Which is more similar to /m/ /p/ o /b/?

What is the general rule format in generative linguistics?

It
refers to a set of theoretical frameworks for the study of the syntax of th
e languages.
Try to write a rule for the elision (Omission) of /t/ in words and phrases
like postman and must be.
What are Allophones?
They are different Combinatorial variants that can present a phoneme
depending on the audio context, without nails or other production involv
es significant differences.
Comment on the emic and emic approach
The Emic and Etic terms were introduced for the first time by linguist Ke
nneth Pike based on the distinction between (phonology) phonemicsand
phonetics (phonetic).
Is nasality a distinctive feature of English vowels? And of English
consonant?
They are not exactly the same. This sound gives problems to learning
English. Many pronounced the letters 'l' and 'e' at the end
of the English words "little", "uncle",
"apple", and other similar words as they pronounced them in Spanish, as
syllable separately. The truth is that the lastsyllable of these words is ha
rdly heard. It
is not a normal syllable withall of the law. Why the letter "l" is called "syll
abic", i.e. is it heard alone in these words, as if it were a syllable itself.
In the same way, the "n" is syllabic in the words "listen" and "fasten". Th
e important thing is to give you realize that in some words do
not pronounce the
"t" of the last syllable. But, apart from this, the syllabic "n"does not so
much trouble. Because, unlike the "l" syllabic above, the syllabic "n" is p
art of a syllable true.
Learn the IPA phonemic transcription symbols provided in Appendix A.

IPA: CONSONANT
IP
A

IPA.VOWEL
IPA

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE
RU

EEU
U

Aus

but, web

father

two, sting, bet

Sit

do, odd

See

chair, nature,
teach

Bed

lad, cat, ran

gin, joy, edge

~

cat, kill,
skin, queen, thick

not, wasp

law, caught

put, Wood

u~
u

u~
u

soon, through

About

pen, spin, tip

F
V

a~ run, enough

go, get, beg

fool, enough, leaf
voice, have

thing, teeth

this, breathe,

father
S

see, city, pass

zoo, rose

IPA: DIPHTONG
IPA
EXAMPLE

she, sure,
emotion, leash

pleasure, beige

ham

M
N

EEU
U

Aus

e~

day, pain

a~

my, wise

boy, choice

no, load, toe

a~

Now

ju

ju

cute, few, t'ube (solo

RU)

man, ham
no, tin

singer, ring

left, bell

run, very1

we

yes

(
)

RU

what2

IPA: VOICES ROTICAS

IPA

EXAMPLE

RU

EEU
U

Aus

arm, bar, heart

bird, search, sir

winner, colo(u)r

beer, near, here

~
e

bare, bear, there7

o~

~o

born, store, war

,o

poor, tour

j,
j

cure, Europe, pure

IPA:
Other symbols used in the transcription of the pronunciation of English.

IP
A

Explaned

Emphasis primary (inserted before the emphasized syllable), e.g: r

apping /p/

Secondary emphasis, for example: battleship /btllp/

Separator of syllables, for example: plankton /plk.tn/

Syllabic consonant, for example: ridden /dnl /

Make Sure You Know the Following terms:

Phonetics: (pronounced /fntks/, from the Greek: , phn,
'sound, voice') is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of
the sounds of human speech, orin the case of sign languagesthe
equivalent aspects of sign.

Articulatory phonetics : is a subfield of phonetics. In

studying articulation, phoneticians explain how humans produce
speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures.

Acoustic Phonetics: is a subfield of phonetics which deals

with acoustic aspects of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics investigates
properties like the mean squared amplitude of a waveform, its duration,
its fundamental frequency, or other properties of its frequency
spectrum, and the relationship of these properties to other branches of
phonetics (e.g.articulatory or auditory phonetics), and to abstract
linguistic concepts like phones, phrases, or utterances.

Auditory Phonetics: is a branch of phonetics concerned with

the hearing of speech sounds and with speech perception

Speech Sound is any distinct speech sound or gesture, regardless of

whether or not the exact sound is critical to the meanings of words. In
contrast, a phoneme is a speech sound that, in a given language, if it
were swapped with another phoneme, would change the meaning of the
Word.
Transcription Symbol in the linguistic sense is the systematic
representation oflanguage in written form. The source can either
be utterances (speech or sign language) or preexisting text in
another writing system.

Narrow Transcription: The other type of phonetic transcription is much

more detailed than phonemic transcription. In narrow transcription, we
use different symbols e.g.

Trachea, colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that

connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage
of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs.
Larynx /lrks/ (plural larynges; from the Greek lrynx),
[1]
commonly called the voice box, is an organ in
the neck of amphibians,reptiles, and mammals involved in breathing,
sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. It
manipulates pitch and volume.

Glottis : is defined as the opening between the vocal folds the rima
glottidis
Vocal Cords: occurs when the vocal cords (voice box) do not open
correctly. This disorder is also referred to as paradoxical vocal fold
movement.
Alveolar ridge:All seven of these sound are pronounced with the
tongue raised in varios ways..
Palate: For these sound,which occur in mission,measure.
Roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the
oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Pharynx.: s the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal
cavity and above the esophagus and the trachea, or the tubes going
down to the stomach and the lun
Nasal Cavity: The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large air filled space
above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.
Tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that
manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing
Voiced sound is one in which the vocal cords vibrate
Voiceless sound is one in which they do not.
Oral: speech communication as opposed to writing.
Nasal It is the top of the visor of a helmet, named after nose guard.
Consonant: is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial
closure of the vocal tract.
Vowel : is a sound in spoken language, with two competing definitions.
Bilabial:We articulate by bringing both lips together.
Dental: We articule these sounds by touching the bottom lip to the
upper teeth.
Alveolar: The Gum the just behind the teeth.
Glottal using the glottis as their primary articulation. Many phoneticians
consider them, or at least the so-called glottal fricative, to be
transitional states of the glottis without a point of articulation as other
consonants have, while some do not consider them to be consonants at
all
Plosive : In phonetics, a stop, also known as
a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is
blocked so that all airflow ceases.
Fricative: are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow
channel made by placing twoarticulators close together.

Affricative: is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as

a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation most
often coronal.
Liquid: is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its
container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of
pressure.
Cardinal Vowels are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in
describing the sounds of languages. For instance, the vowel of
the Englishword "feet" can be described with reference to cardinal
vowel.
Front Vowels s any in a class of vowel sound used in some
spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the
tongue is positioned as far in front as possible in the mouth without
creating a constriction that would make it aconsonant.
Central Vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some
spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that
the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back
vowel.
Back Vowels is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages.
The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is
positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a
constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
Rounded: refers to the amount of rounding in the lips during the
articulation of a vowel.
Diphtong often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid
speech during a conversation.
Stress : is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in
a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.
Intonation: is variation of spoken pitch that is not used to distinguish
words; instead it is used for a range of functions such as indicating the
attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between

statements and questions, and between different types of questions,

focusing attention on important elements of the spoken message and
also helping to regulate conversational interaction.
Syllable: is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. For
example, the word water is composed of two syllables: wa and ter
Phoneme: is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign
languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a
particular language.
Allophone:
Complementary Distribution: as distinct from contrastive
distribution and free variation, is the relationship between two different
elements of the same kind, where one element is found in one set of
environments and the other element is found in a non-intersecting.
Aspiration: is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the
release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.
Emic Approach : How they perceive and categorize the world, their rules
for behavior, what has meaning for them, and how they imagine and
explain things.
Etic Approach: shifts the focus from local observations, categories,
explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist.
Distinctive Features: is the most basic unit of phonological structure
that may be analyzed in phonological theory.
Assimilation : is a common phonological process by which one sound
becomes more like a nearby sound.
Elision:In syntactic Phonetics, the types of metaplasm consisting in loss
of a member or group of vowels at the end of a Word with another word
that starts with a vowel.