Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Approved
Accepted
May, 1988
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My recently
11
Ill
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ii
TABLES
vi
FIGURES
vii
NOMENCLATURE
CHAPTER
I.
II.
III.
INTRODUCTION
11
Reservoir Model
12
Wellbore Model
24
V.
VI.
25
32
36
37
41
Difference Scheme
46
49
50
51
54
Boundary Conditions
56
Matrix Notation
60
Numerical Algorithm
61
64
66
iv
71
76
83
VIII.
91
92
99
Influencing Factors
100
103
Simulation Results
104
CONCLUSIONS
113
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
116
119
TABLES
6-1.
6-2.
6-3.
70
77
85
VI
FIGURES
3-1.
3-2.
3-3.
3-4.
4-1.
4-2.
13
23
26
33
39
40
4-3.
4-4.
43
44
4-6.
48
5-1.
57
67
68
72
4-5.
6-1.
6-2.
6-3.
Vll
6-4.
6-5.
6-6.
73
78
86
6-7.
6-8.
89
90
93
95
Comparison of finite-difference
approximations to Ramey, et al.-^
solutions for a dimensionless
wellbore storage constant of 1000
96
Comparison of finite-difference
approximations to Ramey, et al.-^ analytical
solutions for various dimensionless
wellbore storage coefficients
98
6-9.
6-10.
6-11.
6-12.
6-13.
7-1.
7-2.
7-3.
106
107
108
Vlll
7-4.
7-5.
110
112
IX
NOMENCLATURE
Symbol
cgs
English
cm^
ft^
Ai
P^.-j^^'''-'- coefficients
Awb
cm^
ft^
atm
psia
B.
P^^'^^
cc/stdcc
RB/STB
fluid
^ --1^*
atm
psi'-1
-^
atm - 1 *
psi -1
cc/atm*
RB/psi
system compressibility
J- - 1 *
atm
^
psi - ^1
atm
psia
sec
days
coefficients
compressibility
P^^^^^"*"^ coefficients
'pv
pore volume
compressibility
D.
position
subscript
yj
compressibility
coefficients
cm
ft
k^
Darcies
Darcies
cm
ft
M,
gms
Ibm
M owb
gms
Ibm
time level
(known)
n+1
time level
(unknown)
superscript
superscript
cm'^/sec
ft /day
oil viscosity
cp
cp
porosity
pressure
atm
psia
atm
psia
bottom-hole pressure
atm
psia
atm
psia
(P)r-
pressure at radius r
atm
psia
(P)
sandface pressure
atm
psia
wellhead pressure
atm
psia
atm
psia
bh
(fraction)
dimensionless pressure
1
wf
Q OS
rw
radius
cm
ft
r^
cm
ft
cm
ft
wellbore radius
cm
ft
gms/CO
Ibm/ft^
gms/cc
Ibm/ft^
time
sec
to
dimensionless time
U^
^m
^w
Pf
Po
Pos
XI
hours
U^
wellbore radius
^wb
wellbore volume
cc
ft-"
Vp
pore volume
cc
ft~-^
\}/jL
sec
days
cm
ft
non-cgs units
xii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The
simulation model uses the numerical method of finitedifferences to approximate the mathematical relationship
developed for study.
To
In
The
The
Since
Dimensionless
By
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The papers
He suggested an iterative
This
8
Wells," he suggested that a plot of bottom-hole pressure
versus the logarithm of (t+At)/At (where t is the past
producing life of the well and At is the shut-in time) will
allow for the determination of formation permeability from
the slope of the curve in all cases. Horner's suggested
plotting technique of the year 1951 is referenced today by
the terminology "conventional analysis."
Ramey, et al.-'- pioneered the use of the type-curve
matching technique for analyzing wellbore pressuretransient data.
Their finite-
They
studied well coning behavior for oil and water systems and
oil and gas systems, using cylindrical coordinates. They
concluded that the ADIP method for calculating
two-dimensional fluid displacement can be adapted to handle
problems of water and gas coning.
Bixel and van Poollen^^ provided numerical solutions
to finite-difference equations that describe unsteady-state
radial flow of a slightly compressible fluid in the
presence of radial discontinuities.
The
10
Greenspan-^^ and Collatz-^^ discussed, in separate
articles, the use of irregular boundaries in reservoir
simulation.
In
in implicit form.
CHAPTER III
DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL EQUATIONS
12
assumptions made in developing conventional well test
analysis theory.
Reservoir Model
A partial differential equation describing radial flow
of a slightly compressible fluid in a porous medium will be
developed in this section.
It will be
Therefore, the
13
Horizontal surface
area, Aj^.
Production
<
f f
i !
Figure 3-1
Elemental cylinder illustrating
material balance terms.
14
conditions.
Constant porosity
(3-1)
(3-2)
>- PoMo \ ar yJ r
15
Qo massout = " 2a (r.Ar) { i ^ ^ f i ^ H
,3.3.
QQSPOS
(3-4)
-2nr
{Tfff(^)}r(-{^(eJ
(3-5)
Therefore,
Accumulation = [ ^ J
(3-6)
at /^
16
be defined below as follows:
- 1- X
^^
(3-8)
(3_9)
^pPos
^h^^Pos
2firii^Arh0pos
at == atl
Po
'
^'"''^
17
of the black-oil type.
time.
aHf,
0 \
TT ( ^ ^ 1 .
at = 2tir3j,Arhpo3
^ "^^"^ "at
(^"^2)
aT
(-^]^
_^f_?_liL
(3-13)
yield:
0 \a^ _
dP V Po /^^
f0(^^t
hf^ihl)
,L(^]\^
I V dP
P G U P J J at
and
d
d? V Po / a t
I O2UP y
Po
Po U P / J at .
(3-14)
18
Facto'ring 0/p from the right-hand side of Eq. 3-15
will yield:
d / _0^ \\ ap_
ap ^ ^ r _^/d0_\
"dP y Po Jat
Pol 0 U P ;
1_ ( d ^ \ \ ^
Po U P yj at
i_fi_^
^P^
(3.17)
0 UP
Likewise, for undersaturated oil, the fluid
(3-18)
^^ = :P^(IF)^
Total system compressibility may be defined as:
r - r
+ r.
Ct = Cpv + Cf '
(3-19)
r - _L(^1?_)
iL (^h.)
0 U P ^^ Po U P ;
(3-20)
19
Therefore,
at V Po J
V 3n J a t .
2nr^Arhpn.,f0CtAaP
at
,^_^^.
V Po J at .
-2tir
I
PoMo
VaryJr
PoMo
Ur^ir+Ar^'
A J h k o p o s ^aP>|\
fhkoPo3/aP\\
20
applying a limit to this term as Ar approaches zero will
result in:
(,.Ar){i^j2Po3.fiLM
I
Ar l i m
Ar->o
PoMo
Ji^^fiLM
\ar;ij:+Ar
'' PoMo
Var^JrA
= Ar-i-( rhkoPo3/jP\1
ar I
PoMo \ ar /J .
^325^
<^_o^ ^ , ^ ^ , ^ ^ ^ \ ^
2a
V Po / at
(3_2e)
simplifying.
^ r r l ^ C o P o s j ^ i L n _ Qo3Po_3^ , ^ J , p ^ J ^ ^ a P
a r t poMo \BrJi
2K An
"" *^ V Po / at
(3-27)
rhkoPo3fi2.Hf_l_'|
V a r / a r \, poMo/
^ hk.
-koPo3 a (rf a p n ^ ^ ^ fiL'|J_(Po3)
\Mo
arl
U r ;j
^ rhpo3 f j P y (3,^) ,
PoMo V ar / a r
PoMo \ ar / ar
fiioPos j ^ i P > j A ( h )
PoMo \ ar / a r
(3-28)
^rrl^CoPosj^iL^j = r h k o P o s f i L ^ ^ f - ^ ^
ar I. PoMo Var^i
V ar/ar \,poMo/
hkoPo3 a I r/" ap
PoMo
m^)].
(3-30)
arVPoMo/
VPoMo/ar
dPVPoMo
After expansion.
arVPoMo^
^Po d P U o V
^0 d P ^ P o / J a r
1 \ ^ J'-jL_J_dMo
arlpoHoJ
^ PoMo^dP
1 1 dpo \ ap
MoPo^ ^P / ar
(3-32)
22
Combining Eq. 3-32 with Eq. 3-29 will result in:
_3_frhkoPo3/iP>|\
ar I
PoMo
rhkoPosZ-i.^^
V ar ;J
R n2 dP
1_ J^ dp^U iP_-\
R 2 dP i{ ar J
hicpPos a
l ^ ] i r " ~ ^ I - J?
i^iW)
(3-33)
It is
(3.34)
23
Mo
P>Pb
(a)
Po
P>Pb
(b)
Figure 3-2
Viscosity v s . p r e s s u r e (a) and formation volume
factor v s . p r e s s u r e (b) for an
undersaturated oil.
2\
term for production, resulting in Eq. 3-36 below.
J^-i-/rfiLn
rm ar I Var/J
- QQSPOMO
^ fg^pCtyp
atirmArhko
I. k jat
., 3,.
locations.
This equation
is for radial fluid flow in the reservoir only and does not
include wellbore effects.
Wellbore Model
The objective of this section is to develop a
relationship between the surface and subsurface 1 low rates,
25
and to express this relationship as a function of the
pressure-time derivative located at the sandface (r^).
Mathematically, wellbore effects are treated as an
unsteady-state mass transfer across the inlet and outlet of
a vertical fluid conduit. Moreover, the storage of mass in
the wellbore may be caused by either fluid compression or a
changing liquid level.
Wellbore effects are most prominent in wells that are
subject to instantaneous rate changes at the surface (i.e.,
pressure transient testing).
The direction
26
"3-(Qos)s> 0
^(Qo3)s = 0
(b) Shut in
(a) Producing
Figure 3-3
27
considered to be unchanging and is defined by the vertical
distance z-^ from an arbitrary datum.
The
QQSPOS
d(Kovb)
(3-37)
at
(QQS^S
^^ defined as the
28
the fluid ^in the wellbore.
Mowb = ^^^^^^21.
(3-38)
Po
29
Assuming a constant cross sectional area throughout
the vertical extent of the wellbore will allow A^^ to be
removed from the derivative argument of Eq. 3-40.
Also,
dz V Po /dPbh dt .
1 dz ^ 7 d / 1 \
Sh^
Po dz
dzVp
dz
dzUoJ .
dz V Po 7
(3-42)
^ : :
dz
IpoJ
0-43)
Po
thus, combining Eq. 3-43 with Eq. 3-41 will result in:
- (0
)
s
^^t) dz dPbh
Po dPtib. dt
^3-44^
30
pressure as a function of the wellhead pressure (P) and
the depth of the liquid column, and is shown below as Eq.
3-45.
Pbh =
Ps + Pf zKc^
(3-45)
^^
dPbh
= l / A _ r ? b h ^ - j _ (is_\[
Kc I dPbh*^ Pf J
dPbh
(3_,6)
\9tji-
dz
dPbh
^ IfPbh-l- (J-\
Kc 1,
dPbh \Pt)
* -1 lbh
Pf dPbh
^
dPbh
= i-1Kc pf
(3-48)
31
Substituting the results shown by Eq. 3-48 into Eq. 3-44
results in:
^03
^^03)
Z7i^
KcpoPf
(3-49)
dt
Cs =
Qo3- (Qos)
= ^ ^
Po dt
(3-51)
32
injection wells experiencing a changing liquid level
storage are modeled quite favorably by Eq. 3-51.
Compressional Storage
Surface rates may also differ from down-hole rates by
the process of wellbore fluid compression or decompression.
The simulation model considers compressional wellbore
storage of a one-phase, oil or water system which
completely fills the wellbore volume.
fluid compression.
A material balance can be applied across the inlet and
outlet of the tubing string.
33
LEGEND
tlASS
INCREA.SE
(STORAGE)
^(Q03)s= 0
Ps2 > P s l
-l
..
^.%.%.-,
'...
..
..
^wb-
'.".
.
*...
...
...
..
'..."
^ .".**
w\.*..".
'..
'...
. . .
. . .
' . . .
*%%.
^.....
mm
=^S^
ij I 1 _
- .<...
V
I I
- - - * * - - * . *
q ^03 > 4
,.%.s.s.%.%.%.%.s.^
..s.%.s.-..s.\.s.%.^
rzL
yA-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-AK^
, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ii;..-.'..-;..-;/.....-.........II' i ^
1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 . 1 . 1| .......'......li^rJn
rzi:
(a) Producing
5?
S '.^
S '.^
S .
\
% .^i*'i'^i'*^5
% % S "I
T-^-4^ '.^
I ' I ' i t * ' . * S * ' * . ' * > ' S ' S ' S * l I II I I I
'.'
>o
-*.-\-v-*.-*.-*.-*.-*_-'.'.''.'.'.'.'. T
(b) Shut i n
Figure
3-4
34
area (A^]-))' and tubing height (L) . The resulting expression
is:
Mo^b = ^^^-^ P^
(3-52)
Po
The term MQ^J^ is defined as the total mass of oil contained
in the wellbore.
Equation 3-37 may be written for fluid compressional
storage, and is shown below as Eq. 3-53.
QosPos- (Qo3)^Po3
= ^(^^^^^^).
(3-">
('-''''
O
Qo3
(0 )
(Qos)^
"^wb ^ f i - l ^ ! ^
""^dP^lPoJ dt .
(3-55)
35
Expanding the pressure derivative of Eq. 3-55 will
yield:
Qos - (Qos)
=-VwbJ_^P^^!bh
Po^dPbh dt
(3.5
Po
dt
It will
CHAPTER IV
FINITE DIFFERENCE FORMULATION
Generally, finite-difference
Because
There are
Therefore, suitable
It is therefore
36
37
approximates the differential equations developed in the
previous chapter.
Constructing the Grid
The grid structure is comprised of concentric
elemental cylinders of constant thickness (h), bounded at
the
reservoir by r^.
The grid
The purpose
The
fe)^
U = lnf-^1 .
(4-1)
38
where r, r^, and other symbols used herein are defined in
the Nomenclature.
Since pressure is approximately a linear function of
the logarithm of radius during unsteady-state flow, equally
spaced nodes within the U-coordinate system should produce
approximately equal pressure drops between nodes in the
original (r) and transformed (U) systems (see Fig. 4-1) .
Consequently, the uniform increment between nodes, Au, will
be chosen to satisfy:
(^e-Uw)
M-1
39
(a)
^=Ki)
U
(b)
Figure 4-1
40
Figure 4-2
Schematic showing the constant node spacing chosen
As a result, nodes are located
at U^ and U^.
41
(32p/3u2) in the U region has, as an implication, a blockcentered node location.
(4-3)
In
^
Expressing
42
1/2 AU
v/
AU
1/2 AU
'^
'
AU
''
AU
v^
AU
u,
Uw
U
Figure 4-3
Schematic showing the placement of
interface grid boundaries.
^- 1/2
^i+1/2
11
^i+i
i^i-1
(a)
AU
U-i_
1-1/2
Ui+1/2
1-1
(b)
Figure 4-4
Adjacent node and interface boundary configuration
for the r region (a) and U region (b).
44
'v=*'l
(a)
T;I=U.
(b)
Figure 4-5
Illustration of the actual grid (a) and
the transformed grid (b).
45
simplify the computer coding.
Therefore, prior to
JL.i_(rfiLH - Q03P0M0
ria ar l- Var/i
2arijiArh3Co
^ l^g^MoCtVP
(3_36)
\ l^o /at
ria ar I \ a r / J
rj^ au I V a u a r / J a r
(4-5)
^
dr
= 1
r
(4-6)
46
Substituting Eq. 4-6 into Eq. 4-4 will result in
^m ar >^ \ ar / J
rj^r au\ au /
r = r^e^.
(4-8)
i-fiL')
rn^w a u v a u /
QQSPO^O
2nrjaArhko
= /0)jioCtyp
(4_g)
\ )<o /at
(4-10)
7
were solved implicitly.
A common
ap _ Pi - Pi
It is significant
n+1
.auji
i\+1
^i^^"^i
AU
(4-12)
48
.n+l
Pi-1
.n+1
n.
I
Pi+1
new t i m e l e v e l iiiiiiiiiiJt
o l d time
level
Figure 4-6
Implicit solution schematic 18
49
which approximates the spatial derivative at the i+i/2
location, which is the interface between the block i and
block i+1 (refer back to Fig. 4-3). Likewise, the backward
difference approximation of the spatial derivative is
n+1
_n+l
- Pi-1
AU
VauA
(4-13)
It is defined as follows:
n+l
-(]
auVau/
^n+1
/ ^n+1
AU
^n+l \
AU
(4-14)
AU
Grouping like terms and simplifying, Eq. 4-14 becomes:
50
will be replaced with their associated difference
approximations.
Initially,
^
^
.^
. .
iAU
fPoMoryAQosje
\ 2ahko / Ari
^^_^^^
_1_ ^
^Mo^t
(4-17)
51
'. (?)
iAU
i^mie
(4-18)
as follows:
n+l
^^n+1
.^n+1
^^,
(4-19)
52
rate).
Qos - (Qosl
= HalEbh
5^)
Po dt
('^-^^^
follows:
aUWU/'
2rtArh3Co V
{io dt J
- ''" "(^)iT .
Rearranging Eq. 4-21, subscripting, and replacing
derivatives with their appropriate finite-difference
53
a p p r o x i m a t i o n s d e v e l o p e d p r e v i o u s l y w i l l g e n e r a t e Eq. 4 - 2 2 ,
as shown b e l o w :
/o
\/v
iAU ,
v^
iAU,^n+l
n
./PoMorw^Qosje
_ (j^pry \C3^
/ P j - Pj
V 2 a h k o / Ar^
l , 2 a h k o J A r i (^ A t
... =-ff^)(i^,
Defining,
w. _
= f Jiow_^Csie_
i^o^^v \^3^
^ Utibko/ Ari
(4-23)
^n+l ^ix
(4-24)
(AU)^
presented.
CHAPTER V
NUMERICAL SOLUTION SCHEME
The M
Although many
n+1
n+1
(5-1)
55
where i = 1,...M-1, M, and M is the total number of grid
blocks.
^^n+1
,_n+l _n
^n+1
(4-24)
yield:
^ f-
\ n+1
= o c i - ^ - M i
At
At
Vi W + 1 ^ /
Vi
\ n+1
(5-2)
Ai =
-^2
{AW
^^'^^
Bi =
1
"-^, - ^
- ^
(^U)^
At
At
C, =
--
.
(5-5)
(AU)^
and
(5-4)
Di =
^
'
cxi -
^
At
- "i^
At
(5-6)
56
Therefore,' each block will have an equation similar to Eq.
5-1 with coefficients defined by Eq. 5-3 through Eq. 5-6.
Boundary Conditions
As for the analytical solution of PDE's, the ability
to solve the FDE depends upon having imposed suitable
boundary conditions.
{f} I m
0.
(5-7)
^e
57
tt
M-l-MvM->
IMFIGI
BLOCK
I1
i-;-r-M-i*'i*M'i-*-'-
( 1-
.-.
Pn = P-
Figure 5-1
Schematic of the image-block concept
for imposing no-flow boundaries.
tt+1
IMPiGI
BLOCK
I1
'.
;
'.
58
(sink) term at the r^ location in the model for the purpose
of perturbing the pressures and creating the transient
conditions.
1) constant flow
The
P
^i=l,2...n
= ?.,
(5-8)
t=0
The
59
are located at the wellbore radius (r^) and the external
radius (r^) of the model (i.e., boundaries of the model).
A no-flow boundary condition was specified for the
wellbore, but the pressure varied because of the presence
of a production term imposed at the first block.
This
Qos
= f{(Qo3)s ^(^P/^t)^^j} ,
(5_9)
The
60
Matrix Notation
Generally, most numerical algorithms involving systems
of equations employ conventional matrix notation, as well
as matrix algebra principles; therefore, it will be
advantageous to express the previously developed system of
equations (Eq. 5-1) in a format compatible with that of the
algorithm.
(5-10)
61
0 0
pnl
0 0
0 A3 B3 . 0 0
pnl
^2
pH^l
^3
Bi Ci 0
Aj B2 C2 0
0 . . C_2 0
OAM_IB.IC.I
Dj
pnl
DM-1
pnl
0 AM
M B
B^
fi
.
DM
,
(5-11)
Numerical Algorithm
The unknown pressures in Eq. 5-11 were determined by
first transforming the coefficient matrix into an upper
triangular matrix, and once completed, a back substitution
procedure was performed to yield the pressure solutions.
An upper triangular matrix is one that has all zero
entries below the main diagonal, and is achieved for a
tridiagonal matrix by the following consistent scheme:
For i = 1,...,M-1,
1) Divide the ith row (including the term Di in
the column vector D) by entry Ai^i.
2) Multiply the resultant of step 1 by Ai^^^^^j^.
3) Subtract the result of step 2 from row i+1.
Finally,
62
entries widl have a value of 1.
1
0
0 0
C2
0 0
0 0
1 c;,.2 0
Ci
p1
B2nl
1 C^-i
pnl
pH^l
*^M
DM-1
(5-12)
pr=Di -ci(P^i).
(5-13)
63
step, by first assigning the current block pressures (P""^^)
to the old (n) time level, and then repeating the numerical
algorithm to produce additional pressure results for the
new time step.
CHAPTER VI
VERIFICATION OF THE NUMERICAL MODEL
Much of the
65
analytical solution to the RDE.
In both cases,
66
A Numerical Pressure
Distrihul-inn
The pressure
67
Parameter
Value
Permeability
10 md
Porosity
20%
Initial Pressure
3000 psia
Reservoir thickness
91 ft
fi
System Compressibility
Oil Viscosity
7x10 psi
1.2 cp
1.01 RB/STB
Wellbore Radius
0.5 ft
200.0 STB/D
Figure 6-1.
General reservoir parameters used to generate
the numerical and analytical solutions
for comparison.
68
1 HOUR
3000.00
2950.00
Pressure
(psia)
10 HOURS
00 HOURS
000 HOURS
-o,
TiJ>
}^J^
I*
<-
2900.00 J B 9 -
2850.00 [ y
D
a
2800.00 n 0,50
rw
600,50
1200.50
1800.50
Radius
(ft.)
2400.50
3000.50
(a)
1 HOUR
10 HOURS
3050.00
3000.00
100 HOURS
100.00
1000.00
1000 HOURS
2950.00
2900.00
Pres:' " ^ ^
(ps:l a )
10.00
10000.00
100000.00
Radius
(ft.)
(b)
Figure 6-2
Pressure distributions generated by the numerical
model. Cartesian coordinates (a) and semilogarithmic coodinates (b) are shown.
69
Pi - (p)j. =
- 7n f^ q^PoMo p./-9480)ioCtr^A
icoh
'^
kot
;> '
(6-2)
must be constant for the time period (t), and the intitial
reservoir pressure (Pi) must be static and uniform
throughout the reservoir.
70
Table 6-1
Tabular Comparison of Pressure Solutions Generated
From the Ei Solution and Finite-Difference
Approximat ions
Radius
(ft.)
Pressure (psia)
Ei solution
Pressure (psia)
Finite-Difference
.53
2692.68
2693.09
.60
2697.19
2697.60
.72
2703.96
2704.37
.91
2712.99
2713.38
1.03
2717.50
2717.89
1.16
2722.01
2722.40
1.76
2737.81
2738.18
2.53
2751.35
2751.71
8.91
2798.74
2799.06
' 21.91
2832.59
2832.87
50.75
2864.18
2864.43
98.18
2888.98
2889.21
189.97
2913.73
2913.93
467.24
2947.04
2947.20
669.71
2959.91
2960.05
1149.23
2977.78
2977.88
2662.04
2996.66
2966.67
4302.08
2999.74
2999.73
6952.50
3000.00
3000.00
71
similar agreement was obtained using various production
rates and various values of reservoir properties.
The
graphical comparison of the analytical and finitedifference radial pressure distribution after 1000 hours of
producing time is presented as Fig. 6-3.
72
Ei
3000
2930 4
Press.
(psia)
FD
Initial Press.
-.'.--
2860 +$'
2790 f
2720 g
Pwf ^
2650
0.50
rw
600.50
1200.50
1800.50
Radius
(ft.)
(a)
Ei
FD
2825 T
2775
Press,
(psia)
2725
Pwf f
2675
0.50
rw
--
1.50
2.50
Radius
3.50
4.50
(ft.)
(b)
Figure 6-3
Comparison between the Ei solution (Ei) and the
finite-difference (FD) model. Full reservoir
distribution (a) and near wellbore
distribution (b) are shown.
73
Ei
FD
A*-*-*"*
>^"'
Press.
(psia)
^4^*
2800
,.-
1.00
^^
10.00
100.00
Radius
(ft.)
<
1000.00 10000.00
(a)
Ei
FD
2 8 1 5 -r
^y^
2765
.X
Press.
(psia)
2715
Pwf
2665
0.10
-I
rw
1.00
Radius
(ft.)
10.00
(b)
Figure 6^4
Comparison of t h e Ei s o l u t i o n s (Ei) t o the f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e (FD) approximations. Full
r e s e r v o i r (a) and near wellbore (b)
d i s t r i b u t i o n s are shown.
74
presented liereafter will be expressed in standard oilfield
units.
(6-3)
75
semi-logarithmic coordinates (abscissa being logarithmic),
a straight line would be obtained.
Consequently, this
m= -162.6^^M^
(6-4)
knh
76
A Numerical Pressure Drawdown T(-<=^r
Without Wellhnrp Stor;^aP
Furthermore,
Pressure-time
The pressure-time
Conventional PTA
77
Table 6-2
Finite-Difference Pressure Drawdown Solutions
(no-wellbore storage) Used for Conventional
PTA
Time
(hrs)
Pressure
(psia)
Time
(hrs)
Pressure
(psia)
0.0000
3000.0
1.8587
2811.2
0.0006
2961.7
2.2853
2807.3
0.0100
2908.9
2.9450
2802.5
0.0212
2894.9
3.6474
2798.5
0.0368
2884.7
4.3779
2795.1
0.0517
2878.4
5.7024
2790.1
0.0675
2873.4
6.7582
2786.9
0.0894
2868.1
8.5856
2782.4
0.1954
2853.5
12.2155
2775.8
0.2696
2847.4
15.0705
2771.9
0.3376
2843.2
20.0667
2766.5
0.4382
2838.3
30.8021
2758.4
0.5195
2835-1
41.0731
2753.0
0.6665
2830.4
56.7187
2746.9
0.8776
2825.3
68.5778
2743.4
1.1016
2821.0
79.0853
2740.7
1.4213
2816.2
96.8802
2737.1
78
Initial Press
3000.00 T
2950.00 T
2900.00
S
,^^5,
2850.00-i
(psia)
2800.00 %.
2750.00
2700.00
10
20
30
40
50 60
time
(hours)
70
80
90 100
(a)
3000
2950
III
m = - 4 3 . 12 p s i / c y c l e j l
11 Ill 111 I I
1 1
iTh"
1 1 1t
t ^ --
2900
Pwf
(psia)
iJi
2850
2800
2750
2700
0.0001 0.001
0.01
0.1
time
(hours)
10
100
(b)
Figure 6-5
C a r t e s i a n p l o t (a) and semi-log p l o t (b) for example
drawdown t e s t with no welbore s t o r a g e .
79
suggests, by Eq. 6-4, that a slope of -43.31 psi/cycle
should be expected.
^
=
-43.31 psi/cycle.
80
In order to develop for use the standard dimensionless
wellbore storage coefficient, it will be necessary to first
describe the pressure-time behavior as depicted on the
log-log plot using dimensionless variables.
The discussion
In addition, the
Qo3
(Qo3), -
-p^-J^,
(6-5)
e x p r e s s e d u s i n g P^f
in Eq. 3-51 i s
t h e flowing b o t t o m - h o l e
D i m e n s i o n l e s s p r e s s u r e and d i m e n s i o n l e s s time
may be d e f i n e d f o r o i l flow as
tn =
0.000264 k o t
;,
0MoCtr^
0.00708 k o h ( P i - P ^ f )
In a d d i t i o n ,
( Q o s l Po Mo
and
follows:
(6-6)
^^_^^
81
Substitution of Eqs. 6-6 and 6-7 into Eq. 6-5, and
simplifying will yield:
O.o - (0 ^ - - 0-894 (Qo3)^C3 dPc
Wos
CUosL =
:f
^
0Cthr^
dtu
(6-8)
(6-9)
with zero and using the definition of Eq. 6-9, Eq. 6-8
becomes:
dtc = CsDdPD
(6-iO)
JdtD =
0
PD
CSDJCIPD
0
(^-^^)
82
will yield the following result:
^D - CgnPj)
(6-12)
(6-13)
83
A Numerical Pressure Drawdown Test With
Wellbore Storage Included
In addition to
=
^
1^^ (Ayb)
5.615 Po '
(6-14)
Using
84
pressure drawdown test was calculated to be 0.03560 RB/psi.
Thus, that value (0.03560 RB/psi) was used as input data
for the computer simulation of the pressure drawdown test.
The cumulative time of the simulated pressure drawdown
test was approximately 80 hours.
solutions during this time are shown in Table 6-3, and are
shown graphically on logarithmic coordinates (i.e., log-log
plot) by Fig. 6-6a.
Fig.
The
85
Table 6-3
Finite-Difference Pressure Drawdown Solutions
(wellbore storage included) Used for
Conventional PTA
Time
(hrs)
Pressure
(psia)
Time
(hrs)
Pressure
(psia)
0.0055
2998.7
6.1322
2795.9
0.0106
2997.6
9.8227
2784.1
0.0244
2994.5
12.8251
2778.1
0.0516
2988.6
15.3271
2774.2
0.0687
2985.1
16.9284
2772.1
0.0960
2979.7
18.1293
2770.7
0.1283
2973.6
25.1750
2763.9
0.1684
2966.4
29.0180
2761.0
0.3201
2942.9
30.9396
2759.7
0.4040
2931.9
33.5016
2758.1
0.4693
2924.0
43.3655
2753.0
0.8007
2892.7
50.5392
2750.0
1.3304
2861.2
57.9179
2747.4
1.9794
2838.7
61.1974
2746.3
2.5063
2827.2
66.1165
2744.8
3.1782
2817.1
72.6753
2742.9
4.6076
2804.1
80.8739
2740.9
86
1000
Ht
[ffM
:?"^-
r ,'1
= ( -
It. 1..
<<$^
<.<*. <
, ! * -
100
'-U
z\
ioff
.fflis... II
Pi-Pwf
(psi)
W
fflpHt "1
T|" "Unxt"
10
t1 Slope
11
li-- 1
::i
11
0.001
-'--H
0.01
It
_:: ]{
ft
L
.
--jy
111
111
1 J
0.1
1
time
(hrs.)
II
10
100
1000
(a)
3000
2900
Pwf
(psia)
2800
2700
1000
0.001
(b)
Figure 6-6
Log-log plot (a) and semi-log (b) plot for the example
drawdown t e s t with wellbore storage.
87
NoWBS
O WBS Included
3000.00 -o-
iiib
2900.00
WBS
Effect
Oo
;>;! T
Pwf
(psia)
vJIIJ o
1U^\0
2800.00
^^.^^
RQ^o.
'''0%
2700.00
0.01
t>,Co
' '-'-cA
'Co
l2l
0.1
10
100
time
(hrs.)
Figure 6-7
Semi-log comparison of the f i n i t e - d i f f e r e n c e
s o l u t i o n s for p r e s s u r e drawdowns with, and
without, wellbore s t o r a g e .
1000
88
result is shown by Fig. 6-8.
In
From Eq.
Q o s - (Qos), =
Po dt
<3-51)
89
150
125
100
(-) S I . slope
(psi/cycle)
75
50
'fr^
^*s/A A A
'1
25
t0.01
1 1 1 Mill
0.1
l i m n
1 1 1 1 n i l1
10
1 1 11 nil
100
1 1 1 1 nil
1000
time
(hrs.)
Figure 6-8
Semi-log slope (negative) versus time for the
p r e s s u r e drawdown t e s t of Fig. 6-6b.
90
^ -S.L.
Qsand
200
S u r f a c e Flow R a t e
Slope
j-^-^iC*::<-
180
160
- S.L. slope
(psi/cycle)
&
Qsand
(stb/day)
-A-,
140
A.
A
.A.*.
^^
100
3Q
60
40
A*
A.*_
^^//A^^y
M/////A.^A_A.A__A
AA
20
0 1
0.01
1I 1 m I il
0.1
-I1 I 11 m
I I 11 m i l t
10
I I ttiw
I I HItl
100
time
(hrs.)
Figure 6-9
Semi-log slope (negative) versus time and
the down-hole flow rate versus time.
1000
91
Thus, the pressure-time behavior depicted by Fig. 6-9
appears consistent with the relationship stated by Eq.
3-51.
Although excellent agreement with conventional PTA
has been achieved, the verification presented so far has
been limited to one set of reservoir parameters and one
surface production rate (Fig. 6-1). Therefore, the
dimensionless forms of time (t^) and pressure (P^) (Eqs.
6-6 and 6-7, respectively) will be used in the following
discussion to verify the model for a wide range of
reservoir flow parameters.
Dimensionless Finite-Difference Solutions
No Wellbore Storage
Equation 6-3 can be expressed in dimensionless form by
replacing the time (t) and pressure (P) variables with
their associated dimensionless counterparts as shown by
Eqs. 6-6 and 6-7, respectively.
PD =
1.151LogtD
+ 0.4046 .
(6-15)
92
linear with a slope of 1.151 dimensionless pressure units
per cycle of dimensionless time.
The pressure-time solutions of the example drawdown
(no wellbore storage) discussed previously were expressed
in dimensionless form using the dimensionless time and
dimensionless pressure definitions given by Eqs. 6-6 and
6-7, respectively.
Thus, excellent
93
987_
1
6-
^^^N
PD
*i -
6 -
1
1 <
>
J*
*
3 -- 4
>
o_
1.OOE+02
1 .OOE+03
1. OOE+04
1.OOE+05
1.OOE+06
to
Figure 6-10.
Dimensionless semi-log slope generated from
finite-difference approximations.
94
The most popular version of their solution is in the
form of a "type-curve."
CsD =
^
(0-2) (7xi0' )(91 ft)(0.5 )
1000 .
On the
Again, excellent agreement was achieved between the finitedifference approximations and the analytical description of
the RDE developed by Ramey, et al.
95
1. OOE+02 -^
S)d.n*=0
l.OOE+01
PD
l.OOE+00 :T
l.OOE-01 -.f
1.OOE-02
1. OOE+011. OOE+02 1. OOE+03 1. OOE+04 1. OOE+05 1. OOE+06 1. OOE+07 1. OOE+08
to
Figure 6-11
Ramey, et al.-^ analytical solution to the RDE that
includes a constant wellbore storage
coefficient, Cgj).
96
Ramey e t a l .
1.OOE+01
^ F . D.
C3D-10'3II
- <. .j U
. o --0o - o - o - o - o - ' "
<>"
PD
l.OOE+00 :
A
r
6
/
1.OOE-01
'
I I I I Mill
I I l i tN
t I I n iM
I I niMt
I I nun
i 11 iini
Figure 6-12
Comparison of finite-difference (F.D.) approximations
to Ramey et al.-^ solutions for a dimensionless
wellbore storage coefficient of 1000.
97
Additional pressure drawdown tests were performed,
each with a different dimensionless wellbore storage
coefficient.
Having
98
Finite Difference
- o -
Analytical
1.OOE+02 9
l.OOE+01 !
pD
l.OOE+OO
U^-o-ocP-oo-j-j^-^^^''"-"
~
Cs5p=10"2 |>>
P
:
7=
/ >
/p
:
l.OOE-Ol t>
-/^
CsD=10"4
T'
./>
CsD=10'^3
/
/
/O
>^
Csp=10"6
/>
/ >
-/>
/>
CsD=r0"5
/p
/>
yP
/>
/
/
A
A
I tiiii(P I itiiiiO I
% iiiiiiiP
I t mil
I t ittiiti I t iititii
1.OOE-02
t t ttiiiti
1.OOE+011. OOE+021. OOE+031.OOE+04 1. OOE+051.OOE+061.OOE+071.OOE+08
to
Figure 6-13
Comparison of finite-difference approximations to
Ramey, et al.-^ analytical solution for
various dimensionless wellbore
storage coefficients.
>
>
CHAPTER VII
CHARACTERISTICS OF A VARIABLE WELLBORE
STORAGE COEFFICIENT
--^->s = S ^ where Q^^ is the sandface flow rate (STB/D), (Qos)s ^^ the
surface flow rate (STB/D), and P^h is the bottom-hole
pressure (psia).
100
(Cg) of Eq-. 3-51 remains constant for the duration of the
pressure-transient test.
in this chapter to provide insight into the pressuretransient behavior as seen on standard weiltest analysis
plots when the value of the wellbore storage coefficient,
Cg, changes instantaneously during a pressure-transient
test.
Influencing Factors
101
shown b e l o w a s Eq. 7 - 1 .
C<, =
25.65 ^^b
Pf '
(7-1)
VwbCf ,
(7-2)
102
storage coefficient (Cg) is usually much less than that
value of Cg for the same system experiencing a changing
liquid level storage process.
The dimensionless curves presented in this thesis
characterize a large change in the wellbore storage
coefficient; this usually occurs during a well test when
the storage process changes from compressional to that of a
changing liquid level, or vice versa.
An increase in the wellbore storage coefficient, Cg,
can occur while conducting a pressure fall-off test on a
water injection well.
Although a cushion of
gas may exist above the liquid level for surface pressures
below the bubble point pressure of the reservoir oil (Pj^),
the effects of the gas cushion are not considered herein.
For a typical wellbore and wellbore fluid, the storage
coefficient, Cg, for the changing liquid level process is
103
approximately 100 times greater than the storage
coefficient for a compressional type storage^^. Therefore,
the pressure transient test data obtained while this is
happening should reflect the variation in wellbore storage,
and from the simulation results obtained from this thesis,
it appears that it does.
Significance of the Early-Time Region
The time regime in which pressure-transient
measurements are affected by wellbore storage and other
near-wellbore influences (i.e., skin and near-wellbore
formation fractures) is referred to in the literature as
the "early-time region."
Some type-curves
104
instantaneously, but the curves lack generality, thus a
correct type-curve match would be difficult.
Nevertheless,
The
to
105
Cgjj, which was considered constant for their study. The
type-curve by Ramey, et al. is shown as Fig. 7-1.
Numerical solutions were generated for the case when
the dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient (C^^)
varied instantaneously between dimensionless times of 10^
and 10 .
It is
Thus, if the
106
1.OOE+02 X
1.OOE+01 :
pD
S)cin=0
l.OOE+00 :
l.OOE-Ol :
1.OOE-02 iI
I tiim
to
Figure 7-1
Ramey, et al.-*- analytical solution to the radial
diffusivity equation that includes a
constant wellbore storage
coefficient, Cg^.
107
l.OOE+02
l.OOE+01 : :
skin=0
PD
l.OOE+00
tDch=1000
T CSOslU^J
tDch=400y^ + -
'
-CSD=
y)^ g
tDch=200^
l.OOE-Ol
IF I 11 millI I i iiiijF
I 11
tD
Figure 7-2
Log-log plot of the Numerical simulation
results for an increase in Cgp
from 10^ to 10^.
108
ml
7.00E+00
1 . 1 ^
'
8.OOE+00
mm
9.00E+00
>ky^
6.OOE+00
5.OOE+00
PD
4.OOE+00
C s D == 0
3.OOE+00
2.00E+00
l.OOE+OO
:csD=10 ^3/
'CsD = 10'^5
0.OOE+00
l.OOE+02 l.OOE+03 l.OOE+04 l.OOE+05 l.OOE+06 l.OOE+07 l.OOE+08
tD
Figure 7-3
Semi-log plot of the numerical simulation
results for an increase in Cgj^
from 10-^ to 10^.
109
the first straight line to develop as the semi-log straight
line to be used for analysis.
Furthermore, an
From
Furthermore,
110
1.OOE+02
1.OOE+01 -
PD
l.OOE+00
l.OOE-Ol
l.OOE+02 l.OOE+03 l.OOE+04 l.OOE+05 l.OOE+06 l.OOE+07
l.OOE+08
tD
Figure 7-4
Log-log plot of the numerical simulation
results for a decrease in Cg^
from 10^ to 10^.
Ill
was done for Fig. 7-4, the time required for the correct
semi-log straight line to develop decreases by
approximately one and one-half log cycles of time.
Although one could intuitively suspect that a decrease
in wellbore storing is beneficial to test interpretation.
Fig. 7-4 shows quantitatively in terms of log cycles of
time the benefit that a decrease in storage can provide.
In addition. Fig. 7-4 should give additional insight into
some anomalous pressure-transient curves that may result
from an occurrence of a decrease in storing ability of the
wellbore.
Figure 7-5 shows the pressure-transient behavior as
seen on the semi-log plot when the value of the wellbore
storage coefficient has decreased during the test.
Extremely large slopes are evident on Fig. 7-5, indicating
a reduction of wellbore storage.
Thus, a
112
9.OOE+00
7.OOE+00
1
1 ;i
-TTTT-l
8.OOE+00
psi/cycl
\J ^jdr
6.OOE+00
;
5.OOE+00
PD
4.OOE+00
CsD = 0
3.OOE+00
2.OOE+00
l.OOE+00
I csD=io*3^ y
M
ycsD= = 1 0 ^ 5
- ^ iW
0.OOE+00
l.OOE+02 l.OOE+03 l.OOE+04 l.OOE+05 l.OOE+06 l.OOE+07 l.OOE+08
tD
Figure 7-5
Semi-log plot of the numerical simulation
results for a decrease in Cg^
from 10^ to 10^.
CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSIONS
The use of reservoir simulation to describe pressuretransient testing has proved very successful.
Simulation
114
diffusivity equation.
115
sandface (node 1) were maintained for the duration of the
simulation as if the reservoir was infinite in size.
8. For a typical simulation, initial time steps of 1
to 5 seconds were needed in order to generate accurate
early time approximations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Literature C^fc^r]
116
.V
117
^^* ^^^nd't^n^in' ^""^ ^^"^ Poolien, H. K.: "Pressure Drawdown
and Build-up m the Presence of Radial
301-3^9^'"''^^^^^'" ^''* ^^^* ^''^'
^'
^^^P^" ^^^^^
.v^
118
Brusaw, C. T., Gerald, J. A. and Walter, E. 0.: Handbook of
Techfiical Writing^ St. Martin's Press (1982), New
York.
Crawford, D. A., Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas
Tech University (Jan., 1988), Private Communication.
Lee, J.: Well Testing, Textbook Series, Society of
Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Dallas (1982) 1.
Matthews, C. S. and Russell, D. G. : Pressure Build-up and
Flow Tests in Wells^ Monograph Series, Society of
Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Dallas (1967) 1.
Microsoft QuickBasic. Microsoft Corporation (1986).
Quasney, J. S. and Maniotes, J.: Basic Fundamentals and
Style, Boyd and Eraser Publishing Company, Boston
(1984).
APPENDIX
The
Further, the
The computing
119
x'^
120
may moniter the simulation and halt execution when needed.
This option allowed for a tremendous savings in the
computing time needed for generating the finite-difference
approximations for study.
121
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
REM ***************************.,******************^^^,^*^,,.
REM * ' 1-PHASE, SLIGHTLY COMPRESSIBLE RADIAL FLUID FLOW
REM *
SIMULATION MODEL. SINGLE AND VARIABLE WELLBORE
REM *
STORAGE INCLUDED. PROGRAMMED BY WILLIAM T. HAUSS. *
REM * A MASTERS THESIS IN WELL TEST NUMERICAL SIMULATION. *
REM *********************************************************
CLS: CLEAR: KEY OFF
DEFDBL A-H, O-Z
DEF SEG = &H40
POKE &H17, PEEK(&H17) OR 64
D I M Q T ( 2 5 5 ) , BETA(255), GAMMA(255), A(255), B(255), QSFPRT(610)
D I M D ( 2 5 5 ) , R(255), RPLUS(255), DT(50), CSTERM(255), SL(610)
DIM PNEW(255), POLD(255), PWB(610), TWB(610), C(255), ZL(610)
REM
REM
*** PROGRAM DEFAULT DATA ***
QSURF=750:TSM=1.6:ITER=20:M=240:PI=3000:H=91:PHI=.2:CMP=.000007
VISC=1.2:BTAW=1.01:K=8:RWC=.5:DU=.06:N=30:DT(1)=2:A$="NO":
B$="YES"
C$="NO":D$="TRUE":DEPTH=10000:CF=.000003:DENS=62.4:TBGID=4:
T$="PDD"
CUMTIME=0: SCR0LL=11
FLAG=0: FLAG3=0: FLAG5=0
JJ=1: REM COUNTER FOR PRIMARY DATA ARRAY
PIE=4*ATN(1)
ATBG = PIE*TBGID*TBGID/576
CLOG = 2.302585094#
REM
REM
*** CALC. TIME STEP ARRAY ***
REM
LENGTH = DT(1)
FOR I = 2 TO N
DT(I) = DT(I-1)*TSM
TIME = ITER*DT(I)
LENGTH = LENGTH + TIME
NEXT I
IF FLAG3 = 1 THEN GOTO 3360
TWBS2 = LENGTH/2 :REM DEFAULT 2ND WBS BEGINS APP. 1/2 SIMUL. RUN
TWBS2XX = TWBS2:REM DUMMY STORAGE
FLAG = 0
COLOR 3:LOCATE 1,25:PRINT"PROGRAM DATA INITIALIZATION"
PRINT STRING$(80,"=");
COLOR 7
PRINT USING " A) RESERVOIR PRESSURE = #,###.## psia";PI
PRINT USING " B) RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY = ####.## md.";K
PRINT USING " C) RESERVOIR THICKNESS = ###.## ft.";H
PRINT USING " D) WELLBORE RADIUS = #.## ft.";RWC
PRINT USING " E) FLUID VISCOSITY - ##.## Cp";VISC
PRINT USING " F) FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR - #-## RB/STB";BTAW
PRINT USING " G) SYSTEM COMPRESSIBILITY = ##-##'''''"^ 1/psi";CMP
PRINT USING " H) POROSITY = #.### (fraction)";PHI
TDX = .0002637*K/(PHI*VISC*CMP*RWC*RWC)
PRINT USING " I) 1ST TIME STEP = ###.## s e e , tD = ###.##";
DT(1),TDX*DT(1)/3600
122
1500
1510
1520
1530
123
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
124
2330 LOCATE 21,15:PRINT"SIGNIFIES A DEPENDENT C A L C , CANNOT CHANGE
DIRECTLY"
2340 COLOR 3:L0CATE 25,1:PRINT STRING$(80,"=") ;
2350 LOCATE 22, 8:PRINT"TYPE SELECTION LETTER TO CHANGE OR RETURN TO
EXECUTE FORMAT.":COLOR 7
2360 I$=INKEY$: IF 1$="" THEN GOTO 2360 ELSE IF I$=CHR$(13) THEN GOTO
2630 ELSE IF I$="A" THEN GOTO 2390 ELSE IF I$="B" THEN GOTO
2400 ELSE IF I$="C" THEN GOTO 2410 ELSE IF I$="D" THEN GOTO 2420
ELSE GOTO 2370
2370 IF I$="E" THEN GOTO 2500 ELSE IF I$="H" THEN GOTO 2510 ELSE IF
I$="I" THEN GOTO 2560 ELSE IF I$="J" THEN GOTO 2570 ELSE IF
I$="P" THEN GOTO 2380 ELSE IF I$=CHR$(27) THEN GOTO 2380 ELSE
IF I$="0" THEN GOTO 2520 ELSE GOTO 2360
2380 CLS:GOTO 1370
2390 A$="YES":B$="NO":C$="NO":GOTO 1960
2400 B$="YES":A$="NO":C$="NO":GOTO 1960
2410 C$="YES":A$="NO":B$="NO":GOTO 1960
2420 INPUT"ENTER APPROXIMATE TIME TO BEGIN 2ND WELLBORE STORAGE.
hrs.";TWBS2:TWBS2=TWBS2*3600
2430 IF TWBS2 < LENGTH THEN TWBS2XX=TWBS2: GOTO 2580
2440 CLS:COLOR 2:L0CATE 11,6:PRINT"TIME TO BEGIN 2ND WELLBORE STORAGE
MUST BE < SIMULATION RUN TIME"
2450 LOCATE 13,21:PRINT USING "SIMULATION RUN TIME = ####.## hrs.":TL
2460 LOCATE 15,23:PRINT USING "YOU HAVE CHOSEN #####.##
hrs.";TWBS2/3600
2470 LOCATE 17,25: PRINT "STRIKE ANY KEY TO CONTINUE"
2480 PRINT CHR$(7):LOCATE 18,2: IF INKEY$="" THEN GOTO 2480
2490 TWBS2 = TWBS2XX: GOTO 1950
2500 INPUT"ENTER NEW DEPTH OF WELL, ft.";DEPTH:GOTO 2580
2510 INPUT"ENTER WELLBORE FLUID COMPRESSIBILITY 1/psi";CF:GOTO 2580
2520 INPUT"ENTER DESIRED CSDl, NOTE THAT WELLBORE DENSITY WILL BE
AFFECTED";FICSD
2530 DENS = 22.92357637#*ATBG/(F1CSD*PHI*CMP*H*RWC*RWC)
2540 LOCATE 23,1:PRINT SPC(77);:LOCATE 23,1:INPUT"ENTER DESIRED
CSD2, NOTE THAT FLUID COMP. WILL BE AFFECTED" ;F2CSD
2550 CF = F2CSD*PHI*CMP*H*RWC*RWC/(.8937966101#*VTBG) :GOTO 2580
2560 INPUT"ENTER WELLBORE FLUID DENSITY. Ib/cuft.";DENS: GOTO 2580
2570 IF D$="TRUE" THEN D$="OPP." ELSE IF D$="OPP." THEN D$="TRUE":
GOTO 2580
2580 LOCATE 23,1:PRINT SPC(77);:GOTO 1960
2590 REM
************************************************
2600 REM *
DATA INITIALIZATION AND SIMULATION
*
2 610 REM *
FORMAT IS OVER AT THIS POINT
*
2 620 REM
************************************************
2630 CLS:LOCATE 1,1
2640 COLOR 3
2650 PRINT STRING$(80,"=");
2660 IF T$-"PDD" THEN PRINT TAB(2 9)"CONSTANT RATE DRAWDOWN"
2670 IF T$="PBU" THEN PRINT TAB(29)"PRESSURE BUILD-UP TEST"
2 680 COLOR 7
2690 PRINT USING" INITIAL PRESSURE = ####.### psia QSURF = ####.##
STB/day";PI, QSURF
w^
I
125
J = 0
FOR I = 0 TO M
R(I) = RWC*EXP(J)
J = J + DU
NEXT I
REM
RW = R(0)
126
3170 REM
3180
3190
3200
3210
3220
3230
3240
3250
3260
3270
3280
3290
3300
3310
3320
3330
3340
3350
3360
3370
3380
3390
3400
3410
3420
3430
3440
3450
34 60
3470
3480
3490
3500
3510
3520
3530
3540
3550
3560
3570
3580
3590
3600
3610
3620
3630
3640
3650
.ij^gKa-
127
3660
3670
3680
3690
3700
3710
3720
3730
3740
3750
3760
FOR I = 2 TO M
L = M-I+1
PNEW(L)
NEXT I
= GAMMA(L)-C(L)*PNEW(L+1)/BETA(L)
CUMTIME = CUMTIME+DT
PWB(JJ) = P N E W ( 1 ) * 1 4 , 7
TWB(JJ) = CUMTIME/3600
QSFPRT(JJ) = (QSURF+CCSS*(PNEW(1)-P0LD(1))/(BTAW*DT))/1
I F J J = 1 THEN GOTO 37 90
84
SL(JJ) = CLOG*(PWB(JJ)-PWB(JJ-l))/((LOG(TWB(JJ)/TWB(JJ-l))))
ZL(JJ) = LOG((PI*14.7-PWB(JJ))/(Pi*l4.7-PWB(JJ-l)))/(LOG(TWB
(JJ)/TWB(JJ-1)))
3770 I F SCROLL < 2 4 THEN GOTO 3 7 9 0
3780 FOR Y = 1 1 TO 23:LOCATE Y , 1 : P R I N T SPACE$(80);:NEXT Y:SCR0LL=11
3790 LOCATE SCROLL,1
3800 PRINT USING"##.##
####.#### ####.##### #.####
###.####";TWB(JJ),PWB(JJ),SL(JJ),ZL(JJ),QSFPRT(JJ);
3810 LOCATE 25,11:PRINT USING"###";COUNT;
3820 SCROLL = SCROLL+1
3830 FOR J = 1 TO M
3840 POLD(J) = PNEW(J)
3850 NEXT J
3860 IF JJ = 6 0 0 THEN GOTO 4 0 8 0
3870 JJ = JJ + 1
3880 COUNT = COUNT+1
3890 NEXT NTS
3900 NEXT KK
3910 GOTO 4 1 7 0
3920 GOTO 1 0 6 0 REM ***** END OF SIMULATION RUN *****
3930 REM
3940 REM * * * * * ROUTINE TO PARTIALLY REINITIALIZE DATA * * * * *
3950 P I = P I * 1 4 . 7
K = K * 1 0 0 0 : H = H / 3 0 . 4 8 : RWC=RWC/30.48: J J = 1 : LL=0:
TCHG=0
3960 CMP=CMP/14.7: QSURF=QSURF/1.84: FLAG5=0: CUMTIME=0: SCR0LL=11
SL=0
3970 I F FLAG3=0 THEN CLS: GOTO 1 3 6 0
3980 FLAG3=0: N = 3 0 : I T E R = 2 0 : D T ( 1 ) = 2 ; CLS: GOTO 1 2 7 0
3990 REM
4000 REM * * * * *
ARE YOU SURE ROUTINE
*****
4010 COLOR 3 : LOCATE 2 5 , 2 0 : PRINT"ARE YOU SURE Y / N " ;
4020 1$ = INKEY$: I F 1 $ = " " THEN GOTO 4 0 2 0 ELSE I F I$="Y' THEN GOTO
3 9 5 0 ELSE I F I $ " N " THEN LOCATE 2 5 , 2 0 :PRINT"STRIKE SPACEBAR TO
PAUSE OR ESC TO QUIT";:COLOR 7 : G 0 T 0 3 4 8 0
PAUSE ROUTINE
*****
4030 REM * * * * *
4040 COLOR 3:LOCATE 2 5 , 2 0 : P R I N T " S T R I K E P TO PRINT OR SPACEBAR TO
RESUME";
4050 1$ = INKEY$: I F 1 $ = " " THEN GOTO 4 0 5 0 ELSE I F I $ = " P " THEN GOTO
4 1 7 0 ELSE LOCATE 2 5 , 2 0 : P R I N T " S T R I K E SPACEBAR TO PAUSE/PRINT OR
ESC TO QUIT";:COLOR 7
4 0 6 0 GOTO 3 4 8 0
4 0 7 0 REM
***** PRINT ROUTINE
*****
4 0 8 0 CLS: LOCATE 1 2 , 5 : INPUT"ENTER FILE PATH AND FILE NAME TO SAVE P-T
DATA, OR RETURN TO S K I P " ; P $
128
4090
4100
4110
4120
4130
4140
4150
4160
4170
4180
4190
4200
4210
4220
4230
4240
''^""^SBV-
129
4450 LPRINT'^ TIME
SL SLOPE
PRESSURE
tD
LL SLOPE
Qsand";
pD
PERMISSION TO COPY
Student's signature
Student's signature
Date
D a t e ^ ^
. V