business.
Thanks. Youre welcome.
CLERK
Will you need a hire car?
Some more casual or informal replies to thank you or thanks are:

Thank you
Thats okay
ANNE
No thank you.
Thank you very much.
Thats fine.
Thanks.
No worry.
CLERK
And will you need a map of the city?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
ANNE
Thank you very much for picking me up.
SARAH
Youre very welcome. Will you be alright here?
ANNE
Thanks. Ill be fine. And thank you Mark for helping with my heavy
bags.
MARK
Dont mention it.
2. SAYING GOODBYE
When we leave someone we usually say:
Goodbye
3. THE FUTURE TENSE

The future tense is used to talk about what will happen in the
future,
after the present.
The word will is used to show that we are talking about the future.
Will is put before the verb.
Here are three sentences:
Simple Present Tense:

I go to the city. (I go there every day)
Or more informally:
Bye
Present Continuous Tense:

I am going to the city. (I am going there now)
When leaving a friend or someone we will see again we might say:

See you later
or just
seeya
Future Tense:
I will go to the city. (at some later time)
Notice how the word will comes before the verb go.
SARAH
Goodbye.
To make this into a question, change the order of the subject I and
will.
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
Will I go to the city?
How will you be paying?

In cash.
CLERK
Will you need a hire car?
CLERK
And how will you be paying Ms Lee?
CLERK
Will you want a newspaper in the morning?
ANNE
Credit card.
In speech, the word will is often contracted.
5. FORMAL TITLES
When we speak to someone formally, especially when we first
meet
them, we usually use their formal title.
I will becomes Ill.
I ll go to the city.
He will becomes hell.

Hell get into trouble.
This is done by saying:
Mister (written Mr) for men.
Missus (written Mrs) for married women.
Miss for unmarried women.
Or Ms for women where you dont know if they are married.
We will becomes well

Well go out tonight .
You will becomes youll.
Youll go to the city.

May women in Western countries prefer to be called Ms, and it is a
good
idea to use this term if not sure.
They will becomes theyll.
Theyll lose all their money.
But in questions, will is pronounced fully.

Will you go to the city?
SARAH
Will you be alright here?
We say the persons title, followed by their family name. In English

this
is also called their surname. The surname is also sometimes called
the
persons last name, because it is written last.
So Brenton Whittles formal title is:

Mr. Whittle.
Michelle Crowdens formal title is either:
Mrs. Crowden (if she is married)
Miss Crowden (if she isnt married) or
Ms. Crowden (in either case).
ANNE
Thanks. Ill be fine.
4. PAYING
When buying something, the clerk, or sales assistant may ask:
Or:
How would you like to pay for that?
When you know someone better, or in an informal situation, you
would
use their first name. In Western countries, this is also often called
their
Christian name.
You can say in reply:
So Brenton Whittles first name, or Christian name, is Brenton.
Id like to pay by credit card.
We never put Mr, Mrs or Ms before first names, only before

surnames.

By Eftpos.
**********

By cheque.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
EPISODE 3
In her hotel room, Anne rings a number.
John Barbour, the private detective, answers the
phone.
JOHN
Hello, Barbours Private Investigation. John Barbour
speaking.
ANNE
Hello. Can you find missing people?
JOHN
Sometimes we can. Have you lost somebody?
ANNE
Yes.
JOHN
Perhaps youd like to tell me about it?
ANNE
Can I make an appointment please?
JOHN
When would you like to come in?
ANNE
Is tomorrow okay?
CLERK
The restaurant opens in an hour, and dinner is served between six and
nine
pm.
ANNE
And breakfast?
CLERK
Breakfast is served between seven and nine thirty am ,maam.
ANNE
Thank you.
CLERK
Youre welcome.
Anne puts the phone down, then notices the photo by her bed and
picks it
up again. There is a tear in her eye.
Learn about :
1. Making An Appointment
2. Can4. The Time
3. Will and ll5. Preposition with Time
1. MAKING AN APPOINTMENT
JOHN
Lets see Yes, I can see you at ten oclock. Will that suit you?
ANNE
Okay, thank you.
23 Mitchell Street is that right?
JOHN
Thats right. Second floor.
ANNE
Okay. See you then. Goodbye.
JOHN
Goodbye.
He puts down the phone and celebrates.
In her hotel room, Anne puts the phone down, and rings again.
ANNE
Can I make an appointment please?
JOHN
When would you like to come in?
When we say a specific time, we use at.

Ill see you at ten oclock.
Ill see you at half-past four.
JOHN
Lets see Yes, I can see you at ten oclock.
>> more information: Preposition with Time.
2. CAN
Can means able to.
I can see you = I am able to see you.
To ask a question using can, change the order of I and can.
CLERK
Hello?
ANNE
Hello. Reception? What time is it please?
CLERK
Its five oclock.
Statement
I can see you.
He can see you.

We can see you.
They can see you.
ANNE
And what time do you serve dinner?
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
Question
Can I see you?
Can he see you?
Can we see you?
Can they see you?
For quarter hours we say a quarter past or a quarter to.

4:15 = Its a quarter past four.
4:45 = Its a quarter to five.
Or we can just say:
Its four fifteen.
Its four forty-five.
ANNE
Can you find missing people?
JOHN
Sometimes we can.
3.WILL AND LL
As weve seen before, the word will is used to show that we are
talking
about the future.
I will see you tomorrow.
For any time we can say a number of minutes past an hour up to halfpast,
or a number of minutes to an hour after half-past.
4:10 = Its ten past four
4:25 = Its twenty-five past four.
4:35 = Its twenty-five to five.
4:50 = Its ten to five.
Or we can just say:
Its four ten; four twenty-five; four thirty-five; or four fifty.
Usually, in conversation, we shorten this to:

Ill see you tomorrow.
5. PREPOSITIONS WITH TIME
The prepositions used with time are:
in; at; on; for; from; until
at = a particular time.
Ill see you at ten oclock.
The other contractions are:

he will hell
she will shell
it willitll
you will youll
we willwell
they will theyll
4. THE TIME
For exact hours we say o clock.
4:00 = Its four oclock.
10:00 = Its ten oclock.
We can also just say:
Its ten.
JOHN
Lets see Yes, I can see you at ten oclock.
in= a period of time in the future.

Ill see you in an hour.
Ill see you in a week.
Often we add a.m.(for any time after twelve midnight to twelve

midday.)
or p.m. (for any time after twelve midday to twelve midnight).
Its ten a.m.

Or
Its ten p.m.
on = a day or date
Ill see you on Wednesday.
I saw you on the 30th of June.
For half-way between the hours, we use half-past.

4:30 = Its half-past four.
or we can just say:
Its four-thirty (p.m. or a.m.).
Episode 1 - 42
CLERK
The restaurant opens in an hour, and dinner is served between six and
nine
pm.
Living English
for = a period of time an action takes place.

Ill see you for an hour.
Ive been sick for a week.
from = the time an action starts.

until = the time an action finishes.
They worked from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m.
EPISODE 4
We can also use between to describe time.

They were working between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.
ANNE
Excuse me.
CLERK
The restaurant opens in an hour, and dinner is served between six
and
nine pm.
*********
ANNE is looking for JOHNs office.

A WOMAN is waiting at a bus stop. ANNE approaches her.
WOMAN
Yes?
ANNE
Could you tell me how to get to Mitchell Street?
WOMAN
Yes. Youre going the wrong way. You need to go straight along here,
past
the silver balls, turn left, and its the second on the right, opposite the
Town
Hall.
ANNE
Thank you very much.
WOMAN
Youre welcome.
ANNE follows the directions. She approaches a shopkeeper.
ANNE
Excuse me.
SHOPKEEPER
Yes?
ANNE
Im looking for number 23. Barbours Private
Investigator.
SHOPKEEPER
Over there. Next to the trees.
ANNE
Oh. Thank you.
SHOPKEEPER
Good luck. Youll need it.
ANNE enters the building and goes up the stairs. She knocks at the
door.
JOHN
Come in!
ANNE enters and looks around.
JOHN
(to ANNE) Sorry.
(to phone) Yes, any timeyes usual rates. Must go now. Right.
Goodbye.
Julia. Bye.
He hangs up and leaps to shake ANNEs hand.
10
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
ANNE
Mr Barbour?
WOMAN
You need to go straight along here, past the silver balls, turn left, and
its
the second on the right, opposite the Town Hall.
JOHN
John. Private investigator. You must be Ms Lee. Please sit
down.
She does so, hesitantly.
JOHN
Now - what can I do for you Ms Lee?
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present continuous tense describes actions that are happening
in
the present, and continuing into the future.
We use the verb to be (am, is, are) and the ing ending of the
action
verb.
She puts the photo of DAVID on his desk.

I am running.
He, she or it is running.
You are running.
We are running.
They are running.
ANNE
Could you find him for me?
Learn about:
1. Asking Directions
2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Visiting
4. Directions
1. ASKING DIRECTIONS
First, to get the attention of a person:
Excuse me.
To ask for directions:

Could you tell me how to get to . ?
Or
Im looking for . Can you help me?
We often use contractions in speech.

I am = ImIm running.
He is = HesHes running.
You are = YoureYoure running.
We are = WereWere running.
They are = Theyre Theyre running.
WOMAN
Yes. Youre going the wrong way.
ANNE
Im looking for number 23
ANNE
Excuse me.
3. VISITING
When someone knocks at the door.
Come in!
WOMAN
Yes?
ANNE
Could you tell me how to get to Mitchell Street?
ANNE enters the building and goes up the stairs. She knocks at the
door.
ANNE
Excuse me.
JOHN
Come in!
SHOPKEEPER
Yes?
Greeting someone you are expecting..

You must be . .
ANNE
Im looking for number 23.
JOHN
You must be Ms Lee.
Street names and addresses dont have the in front of them.
Could you tell me how to get to Smith Street?
Im looking for 23 Mitchell Street. Can you help me?
A particular location can have the in front of it.

Could you tell me how to get to the police station?
Im looking for the airport. Can you help me?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
Asking someone to sit down.

Please sit down.
Wont you sit down?
JOHN
You must be Ms Lee. Please sit down.
11
Offering to do something for someone (professionally).

What can I do for you?
EPISODE 5
ANNE describes her brother to the private investigator.
JOHN
Now - what can I do for you Ms Lee?
4. DIRECTIONS
ANNE
Can you help me?
JOHN
Well. Ill try. Now tell me about your brother Ms Lee. How old is he?
If you want to go to Parliament House, go straight ahead. (or

straight
along)
If you want to go to Flinders Street, turn to the right.
Waymouth Street is the second on the left.
ANNE
Hes twenty-three.
JOHN
Well that would make him your younger brother. Whats his
name?
Parliament House is opposite Government House.
Adelaide Casino is next to Parliament House.
Adelaide Casino is between Parliament House and Adelaide
Station.
Adelaide Casino is to the left of Parliament House.
Adelaide Casino is to the right of Adelaide Station.
ANNE
David.
JOHN
And what does he do?
ANNE
Hes a student. Or he was a student. I dont know where he is.
WOMAN
JOHN
You need to go straight along here, past the silver balls, turn left, and (looks at the photo)
its
Hmmm. How tall is he?
the second on the right, opposite the Town Hall
ANNE
About a hundred and seventy-five centimetres.
**********
JOHN
Hmmm. And does he speak English?
ANNE
Yes. He speaks English and Chinese. Mr Barbour can you find
him?
JOHN
Ill certainly try. Now, tell me a little about yourself Miss Lee. Where
are
you from?
ANNE
I come from Singapore. Im Singaporean.
JOHN
Right, and how old are you?
ANNE
Im twenty-five.
JOHN
What do you do?
ANNE
I import wine. Im a businesswoman. I work in my familys
business.
12
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
How old are you?

Im twenty-one.
JOHN
And are you married?
ANNE
No, Im single.
JOHN
And..er..do you have a boyfriend?
ANNE
Pardon?
We can also ask:

What is your age?
And also answer :
Im twenty-one years.
JOHN
Oh sorry. We private detectives are a naturally curious bunch. Ms Lee,Or: Im twenty-one years old.
perhaps youd better tell the whole story.
Or: Im twenty-one years of age.
Or: My age is twenty-one.
ANNE
It all started two years ago...
JOHN
Now tell me about your brother Ms Lee. How old is he?
Learn about :
1. The Nationality4. The Occupation
2. The Age5. Other Question
3. The NumbersAbout a Person
ANNE
Hes twenty-three.
JOHN
Right, and how old are you?
1. ABOUT NATIONALITY
There are different words for countries and nationalities.
ANNE
Im twenty-five.
3. THE NUMBERS
For example:
Im from Australia.(country)
Im Australian.(nationalis)
I come from Indonesia.(country)

Im Indonesian.(nationality)
1 one
3 three
5 five
7 seven
9 nine
11 eleven
13 thirteen
15 fifteen
17 seventeen
19 nineteen
2 two
4 four
6 six
8 eight
10 ten
12 twelve
14 fourteen
16 sixteen
18 eighteen
20 twenty
21 twenty one
22 twenty two
(and so on)
In English, many nationality names are made by adding the ending

n to
the country name.
Korea / Korean
Indonesia / Indonesian
Malaysia / Malaysian
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 one hundred
JOHN
Where are you from?
After one hundred we add and.
ANNE
I come from Singapore. Im Singaporean.
Sometimes we add ese to the country name.

Vietnam / VietnameseJapan / Japanese
126 = one hundred and twenty-six.
4. ABOUT OCCUPATION
To ask about someones job we would ask:
What do you do?
We would answer:
Im a teacher.
But there area exceptions:

England / English
Thailand / Thai
Check in a good dictionary for correct country and nationality

names.
2. ABOUT AGE
When asked our age, usually we just say a number.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
JOHN
What do you do?
ANNE
13
I import wine. Im a businesswoman. I work in my familys

business.
We say do before and after you
JOHN
And are you married?
What do you do?

ANNE
No, Im single.
We say do before and after I , we and they.
:
What do I do?
What do we do?
Is he a student?
Yes, he is.
Is he a student?
No, he isnt.
What do they do?
But for he or she, we use does before and do after when asking about
jobs.
Some questions dont have yes or no answers.
How tall is he?

What is his height?
What does he do?
What does she do?
JOHN
(looks at the photo)
Hmmm. How tall is he?
JOHN
And what does he do?
ANNE
Hes a student.
ANNE
About a hundred and seventy-five centimeters.
5. OTHER QUESTIONS ABOUT A PERSON

Questions about actions people do, which can be answered with yes
or
no often start with do or does.
**********
Does he speak English?

Yes , he does.
Does he speak English?
No, he doesnt.
JOHN
Hmmm. And does he speak English?
ANNE
Yes. He speaks English and Chinese.
Do you play basket ball?

Yes, I do.
Do you play basket ball?
No, I dont.
Other questions start with are or is.
Are you married?

Yes, I am.
Are you married?
No, Im not.
14
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 6
ANNE
My brother, David, worked in the family business too. But he didnt like
it.
He wanted to try something different.
1. THE PAST TENSE
The simple past tense is used to talk about events in the past that
are
finished.
JOHN
So what happened?
ANNE
My parents agreed. They let him come to Australia to study.
I worked in a restaurant last year.
(but I dont work there now)
I did work in a restaurant last year.
(and I dont work there anymore)
JOHN
Where did he go?
ANNE
He came here, to Adelaide. He studied computer science. We thought
he
To talk about things that have not happened in the past we use did
was happy.
not or
didnt.
I didnt work in a restaurant last year.
JOHN
And then what happened?
ANNE
I dont know. He wrote every week, and then the letters stopped.
ANNE
My brother, David, worked in the family business too. But he didnt like
it.
2. REGULAR VERBS
Regular verbs form the past tense by adding ed to the basic form of
the
verb.
JOHN
Do you know where he lived?
ANNE
He stayed with an Australian family. He was a boarder. Heres the
address.
She passes JOHN a piece of paper.
For example: work is the basic form.

Adding ed gives us: worked.
The ending does not change with different pronouns.
JOHN
Did you phone them?
ANNE
Yes, of course. He left there a year ago. They dont know where he
went.
JOHN
Does he have a mobile phone?
ANNE
I dont know. He did, but he doesnt answer it now.
JOHN
Dont worry Ms Lee. Ill find your brother. Im on the case.
He shakes her hand and she leaves. JOHN looks at the photo. Now
he
looks worried.
Learn about :
1. The Past Tense
2. Regular Verbs
3. Spelling Words Ending in Y
4. Irregular Verbs
5. Questions in the Past Tense
6. Questions using What and Where
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
I worked;
He worked;
We worked;
You worked;
They worked.
There are three ways of pronouncing the ed ending.
We use the ed pronunciation after the consonants t and

d.
t arrest / arrested
You should arrest him. / He was arrested.
d load / loaded
Ill load the shopping in the car. / I loaded the shopping in the car.
ANNE
He wanted to try something different.
We use the t pronunciation after the sounds s, p, k, f and

sh.
s mess/ messed
He messed her hair.
15
p sip/ sipped
She sipped her drink.
a stay / stayed
I stayed all day.
k pick/ picked
He picked his nose.
ANNE
My parents agreed.
f laugh/ laughed
They laughed at my jokes.
ANNE
He stayed with an Australian family.
sh fish/ fished
He fished in a boat.
3. SPELLING VERBS ENDING IN Y

Some verbs which end in y change the y to an i before adding
ed.
ANNE
My brother, David, worked in the family business
too.
hurry
study
ANNE
I dont know. He wrote every week, and then the letters stopped.
hurried
marry
studied worry
married
worried
Verbs which end in ay or oy dont change the y to an i.
stay
stayed delay
delayed
annoy
annoyed enjoy
enjoyed
We use the d pronunciation after the consonant sounds b, g, l, z, v, m,
n, j,
4. IRREGULAR VERBS
th and ng
Many verbs are irregular. They form their past tense in different
ways.
b mob/ mobbed
We just have to learn these. Look at the verb to be.
He was mobbed by fans.
g beg/ begged
I begged for mercy.
l fill/ filled
I filled the tank.
z quiz/ quizzed
The police quizzed him for hours.
v love/ loved
I loved the movie.
m hum/ hummed
We hummed the tune.
n thin/ thinned
I thinned out the weeds
judge/ judged
He judged her harshly
Present isamare
Pastwaswaswere
Notice that this verb to be changes depending on whether the

subject is
singular or plural.
Present
I am happy.
He is happy.
You are happy.
We are happy.
They are happy.
Past
I was happy.
He was happy.
You were happy.
We were happy.
They were happy.
Other irregular verbs just have past tense forms that dont end with
ed.
Here are some examples from todays episode.
The past tense of leave is left.

I leave tomorrow.
I left yesterday.
th smooth/ smoothed
She smoothed her dress.
ng clang/ clanged
The bell clanged loudly
JOHN
So what happened?
ANNE
He left there a year ago.
The past tense of go is went.

I go to university.
I went to university.
JOHN
Do you know where he lived?
ed is also pronounced d when the word ends with a vowel

sound.
i fry / fried
I fried an egg.
16
ANNE
They dont know where he went.
The past tense of write is wrote.
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
I write these examples.
I wrote you an email.
You answer no with the negative form of did - didnt
ANNE
Did you feed the cat?

No, I didnt.
He wrote every week, and then the letters stopped.
The past tense of come is came.

I want you to come to the meeting.
I came to the meeting.
ANNE
He came here, to Adelaide.
Didnt is the contracted form of did not. We usually use did not to add
emphasis.
Did you steal the money?

I did not.
The past tense of think is thought.

I think English is easy.
I thought English was easy.
You can give answers to did questions about the past with the past
tense of
the other verb used in the question.
Did he go to the bank?

Yes, he went to the bank.
ANNE
We thought he was happy.
The past tense of let is let.

Yes, I feed the cat.
I will let the cat in.

I let the cat in last night.
6. QUESTIONS USING WHAT and WHERE

Questions starting with what and where are asking for information.
ANNE
They let him come to Australia to study.
5. QUESTIONS IN THE PAST TENSE
There are several ways of asking questions in the past tense. To
ask
about past actions we use the past tense of the verb to do did.
Questions starting with did are asking whether an action was

performed or
not. The answer is usually yes or no.
We use did followed by a pronoun or subject, and then the verb or

action
being asked about.
Where did you go?

I went to the supermarket.
What did you do?

I bought some eggs.
JOHN
Where did he go?
ANNE
He came here, to Adelaide.
Notice that the verb used after did is not in the past tense. The word
did
Well look more at questions like these in later episodes of Living
forms the past tense for the question and the answer.
English.

**********
Yes I did feed the cat.
You can also answer this question by just saying yes, or yes I did.

Yes.

Yes, I did.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
17
EPISODE 7
SARAH invites ANNE to meet her family.
SARAH and ANNE taste a sample of wine.
SARAH
Ill get my brother to pick you up.
ANNE
No thats okay. Ill get a taxi.
ANNE
Mmm. Its very smooth. Good flavour too.
SARAH
Alright then. Thats settled!
Learn about :
1. Going to
SARAH
2. Will
It sells well in restaurants here. I think thesell sell well in Singapore.
3. Suggestions
4. Days
5. Preposition fo time
ANNE
The samples you sent me were very popular with our staff. You seem
to
understand our tastes in Singapore.
SARAH
Thank you. Its my job to know what my clients like.
ANNE seems distracted. SARAH observes her for a moment.
1. GOING TO
Going to is used for things you intend to do in the future. It is
always
followed by a verb.
Were going to drive to the beach.
SARAH
So, are you enjoying the city?
ANNE
(unconvincingly) Its very nice.
SARAH
What are you going to do tomorrow?
ANNE
I dont know. Ill probably stay in the hotel and relax.
Im going to do the shopping later.
SARAH
What are you going to do tomorrow?
We can use going to to talk about things we will do soon, or in a long

time.
Im going to work as a teacher when I finish my course.
SARAH
Why dont you come to lunch with us at home?
ANNE
Oh thank you, but you have your family.
SARAH
Were going to have roast chicken
Im going to work now.

SARAH
Theyre going to the supermarket.
Yes, and they want to meet you. Were going to have roast chicken
traditional Aussie food.
The phrase going to without a verb after it just means travelling
somewhere.
ANNE
Sounds good. Alright, Ill come.
SARAH
Great.
2. WILL
Another word we use to talk about actions in the future is will.
ANNE
What time?
We use will to talk about definite actions in the future.

I will see you tomorrow.
In this sentence, there is a definite arrangement to meet tomorrow.
This is called future tense. The auxiliary will goes between the subject
SARAH
We eat at about one-o-clock. So about twelve-thirty? Ill show you the and the
verb.
house.
ANNE
Okay. Thank you
18
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
I (subject)
will (auxiliary)
see (verb)
you (object)
tomorrow
There is no change with singular or plural subject.
4. DAYS
Today is the day it is now.
Tomorrow is the day after today. If today is April 6, tomorrow is April
7
Yesterday is the day before today. If today is April 6, yesterday is
April
5
He will see you tomorrow.

They will see you tomorrow.
The teachers will have a meeting on Friday.
The days of the week are:
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Will is often contracted to ll.

I will - Ill
Ill pay you tomorrow.
SARAH
Ill show you the house.
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday are called

weekdays.
They are the days most people work.
Saturday and Sunday together are called the weekend.
SARAH
Ill get my brother to pick you up.
Notice that all of the days of the week have a capital letter.
ANNE
No thats okay. Ill get a taxi.
he will - hell
she will - shell
it will - itll
you will - youll
we will - well
they will - theyll
these will - thesell
he will hell
she will shell
it will itll
you will youll
we will well
they will theyll
these will thesell
Hell do it next week.

Shell ring you tomorrow.
Itll be alright.
Youll have to work late.
Well have a party.
Theyll win the game.
Thesell be suitable.
5. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
on, at, in, this, next
When talking about the time or date:

For days we use on.
Ill see you on Thursday.
For times we use at.
Ill see you at 10 oclock.
SARAH
It sells well in restaurants here. I think thesell sell well in Singapore.
SARAH
We eat at about one-o-clock.
that will - thatll
Thatll be all.
For months we use in
Ill see you in November.
3. SUGGESTIONS
Sarah says:
Why dont you come to lunch with us at home?
Sarah is inviting Anne to her house for lunch. The phrase Why dont
you is
used to make a suggestion.
Why dont you catch a bus?
Why dont you come with me?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
For times within a week, month or year we say this.

Ill see you this week. (the week we are in now)
It must be finished this month. (the month we are in now)
Well do it this year. (the year we are in now)
For the time just beyond the present week, month or year, we use
next.
Ill see you next week. (the week after the week we are in now)
Well start planning that next month. (said in June to refer to July)
Well do it next year. (said in 2006 to refer to 2007)
19
If we want to say how far in the future the appointment is, we use in.
EPISODE 8
ANNE goes to SARAHs house for lunch.
Ill
Ill
Ill
Ill
see
see
see
see
you
you
you
you
in
in
in
in
ten minutes.
two hours.
a week.
a month.
ANNE arrives in a taxi.
TAXI-DRIVER*
Here we are.
ANNE
How much is that?
**********
TAXI-DRIVER
Thatll be seventeen-fifty thanks love.
She gives him twenty dollars.
ANNE
Keep the change.
TAXI-DRIVER
Thank you. Have a nice day.
ANNE walks towards the house and knocks.
The door is opened by a little girl (LOUISE).
ANNE
Hello. Im Anne.
Louise turns and runs.
LOUISE
Mummy!
SARAH comes to the door.
SARAH
Come in Anne!
ANNE
What a beautiful house!
SARAH
Its been a lot of work, but were getting there. This is the bathroom.
This is
my daughters bedroom. And heres the kitchen.
Louise is in the kitchen helping.
SARAH
Annes here. Youve met my daughter Louise.
ANNE
Hello Louise.
LOUISE
Im helping.
ANNE
Yes, I see
SARAH
And my husband Mark.
20
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
ANNE
Hello again.
Mark pretends to have a pain in the back.
$17.50
We say the number of dollars and then the number of
cents.
Thatll be five dollars and sixty cents.
ANNE
Ooh! Sorry about my heavy bag.
We often say:
Thatll be five dollars sixty.
MARK
Just kidding.
or sometimes just
Thatll be five-sixty.
SARAH
But you havent met my little brother. This is Steve.
STEVE
I was going to pick you up this morning. You wouldnt let me.
TAXI-DRIVER
The amount of money we pay is called the price.
ANNE
Im sorry. I like to find my own way around.
The price of the ticket is twenty dollars.

The amount we pay to ride in a train, taxi or bus is called the fare.
STEVE
No worries. Maybe another time.
I need money for my bus fare.
ANNE
Yes, maybe
If you give ten dollars for something that costs eight dollars, the two
dollars you are given back is the change.
SARAH
Come on. Lets go outside.
Can I have two dollar coins in my change please.

In Australia, we dont normally give a tip (or extra money). But for
waiters,
or taxi-drivers, you can say:
Learn about :
1. Paying
2. Room
3. Possesive Pronoun
4. Relation and Family
Keep the change.

ANNE
How much is that?
TAXI-DRIVER
She gives him twenty dollars
ANNE
Keep the change.
1.PAYING
To ask about what you have to pay:
How much is that?
or
What do I owe you?
2. ROOMS
ANNE
How much is that?
If you are pointing to something or holding something, say:

How much is this?
The rooms of a house are:

bedroom
loungeroom
sitting room
living room
dining room
bathroom
kitchen
toilet
laundry
3. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
The person will reply:

That is ten dollars. or
Possessive pronouns show who owns or has something

Thats ten dollars.
That will be ten dollars.
or
Thatll be ten dollars.
TAXI-DRIVER
I is the subject pronoun.
I own a car.
Me is the object pronoun.
The car belongs to me.

.
My is the possessive adjective.
It is my car.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
21
Mine is the possessive pronoun.
The possessive adjective is their.
The car is mine.

SARAH
This is my daughters bedroom.
He is the subject pronoun.
He owns a car.
It is their car.
The possessive pronoun is theirs.
The car is theirs.
Sometimes we emphasize a possessive form by saying own after it.
Him is the object pronoun.
The car belongs to him.

His is the possessive pronoun and possessive adjective.
It is his car.
The car is his.
She is the subject pronoun.
She owns a car.

Her is the object pronoun.
He has his own room.

She has her own car.
I paid with my own money.
4. RELATIONS AND FAMILY

Married man = husband.
Married woman = wife.
A husband and wife who have one child or some children are called
parents.
A male child is called a boy. A boy is a son of his parents.
A female child is called a girl. A girl is a daughter of her parents.
The car belongs to her.

The possessive adjective is her.
.
It is her car.
The possessive pronoun is hers.
The car is hers.
It is the pronoun.
It has a tail.
The possessive form is its.
Its tail is long.
You is the pronoun.
You own a car.

The car belongs to you.
The possessive adjective is your.
It is your car.
The possessive pronoun is yours.
The car is yours.
The male parent is the childrens father.

The female parent is the childrens mother.
They are both the childrens parents.
Children of the same parents can be called sisters or brothers. Sisters

are
female, and brothers are male.
The brothers and sisters of your parents are your uncles and your
aunts (or
aunties).
The children of your uncles and aunts are your cousins.
The children of your brothers and sisters are your nephews (boys) or
nieces (girls).
The parents of your parents are your grandparents. They are your
grandfather and your grandmother. Their parents are your great
grandparents.
We is the subject pronoun.
We own a car.
Us is the object pronoun.
You are your grandparents grandson or granddaughter.
The car belongs to us.

The possessive adjective is our.
It is our car.
.
The possessive pronoun is ours.

The car is ours.
Your
Your
Your
Your
Your
relatives by marriage are your in-laws.

wifes mother, or your husbands mother, is your mother-in-law.
wifes father, or your husbands father, is your father-in-law.
wifes brother, or your husbands brother, is your brother-in-law.
wifes sister or your husbands sister, is your sister-in-law.
They is the subject pronoun.
They own a car.

Them is the object pronoun.
The car belongs to them.
**********
22
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 9
They have lunch and talk about differences.
STEVE
So Anne, have you been to an Australian home before?
ANNE
No, never. Its a beautiful home Sarah. So big! The rooms are much
bigger
than at home. Theres more space here.
STEVE
Ill take you!
There are raised eyebrows at the table.
1. COMPARING TWO THINGS

Adjectives are words we use to describe things.
This is a small dog.
The adjective is small. It describes the dog.
When we are comparing two things we use a comparative adjective.

This is
formed by adding er to the adjective.
This dog is smaller than that one.
STEVE
Do you live in a house?
MARK
No Steve she lives in an igloo.
ANNE
Actually, no. We live in an apartment. Most people do. Singapore is
much
busier than Adelaide, and more crowded.
STEVE
Yeah, and more exciting. Its so boring here.
ANNE
Its a beautiful home Sarah. So big! The rooms are much bigger than at
home.
If an adjective ends in e, just add r.

large / larger
Your house is larger than mine.

SARAH
Its quieter. Some people like that.
ANNE
I dont think its boring.
MARK
Adelaide is a very beautiful city. Its a better place to live than
anywhere else
Ive been.
Adjectives which end in a single consonant, double that consonant

before
adding er.
big / bigger;
thin / thinner;
fat / fatter
Adjectives which end in y change the y to an i before adding er.
busy / busier;
lucky / luckier
But you havent been anywhere. (to ANNE) Mark hates travelling. I love
it.
For words with three or more syllables, and some words with two
syllables,
add more before the adjective.
MARK
beautiful / more beautiful
I just dont see the point of it.
SARAH
ANNE
What about you Steve? Do you like to travel?
STEVE
Yes. Yeah, Ive been to Kuala Lumpur, and to Bali. Balis great!
LOUISE
Ive been to the zoo!
beautiful/more beautiful
She is more beautiful than her sister.
crowded / more crowded

Sydney is more crowded than Melbourne.
ANNE
Singapore is much busier than Adelaide, and more
crowded.
They laugh. ANNE smiles

STEVE
Yeah, and more exciting. Its so boring here.
ANNE
Youre lucky. I havent been to the zoo. Id love to go to the zoo.
Notice that we add the word than after the adjective when comparing
two
things.
This book is more interesting than that one.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
23
ANNE
The rooms are much bigger than at home.
You can also use dont like and hate with verbs.
I dont like travelling.
I hate running.
Two comparative adjectives are irregular. They are very common

words.
good / better
Your exam results this year are better than mine.
SARAH
Mark hates travelling. I love it.
bad / worse
My results are worse than yours.
MARK
Adelaide is a very beautiful city. Its a better place to live than
anywhere else
Ive been.
2. LIKING / NOT LIKING

We use like and love to describe things positively.
You can say that you like something or somebody.
I like dogs.
I like Josie.
3. WOULD LIKE TO
You can use the expression would like (or love) to to talk about
things
you want to do.
I would like to go to Japan.
I would love to see an elephant.
Usually we say and write Id for I would.

Id love to go to Japan.
I would
Id
he would hed
she would shed
we would wed
you would youd
they wouldtheyd
To say this more strongly, we can add very much or really.
I like dogs very much.
I really like Josie.
ANNE
Id love to go to the zoo.
The opposite is would not, which is shortened to wouldnt.

I wouldnt like to have an accident.
Or to say it even more strongly, we can use love.
I love dogs.
I love Josie very much.
**********
We can also say that we like, or love doing things.

I like swimming.
I love going to the beach.
The opposite is not liking.

We say dont like.
I dont like John.
To make this less blunt, we can use very much.

I dont like John very much.
To make a very strong statement we use hate.
I hate dogs.
This is a very strong statement, and you need to be careful when using
the
word hate in case you offend someone.
24
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 10
SARAH find out ANNEs secret mission.
1. APOLOGISING
When we think we have done something wrong we apologise by
saying
sorry.
Im sorry that we made so much noise last night.
SARAH
Im sorry about my brother.
ANNE
Not at all. You have a lovely family. Everyone seems so happy.
ANNE breaks down in tears. SARAH goes to her, concerned.
We also use sorry to show sympathy.

I was sorry to hear that you lost your job.
ANNE
Hes missing. One reason I came to Australia is to find
him.
SARAH
Anne! Whats the matter?
ANNE
Theres something I havent told you.
SARAH
Im so sorry. Have you had any luck?
SARAH
What is it?
ANNE
When I met your brother, I was thinking about my brother, David.
I
havent seen him in two years.
To reply to someone who has said sorry, we say, Dont mention it,
Not at
all or Thats alright.
Im sorry my son broke your window.

Thats alright. Im sure it was an accident.
SARAH
How come?
ANNE
Hes missing. One reason I came to Australia is to find
him.
SARAH
Im so sorry. Have you had any luck?
Sorry about the mess.

Dont mention it.
Im sorry about the trouble.

Not at all.
ANNE
Not yet. Ive hired a private investigator.
SARAH
Im sorry about my brother.
SARAH
Goodness! Do you think hell find him?
ANNE
Not at all. You have a lovely family.
ANNE
Perhaps. I dont know. Its been a long time since David last
called.
2. SHOWING CONCERN
Here are some of the phrases we use when we want to find
why
someone is upset.
Whats the matter?
Whats wrong?
Whats the problem?
SARAH
What do you thinks happened to him? Have you any
idea?
ANNE
I really dont know. I cant help thinking the worst.
SARAH
Im sure hes alright. If something bad had happened, you would
have
heard.
SARAH
Anne! Whats the matter?
ANNE
I guess so. I suppose youre right.
But ANNE doesnt look convinced.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
25
3. PRESENT PERFECT
past tense.
We use the present perfect tense to describe an action started in theFor example, the past tense of see is saw, but the past participle is
past that is still true.
seen.
She has worked hard. (She has worked hard in the past and works
hard
now)
I have lost my keys. (The keys were lost in the past and are still lost)
I see you. (present)
I saw you yesterday. (past)
Ive seen you many times. (past participle making a present perfect
tense)
Present perfect is made from the verb have and the past
participle of
another verb.
We use have with plural nouns and has with singular nouns.
The frogs have started croaking.

The frog has started croaking.
This is how have is used with pronouns.

I have
she has
he has
it has
we have
they have
you have
ANNE
I havent seen him in two years.
5. AGREEING & DISAGREEING

Here are some phrases we use when we agree or disagree with
what
someone has said.
Agree Strongly
Agree
Not Sure
Disagree
Definitely
I think so
Maybe
Definitely not
Im sure
I guess so
Possibly
I dont think so
I suppose so
Perhap
Usually we shorten them like this.

Iveshes
hesits
wevetheyve
youve
ANNE
Ive hired a private investigator.
We also use the negative have not or havent to talk about

something not
being done in the past and still not being done.
I have not met him.

I havent met him.
ANNE
Theres something I havent told you.
4. PAST PARTICIPLE
The past participle of a verb is the one we use with have / has and
is /
are.
It is usually the same as the regular past tense ending with ed,
such as
worked or started.
I have worked hard.
She has started work.
SARAH
Im sure hes alright. If something bad had happened, you would
have
heard.
ANNE
I guess so. I suppose youre right.
SARAH
Goodness! Do you think hell find him?
ANNE
Perhaps. I dont know.
6. FOR, SINCE, AGO

These words are all used to talk about time.
For is used for a period of time that something goes on.
Ive been working for hours.
Ill do the job for a year.
I fed his dog for a week.
Since is a specific time in the past.

I havent seen you since Monday.
Ive been working since 10 oclock.
The pipe has been leaking since yesterday.
Sometimes irregular verbs have past participles that are different to
the
26
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 11
ANNE
Its been a long time since David last called.
SARAH offers to help ANNE
Ago refers to a length of time before the present.
SARAH
Can I help you find your brother?
I saw you a week ago.

That happened a year ago.
Its 10 oclock. You were supposed to be here an hour ago, at 9
oclock.
ANNE
Youre very kind. But its not your problem.
SARAH
I want to help. What can I do?
ANNE
Well, maybe you could get some copies made of this
photograph.
She shows SARAH the PHOTOGRAPH of her brother.
**********
SARAH
Sure. Id love to. Anything.
She looks closely at the photograph.
SARAH
Hes very good looking. Such a nice smile. Is he tall?
ANNE
Fairly tall.
SARAH
He looks very fit. Does he play a lot of sport?
ANNE
No, he used to.
SARAH
What does he do? Is he a student?
ANNE
Hes not really academic. Hes clever, but he prefers to do things
with his
hands.
SARAH
He sounds nice. Im looking forward to meeting him.
ANNE smiles at the encouragement.
1. OFFERING HELP
When we offer to help someone we say
Can I help you...?
Can I help you wash the dishes?
Can I help you do the shopping?
Can I help you with anything?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
27
Its polite to not immediately accept an offer. When someone asks if A clever (adj)
they
idea(noun)
can help, its polite to say:
Youre very kind.
Adjectives dont always come before the noun, or the thing
or
described.
No, theres no need.
They can also come after the noun and a verb, especially the verb
is/are.
The building
is
tall
(noun)
(verb)
(adj)

No, theres no need.
Your ideas(noun)
are(verb)
clever(adj)
You then offer again by saying:
No, theres no need.
I want to help.
3. DESCRIBING PEOPLE
When we are describing people or ourselves, we often use a pronoun
(I,
he, she, we they), is/are/am and then the adjective:
I am tall.
She is clever.
SARAH
Can I help you find your brother?
ANNE
Youre very kind. But its not your problem.
SARAH
I want to help. What can I do?
2. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are used to describe people and things.
Hes tall and handsome.
Its a red ball.
Adjectives are the words that tell you what color something
is:
A red ball.
A green ball.
What size something is:

A big ball.
A small ball.
Usually we say and write

Im tall.
Shes clever.
ANNE
Hes clever, but he prefers to do things with his hands.
Other verbs used before adjectives and after pronouns are look and
sound :
You look wonderful.
You sound tired.
SARAH
He sounds nice.
Questions
When you are asking about someone, you change the word order so
the
pronoun comes after is/are:
He is tall. (statement)
Is he tall? (question)
You use adjectives to express your opinion about something:
A beautiful ball.
An ugly ball.
And the type something is:

A plastic ball.
A leather ball.
Adjectives often go before the noun, or the thing they describe.

A tall(adj)
building (noun)
28
SARAH
Hes very good looking. Such a nice smile. Is he tall?
We describe peoples complexions, or whether their skin is dark or

light
She has a fair complexion.
She is fair.
Their hair:
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 12
She has blonde hair.

Shes blonde.
ANNE and SARAH plan a meeting.

SARAH is working at her computer. ANNE knocks at the open door.
And eye colour:

She has blue eyes.
Her eyes are blue.
SARAH
Come in Anne.
ANNE
Good morning!
Their build:
He has a slim build.
Hes slim.
SARAH
Good morning. Are you feeling better today?
Their height:
Hes tall.
ANNE
Yes thank you.
SARAH
Whats on the agenda?
4. A BIT, VERY, FAIRLY, QUITE
We can modify the meaning of adjectives by using words such as a ANNE
Im thinking about this trip to the wineries. I want to meet your
bit,
main
fairly, very and quite.
suppliers and talk to them about the market.
We can use the adjective hot to describe the temperature
Its hot
SARAH
Great. Theyve been dying to meet you. When do you want to go?
We
Its
Its
Its
change or modify the meaning of hot like this:

a bit hot.
fairly hot.
very hot.
ANNE
As soon as possible. How about tomorrow?
SARAH
I cant tomorrow. Ive got some other appointments. What about the
day
after tomorrow?
Fairly hot means hot, but not very hot.
Another word we use to mean the same is quite:
Its quite hot.
Its fairly hot.
ANNE
Yes, thats good. Its Monday today, so that will be Wednesday. What
date
is that?
SARAH
The fifth of November.
SARAH
Is he tall?
ANNE
Okay. What time shall we meet?
ANNE
Fairly tall.
SARAH
Ill pick you up at nine o-clock.
**********
ANNE
Good. How many wineries do you think well be able to see?
SARAH
Im not sure, four or five. Definitely our biggest suppliers, and maybe a
few
surprises.
ANNE
I cant wait. Will it take all day?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
29
SARAH
Most of the day. Ill start ringing now, and let them know we have a
very
important client all the way from Singapore.
You could say :

What shall I wear to the party?
or
Where shall we go?
ANNE
Thank you. Im looking forward to it.
The word shall is only used with I and we.
SARAH
Me too
What shall I wear to the party?
Where shall we go?
1. MAKING ARRANGEMENTS
To make plans or arrangements we have to find out the time that is
best by asking:
When do you want to go?
When do you want to meet?
3. ORDINAL NUMBERS
These sorts of numbers tell us the order of things in time.
Monday is the first day of the week.
When asks about the time.
Tuesday is the second.
Want to asks about what the person youre asking hopes to do.
Wednesday is the third.
Often that person will reply:
Thursday is the fourth.
Friday is the fifth.
As soon as possible.
Saturday is the sixth.
This means that they want to go very soon or in the next few days.
Sunday is the seventh.
Sunday is also the last or final day of the week.
To work out what day and time is best for both people you need to
make
suggestions. You can say:
As soon as possible. What about tomorrow?
or
Tomorrow is the day after today.

If today is Monday, tomorrow is Tuesday.
SARAH
When do you want to go?
ANNE
2. SHALL
We use the word shall when making suggestions about the
future.
What time shall we meet?
ANNE
What time shall we meet?
We use the word shall in questions about what is going to happen. It

has
the same meaning as will.
30
All of the adjectival numbers except for first, second and third have a
th on
the end.
For example:
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
And so on.
Numbers with a v five and twelve

change their vs to fs and drop the e when adding th
five/ fifth, twelve/ twelfth.
Numbers such as twenty, thirty and forty change their ys to is and add
eth
twenty /twentieth
thirty/ thirtieth
forty/ fortieth
And so on.
For numbers such as twenty-three and thirty-one we say and write

twenty third
thirty first
We also write these numbers like this:
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
20th
21st
And so on.
The meeting is at eleven oclock on the fifth of

November.
We use in to talk about the amount of time that will pass before
something
happens.
Ill see you in a weeks time.
Listen to the ordinal numbers.

first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
twenty first
4. DATES
When we say a date, for example November 5, we use the
the fifth of November
and the ordinal number for the day
and say of
and then the month:
SARAH
Ill pick you up at nine o-clock.
6. FRACTIONS
Fractions are numbers that are less than one.
We call something like this complete circle a whole.

This is a half of a circle.
We can also say that its one half of a circle or use the symbol .
This is a quarter of a circle.
We can also say that its one quarter of a circle or use the symbol
.
This is an eighth of a circle.
We can also say that its one eighth of a circle or use the symbol
1/8
Except for a half and a quarter the numbers are the same as the
numbers
we use for dates and the order of things, but we always say an or a or
one
before them:
an eighth / one eighth / 1/8

a sixteenth / one sixteenth / 1/16
a twentieth / one twentieth / 1/20
SARAH
The fifth of November.
We say an eighth because eighth begins with a vowel sound.

We will explain how to use an and a in episode 14.
5. AT, ON & IN
When we talk about the time, we use the words in, on and at in
different ways.
For exact times we use at:

Ill see you at nine oclock.
The meeting is at eleven oclock.
**********
For days and dates we use on:

Ill see you on Friday.
Lets meet on Monday.
Lets meet on the fifth of November.
We often use at and on like this:

Ill see you at nine oclock on Friday.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
31
EPISODE 13
STEVE makes a date with ANNE
STEVE is nervously fiddling with the phone. He starts ringing, then
puts
it down, then rings again.
At the hotel, the CLERK answers the phone.
CLERK
Medina Hotel. Marie speaking. How may I help you?
STEVE
Well I have the day off, and I was just wondering... well I was just
wondering whether you wanted to go to a wildlife park... with me. You
said
youd like to go to the zoo.
ANNE
Thats right, I did. Yes, thankyou Steve, Id love to go.
STEVE
Alright! Ill meet you in the foyer. Ten oclock?
STEVE
Can I speak to Ms Anne Lee, please? Im not sure what room shes
in.
ANNE
Okay, ten. Ill see you then.
The CLERK puts the call through.
STEVE
Great! Goodnight Anne.
CLERK
Ill put you through sir.
In her room, ANNE is looking through some wine catalogues. The

phone
rings.
ANNE
Hello?
ANNE
Goodnight Steve.
She hangs up, pleased.
1. TELEPHONE REQUESTS
To be able to speak to the person we want on the phone we
sometimes
have to make a request.
STEVE
Hello. Anne? This is Steve Parker.
ANNE
(puzzled)
Steve Parker?
STEVE
Steve... Sarahs brother. We met...
ANNE
(surprised, but pleased)
Oh, Steve! Hello Steve.
Can I speak to the manager please?

Could I speak to the manager please?
May I speak to the manager please?
If you want to be less formal, you can say talk to instead of speak to.
Can I talk to the manager please?
Can I talk to the manager please?
When making a request its best to say please.

STEVE
Hi. What are you doing?
ANNE
Oh, working. Im planning a trip to the wineries later in the week.
STEVE
Oh. When are you going?
ANNE
Ah,Wednesday.
We say can or could before I when making requests.

Could I speak to the manager please?
May is more formal.
May I speak to the manager please?
STEVE
Oh, good. What are you doing tomorrow?
STEVE
Can I speak to Ms. Anne Lee, please?
ANNE
Nothing. Why?
32
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
2. TAKING TELEPHONE CALLS

When taking phone calls for a business, its best to say what the
name
of the business is, so the person knows if theyve got the right
number.
CLERK
You then tell the person your name:

CLERK
And then ask if you can help:

CLERK
4. MAKING A DATE
These are some common things we say when making a
date.
We start by asking:
What are you doing tomorrow?
STEVE
What are you doing tomorrow?
Of course, we can use any time, such as:

What are you doing on the weekend?
What are you doing tonight?
If the person you are asking isnt doing anything at that time you can
say:
Id like to go to a movie with you.
May is quite formal. You can also say can.
Medina hotel. Marie speaking. How can I help you?
3. TELEPHONE NUMBERS
We can use the words double and triple when telling someone a
phone
number.
For example, this number 8366279 is said like this:
Eight, three, double six, two, seven, nine.
or
like you to come to dinner.
or
I was wondering whether you wanted to go to a

movie.
or
When there are two numbers together (8366279) we say double. In
this
case, double six.
When there are three numbers together we can say triple 8377742.
Eight, three, triple seven, four, two.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
I was wondering if youd like to come to dinner.
STEVE
Well I have the day off, and I was just wondering well I was just
wondering whether you wanted to go to a wildlife park with me.
33
5. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The -ing form of verbs is used for talking about things happening
now
and for a short time into the future.
Im writing my assignment today.
This tense is called the present continuous because it refers to the

present
as something that continues or keeps going.
EPISODE 14
ANNE and STEVE go to a Wildlife Park
ANNE and STEVE are buying tickets. STEVE pays for the tickets and
gives her one.
STEVE
Two, please. And a bag of food.
SHOP ASSISTANT
There are your tickets. Have a nice day
Hes working hard. (he works hard now and will for a short time in
the
future)
ANNE
How much do I owe you?
Shes driving fast. (she drives fast now and keeps driving fast)
STEVE
Thats okay. Its my treat.
Its raining outside. (rain is falling and will keep falling for a while)
ANNE
Thank you. Ill buy lunch. Is there somewhere to have lunch?
STEVE
Hi. What are you doing?
STEVE
Of course. Theres a caf just over there. What do you want to do
first?
ANNE
Oh, working. Im planning a trip to the wineries later in the week.
ANNE
I really want to hold a koala. Is there a koala here?
All these (write, work, drive, rain) are action verbs. They are things we
do.
STEVE
Only these sorts of verbs have present continuous tenses.
Some verbs, such as understand and know are not used with the Yes! Its the most popular animal! We might have to queue
though.
-ing
form of the present continuous.
ANNE
I dont mind. What else is there? Are there some kangaroos?
We say :
I understand you
not
Im understanding you.
STEVE
Of course. There are lots.
ANNE
And birds? Ive heard Australian birds are amazing.
STEVE
Dont worry. Youll get to see lots of birds.
And
I know
not
Im knowing.
ANNE
What shall we do first?
STEVE
Well, the kangaroos are just over there. And I think the birds are next,
and
next
ANNE
well cuddle a koala!
**********
STEVE
Sure! And after that?
34
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
ANNE
After that, Ill buy you lunch.
We use a for one thing out of a number of things.

Theres a red car over there. (but there are other red cars in the world)
STEVE
Theres a caf just over there.
STEVE
Its a deal!
They head off into the park.
We use a when saying general things about something.
He is a man
My cat is a Siamese.
1. THE & A
We call the words a and the articles.
We use a and the before nouns.
Here is the car.
Here is a car.
2. A & AN
We use an instead of a before words that start with a vowel
sound.
These are the short vowel sounds.
We use them before adjectives and nouns.
Here is the blue car.
Here is a blue car.
the
We use the if there is more than one thing.
Look at the cars.
STEVE
Well, the kangaroos are just over there.
We say the car if we know something about it:

Here is the car we saw before.
We use the for definite things. Some things are always definite.
the Sydney Opera House
the Yangtze River
We use the when there is only one of something.

She is the boss.
a
an apple
e
an egg
i
an igloo
o
an ostrich
u
an umbrella
These are the long vowel sounds.
A
an alien
E
an eagle
I
an island
O
an opal
U is a consonant sound.
a university
a European
And note:
an apple
But
a red apple
We pronounce a with a long vowel sound when we want to emphasise
something.
This is a fantastic website.
a
We can only use a for singular things.
Here is a car.
pronouncing the
STEVE
Two, please. And a bag of food.
We use a for something that is not definite.

Heres a car I havent seen before.
ANNE
I really want to hold a koala. Is there a koala here?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
We pronounce it thee with words that start with a vowel sound.

a
the ant
A
the apricots
e
the eggs
E
the eagle
i
the issue
I
the ice-cream
O
35
EPISODE 15
the open door

o
the otters
u
the ugly truth
Steve and Anne explore the park.
We pronounce it the with words that start with a consonant sound.
the
the
the
the
the
ANNE
Look at this big grey one
STEVE
Hes massive. He has very, very strong arms and legs.
university
government
police
television
show
ANNE
And a big strong tail.
We sometimes use the thee pronunciation for emphasis.

This is the best steak Ive ever had.
3. IS THERE / ARE THERE

We say are or is before there in questions.
We use is there for asking about single things.
Is there an elephant?
Is there enough food?
STEVE
Yeah. And ears. Very big ears
ANNE
His fur looks very soft.
STEVE
It feels soft on my hand
ANNE
Its got beautiful big brown eyes.
They walk around.
ANNE
Is there somewhere to have lunch?
We use are there for asking about more then one thing.
Are there tigers here?
Are there enough cars to take us all?
ANNE
Oh, look at that little black and white one.
STEVE
Oh yeah. I think thats a willy wagtail. Theyre very fast and they
move
around a lot.
ANNE
Its cute. Its got such a long tail. Oh, look at that bird!
ANNE
Are there some kangaroos?
STEVE
Oh, thats a kingfisher
4. SEQUENCE WORDS
These are some words we use for the order in which we do
things.
We start with first.
ANNE
Oh, we have them in Singapore
STEVE
Really?
And then we can use words such as ;
ANNE
Hmm. Look at its beautiful blue back.
next
then
after
followed by
STEVE
Very colourful, isnt it? Theres lots in Australia. Big ones and small
ones.
We have a very big one called a kookaburra. It has a very interesting
laugh.
We finish with finally.
Heres how to make a sandwich.

First, get two slices of bread and spread butter on them. Then add a
piece
Anne cuddles a koala.
of lettuce, followed by a slice of cheese. After that you close the
sandwich.
Finally, you eat it.
ANNE
Hes so soft and cuddly.
**********
36
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
STEVE
Yeah, like me!
very
We use very with adjectives to mean more than or extremely.
very bigsangat besar
STEVE
Theyve actually also got really sharp claws.
See?
ANNE
Hes so cute! Can I take him home?
STEVE
I dont think theyd be very happy about that.
You can say very very twice to mean much more than
Very, very big
STEVE
He has very, very strong arms and legs.
Notice that we use a comma when writing very twice.
Anne has a moment of sadness.
STEVE
Oh, look at that one. Whats the matter?
ANNE
Nothing Im just feeling a bit homesick.
very, very big
sangat, sangat besar.
Very can be used before or after the things it is describing.

You have very beautiful eyes.
Your eyes are very beautiful.
STEVE
Come on, lets go and get something to eat
1. DESCRIBING THINGS
We describe things with words called adjectives.
a small frog
a green frog
STEVE
Yeah. And ears. Very big ears.
ANNE
His fur looks very soft.
STEVE
I think thats a willy wagtail. Theyre very fast and they move around a
lot.
We often use more than one adjective at a time.
a small green frog
ANNE
And a big strong tail .
STEVE
ones.
We have a very big one called a kookaburra. It has a very interesting
laugh.
So & Such
You can use so instead of very to mean the same thing.
We use adjectives that describe size before colour.

a small green frog
Your eyes are so beautiful.
If the thing has more than one colour, we use and.
a small green and red frog
If we want to say what type something is, we say it after size and
colour.
a small green and red toy frog
ANNE
Hes so soft and cuddly.
ANNE
Hes so cute!
But we use so only after the things being described.

Your eyes are so beautiful.
When we describe a quality, we usually say it first.

a happy green and red toy frog
We dont say:
You have so beautiful eyes. XX
ANNE
Its got beautiful big eyes.
More Information: see episode 11 for more about

adjectives
We use such before the things being described and say:

You have such beautiful eyes.
2. VERY, SO & SUCH
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
37
ANNE
Its cute. Its got such a long tail.
If you use such to describe a single thing, you use a.

You have such a beautiful smile.
ANNE
Its cute. Its got such a long tail.
3. ONE, SOME & ANY

We use the word one instead of naming the thing we are talking
about
if its clear what we are talking about.
Theres a black and white bird.
Theres a black and white one.
EPISODE 16
Anne and Steve have lunch.
ANNE and STEVE are at the counter getting some food.
The ASSISTANT is waiting for their order.
ASSISTANT
What would you like?
STEVE
Anne?
ANNE
UmmmIll have a cheese and salad sandwich and a cappuccino
thanks.
STEVE
Do you have wine?
ANNE
Oh, look at that little black and white one.
If there are more than one we use ones.
I like black and white birds.

I like black and white ones.
ASSISTANT
No sir. We dont serve alcohol. We have coffee, tea, soft drinks and
juices.
STEVE
Okay. Id like a orange juice and a pie with chips. Do you have
sauce?
ASSISTANT
Just help yourself. And Ill bring the food when its ready.
STEVE
ones.
STEVE
Thank you.
They eat their lunch at an outside table.

We only use one and ones with things that can be counted.
For things that cant be counted, such as milk, we use some or any.
Do we have milk?
Yes, we have some.
or
Do we have milk?
No, we dont have any.
ANNE
Is that good?
STEVE
Its delicious. You should try one. Its real Aussie food.
ANNE
Maybe one day. I dont eat a lot of meat.
.
STEVE
Hows your coffee?
ANNE
Its very good. Dont you drink coffee?
**********
STEVE
Sometimes. I prefer tea. Or juice. So, was the koala the best?
ANNE
Oh, definitely. The kangaroos were interesting too. Ive never seen real
ones
before. And the birds are wonderful. I think I liked the birds the most.
Theyre so colourful, and so many different kinds. What about you?
What
did you like best?
38
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
STEVE
Just being here.
He gives her a longing look.
3. HAVE & HAS

We use have with you, we, they and I.
You have coffee.
We have coffee.
They have coffee.
I have coffee.
1. ORDERING FOOD
Here are some ways to ask for food at a cafe.
Ill have a sandwich thanks.
ANNE
UmmmIll have a cheese and salad sandwich and a cappuccino
thanks.
You can say please instead of thanks.
Ill have a sandwich please.
STEVE
Do you have wine?
We use has with he, she and it.

He has coffee.
She has coffee.
It has coffee.
Or can I have instead of Ill have.
Can I have a sandwich thanks.

We also use has with names and singular nouns.
Or could I have
Could I have a sandwich thanks.
Anne has coffee

The cat has fleas.
You can also say Id like...

STEVE
Id like a orange juice and a pie with chips.
Here are some questions you might ask.
We use have with plural nouns.

The cats have fleas.
The past tense form is had.

The cats had fleas last month.
Do you have salt?

or
Have you got salt?
More Information: see episode 11 for more about past tense
We use had with all nouns and pronouns.
STEVE
Do you have sauce?
The person serving might say:

Help yourself.
This means that things such as sauce, salt and sugar are on the
counter and
you can use as much as you want.
The cat had fleas.

I had coffee.
He had coffee.
She had coffee.
Anne had coffee.
We had coffee.
You had coffee.
It had coffee .
They all had coffee yesterday.
ASSISTANT
Just help yourself.
2. MEALS
In the story Steve and Anne were having lunch.
Lunch is the meal we have in the middle of the day.
Breakfast is the first meal of the day.
The meal at the end of the day is called dinner.
Dinner is the main meal.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
39
4. PREFERENCES
EPISODE 17
We use the word prefer to say that you like something more than
something else.
ANNE and STEVE talk about their different lives.
I prefer tea to coffee.
This means that I like tea more than coffee.
Another way of saying this would be:
STEVE
I like tea more than coffee.
Tell me about your life in Singapore. What do you do every day?
or
I like tea better than coffee.
ANNE
Well, I work in my fathers business, importing wines. I live with my
family.
STEVE
How do you get to work? Do you catch a bus?
ANNE
Dont you drink coffee?
ANNE
Usually. Sometimes I go with my father in his car. What about you?
What
do you do?
STEVE
Sometimes. I prefer tea.
STEVE
Im a builder. I build houses.
ANNE
And how do you get to work?
**********
STEVE
I drive. I have to use my car for work. I never go by bus.
ANNE
Do you enjoy it? Your work?
STEVE
Mostly. Its not easy, being a builder. But its outside. I prefer to
work
outside.
ANNE
I never work outside. Occasionally I travel though like now.
STEVE
And what do you do on the weekend?
ANNE
Sometimes I go shopping. Sometimes I go out.
STEVE
Where do you go? Nightclubs?
ANNE
Not really. Occasionally.
STEVE
Who do you go with?
ANNE
A bunch of friends.
STEVE
Boy friend?
40
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
ANNE
Not at the moment.
STEVE cheers up.
You can say that you work for a business.

I work for the bank.
I work for a restaurant.
1. TALKING ABOUT WHAT YOU DO

To find out what job or work people do, we ask:
What do you do?
You can say what you are:

Im a student.
or what you do
I study at the University.
2. GETTING TO WORK
Here are some ways to answer the question
How do you get to work?
I catch a bus.
or I take a bus.
or I go by bus
I drive to work. or I go by car
I walk to work. or I go on foot.
Here are some more answers:

Im a builder.
or
I build houses.
ANNE
And how do you get to work?
STEVE
I drive. I have to use my car for work. I never go by bus.
ANNE
What do you do?
For most types of transport we say by
I go by car.
I go by train.
I go by bus.
But we say.
I go on foot.
STEVE
Im a builder. I build houses.
We sometimes add er to words to say what we are:

I bake bread.
Im a baker.
3. HOW OFTEN
Here are some words we use to tell people how often or how
frequently
we do things.
How often do you go to the cinema?
occasionally
I manage a hotel.
Im a hotel manager.
You can say the place where you work:

I work in a bank.
or
I work at a bank.
STEVE
Where do you go? Nightclubs?
So if you asked your English teacher:

What do you do?
He could say:
I work at a school.
or
I work in a school.
or
I teach English.
or
Im a teacher
ANNE
Not really. Occasionally.
How often do you exercise?

Always.
How often do you watch TV?

Sometimes.
STEVE
And what do you do on the weekend?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
41
EPISODE 18
ANNE
Sometimes I go shopping.
How often do you go fishing?

Never.
ANNE returns to the hotel, to find a message.

ANNE and STEVE return to the hotel courtyard.
STEVE
Did you have a good day?
ANNE
I never work outside.
ANNE
Very much. Thankyou for taking me. How about you?
How often do you study?

Often.
STEVE
Of course.
4. POSSESSIVE APOSTROPHE
We add s to nouns to make them plural.
one lion
two lions
ANNE
Not too boring? You must have been there a hundred
times.
STEVE
Not since I was a kid. It was great.
ANNE
Hmmm. Do you like Chinese food?
But sometimes we add s for a single thing that owns something:
ANNE
Well, I work in my fathers business, importing wines.
That lions teeth are yellow.
STEVE
I love Chinese food.
ANNE
Im going to cook a Chinese meal for you and your family.
STEVE
Really! Thatll be great. When?
The teeth belong to one lion. We use an apostrophe when adding s to

show
possession.
That lions teeth are yellow.
If we are talking about more than one lion owning something we put
the
apostrophe after the s.
Those lions teeth are yellow.
ANNE
Friday?
STEVE
Fantastic. Ill see you then.
ANNE
Yes, bye.
STEVE
Bye.
**********
STEVE goes, pleased with his day. ANNE goes to collect her key from
the
CLERK, who doesnt notice her. She coughs.
ANNE
Excuse me.
CLERK
Im sorry Ms Lee. I didnt see you.
ANNE
Could I have my key please?
CLERK
Certainly. Here you are. Oh, and theres a message for
you.
42
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
ANNE opens the message and reads it. Its from JOHN the private
investigator.
JOHNS NOTE
Dear Ms Lee
Please call my office. I have some news for you.
John Barbour
Private Investigator.
1. LETTER WRITING
Formal letters to people you havent met begin with Dear
Dear .........
Please consider me for an interview.

I have excellent qualifications.
It is the custom to write Yours faithfully if you dont know who you
are
writing to.
Dear Sir or Madam,

Yours faithfully,
Anne Lee
2. EXCUSE ME, SORRY & PARDON

We say excuse me to get someones attention:
Excuse me, do you know what time it is?
Excuse me, can we have the bill?
It always has a capital letter

Dear .........

ANNE
Excuse me.
If you dont know the name of the person you are writing to, write Sir
or
CLERK
Madam.
Im sorry Ms Lee. I didnt see you.
Dear Sir or Madam,
We also say excuse me to apologise.
Oh, excuse me. I spilled your drink.
Remember to use capital letters.

Dear Sir or Madam,

Use the formal title of the person you are writing to.
Here are some other ways we apologise for little things.

Oh, pardon me. I spilled your drink.
Oh, sorry. I spilled your drink.
We reply like this:

Oh, sorry. I spilled your drink.
Thats alright.
or
Oh, sorry. I spilled your drink
Thats okay.
more information: formal titles- episode 2

Dear Mr Whittle,
When you finish the letter you write Yours sincerely and your name,
like
this:
Dear Mr Whittle,
Yours sincerely,
Anne Lee
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
We also use pardon and sorry if we havent heard what someone has
said and
want them to say it again.
Listen to the difference.
pardon?
sorry?
If you dont know the person very well use the more formal:
I beg your pardon?
43
3. GOING TO / GONNA
We say going to tell people what we will do in the future.
Im going to study next year.
People say this quickly so it sounds like gunna:
Im gunna study next year.
EPISODE 19
John tells Anne of his progress in finding her brother.
ANNE
Have you found my brother?
JOHN
Not yet. No. Not quite.
ANNE
Im going to cook a Chinese meal for you and your family.
JOHN
But I have found something.
4. KIDS & TEENAGERS

A very common slang term for children is kids.
The kids go to bed at eight oclock.
ANNE
What is it?
ANNE
You must have been there a hundred times.
STEVE
Not since I was a kid. It was great.
Babies who have just learnt to walk are called toddlers.

Things get more difficult with toddlers.
JOHN
I went to the University. You said he was a student. I spoke to his
professor,
the head of the course he studied.
ANNE
And what did he say? Does he know what happened?
JOHN
Well, no. Not exactly. He didnt know where your brother went. But he
told me David had left the university. He stopped going to lectures.
Older children from thirteen years old to nineteen years old are called ANNE
teenagers.
When did he stop?
Teenagers are very demanding.
JOHN
Oh, about a year ago. He didnt tell anyone. But he left a letter with
the
Professor.
ANNE
A letter! Have you got it? Where is it?
**********
JOHN
The professor has it. He wouldnt give it to me because it was
addressed to
you. He left ah, his card.
ANNE
Ill go and see him. Thank you.
JOHN
I found out something else.
.
ANNE
Yes?
JOHN
Your brother had a girlfriend.
ANNE
Really! He didnt tell me. Who is she?
JOHN
44
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
Well, I dont know yet, but Im sure I can find her. Were closing in Ms k pick / picked (pikt)
Lee.
He picked his nose.
Fear not.
f laugh / laughed (laft)
They laughed at my jokes.
ANNE
Thank you
sh fish / fished (fisht)

He fished in a boat.
1. PAST TENSE
The past tense is used to talk about events in the past that have
finished.
We add ed to verbs to show this.
I study at the University. (present)
I studied at the University. (past)
This means I do not study at the University any more.
Ed is pronounced d when the word ends with these consonant sounds.
b mob / mobbed (mobd)

He was mobbed by fans.
g beg / begged (begd)

I begged for mercy.
l fill / filled (fild)
I filled the tank.
z quiz / quizzed (quizd)

The police quizzed him for hours.
JOHN
He stopped going to lectures.
Here are some more examples.

I work in a bank. (present)
I worked in a bank. (past)
He walks to the shops. (present)
He walked to the shops. (past)
v love/ loved (lovd)

I loved the movie.
m hum / hummed (humd)

We hummed the tune.
n thin / thinned (thind)

I thinned out the weeds.
more information: past tense - episode 6
ANNE
Does he know what happened?
2. PRONOUNCING -ed
The ed on the end of verbs is usually a short sound pronounced d orj judge/ judged (jujd)
t.
He judged her harshly.
But when ed is added to words with a d or t sound on the end we
pronounce it ed
th smooth / smoothed (smoothd)
She smoothed her dress.
t
Ill pot the plants. (present)
I potted the plants. (past)
d
Ill load the shopping in the car. (present)
I loaded the shopping in the car. (past)
ng clang / clanged (clangd)

The bell clanged loudly.
Ed is also pronounced d when the word ends with a vowel sound.
I fry / fried
I fried an egg.
JOHN
I spoke to his professor, the head of the course he studied.
Ed is pronounced t when the word ends with these consonant sounds.
3. IRREGULAR VERBS
Irregular verbs do not have ed added to form the past tense.
For example, the past tense of teach is taught.
I teach English. (present)
I taught English. (past)
s mess / messed (mest)

He messed her hair.
p sip / sipped (sipt)

She sipped her drink.
JOHN
Episode 1 - 42
The past tense of find is found:
Living English
45
JOHN
I found out something else.
JOHN
He didnt tell anyone.
The past tense of speak is spoke:
JOHN
I spoke to his professor...
The past tense of tell is told:
So there are two main ways of forming the past tense.

One changes the verb.
I tell you. (present)

I told you. (past)
JOHN
But he told me David had left the University.
JOHN
But he told me David had left the University.
Two important verbs have very different past tenses.
The past tense of go is went.

I go to school. (present)
I went to school. (past)
The other uses did or didnt with the verb.

I did tell you. (past)
ANNE
Really! He didnt tell me.
JOHN
I went to the University.
The past tense of is is was or were.
He is late.
He was late.
They were late.
Remember that we mostly use did like this in questions.

When did he stop going to classes? (past)
ANNE
When did he stop?
And change the verb in answers and

statements.
4.PAST TENSE WITH DID &DIDNT
Another way of talking about the past is using the words did and
didnt.
Did is the irregular past tense of do.
I do lots of things. (present)
I did lots of things. (past)
He stopped going to classes because he was bored.

(past)
JOHN
more information: asking questions about the past
Did is a type of verb thats used with other verbs.

What did he say?
The word did is used to ask about the past with the verb say.
But we dont use the past tense of say with did.
We dont say:
What did he said? X
We say
What did he say?
5. CONTRACTIONS
Contractions are two words that are said together very quickly.
did not becomes didnt
When we write these words we put them together and use an

apostrophe
where there is a missing sound.
did not
didnt
ANNE
And what did he say?
The negative, or opposite of did is did not

We usually say and write did not as didnt
I didnt say anything. (past)
46
We always shorten not to nt, but sometimes we change the way we

say the
first word.
do not
dont
JOHN
Well, I dont know yet...
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 20
will not
wont
Here are the other contractions used in todays drama.

wouldnt
would not
ANNE catches a bus to the University.

Anne walks to the bus stop. An elderly lady waiting for the bus
watches
her walk up. Anne sits next to her.
JOHN
He wouldnt give it to me because it was addressed to you.
ELDERLY LADY
Hello dear. How are you?
Ill
I will
ANNE
ANNE
Ill go and see him.
ELDERLY LADY
Are you sure? Is anything wrong?
Im
I am
ANNE
No, Im fine.
JOHN
Well, I dont know yet, but Im sure I can find her.
ELDERLY LADY
I watched you walking. You walk sadly. Im old. I walk slowly. But
you
walk sadly.
were
we are
ANNE
Well I do have a problem.
JOHN
Were closing in Ms Lee.
ELDERLY LADY
Not too serious I hope?
**********
ANNE
I dont know. I hope not.
ELDERLY LADY
Worrying doesnt help, my dear. Think positively. It helps. Do
something, take action. Youll be alright.
ANNE
I hope so. Thank you.
ELDERLY LADY
Where are you from dear?
ANNE
Singapore.
ELDERLY LADY
You speak English very well.
ANNE
Thank you. Sometimes when people speak very quickly I cant
understand.
ELDERLY LADY
Dont worry. I speak slowly.
A bus is coming. The elderly lady squints at it.
ELDERLY LADY
And I see badly these days. What number bus is that, dear?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
47
ANNE
Its one ninety.
ELDERLY LADY
At last. It was nice talking to you.
ELDERLY LADY
Worrying doesnt help, my dear. Think positively. It helps. Do
something,
take action. Youll be alright.
ANNE
You too.
1. ADVICE & SYMPATHY

If someone looks sad and you want to show concern or sympathy,
first
ask them how they are.
Are you alright?
2. SAYING HOW YOU FEEL

Here are some ways to reply when someone asks how you are or
how
you feel.
How are you?
I feel good.
They might reply.
or
Im fine.
or
Im alright.
or
Im OK.
Im good.
You can then say:

Are you sure?
or
or
I feel fine.
Im fine.
Listen again
Are you alright?
Im fine.
Well, I do have a problem.
or
Very well, thanks
ANNE
If you dont feel well, you can say:

ELDERLY LADY
Hello dear. How are you?
ANNE
Very well thankyou.
Not so well.
or
Not too good.
ELDERLY LADY
ANNE
No, Im fine.
ELDERLY LADY
I watched you walking. You walk sadly. Im old. I walk slowly. But you
walk
sadly.
Once you know what the problem is, you can offer advice.
Do something. Take action. Think positively.
3. HOPE NOT
We say not after hope instead of saying dont (do not) before it.
I hope not.
not
I dont hope. X
To form the negative of most verbs we say dont before them.

I dont understand.
I dont know
I dont say.
I dont think.
but
I hope not .
When giving advice you can also say you should.

You should do something.
You should take action.
You should think positively.
48
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
ANNE
I hope not.
not quite so good:
I speak English quite well.

4. ADVERBS
Words that tell us how we do something are called adverbs.
Often they have a ly on the end.
walk quickly
speak slowly
or
I speak English fairly well.
not good:
I speak English badly.

ELDERLY LADY
You walk sadly. Im old. I walk slowly.
or
I speak English poorly.
The ly is often added to adjectives .

She is loud.
She speaks loudly.
He is quiet.
He speaks quietly.
not good at all:
I speak English very badly.
or
I speak English very poorly.
ANNE
Sometimes when people speak very quickly I cant understand.
ELDERLY LADY
Dont worry. I speak slowly.
Not all adverbs have this ly sound.

You speak English well.
She runs fast.
**********
ELDERLY LADY
You speak English very well.
Adverbs say how, when and where things happen.
how
They live separately.
when
Ill finish this soon.
where
He walked downstairs.
We use them to say how good or bad you are at doing something.
You can say that you are very good at something like this:
I speak English very well.
good:
I speak English well.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
49
EPISODE 21
ANNE
Does this bus go to the University?
BUS DRIVER
Yes miss.
ANNE
How often do the buses come?
BUS DRIVER
Every twenty minutes. You wont have to wait long. Its 10.30, the next
ones
at 10.40, and then 11-o-clock.
ANNE
How much is that?
BUS DRIVER
Single or day trip?
ANNE
Sorry?
BUS DRIVER
Are you coming back today?
ANNE
Thanks. Goodbye.
BUS DRIVER
Have a good day.
1. CATCHING BUSES & TRAINS

To find out if a bus or train is going where you want (the beach)
you can
ask:
Does this bus go to the beach?
ANNE
Yes.
BUS DRIVER
How long will you be at the university?
ANNE
Im not sure. An hour perhaps.
BUS DRIVER
A single will do. You can use the same ticket to come back. Thats
three
dollars, please.
ANNE
Does this bus go to the University?
If you are asking at a station or a bus stop for the bus or train you
want,
you say:
Which bus goes to the beach?
On the bus or train:
Does this bus go to the beach?

ANNE
How far is it?
BUS DRIVER
Not far. About four kilometres from here.
ANNE
How many stops is it?
BUS DRIVER
About ten.
ANNE
Thankyou.
She moves in and sits down.
The bus stops outside the university.
BUS DRIVER
University! This is your stop miss.
ANNE
Oh, thankyou. Where do I catch the bus to go back?
BUS DRIVER
Just across the street. Over there.
50
At the station or bus stop:
Which bus goes to the beach?
You will be asked what type of ticket you want.

Single, return or daytrip?
BUS DRIVER
Single or day trip?
A single is a one-way ticket. It only takes you to where you are going.
It
doesnt take you back again.
A return ticket takes you to where you want to go and back again to
where
you started.
Some single tickets can be used for a period of time, so you can
ask:
How long does the ticket last?

Two hours.
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
BUS DRIVER
Single or day trip?
How wide is this box?
Its forty centimetre wide.

or
Its length is forty centimetres.
ANNE
Sorry?
BUS DRIVER
Are you coming back today?
How high is this box?
ANNE
Yes.
Its twenty centimetres high.

or
Its height is twenty centimetres.
BUS DRIVER
ANNE
We dont ask how high or how long a person is. Instead we say:
How tall are you?
or
What is your height?
BUS DRIVER
A single will do. You can use the same ticket to come back.
A day trip is a ticket you can use all day and go to a number of
places.
To find out what stop or station you need, you ask:
Where do I get off?
You can use how in front of any adjective that can be measured or
compared with other things.
How thick are your walls?
How hot is it today?

2. HOW QUESTIONS
Here are some common questions using how.
How long will you be?
How interesting is that book?
How sweet is that apple?

This means how much time you will spend doing something.
How long will you be?
Another how question is how often?, which asks about the amount
of
times we do things
About an hour.
BUS DRIVER
**********
ANNE
How long can also ask about the length of something.

How long is this rope?
Three metres.
How long is this box?
Its eighty centimetres long.

or
Its length is eighty centimetres.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
51
EPISODE 22
ANNE sees the Professor.
ANNE reads a sign Adelaide University She enters the university
grounds.
She walks down a corridor and sees a sign on a door Professor
GRAHAM
Cornish She knocks on the door.
1. LETTER WRITTING
When we write to someone we know, we usually begin by
writing
Dear
and then the name of the person you are writing to:
Dear Anne
You dont need to use their formal title.
GRAHAM
Im sorry to hear your brothers gone missing, Miss Lee.
We finish the letter with:
Dear Anne
ANNE
Im having a good time.
Were all so worried. Ive come to Adelaide to look for him. How long
Love...
did
and your name
he study here?
GRAHAM
Im not sure, er, two semesters.
ANNE
Did he get good grades?
Dear Anne
Love, David
GRAHAM
Im afraid not. I dont think computer science was the right direction
for
But only use Love if you are close to the person youre writing to.
him.
You can just write your name if youre not sure.
ANNE
Dear Anne
The investigator, Mr Barbour said you have a letter from David.
David
GRAHAM
Ah, of course. Its addressed to you. I told him Id only give it to you
in
person.
DAVID
2.
Dear Anne, Please dont look for me. I need to be by myself. I cant
study any more. Tell mum and dad to forget about me and take care of
themselves. You too. Look after yourself. Im sorry. Love, your brother
David.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns are words such as I, you, and they.
You use them to refer to yourself.
I am reading this.
Or to the person youre talking to.
I hope you understand this.
ANNE puts the letter down. Tears fill her eyes.
GRAHAM holds out a box of tissues.
GRAHAM
Here
Personal pronouns also refer to people and things we know or have

just
named.
Elvis Presley is dead. He died in 1979.
1. Letter Writing
2. Personal Pronouns
3. Subject and Object Pronouns
I, me, we and us are used for the first person:

We use them to talk about ourselves.
I enjoy learning English.
Listen carefully to me.
We want to help you.
Listen carefully to us.
4. Reflexive Pronouns
52
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
DAVID
Dear Anne, Please dont look for me. I need to be by myself. I cant
study
any more.
The pronoun for the second person is you.

Its used to talk directly to other people.
You should listen carefully.
ANNE
The investigator, Mr Barbour said you have a letter, from David.
GRAHAM
Ah, of course. Its addressed to you. I told him Id only give it to you
in
person.
He, she, they, him, her and them are third person pronouns we use
for
talking about other people.
We is the subjective form

We bought a car.
And us is its objective form
It cost us a lot of money.
They is the subjective form.

They are noisy.
Its objective form is them.
I must tell them to be quiet.
I is the subjective form.

I take photos.
Me is its objective form.
Thats a photo of me.
He is clever.
She is smart.
They work hard.
I like him.
I believe her.
I dont trust them.
4. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns are the self words such as yourself and
myself.
We use reflexive pronouns when the subject of the sentence is the

same as
the object of the sentence.
ANNE
Ive come to Adelaide to look for him. How long did he study here?
We say:
I like myself.
and not
I like me. (X)
3. SUBJECT & OBJECT PRONOUNS

Sentences usually have a subject and an object.
The subject usually comes first.
He came to look for him.
He is the subject of that sentence.
You is both the subject and object of this sentence:
You like yourself.
Here are some more examples.

The subject of a sentence is the person or thing that does something, My brother hurt himself.
Sarah drove herself home.
or
The cat licks itself.
performs the action.
He came to look for..
The object of a sentence is the person or thing that is affected by the
action.
He came to look for him.
Most pronouns have two forms - one we use as the subject of a

sentence
and the other we use as the object.
He is the subjective form and him is the objective form.

He helped him.
She is the subjective form.
She washed the dishes.
And her is its objective form
I helped her.
When were talking about more than one person or thing, we use
these
plural forms.
They enjoyed themselves.
We enjoyed ourselves.
DAVID
Tell mum and dad to forget about me and take care of themselves.
**********
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
53
EPISODE 23
GRAHAM
When you find your brother say hello to him for me.
The Professor advises ANNE on what to do next.
GRAHAM
Here
ANNE
I dont know what to do.
ANNE
I will.
1. GIVING ADVICE & MAKING SUGGESTIONS

Often we make a suggestion by asking a question like this:
Why dont you move the bin to the rubbish instead of carrying the
rubbish to the bin?
GRAHAM
I think you should go to the police.
ANNE
But he says I shouldnt look for him.
We can accept this sort of advice by saying:

Why dont you use the internet to find out?
Good. I hadnt thought of that.
GRAHAM
Yes, well he might have felt that way then. But a years a long time. If I
were
you, Id report your brother missing.
ANNE
Should I tell my parents about the letter?
GRAHAM
Your poor parents, they must be so worried. I think you should tell
them
what you know.
ANNE
What if I cant find him?
GRAHAM
Have faith. Im sure you will. You know your brother. Youll find him.
GRAHAM
Why dont you advertise in the newspaper? Put a photograph of your
brother there. Somebody might recognise him.
ANNE
Good, I hadnt thought of that.
Another way of giving advice is to first say If I were you

Listen to the audio and repeat.
If I were you
Then you give the advice
If I were you I would stop smoking.
GRAHAM
Ill show you out.
He shows her outside.
GRAHAM
If I were you, Id report your brother missing.
GRAHAM
Well, good luck Ms Lee.
ANNE
I dont know what else to do.
When making suggestions or telling someone what to do, its polite to

say
I think
I think
GRAHAM
you should go to the police.
Why dont you advertise in the newspaper? Put a photograph of your
An informal way of saying this is I reckon
brother there. Somebody might recognise him.
I reckon you should go to the police.
ANNE
Good, I hadnt thought of that.
GRAHAM
My advice is, never give up.
When giving advice we usually say should or ought to.

I think you ought to go to the police.
ANNE
Thankyou for your help.
She shakes his hand and walks away.
54
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
GRAHAM
To make someone feel better about what is going to happen, we use

the
more definite will.
Im sure everything will be all right.
The opposite of should is should not or shouldnt.

You shouldnt smoke.
GRAHAM
When you find your brother say hello to him for me.
ANNE
But he says I shouldnt look for him.
ANNE
I will.
To ask for advice, you say should first.
Should I buy that car?
ANNE
Should I tell my parents about the letter?
**********
2. HAVE TO, MUST & SHOULD HAVE

When there is only one choice we say have to or must.
You have to water the plant or it will die.
You must water the plant or it will die.
For things that are not necessary we say should.

You should fertilise plants to make them grow well.
We say should have for things we think would have been good to do in
the
past.
I should have turned the oven off!
We use it to express regret.
I should have studied more.
I should have stopped smoking years ago.
3. WOULD & WILL

We use will for things we intend to do or are going to do.
I will go on holiday next week.
more information: Episode 2 - The Future Tense.

Would is a form of will that we use for things we wish or imagine were
going to happen.
I wish it would stop raining.
It would be good to be very rich.
Would is used in polite requests such as:

I would like a drink.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
55
EPISODE 24
ANNE and SARAH are tasting wines. The WINEMAKER, TIM, is
explaining the different varieties.
TIM
These are our whites. Why dont you try the Chardonnay first? Its
our
best-selling wine.
SARAH
Lovely.
ANNE
Good fruit. a little immature.
SARAH
Its a lovely colour, deepest red.
ANNE
What vintage is this?
TIM
Its three years old now. Itll drink well for years yet, but you can
drink
it right now too.
ANNE
And whats the price?
TIM
Well, its our most expensive wine at fifty dollars retail.
TIM
Yes, its made from some of our youngest vines. Its our most popular ANNE
Ill think about it. Its certainly got potential, but there are a lot of
white
wines
at the moment. Try this Riesling.
around in this class these days. Youve got a lot of competition Tim!
ANNE
Hmmm.
SARAH
Its very pale isnt it?
TIM
A lot of our customers are finding it very attractive.
TIM
Thats for sure. But we can work out a special price for you, if
youre
interested.
ANNE
Im definitely interested. This is very good. Sarah knows our
requirements
and pricing position, Im sure you can work out something with her.
ANNE
Its a bit too dry for our market. I think well leave that one. But I like TIM
Im sure we can.
the
Chardonnay. I think we can sell that.
TIM
Excellent.
SARAH
Lets try the reds.
1. GIVING OPINIONS
It is polite to say perhaps when giving an opinion or making
suggestions.
Listen to the difference.
Its time to go.
Perhaps its time to go.
Youre wrong about that.
Perhaps youre wrong about that.
TIM
Our reds are as good as any youll find around here.
ANNE
What have we got here?
TIM
This is our cabernet sauvignon. Its very popular.
ANNE
Mmmm. A bit too much fruit at this stage. I understand it wasnt a
good
year for cabernet in this district.
TIM
You know your wines, Miss Lee.
ANNE
I try to be prepared. Whats your best red?
ANNE
Good fruit. Perhaps a little immature.
she means the wine is not ready to drink
When we give an opinion and want people to agree we say isnt

it?
Its hot, isnt it?
Its funny, isnt it?
SARAH
Its very pale isnt it?
she means the wine is pale in colour
TIM
This one. Our shiraz, and we think its world class.
56
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
Be careful. You only use isnt it when the subject is it.

Instead of saying isnt it with other subjects we say:
Hes funny isnt he?
Youre late, arent you?
They run fast, dont they?
the wine tastes too much like fruit juice
For things that can be counted we use many.

There are too many people on the train.
Notice that its spelled with two os - too

It has more than one o.
Isnt it is short for is it not? which is the same as saying dont you
think?.
This is a good movie, isnt it?
This is a good movie, dont you think?
We often say I think when we are giving our opinion.

I think the food here is excellent.
I think its a boring movie.
ANNE
I think well leave that one.
a polite way of saying she will not buy it
But I like the Chardonnay.

I think we can sell that.
We also use too spelled like this to mean as well

It has another meaning too.
I want to come too.
TIM
Itll drink well for years yet, but you can drink it right now too.
it will taste good for many years and also tastes good now as well
3. SUPERLATIVES
We use adjectives in a different way to compare more than two
things.
When we compare two things we add er or say more before the
adjective.
This is big.
This is bigger.
More Information: comparatives
2. USING THE WORD TOO

Another word we often use when giving opinions is too.
Its too cold.
A cow is big
An elephant is bigger
We use it for saying that something is more than we want.
The train is too crowded.
This tea is too sweet.
We often use too after much (much too) to mean even more
than.
The train is much too crowded.
This tea is much too sweet.
ANNE
Its a bit too dry for our market.
the wine is not sweet
A whale is the biggest of all animals
One way to compare more than two things is to add est to the
adjective.
This is a big animal.
This is a bigger animal
This is the biggest animal.
ANNE
Its a lovely colour, deepest red
a very dark red
TIM
Yes, its made from some of our youngest vines
We use too before much (too much) to talk about amounts that cant
be
counted.
Words that have one main sound or syllable have the est ending.
This tea has too much sugar in it.
small (one syllable)
Theres too much noise.
smallest
When a word has more than two main sounds or syllables, we dont
add an
est sound to form the superlative.
ANNE
A bit too much fruit at this stage
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
57
Beautiful has three syllables.

Beau-ti-ful
The superlative of beautiful is the most beautiful.
She is the most beautiful woman in the class.
TIM
Our reds are as good as any youll find around here.
our red wines are equal to any in the area
We use as before and after adjectives to say that things are the same.
Im as big as he is.
Shes as smart as you are.
TIM
TIM
Its our most popular white at the moment.
White wine
There are two common superlatives that are

different.
The superlative of good is best.
This is the best wine.
The superlative of bad is worst.
This is the worst wine.
**********
ANNE
Whats your best red?
red wine
Notice that we usually use the before superlatives.

This is the biggest animal.
She is the most beautiful woman in the class.
Or we use a possessive (your, our, their, its, my, someones or

somethings)
That is your biggest problem.
Sams largest pet is his dog.
ANNE
Whats your best red?
TIM
Yes, its made from some of our youngest vines.
TIM
TIM
Its our most popular white at the moment
white wine
4. AS GOOD AS
We use the expression as good as to say that things are the same as
each
other or that they are equally good.
My house is as good as yours.
(my house is equal to yours)/
58
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 25
ANNE goes shopping at the Market.
ANNE waits at the counter of the fish shop.
ANNE
Do you have any bean sprouts?
ATTENDANT 2
Yes we do. How much would you like?
ANNE
About a hundred grams.
ATTENDANT 2
Will that be all?
ATTENDANT
Whos next please?
ANNE
Could I have some prawns please?
ANNE
Yes thanks.
ATTENDANT
Fresh, frozen or cooked?
ATTENDANT 2
Thatll be four dollars thanks.
ANNE
Frozen please.
ANNE
Thankyou.
Through the crowd Anne sees a young man who looks familiar. Could it
be
David, her long-lost brother?
ATTENDANT
How much do you need?
ANNE
About five hundred grams please.
He weighs and wraps the prawns.
ATTENDANT
Thatll be ten dollars thankyou.
1. SHOPPING
When shopping, the attendant often asks
Can I help you?
You can now ask for what you want.
ANNE
Thankyou
ATTENDANT 2
Can I help you?
ATTENDANT 2
Can I help you?
ANNE
Some of these leeks.
ANNE
The attendant also might say

Whos next, please?
If its your turn to be served, you can now ask for what you want.
ATTENDANT 2
How many love?
Its polite to say

Could I have......
or
Can I have......
ANNE
Three.
ATTENDANT 2
Something else?
ANNE
Some ginger.
ATTENDANT
Whos next please?
ATTENDANT 2
Right there love.
ANNE
ANNE
Oh, right. Just this piece please.
ATTENDANT 2
Okay.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
59
If you are buying a number of things, the attendant will ask:

Is that all?
or
Will that be all?
or
Something else?
This means you can ask for more things:
2. SOME & ANY

We use some for amounts that are not definite or exact.
I want some sleep.
I want some ham please.
ANNE
ATTENDANT 2
Can I help you?
ATTENDANT 2
Will that be all?
ANNE
ANNE
Yes thanks.
ATTENDANT 2
Something else?
ATTENDANT 2
Something else?
ANNE
Some ginger.
ANNE
Some ginger.
We say no if we do not want more when asked Will that be all?:

Will that be all?
No, Ill have some apples as well.
You can use some and any in questions about amounts:

Do you have some milk?
Do you have any milk?
ANNE
Do you have any bean sprouts?
You reply yes or just say what you want for more when asked
Something
else?
Something else?
Yes, some apples.
You reply like this when you dont want more:
Will that be all?
Yes thanks.
or
Something else?
No, thats enough.
For positive replies use some:

Do you have any milk?
Yes we have some.
Positive statements also use some.
I want some dinner.
We use any for negative replies

Do you have some milk?
No, we dont have any.
or for negative statements
Youre not getting any dinner.
To pay, you say:

How much is that, please?
The attendant will reply or just tell you
Thatll be five dollars thankyou.
or just
Thatll be five dollars thanks.
Thatll be means the price is.., or could you please give me
3. HOW MUCH & HOW MANY

We ask how much? for things we measure and weigh.
How much sugar do you want?

One kilogram.
ATTENDANT
Thatll be ten dollars thankyou.
ATTENDANT 2
Thatll be four dollars thanks.
60
How much of this cloth do we need?

Two metres.
How much time does it take?

An hour.
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 26
ATTENDANT 2
How much would you like?
ANNE meets STEVE unexpectedly.

ANNE
About a hundred grams.
ATTENDANT
How much do you need?
ANNE is trying to keep sight of the young man as she finishes buying
her
groceries. The young man turns away and she starts after him, but it
is too
hard to get through the crowd. She bumps into someone.
ANNE
About five hundred grams please.
ANNE
Sorry.
You ask how many? when you want the number of things.
How many presenters are there on Living English?
Two
How many bananas do you want?
Six.
ANNE
Steve!
STEVE
Fancy running into you here! Where are you off to in such a hurry?
ANNE
Oh, Nowhere I, I thought I saw someone I know.
ANNE
STEVE
Oh. Where?
ATTENDANT 2
How many love?
ANNE
Oh, its okay. Hes gone now. I mustve made a mistake.
ANNE
Three.
4. A FEW, MANY & A DOZEN

We say a few for a small number of things.
I need a few minutes to get dressed.
I only want a few apples.
STEVE
You got time for a coffee?
ANNE
Yeah,okay
STEVE
Yeah
We use few for things that can not be counted.
Theres only a few clouds in the sky.
We use many to mean a lot.

There are many matches in a box.
There are many fish in the sea.
STEVE
How about here?
ANNE
Fine.
STEVE
So what are you doing at the market?
We say a dozen to mean twelve (12).
Eggs are sold as a dozen (12) or a half a dozen (6).
Can I have a dozen eggs please?
ANNE
Im cooking at your house on Friday, remember?
STEVE
Of course, Friday. Thatll be great.
**********
ANNE
What about you? Do you come here often?
STEVE laughs
ANNE
Whats funny?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
61
STEVE
When someone says, Do you come here often, its what we call a
pick-up
line. You know when someones trying
ANNE
I know what a pick-up line is.
STEVE
Fancy running into you here! Where are you off to in such a hurry?
Steve says Fancy running into you here.

To run into someone means to meet them by chance.
Remember that run has the irregular past tense ran.

I ran into an old friend yesterday.
STEVE
Sorry. I come here every week to buy fruit. I like fresh fruit for work.
What
are we having for dinner?
Where are you off to? means the same as where are you
going?
Where are you off to today?
Im going to the shopping mall.
ANNE
Youll find out on Friday.
WAITER
What would you like?
STEVE
Cappuccino.
2. I THOUGHT...
We say I thought to talk about ideas we have that might change, or
that
we are not sure about.
I thought you had the keys.
I thought I phoned you yesterday.
WAITER
Yep
STEVE
And a tea please
WAITER
Tea. No worries.
ANNE
Oh, Nowhere I, I thought I saw someone I know.
3. MORE SUGGESTIONS
One way of suggesting to someone that you do something is to
say
Have you got time for
STEVE
Do you want me to take your shopping home? I can put it in the fridge
for
you.
Have you got time for a walk?
Have you got time to...?
Have you got time to talk?
ANNE
No, thats okay, I have a fridge in my room at the hotel.
ANNE
The person you saw. Who did you think it was?
Steve says this in a short and informal way without the word have:
ANNE
Its a long story. Maybe Ill tell you later.
STEVE
On Friday.
STEVE
You got time for a coffee?
Another way of making a suggestion is to say how about ?
ANNE
Maybe
How about? means what do you think about? or is this okay?

How about going to the movies?
How about a cup of coffee?
1. CHANCE ENCOUNTERS
Listen again to how Steve and Anne meet:
ANNE
Sorry!
STEVE
How about here?
Is it okay to sit here?
ANNE
Steve!
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Living English
Episode 1 - 42
4. PLACES WITH AT & IN

We use at when were talking about a place such as an address, a
type of
business, or a place outside.
Ill be at work today.
I saw him at the hospital yesterday.
Ill meet you at school.
I saw her at the bus stop.
She lives at 23 Mitchell Street.
5. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
These words are called prepositions of place.
We use them to say where something is.
The apple is in the box
The apple is on the box
We can also say:
The apple is on top of the box.
The box is under the apple.
When the apple is not touching the box we say:
The apple is above the box.
The apple is over the box.
The box is beneath the apple.
The box is below the apple.
The apple is beside the box.
The box is beside the apple.
We use into and onto for actions:
Hes putting the apple into the box.
Hes putting the apple onto the box.
STEVE
So what are you doing at the market?
ANNE
Im cooking at your house on Friday, remember?
In can only refer to something that is enclosed or has an inside

and an
outside.
Im in the room.
I live in Australia.
I cook in the kitchen.
STEVE
Do you want me to take your shopping home? I can put it in the fridge
for
you.
**********
ANNE
No, thats okay, I have a fridge in my room at the hotel.
NOTE: At can mean inside or outside. In can only mean inside.

I work at the hospital.
He is in the hospital having an operation.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
63
EPISODE 27
ANNE sees JOHN and describes her brothers possessions.
ANNE is sitting in JOHNs office.
ANNE
Silver. And the watch has an inscription. It says To my son Norman
JOHN
Norman?
ANNE
I thought I saw David at the market. But I didnt get a very good look ANNE
Thats our fathers name. Grandfather gave it to him.
and I
lost him in the crowd.
JOHN
When was this?
JOHN
Aha! (writes) Norman.
ANNE
Just yesterday.
ANNE
In Chinese.
JOHN
How long since youve seen him?
JOHN
In Chinese.
ANNE
Nearly two years.
ANNE
He might have a neckband. I gave it to him as a going-away
present.
JOHN
Are you sure youd recognise him now?
ANNE
Of course! Hes my brother.
JOHN
Whats it like?
ANNE
Its made of tortoise-shell. Its a disc with a design, like this.
She draws a yin-yang design on a piece of paper.
JOHN
Its just, Im thinking he might have changed his appearance if he
didnt
want to be found.
JOHN
Ah, Yin Yang.
ANNE
Mr Barbour, I would recognise my brother. Believe me.
JOHN
Of course. Im sorry. Maybe you did see him at the market. Its just
youve
been thinking about him a lot. The mind plays tricks, you know.
ANNE
I suppose so. Maybe it wasnt him. I dont know.
JOHN
Is there anything that would positively identify him? Jewellery, a
scar,
anything?
ANNE
His watch. My father gave it to him. He always wears it.
JOHN
Can you describe it?
ANNE
Its an old fashioned watch. An Omega. It was our
grandfathers
ANNE
Thats right. You know it. The band is made of leather. He said hed
always
wear it.
JOHN
Yes, well its not much, but its something I suppose. Ill call you next
week
with some news.
ANNE
I hope so.
1. POSSIBILITIES
You say:
It will rain today
if you are certain or sure it will rain.
If you are not certain you say:
It might rain today.
or
Perhaps it will rain today.
or
Maybe it will rain today.
JOHN
Whats the band made of?
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Living English
Episode 1 - 42
ANNE
He might have a neckband.
The spoon is made of steel.

Its a steel spoon.
The t-shirt is made of cotton.
2. POSSIBILITY IN THE PAST

When we use might to talk about the past we always use it with
have.
I might have thrown the cup in the bin.
This means that you are not sure if you have thrown the cup in the
Its a cotton t-shirt.
bin.
The vase is made of glass.
Its a glass vase.
The frames are made of tortoise-shell.
Theyre tortoise-shell frames.
The spoon is made of wood.
Its a wooden spoon.
Notice that we use might have with the past participle of the verb
throw.
I might have thrown the cup in the bin.
The past participle is the form of the verb used with forms of have.
I have thrown it out.
She has seen your work.
Most of the time the past participle is the same as the past tense.
You might have studied this before.
JOHN
Its just, Im thinking he might have changed his appearance if he
didnt
want to be found.
Properties
Something that is transparent is clear, or can be seen
through.
The vase is transparent.
Something that is opaque cant be seen through.

All the other objects are opaque.
Something that is pliable is easily bent.

The leather wallet is pliable.
The other words we use for possibilities in the past (maybe and
perhaps)
are used with the simple past tense.
**********
Perhaps I did throw the cup in the bin.

Maybe I did throw the cup in the bin.
JOHN
Maybe you did see him at the market.
John could have said:

Maybe you saw him at the market.
or
Perhaps you saw him at the market.
or
You might have seen him at the market.
3. TALKING ABOUT MATERIALS

The wallet is made of leather.
Its a leather wallet.
The cup is made of china.
Its a china cup.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
65
EPISODE 28
1. SEEING THE DOCTOR

Anne tells the receptionist which doctor she has come to see, and
the
time of the appointment.
A diagnosis is the Doctors opinion about what is wrong.

Her diagnosis is that you have the flu.
2. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
ANNE
Excuse me. I have an appointment to see Doctor Chang at 2.30.
Anne says:
ANNE
Ive been getting some very bad headaches lately.
The receptionist asks for Annes name. Instead of saying What is your
Lets look at the phrase have been getting.
name please? she just says, And your name?
RECEPTIONIST
And your name?
If Anne has a headache now, she would say:

I have a headache
ANNE
Lee. Anne Lee.
If she had a headache yesterday, she would say:

I had a headache.
Listen to what the receptionist says next.
But for an action that started in the past, and is still going on she
says
RECEPTIONIST
Ms Lee. Yes, please take a seat.
I have been getting headaches.
She means that Anne can sit down to wait.
The action is continuous, or still happening, and we call this tense

the
present perfect continuous.
She then says:

It combines have or has with been and the ing form of the verb.
RECEPTIONIST
Doctor will see you soon.
I have been smoking for years.
She means Anne wont have to wait long.
He has been smoking for years.
Listen to what she says when the doctor is ready to see Anne.
Here is another example from todays episode:
RECEPTIONIST
Ms Lee? Doctor will see you now.
.
Listen to what Anne tells the Doctor.
ANNE
Ive been getting some very bad headaches lately. And I feel
tense.
Pains in the head are called headaches.
We can also talk about a stomachache, which is a pain in the

stomach.
ANNE
Yes, Im worried about my brother. Hes been missing for two
years.
This is short for he has been missing.

He went missing in the past and he is still missing.
Notice that we use the word for to talk about a length of time.
Ive been waiting for an hour.

Shes been studying for three years.
Eating unripe fruit gives me a stomachache.
A toothache is a pain in a tooth.

You get toothaches if you dont look after your teeth.
ANNE
Yes, Im worried about my brother. Hes been missing for two
years.
We call these things that we feel symptoms.

They are the signs that we are sick.
A runny nose and fever are symptoms of the flu.
66
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
We use the word since when we are talking about a specific time in
the
past:
They have been driving since six in the morning.

We have been flying since yesterday.
To ask questions using the present perfect continuous, we say the

pronoun
(we, you, they, I, he she, it) after have or has.
EPISODE 29
SARAH shows ANNE her kitchen
ANNE has her shopping in a bag. She puts it on the bench while
SARAH
shows her around the kitchen.
SARAH
Are you feeling better now?
ANNE
Yes, the Doctor said I should relax.
Have you been working all day?
Has she been working all day?
SARAH
Why dont you sit down? Let me cook.
DOCTOR CHANG
ANNE
And have you been taking anything for them?
No. I enjoy cooking. It is relaxing for me.
3. PREFERENCE
The Doctor uses the word prefer to ask which sort of medicine Anne
likes best.
SARAH
Okay then. Well, let me help. What do you need?
DOCTOR CHANG
Do you prefer Western or Chinese medicine?
In her answer, Anne says which one she likes more.
SARAH
The knives are in this drawer.
ANNE
And a wok. Do you have one?
ANNE
I prefer Chinese medicine.
In questions about what a person likes we use the word or.

Do you prefer staying home or travelling?
When we say which thing we like out of two things we use the word
to.
I prefer staying home to travelling.
Another way of saying which of two things you like uses the words
would,
rather and than.
I would rather stay home than travel.
We can shorten this to:

Id rather stay home than travel.
Notice that we dont use the ing form when using would, rather and
than.
I would rather stay home than travel.
**********
Episode 1 - 42
ANNE
I need a sharp knife.
Living English
SARAH
Yes of course. Its in this cupboard.
ANNE
And do you have a . Hmmm. I dont know what its called. A kind of
saucepan with holes in it.
SARAH
A colander. Its in here too. Its behind the
saucepan.
ANNE
And Ill need a bowl.
SARAH
Large or small?
ANNE
Big enough to hold these prawns.
SARAH
Oh, yum, prawns. I love prawns. How about this one?
She holds up a very big bowl.
ANNE
No, thats too big. I dont need one as big as that.
SARAH
This one?
67
ANNE
Thats perfect. Okay, Im ready!
1. SOME USEFUL PHRASES

Sarah asks Anne:
ANNE
And Ill need a bowl.
SARAH
Are you feeling better now?
SARAH
Large or small?
Sarah is showing her concern because she knows Anne was not
feeling
well.
Anne says she is feeling better and tells Sarah what the Doctor told ANNE
her
Big enough to hold these prawns.
to do:
We can also use the word enough to say that we dont need any more
Ive done enough study today.
ANNE
Yes, the Doctor said I should relax.
You can say:

The doctor said I should take some medicine.
The doctor said I should do some exercise.
The doctor said I should get some sleep.
Words spelled with ough are pronounced in different

ways.
I bought a new shirt today.
Though I dont think it fits.
Youve got a nasty cough.
Dont go through a red light.
Thats enough for today.
2. NEXT TO, BEHIND & INFRONT OF

The cup is next to the bowl.
The bowl is next to the cup.
The plate is behind the bowl.
The bowl is in front of the plate.
**********
3. ATTRIBUTES
Here are some ways to describe kitchen objects.
Its made of metal.
It has a wooden handle.
Its sharp.
Its a knife.
Its soft.
You can squeeze it.
Its a sponge.
Its round.
Its hard.
Its breakable.
Its a plate
4. ENOUGH
The box is big enough to fit this ball.
The ball is small enough to fit in the box.
The box is not big enough for this ball.
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Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 30
1. INSTRUCTIONS / EXPLAINING WHAT TO DO

For the thing we start with we say first.
First, we have to peel the prawns.
ANNE cooks a meal.
SARAH
What are we having?
ANNE
First we have to peel the prawns.
ANNE
Singapore noodles with prawns. Its a very famous dish. You can buy
You can then ask
it at
What do we do now?
street stalls everywhere. I hope you like it.
Whats next?
Now what?
SARAH
Im sure we will. So, what do we do first?
ANNE
First we have to peel the prawns.
SARAH
Now what?
You can reply

Next, well fry the prawns.
or
Now well fry the prawns.
SARAH
Okay. Ill do that. Now what?
ANNE
Now well fry the prawns. The oil must be very hot. It doesnt take
very
long. While Im doing that, you can chop the leeks. Chop them very
fine.
She fries the prawns, while SARAH chops the leeks.
ANNE
Now well fry the prawns.
SARAH
Like this?
For doing things at the same time as something else we say while.
While Im doing that, you can chop the leeks.
ANNE
Yes. Sort of
LATER She has taken the prawns out of the wok
ANNE
While Im doing that, you can chop the leeks.
Now what?
Another way of asking whats next is:

Okay, and now?
ANNE
Next we add the spices, and some ginger, and the leeks.
SARAH
Okay, and now?
SARAH
Okay, and now?
If you think the task is finished you can ask:
ANNE
Now the leeks are soft, we put in some bean sprouts, and then the
prawns,
and the noodles.
Is that all you need to do?

or
Is that all?
SARAH
Is that all?
SARAH
All in together? Is that all?
For the final or last thing we say finally or lastly:
Finally we add some of this special sauce.
ANNE
or
Almost. Lastly we add some of this special sauce. I didnt think Id be
Lastly we add some of this special sauce.
able
to find this here. Your markets very good. Thats it. Were almost
ready. I
hope your familys hungry.
ANNE
Lastly we add some of this special sauce.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
69
2. PASSIVE VOICE
One teaspoon of sugar is then added.
We use the passive voice when the thing that causes the action is not
He then adds a teaspoon of sugar.
important.
passive voice active voice
The active voice is:
We add some of this special sauce.
The passive voice is:
Some special sauce is added.
Notice that the subject changes.
Next, a little hot water is added.
Next he adds a little hot water.
A scoop of ice-cream is then added

Then he adds a scoop of ice-cream.
In the example in the active voice the subject is we and the object is
special
Milk is poured in.
sauce:
He pours in milk.
We add some of this special sauce.
In the passive voice the person or thing doing the action is not
important,
so the object becomes the subject.
The lid is put on...

He puts on the lid...
and the contents are shaken

...and shakes the contents.
The passive voice just says what happens to the subject and not
what the
subject does.
We do this by using a passive verb such as is added.
Here is another example.

We add the spices. (active)
The spices are added. (passive)
Notice that the active verb add changes to a form of the verb to be
and
the kind of past tense called a past participle.
The spices are added.
STEVE
Thats pretty good for a beginner.
Anne smiles, but mind is somewhere else.
STEVE
Anne, you seem sad again. Whats the matter ?
**********
Here is another example.

We show films in a cinema. (active)
A cinema is where films are shown. (passive)
We can use the active or the passive in questions.

How do you pronounce this word? (active)
How is this word pronounced? (passive)
3. RECIPES
First, one teaspoon of coffee is put in the shaker.

He puts a teaspoon of coffee in the shaker.
70
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 31
The family praise ANNE for her meal.
SARAH, her husband MARK, daughter Louise and brother STEVE are
there. They are finishing their meal.
STEVE
Thats pretty good for a beginner.
ANNE smiles, but her mind is somewhere else.
STEVE
Anne, you seem sad again. Whats the matter?
ANNE
Theres something I havent told you...
SARAH
That was delicious Anne.
1. PRAISING A MEAL
If we like what we have eaten we can say:
That was nice.
That was very tasty.
That was delicious.
ANNE
Im glad you enjoyed it.
.
MARK
Yes, it was very tasty.
ANNE
If you went to Singapore you could have it everyday.
SARAH
There you are, Mark, the advantages of travel.
SARAH
That was delicious Anne.
ANNE
Im glad you enjoyed it.
STEVE
I thought it was absolutely superb.
MARK
Yes, it was very tasty.
ANNE
Thankyou, Steve. What did you think Louise?
If you think it was more than delicious you can say:

That was absolutely superb.
LOUISE
Too hot!
ANNE
Im sorry. Thats how we eat in Singapore.
STEVE
I thought it was absolutely superb.
Its not polite to say you dont like a meal if you are a guest.
But in a restaurant you can say to the people you are with:
That was awful.
That wasnt very nice.
STEVE
Do you want to play darts?
ANNE
Whats that?
STEVE
Come on, Ill show you.
2. TO & TOO
We use too to mean as well.
LOUISE
Can I play too?
LOUISE
Can I play too?
SARAH
No Louise. Let Anne relax. She cooked dinner, so well clean up.
In the games room, Steve shows Anne how to play darts.
Or to mean more than
ANNE
Thankyou, Steve. What did you think Louise?
LOUISE
Too hot!
STEVE
You have to hold it like this. Gently, like this. Look where you want the
dart to go, and throw it, but not too hard.
ANNE throws her dart.
more information: Using The Word Too - episode
24
3. SO
Sometimes we use so to mean because.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
71
Listen to these sentences:

We wont go out because its raining.
Its raining, so we wont go out.
3. Plug kettle into power outlet.

= Plug the kettle into a power outlet
Ive got to go because its late

Its late, so Ive got to go.
4. Turn power on.

= Turn the power on
Ill buy this coat because I like it.

I like this coat, so Ill buy it.
5. Turn switch on kettle to on.

= Turn the switch on the kettle to on
SARAH
Let Anne relax. She cooked dinner, so well clean up.
**********
4. INSTRUCTIONS
When giving instructions to someone, we say you must or you have
to.
Look at the instructions for playing Pick up sticks.

You have to hold the sticks firmly in your hand.
You have to let them fall.
You have to pick up as many sticks as you can.

You must be very careful.
You must not move any of the other sticks.
STEVE
You have to hold it like this.
Giving commands or instructions is always to the second person, or

you.
But we can leave out the word you.
So the instructions for pick up sticks can just be:

Hold the sticks firmly in your hand.
Let them fall.
Pick them up without moving the others.
STEVE
Gently, like this. Look where you want the dart to go, and throw it, but
not
too hard.
Written instructions often leave other words out, especially a, and

the.
Electric kettle
1. Fill with desired amount of water.

= put the amount of water you need into the kettle
2. Do not fill past maximum water level mark.

= dont put too much water in
72
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 32
STEVE
Yes. ANNE thinks she saw him.
DAVID tells ANNE what he knows.

STEVE is looking at the photo.
.
STEVE
This is your brother?
SARAH
Well the Market are open tomorrow. Let us find out.
ANNE
I cant believe it. David, working at the Market.
ANNE
Yes
1. REPORTED SPEECH
We use says when we are talking about the singular third person.
Michelle says she doesnt eat meat.
STEVE
I know this man!
ANNE
You know him!
ANNE
Steve says he knows my brother.
STEVE
I am sure it is him. This is the man who works at the stall where I
buy
fruit.
The first person is I or we.

We use say with the first person.
I say that meat is good for you.
We say that you should eat healthy foods.
ANNE
I knew it! I knew it was him! We must go there now!
STEVE
Hold on! Hold on! It is ten oclock at night. The Market is closed. Let
me
have another look. How long since you have seen him?
We also use say with the second person, you.

You say that English is difficult.
The third person is anyone or anything else.

ANNE
Two years.
We use says with the third person.

She says that shes sick.
He says that he cant do it.
The doctor says to get some rest.
STEVE
It is him. I am sure it is him.
SARAH comes into the room.
SARAH
What is going on?
ANNE
He says Davids working at the Market.
ANNE
Steve says he knows my brother.
SARAH
What!
We dont just use say or says to mean talking.

We use it to mean writing too.
The newspaper says that there was a terrible accident.
It says that the train leaves soon.
STEVE
Well I think so?
ANNE
He says David is working at the Market.
But when the third person is plural, we use say:

The newspapers say that there was a terrible accident.
They say that things are getting better.
The doctors say that smoking is bad for you.
STEVE
That is right.
ANNE
My brother sells fruit for a living!
SARAH
Steve, are you sure?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
73
If we ask a question we use say.

What does the newspaper say?
What does she say?
What does it say?
What do you say?
What did I say?
What did we say?
The past tense of say is said.

We use said with the first, third and second person.
I said it would be easy.
He said that he was tired.
You said that you would help.
The newspapers said that the war was over.
We use thinks or think in the same way as says or say

I think I understand.
She thinks meat is bad for you.
They link information like this.

This is the house.
I live there.
We can link these sentences with the word where.
This is the house where I live.
STEVE
This is the man who works at the stall where I buy fruit.
We can link more information with who.
This is the man.
He owns the house.
I live there.
This is the man who owns the house where I live.
STEVE
4. AT, AS, FOR & IN

We mostly say that we work at a specific place.
David works at the market.
I work at the local TV station.
ANNE
My brother sells fruit for a living!
SARAH
Steve, are you sure?
STEVE
Yes. Anne thinks she saw him.
.
2. WHO OR THAT
We mostly use who when we are talking about people and always
that if
were talking about things.
I dont like cars that are noisy.
I dont like people who are noisy.
I like children who laugh.
You can say:

I dont like people that are noisy.
I like children that laugh.
ANNE
I cant believe it. David, working at the Market.
We mostly use in for the general type of work we do.
I work in the media.
Anne works in the wine industry.
David works in retail.
We say for to mean the organization you are helping with your
work.
He works for a bank.
I work for the government.
Anne works for an export business.
We use as to say what your job title is.

I work as a writer.
David works as a greengrocer.
Anne works as a wine importer.
But with things we always use that.

I dont like cars that are noisy.
I like houses that are old.
STEVE
**********
3. COMPLEX SENTENCES
Words such as who, that and where are used to make
complex
sentences.
74
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 33
Later, they are driving.
ANNE, STEVE and SARAH look for DAVID at the Market stall.
STEVE leads them to the fruit and vegetables stall where ANNE thinks
STEVE
she saw DAVID.
Straight ahead?
SARAH
Yes, no, left at the next lights.
ANNE
Hes not here.
STEVE
Give me the photo. Ill ask.
ANNE gives him the photo and STEVE goes up to the FRUITSELLER.
ANNE
How far is it?
SARAH
Not far. Keep going along this road until you get to a roundabout.
A police motorbike catches up with them and turns on its siren.
STEVE
Excuse me!
STEVE
Uh oh.
FRUITSELLER
Yes mate.
STEVE
Were looking for this man. He works here, doesnt
he?
FRUITSELLER
Who wants to know?
STEVE
This is his sister. Shes been looking for him.
FRUITSELLER
Dont know anything about a sister. He never mentioned a sister.
ANNE
But it is him, isnt it? Please say its him!
FRUITSELLER
Yeah, well this does look like our Davo. Reckon its him, love.
SARAH
Whats that?
STEVE
Its the cops.
1. DIRECTIONS
The main directions are:
North - South - East - West
Where left and right are depends on which way you are facing.
For you, the cup is to the left of the plate and the shell is to the
right.
On maps the top of the page is always North.

South is always on the bottom of the page.
West in to the left.
And East is to the right.
ANNE
Oh thankyou, thankyou! Its David!
Lets listen to the directions given in the drama.
STEVE
I knew it!
Turns to Fruitseller
STEVE
Straight ahead?
Hes asking if he should just go straight and not turn.

Listen to Sarah:
SARAH
Yes, no, left at the next lights.
STEVE
So where is he?
FRUITSELLER
Look I dunno, mate. He rang yesterday. Said he wanted a couple of
days
off. I said okay hes usually pretty good.
ANNE
Do you know where he lives?
She wants to give the directions quickly, so she doesnt say turn.
The next lights means the next set of traffic lights.
Now listen to how she tells Steve to continue in the same direction:
SARAH
Keep going along this road until you get to a roundabout.
FRUITSELLER
Hang on love, Ill just get me book.
SARAH
Well go there straight away.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
75
SARAH
She says keep going.
Remember that when we give instruction or orders, we dont say
you.
Sarah doesnt say you keep going, she just says keep going
If we finished eating dinner for a longer time we say:

I ate my dinner.
Listen again:
SARAH
Keep going along this road until you get to a
roundabout.
Until you get to a roundabout.
Until means up to when or up to the time that.
When they get to the roundabout they will have to turn.
**********
2. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

We use the present perfect continuous tense for things done in the
past
and which we continue to do now.
I have been writing these examples for quite a while.
We hope you have been watching Living English.
We use have or has with been and the ing form of a verb to form this
tense.
I have been dancing for hours.
He has been driving all day.
STEVE
This is his sister. Shes been looking for him.
3. PRESENT PERFECT
The tense we use for things that are not continuous actions, but
started
in the past and continue to be true is the present perfect.
I have lost my keys.
(the keys are still lost)
She has burnt her hand.

(her hand is still burnt)
We use have or has with a past participle to form the present

perfect.
I have found my keys.
We say this when the keys are recently found.

If they were found a longer time ago we say:
I found my keys.
Just after we finish eating we say:

I have eaten my dinner.
76
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 34
SARAH
But its true!
SARAH, ANNE and STEVE get pulled over for speeding.

A policeman is following them on a motorbike.
ANNE
Whats that?
STEVE
Its the cops!
They pull over, and the policeman approaches.
ANNE
Im really sorry. Its all my fault. I was only thinking about my brother,
and
now youre in trouble.
STEVE
Its okay Anne. It was my fault we were going too fast.
POLICEMAN
Look, just stick to the speed limit, okay?
POLICEMAN
Can I see your licence please?
STEVE
Thank you officer. Thankyou so much.
STEVE
Here you are. Im sorry officer, whats the
problem?
POLICEMAN
But thats no excuse for not wearing a seatbelt. Right now be off with
you. I
hope they find your brother, maam.
POLICEMAN
Im afraid you were travelling at seventy kilometres per hour in a sixty
kilometre zone. Also, I see you have a passenger in the back seat who
was
STEVE
not wearing a seat belt. Do you know that you must wear a seat belt Thanks officer.
when
youre travelling in a vehicle, maam?
1. PAST CONTINUOUS
Steve was travelling too fast.
SARAH
Im sorry. I forgot. You see officer, my friend here has been looking for
her
Was travelling is a verb tense called past continuous. It describes a
brother who she hasnt seen for two years, and weve just discovered continuous action in the past.
the
address.
STEVE
We were driving there when you pulled us over.
POLICEMAN
Yes, well, you hear a lot of stories in this job. I havent heard that
one
before.
POLICEMAN
Im afraid you were travelling at seventy kilometres per hour in a
sixty
kilometre zone.
Travelling is a continuous action, one that goes on for a time. And it is

a past
action, because Steve is not travelling now. He has stopped.
Listen for another continuous action that has stopped.
POLICEMAN
Also, I see you have a passenger in the back seat who was not
wearing a seat
belt.
We form the past continuous with was or were and the ing form of the
verb.
They were driving too fast.
I was working too hard.
It was raining.
STEVE
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
77
We form the negative of the past continuous by saying not between

was or
were and the ing verb.
They were not driving too fast.
I was not working too hard.
It was not raining.
POLICEMAN
Also, I see you have a passenger in the back seat who was not
wearing a
seat belt.
2. WHILE, WHO & WHEN

While, who and when are used to make complex sentences.
While means during the time.
Its used to link two ideas together.

You are on a bus.
You must have a ticket.
You must have a ticket while you are on a bus.
3. USING TENSES
Listen to this long sentence from Sarah.
SARAH
Im sorry. I forgot. You see officer, my friend here has been looking for
her
brother who she hasnt seen for two years, and weve just discovered
the
address.
The present perfect continuous tense

My friend here has been looking for her brother tells us that Anne
was
looking in the past, and is still looking now.
SARAH
You see officer, my friend here has been looking for her
brother...
She hasnt seen him shows that in all that time, Anne did not see her
brother, and she still hasnt seen him now.
You are in a restaurant.

You mustnt smoke.
You mustnt smoke while you are in a restaurant.
When connects two actions which happened at the same time.

We were driving there.
You pulled us over.
SARAH
You see officer, my friend here has been looking for her brother who
she
hasnt seen for two years.
more information: Present Perfect Continuous Tense - Episode 28
Weve just discovered his address. is the present perfect tense.

They
discovered his address just a little while ago at the market.
STEVE
We were speeding.
You stopped us.
We were speeding when you stopped us.
SARAH
she
hasnt seen for two years, and weve just discovered the address.
POLICEMAN
Do you know that you must wear a seat belt when youre travelling
in a
vehicle, maam?
**********
We also link ideas with who.

My friend has been looking for her brother.
She hasnt seen him for two years.
My friend has been looking for her brother who she hasnt seen for
two
years.
SARAH
she
hasnt seen for two years
78
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 35
DAVID
Anne this is my er girlfriend, Rose..
They arrive at DAVIDs house

ROSE
Youd better come in.
SARAH
Where did you say it was?
STEVE
This is it. Barker Street. Were looking for number 57.
The car pulls up outside the house.
1. INTRODUCTIONS
David had to introduce his sister to his partner.
First he introduces his sister to Rose.
Listen.
ANNE
What am I gonna say to him?
DAVID
Rose this is my sister Anne.
Then he introduces Rose to Anne.
SARAH
Itll be fine. Hes your brother.
STEVE
So. Whos going to knock?
DAVID
Anne this is my er... girlfriend, Rose...
ANNE
I guess I will. Im so nervous.
SARAH
Dont worry. Well be here.
ANNE walks up to the front door and knocks. A WOMAN (ROSE)
comes to the front door.
When you introduce someone, you say something about them whether
they are your sister or your boss, or whatever seems to be important.
Jim - this is our receptionist, Sue.
more information: Introductions - Episode 1
ROSE
Hello.
ANNE
Hello. I wonder er, Im sorry to bother you. Im looking forits very
hard to explain.
2. ASKING FOR HELP

To ask for help we say:
Hello. I wonder if you could help me
or
Hello. Im sorry to bother you.
ROSE
Perhaps my partner can help you. David!
ANNE is shocked. DAVID comes to the door and recognises his sister. ANNE
Hello. I wonder er, Im sorry to bother you. Im looking forits very
hard to explain.
DAVID
Anne!
ANNE
David!
DAVID
Its so good to see you. Im so ashamed. Ive been so selfish.
3. I HAVE BEEN
We say I have been or Ive been to talk about something that has
happened
for a period of time.
I have been studying English for a year.
Ive been driving since I was sixteen.
Listen to Anne and David talk about their feelings in the periode of
time
when they were apart.
ANNE
Im so glad youre alright. Ive been so worried.
ROSE is looking confused and a little worried.
DAVID
Its so good to see you. Im so ashamed. Ive been so selfish.
DAVID
Rose this is my sister Anne.
ANNE
Im so glad youre alright. Ive been so worried.
ROSE
Your sister!
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
79
4. FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS

She is angry.
She feels anger.
She is happy.
She is showing her happiness.
She is anxious.
You can see her anxiety.
She looks worried.
She is sad.
Her face shows her sadness.
EPISODE 36
ANNE meets her brothers family
ROSE
ROSE
You didnt tell me you had a sister.
(Turning to the others)
David hasnt told me very much about his family.
DAVID
Im so sorry. Anne, I feel very bad about not contacting you.
5. YOUD BETTER
A common way of saying the best thing to do is... is youd
better.
Youd better finish that essay.
Youd better feed the cat.
ROSE
ANNE
I just cant believe it. I was looking for you, thinking that something
terrible
must have happened and here you are playing house!
DAVID
Theres someone you should meet.
He takes ANNE to a corner of the room where there is a crib with a
cover
over it. He folds back the cover. There is a baby there.
DAVID
This is our son, Sam. Sam, meet your Aunt Anne.
ANNE
David! My little brother a father! Hes beautiful! David, why didnt
you
tell me about Rose. Why didnt you tell me you were a father?
**********
ROSE
I think I would like to know that too.
ANNE
I would have come and helped you.
DAVID
Its hard to explain.
ANNE
I have some friends outside who helped me find you. I think you need
to
tell us all what happened.
ROSE
Ill go and get them.
DAVID picks SAM up out of his crib, and passes him to ANNE.
ANNE
Im an aunt!
ROSE comes in with the others.
ANNE
Sarah, Steve. This is my brother David and his partner, Rose. And
this is
my nephew Sam.
80
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
And if were talking about a place we use where.

This is the place where the accident happened.
SARAH
Hes gorgeous!
What can be used to mean the things that.

I mean what I say.
DAVID
(to STEVE)
I know you. You
STEVE
shop at your stall. Yeah.
DAVID
Green apples. He always wants green apples.
STEVE
Thats right. You have a good memory David.
ROSE
I think youd better all sit down.
1. INTRODUCTIONS
This time Anne introduces two groups of people instead of just
two
people:
ANNE
Sarah, Steve. This is my brother David and his partner, Rose. And
this is
my nephew Sam.
2. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
A relative pronoun is a word thats used instead of the noun
being
talked about.
Who, which, that, what and when are common relative
pronouns.
We use who for people.
Anne is the character who has found her brother.
Sarah is the character who is Marks wife.
ANNE
I think you need to tell us all what happened.
3. RELATIVES
Baby Sam is Annes nephew.
ANNE
And this is my nephew Sam.
Anne is Sams aunt.
ANNE
Im an aunt!
If Anne had a child, David would be its uncle.

If it were a girl it would be Davids niece.
If Anne had a child, it would be Sams cousin.
We use cousin for male and female.
These sorts of relatives are called your extended family.
Your immediate family is your mother, father, sisters and

brothers.
Rose is Sams mother.
David is Sams father.
Sam is Rose and Davids son.
Sam doesnt have any brothers or sisters yet.
Rose and David dont have a daughter. (girl)
ROSE
You didnt tell me you had a sister.
ANNE
I have some friends outside who helped me find
you.
We use which or that when talking about things.
I have a car which is blue.
I have a car that is blue.
**********
If were talking about time we say when.

This is the time when the bus arrives.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
81
EPISODE 37
DAVID tells his story
1. PAST TENSES
We use did or didnt if we are talking about the past.
I did know. (positive)
I didnt know. (negative)
ANNE
What happened? Why did you stop writing?
DAVID
I started my course at University. It was very difficult. Computer
science
isnt for me.
ANNE
Did you fail your exams?
ANNE
We didnt know what to think, David.
We use did with the basic form of a verb called an infinitive.

Know is the infinitive.
I did know.
DAVID
Yes. I let everyone down. I just wanted to die. Dad must be so angry.
ANNE
Hes just worried about you, David.
These are some ways of forming past tenses with the verb
know:
I did know.
I didnt know.
I knew.
DAVID
I didnt know what to do. I was so confused. I had to find a job. I
couldnt
use fathers money any more. So, I applied for a job at the Markets.
Phil
was very kind. He agreed to give me a job if I could get a working visa.
ANNE
How did you?
DAVID
I went home and applied for it.
ANNE
You mean you went back to Singapore?
DAVID
Yes. I was too ashamed to see anyone. Im such a failure.
ROSE takes Davids hand.
ROSE
I dont think youre a failure.
DAVID
Anyway, I returned here, and I started work. I met Rose, we moved
in
together, and, well, then Sam came along.
STEVE
Its an amazing story.
SARAH
I think its wonderful.
DAVID
Mum and dad wont think its that wonderful.
ANNE
Theyll be so relieved youre safe. We didnt know what to think,
David.
82
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
The past tense is had.

For an action that has not happened, we always use didnt or did not They have to find another job. (present)
They had to find another job. (past)
and
the infinitive.
I didnt know.
I didnt understand.
I didnt care.
Notice that the past tense had is followed by the infinitive to find and
not
the past tense found.
They had to find another job.
DAVID
I had to find a job.
DAVID
I didnt know what to do.
Another way that we use to form past tenses is to use the past tense
of one
3. SUCCESS & FAILURE
verb followed by the infinitive.
Success and failure are nouns:
Im a success.
Im a failure.
Look at these examples:
DAVID
He agreed to give me a job if I could get a working visa.
DAVID
Im such a failure.
He agreed to give the past tense agreed is followed by the infinitive
to
give.
The verbs are succeed and fail.
I hope you succeed with your studies.
If you work hard you wont fail.
DAVID
I was too ashamed to see anyone.
The past tense was, is followed by the infinitive to

see.
ANNE
Did you fail your exams?
Look at how these sentences are changed to talk about the past:
I know what to do. (present)
I knew what to do. (past)
I want to study overseas. (present)
I wanted to study overseas. (past)
The past tenses are succeeded and failed.

They succeeded in business.
He failed his exams
more information: past tense - episode 6
2. HAVE
We use the word have and its past tense had in a number of
ways.
**********
They form perfect tenses with other verbs such as the present perfect
have
done for things that have just happened.
I have done a good job.
Have is also used as an ordinary verb.
It can mean need

I have to study.
If you lose your job, you have to find another.
If Michelle loses her job, she has to find another.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
83
EPISODE 38
DAVID
But not like this!
They discuss what DAVID should do.
ANNE
Theyll be so relieved youre safe. We didnt know what to think,
David.
STEVE
Your secrets out now.
SARAH
Steve!
DAVID
Cant I just disappear? You can pretend I dont exist.
ANNE
Its alright Sarah. Steves right. I think David knows what he has to
do.
ANNE
You should have told me. I could have helped. Didnt you realise wed
come
and look for you?
DAVID
What do you suggest?
DAVID
I just couldnt face Dad.
ANNE
You could have told your sister.
DAVID
Hello Mum. Its me, David. Yeah, Im Okay, Im alright. Anne found me.
Yeah, Im working. Look, Im so sorry that I didnt call you. Can you
forgive
me? Yeah okay, alright. I love you too. Yeah, Alright. Mums crying.
Shes
gone to get Dad. Hes going to be so angry. Hello dad?
DAVID
I ought to have told you Anne. I should have trusted you. Im so sorry.
ANNE
Hes so beautiful David. You cant keep him from Mum and Dad.
ROSE
Theyre your flesh and blood, David. Theyre Sams grandparents.
Dont
you think theyll want to see him? Dont you think I want to meet
your
parents?
ANNE
Rose is right David. Mum and Dad so much want to be
grandparents.
1. CANT I ...?
We say cant before words such as I, we and you when
making
suggestions.
Cant we just catch a taxi.
Cant you just ask for directions.
DAVID
Cant I just disappear?
You can also use couldnt instead of cant.

Couldnt we just catch a taxi.
Couldnt you just ask for directions.
Couldnt I just disappear.
2. SHOULD HAVE, COULD HAVE & OUGHT TO

We use these phrases for things not done in the past.
Should have is used to talk about things it would have been better
to
do in the past.
I should have worn a jacket. (Now Im cold.)
You should have left earlier. (Now youre late.)
They should have asked me to come. (Now Im sad.)
ANNE
You should have told me.
Should have can be contracted to shouldve.

I shouldve worn a jacket.
84
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
The negative is shouldnt.

I shouldnt have said that. Im sorry.
Another way of talking about things not done in the past is ought
to.
We use it in the similar way to should have.
I ought to have worn a jacket.
You ought to have left earlier.
We use it to talk about things it would have been right to do.
You ought to give that money back. You stole it.
ROSE
Theyre your flesh and blood, David. Theyre Sams grandparents.
Dont
you think theyll want to see him? Dont you think I want to meet your
parents?
flesh and blood means blood relatives or people you are directly
related to
**********
DAVID
I ought to have told you Anne. I should have trusted you.
We use could have for things that were possible to do in the

past.
I could have written my essay last night, but I decided not to.
ANNE
You should have told me. I could have helped.
We use could to talk about things in the future that are possible to do.
I could write my essay tomorrow.
We use can to talk about things you are able to do.

I can run fast.
Or to give permission to someone.
You can leave now.
David uses the negative couldnt.
DAVID
I just couldnt face Dad.
3. PERSUADING
We use cant to mean it would be wrong to.
You cant read a book in a meeting.
You cant drive fast in the city.
ANNE
Hes so beautiful David. You cant keep him from Mum and
Dad.
The expression Dont you think..? is another way of persuading
someone
to your point of view.
Dont you think that David should marry Rose?
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
85
EPISODE 39
NORMAN
Do you realise how worried weve been?
DAVID talks to his father.
DAVID
Hello Dad? Its me, David.
NORMAN
Do you realise how worried weve been?
DAVID (V.O.)
Yes, I
This phrase can also be used to make people aware of something.

Do you realise that youve left your car lights on?
We use How could you... to say that we are upset.

How could you do something so stupid?
How could you be so careless?
NORMAN
Youre our son! How could you do this to us?
NORMAN
Youre our son! How could you do this to us?
DAVID
Im sorry for causing you so much worry dad. I thought you would be
angry. Thats why I didnt tell you I couldnt study any more.
NORMAN
Of course Im angry. Your mother has been sick with worry. But you
didnt
have to disappear. What have you been doing all this time?
2. APOLOGISING
The word we use to apologise is sorry.
Here are some ways that sorry is used.
Im sorry for being so late.
Im sorry for making so much noise.
DAVID
Im sorry for causing you so much worry dad.
DAVID
Ive been working. I work at the market. Im going to be a partner in Another way of saying sorry, is to say Im sorry to do something.
Im sorry to interrupt.
the
business soon. And Dadtheres something else. Im with someone. Im sorry to take so long.
And
we have a baby boy (silence) Dad? Are you still there?
NORMAN
Did you say you were married?
DAVID
Not exactly. I have a partner. Her name is Rose. And we have a son.
Your
grandson. Dad?
NORMAN
Im here David. Theres too much to think about. I want you to come
home.
DAVID
But I
3. I THOUGHT YOU WOULD...

We sayI thought you would... to talk about what you thought
people wanted or
were likely to do or feel.
I thought you would like this film.
I thought you would be interested in this job.
DAVID
Im sorry for causing you so much worry dad. I thought you would
be
angry.
You can also use the negative:

NORMAN
I thought you wouldnt like this film.
No buts. You need to come home. Bring her. Bring Rose and our
grandson.
Your mother and I love you, and we want to see you. We want to meet
your family.
1 HOW COULD YOU?

We use the phrase Do you realise... to show that we are annoyed
or
angry.
Do you realise how late you are?
Do you realise what the time is?
4. NEED & WANT

We use want to express desire.
I want to learn English.
I want to have a cup of coffee.
We say I want you to if you are telling someone to do something.

I want you to sit down.
86
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
NORMAN
I want you to come home.
We use need to mean something we must do or want strongly.
I need to eat.
I need to learn English for my new job.
EPISODE 40
DAVID reports his conversation to the others.
DAVID
Goodbye. Ill see you soon. Yeah, I promise. I love you too.
SARAH
Well? What did they say?
NORMAN
You need to come home.
5. PARTNER
A partner is a part owner of a business.
DAVID
My mother said she was glad that Im okay. She said she was happy to
hear
my voice. She told me that shes been very worried.
DAVID
ANNE
Ive been working. I work at the market. Im going to be a partner in What about dad? What did he say?
the
business soon.
Partner can also mean a husband, wife or the person you live with.
DAVID
He said he was very angry, but that he forgives me, and he told me
that he
loves me.
DAVID
I have a partner. Her name is Rose. And we have a son.
ANNE
Of course he loves you. Hes your father!
ROSE
Did he say anything else?
**********
DAVID
Yes, he asked me to go home. He said they want to see us.
ROSE
All of us?
DAVID
Yes. They want to meet you. And Sam. They asked us to go to
Singapore.
ROSE
But we cant afford it.
DAVID
Hes sending us tickets.
ANNE
Of course he is. He loves you, David. We all do. And now there is Rose
and Sam too.
ROSE
Id love to meet your parents David. And Sam wants to meet his
grandparents. Theyre our family
DAVID
Im so sorry.
ROSE
Its okay. Its all out now. Well go as soon as possible.
ANNE
You can come with me.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
87
STEVE
What about me? Can I come too?
SARAH
Youre not family, Steve.
1. WHAT DID...?
When we ask questions about the past we use what did and the
present
tense of the verb.
What did you find?
What did she win?
What did they do?
The reported speech is he told me that he loves me.

This is what he actually said:
NORMAN (*episode 39)

Your mother and I love you, and we want to see you.
Listen again to some reported speech.

ROSE
Did he say anything else?
DAVID
Yes, he asked me to go home. He said they want to see us.
The reported speech is he asked me to go home.

ANNE
What did he say?
I want you to come home.
2. REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech is telling other people what someone has said.
You can use other words besides said and told when reporting
speech.
He ordered me to go home.
He begged me to go home.
He asked me to go home.
DAVID
My mother said she was glad that Im okay. She said she was happy to
hear
my voice. She told me that shes been very worried.
We use the past tense of say, said.
DAVID
My mother said she was glad that Im okay.
DAVID
They asked us to go to Singapore.
3. AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
As soon as possible means as soon as you can or very soon.
Or the past tense of tell, told.
DAVID
She told me that shes been very worried.
We usually report the rest of what a person has said using the past
tense.
ROSE
Well go as soon as possible.
Here are some other words that mean soon.

Ill do that in a minute.
Ill do that in a little while.
DAVID
She said she was happy to hear my voice.
Now listen to some reported speech and then what was actually
said.
DAVID
He said he was very angry, but that he forgives me, and he told me
that he
loves me..
The reported speech is he said he was very angry.

4. INFLECTION / STRESS
In English, usually one word in a sentence is said with more stress
than
the others.
Listen for the word that is stressed in this example.
ANNE
Its me. - Listen again:

Of course Im angry.
88
ANNE
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
Changing the word that is stressed can change the meaning of a

EPISODE 41
sentence.
ANNE and SARAH, and STEVE and ANNE discuss the future.
When you say it like this, it means the person you are talking to can
come,
but others cant. It is also more like an order.
SARAH
Well, you found your brother, youve ordered your wine, and tomorrow
youre going home.
Listen again:
ANNE
Yes, Sarah, thank you for everything.
You can stress can if someone has suggested that they cant come.
I dont know if I can come.
You can stress with to invite someone or point out that you are not
going
by yourself.
Here are some common expressions that rely on stress for their
meaning.
Listen
What are you doing?
We say this when someone is doing something annoying or wrong.
SARAH
But youll come back, wont you?
ANNE
Yes, if the wine sells well, Ill be back soon. I feel as if I have a second
family here.
SARAH
Id love to come and see you in Singapore.
ANNE
Oh yes! Ill show you around. And you must meet my parents. Thatd
be
great.
SARAH
Well, if our business goes well, Ill be able to afford it.
If you dont know exactly what someone is doing, or you are curious, ANNE
Theres no ifs about it. Youre a very good agent. Im so happy
you
youre my
say:
buyer here.
What are you doing?
If you are surprised that someone is doing something you say:

What are you doing?
STEVE
If you like, Ill come to Singapore with Sarah.
ANNE
Id like that very much. You can meet my parents too.
To tell someone that a place is worth visiting we say:
Thailand is beautiful. You must go.
STEVE
Do you think theyll like me?
But to tell someone to leave immediately we say:

You must go.
ANNE
Of course theyll like you. If I like you, theyll like you.
SARAH
I think Id better leave you two alone. Ring me if you need help
with
packing.
.
**********
STEVE
Ive only just met you. And now youre leaving.
ANNE
But Ill come back. If you want me to.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
89
1. HOPES FOR THE FUTURE

One way of expressing a hope about the future is to use will and
the
question wont you?
STEVE
If you like, Ill come to Singapore with Sarah.
The condition for Steve coming to Singapore is Anne liking it.

SARAH
But youll come back, wont you?
ANNE
Of course theyll like you. If I like you, theyll like you.
Youll phone me, wont you?
Youll bring some food, wont you?
The condition for Annes parents to like Steve is Anne liking him.
We use this expression with other pronouns.
Hell be alright, wont he?
Theyll come back, wont they?
Ill win, wont I?
To talk about things we really want to do we say I would love to.
I would love to win a million dollars.
SARAH
Ring me if you need help with packing.
The condition of Anne ringing Sarah is that she needs help packing.
It doesnt really matter which way round we say this. You could say:
If you need help packing, ring me.
We usually contract I would to Id.
Id love to win a million dollars.
ANNE
But Ill come back. If you want me to.
SARAH
Id love to come and see you in Singapore.
The condition for Anne to come back is Steve wanting her to.
.
Sometimes we use you must to mean you should

Thailand is beautiful. You must go.
ANNE
Oh yes! Ill show you around. And you must meet my parents.
SARAH
Well, if our business goes well, Ill be able to afford it.
The condition for Sarah to afford to go to Singapore is the business

going
well.
To say that she feels certain that Sarah will visit Singapore , Anne
says:
2. IF
We use if to talk about possibility. This use of if is called
conditional.
ANNE
If I blow air into the balloon, it will get bigger.
Theres no ifs about it.
The thing that will cause the balloon to get bigger is blowing into it.
If I prick the balloon with a pin, it will burst.
The thing or condition that will cause the balloon to burst is being
Listen for a different use of if:
pricked with a pin
ANNE
Yes, if the wine sells well, Ill be back soon.
ANNE
I feel as if I have a second family here.
As if means like.
I feel as if Ive been studying for too long.
**********
The wine selling well is the condition for Anne coming back.
Anne is not sure that the wine will sell well. If she was, she would use
when, not if
When the wine sells, Ill come back.
90
Living English
Episode 1 - 42
EPISODE 42
ANNE, DAVID and his family fly home.
1. THANKYOU FOR ...

you can thanks people for things they give you, or show
you.
Thanks you fo rthe lovely meal.
Thanksyou for the present.
Thanksyour for listening.
SARAH
Im sure they will. Ill be expecting a postcard from you Anne, so
youd
better send me one.
STEVE
And Ill be waiting for a postcard too.
ANNE
Ill be counting the days until you come to Singapore.
3. AIPORT TERMS
When you arrive at the airport with a ticket you check in.
This mean you go to the Check in Counter where your bags are
taken
and you are given a boarding pass.
A boarding pass tell which seat on the plane to sit in.
ANNE
Well, I guess this is it. Sarah, thank you so much for all your help, and Other words for your bags abd things you take with you are
luggage
for
and baggage.
your kindness.
SARAH
Please dont mention it. And thank you for trusting me to be your
business
partner.
2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
To talk about the future we use will.
More information: Episode 2 - The Future Tense.
If you dont have a ticket, you must first buy one at the ticket
counter.
Your plane is called your flight. Getting on the plane is called boarding
the
plane and the place where you wait to get on the plane is called gate
lounge
or gate. Listen for the terms in this announcement.
To talk about actions that continuing we use the ing forms of verbs.
more information: Episode 13 - Present Continuous
ANNOUNCEMENT
Attention please! This is the final call for Singapore Airlines flight
SQ452
direct to Singapore. Could all passengers for this flight go immediately
to
We use will with a verb that has the ing ending to talk about things in gate lounge 3.
the
future that will happen more than once, or all of the time.
I will be studying all day tomorrow.
This is called the Future Contuinuous Tense.
The Final Call is the last call. Anne had better hurry!
ANNE
And my friend. Ill be thinking of you all the time.
4. GOODBYE
If were going to see someonein a short time we say see you later or
see
you.
See you tomorrow.
See you later.
She doesnt say I will think of you. this means just one time.
Here more examples of the Future Continuous.
DAVID
I want to thank you too Sarah, for being so kind to my sister and
looking
after her so well. Ill be thinking of you too.
SARAH
Thank you. It was great to meet you. And you too Rose. I hope
everything
goes well in Singapore.
ROSE
Im looking forward to meeting Davids parents. I hope they like
me.
Episode 1 - 42
Living English
For longer periods fo time we use the more formal goodbye.

Goodbye from Living english.
ANNE
Goodbye. See you soon.
SARAH
Goodbye.
91
STEVE
Ill see you soon.
SARAH
Goodbye ROSE. Good luck. And you too David.
SARAH / DAVID /SARAH

Bye. See ya. Bye.
JOHN
Wait! Ive found him. Ive found your brother!
STEVE
What. Another one?
THE END
92
Living English
Episode 1 - 42

Editan - Living English (CD Book)

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Episode 1 - 42

Anne walks out with the other passengers...

Anne walks out with the other passengers...

They leave the airport.

The three watch as the bags go around. Anne points.

How are you?

And you can say:

A reply to hello can be hello.

A reply to Hi can be Hi.

A reply to Good morning can be Good morning.

A reply to How are you? can be Good thanks

Another reply to this is fine thanks

A sentence always starts with a capital letter, and ends with a

Here is a simple sentence:

or informally Not bad

If you are introducing someone, you can say:

Often we give more information when introducing someone.

A common reply is:

This is made up of three parts:

Look at this sentence.

She likes wine.

The subject of a sentence is the person or thing that performs the

In the sentence : Lions eat meat. The subject is

Possessive pronouns can be used instead of the noun:

Possessive pronouns are:

The object of a sentence is the person or thing that is affected by the

5. THIS AND THAT

That is used to refer to objects or people further away.

Possessive adjectives go before nouns to show who or what owns

Possessive adjectives are:

The hat is red.

Sarah and Mark take Anne to her hotel.

To add emphasis we can say:

A more informal word is:

Some polite replies to thank you are:

Some more casual or informal replies to thank you or thanks are:

Thank you very much.

3. THE FUTURE TENSE

Here are three sentences:

Simple Present Tense:

Present Continuous Tense:

When leaving a friend or someone we will see again we might say:

Will I go to the city?

How will you be paying?

I will becomes Ill.

He will becomes hell.

We will becomes well

You will becomes youll.

Youll go to the city.

They will becomes theyll.

Theyll lose all their money.

But in questions, will is pronounced fully.

We say the persons title, followed by their family name. In English

So Brenton Whittles formal title is:

We never put Mr, Mrs or Ms before first names, only before

How will you be paying?

How will you be paying?

When we say a specific time, we use at.

>> more information: Preposition with Time.

He can see you.

For quarter hours we say a quarter past or a quarter to.

Usually, in conversation, we shorten this to: