Business

Communication
Report
Submitted To: Sir Fahad Riaz
Submitted By:
Zafarullah Noonari
Mohsin Ahmed
Samiullah Mari
Basit Ali

INTRODUCTION
Sindh is the province of Pakistan. The name Sindh is derived from the Sanskrit Sindhu. The
people living in this province are known as Sindhis. This land is too much old, near 5000 BC, its
other name is Mehran it means Silver this name assigned when Sikandar azam Attack on sindh
he sees the Agriculture of cotton on both sides of Indus River and he said this is Mehran, Mehran
means Silver fro mthat time it becomes the other name of Sindh.

Origin of the name:

The region are named after the river known as the Sindhu before independence and now called
the Indus River. In Sanskrit, sndhu means "river, stream", and refers to the Indus river in
particular. The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of Alexander the
Great rendered it as Inds, hence the modern Indus.

Geographical location:
It is the third largest province of Pakistan, about 579 km from north to south and 442 km from
east to west, with an area of 140,915 square kilo meters of Pakistani territory.

Sindhi Language:
Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language of the historical Sindh region, spoken by the Sindhi people. It
is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh, about 17 million speakers in the
south-eastern province of Sind in Pakistan and about 2.8 million people in India. The Sindhi
language first appeared in writing in the 8th century AD and a number of different scripts have
been used to write it. Sindhi literature, in particular lyric poetry, began to appear towards the end
of the 15th century.
The modern Sindhi abjad is used in Pakistan and is based on the version of the Perso-Arabic
script used to write Urdu. It was adopted, under British influence, in 1852.

Mystics of Sindh:
Sufism in Sindh covers the incidence of Sufism in Sindh, the lower Indus valley in Pakistan,
which is reputed to be an area of mystics. It is famous for enormous number of saints and
mystics who are supposed to have lived here. According to popular legend, 125,000 of them are
buried on Makli Hill near Thatta. The life of greatest of them, the poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai,
has been studied in Europe by Dr. H. T. Sorley.
The great mystic Husain ibn Mansur al Hallaj who is credited with utterance "Anal Haqq" (I am
The Creative Truth) reached Sindh in 905, proceeding from Gujirat. He wandered along the river
until he reached the northern areas of present day Pakistan. The strong spiritual wine which was

poured out by Mansur in the sandy plains of Sindh has since then inspired many poets and
musicians even more than was the case with other parts of Muslim world. He planted the seed of
divine love and suffering into the hearts of not only learned but also the simplest and hublest
villagers. Whoever has listened in a countryside to mystical folksongs in moonlit night will have
heard the singers repeat time and again the refrain:
"If you want to know what Love is
ask it from those who are like Mansur..."
Many centuries have passed between Hallaj's travel into Sindh and his transformation into hero
of popular mystical songs. Sachal Sarmast, the intoxicated ecstatic was one of the greatest
admirers of Mansur Hallaj, whose name occurs on almost every page of his enthusiastic poetry.[3]
During this time, Sufism in its different ramifications was firmly established in the country.
Suhrawardiyya tradition represented by Bahauddin Zikarya Multani took its roots in northern
part of the province; besides, there is a dark figure of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan around
whom be-shar (Outside Law of Sharea) dervishes assembled. Later, in the 15th century,
Qadiriyya achieved a firm position in upper Sindh and expanded considerably during the
following centuries. Last not least,the Naqshbandiyya reaction against too much emotionalism
set in shortly after Ahmad Sirhindi's death (1624). Famous Naqshbandi Sufis of Sindh include
Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman of Luwari, Khuwaja Abul Masakeen and Makhdoom Abul
Qasim. Scholars like Makhdum Muhammad Hashim and his followers have largely contributed
to the development of Sindhi language and have made accessible fundamental teachings of Islam
to the rank and file in common, unsophisticated rhymes.

HISTORY
Indus civilization:
The name of Mohen jo daro is widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of
South Asia and the Indus Civilization, it means The mount of the dead.
The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa, the first
of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India,
and now is Pakistan. The discovery of Harappa, and soon afterwards, Mohenjo-Daro, Mohan jo
daro was discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India,
two years after major excavations had begun at Harappa, some 590 km to the north. Large-scale
excavations were carried out at the site under the direction of John Marshall, K. N. Dikshit,
Ernest Mackay, and numerous other directors through the 1930s.

Let discuss there Major characteristics

Government: It is not clear how the people of Mohenjo-Daro ruled themselves. Masks, like
those often worn by kings in ancient times, were found, but the role and extent of the leaders
authority is unclear. The social classes of citizens of Mohenjo-Daro are also unknown. One thing
is for sure, a sophisticated system of government was necessary to allow a town with a
population of 30,000+ to survive and build the organized infrastructure seen in Mohenjo-Daro.
Water System: fresh water was supplied by a network of wells, sunken cylindrical shafts several
meters deep built of wedge-shaped, standard-size bricks. And waste water of almost every house
was channeled into the drain running along the street outside.
Food: food production was largely indigenous to the Indus Valley. It is known that the people of
Mehar garh used domesticated wheat and barley, and the major cultivated cereal crop was naked
six-row barley, a crop derived from two-row barley.
Clothing: Women wore jewelry of gold and precious stone, and even wore lipstick! Among the
treasures found was a statue of a women wearing a bracelet. (Bracelets with similar designs are
worn today in India.)
Clothing was for the most part, similar for both men and women. The basic costume of ancient
society was a length of cloth wrapped around the lower part of the body, and a loose fitting
garment for the upper body, which was usually another length of fabric. A headdress was also
worn, mainly by the men.
Women in Vedic society wore a variety of garments. The first being a skirt type garment (dhoti),
with a blouse (choli) and scarf. Second is a sari, which is a length of fabric wound around the
body with the loose end (pallu) thrown over the shoulder. Sometimes a choli would be worn with
this. The last garment was worn mainly by tribal women. The Adivasi is a length of fabric tied
around the waist with no upper garment worn.
Men also had a choice in their clothing though not as varied as the women. Men usually wore a
Dhoti, which is a length of fabric wrapped around the waist. This could be left as a skirt or
brought through the legs and made into a pants type garment. Men of the south rarely wore
shirts, but men of the north wore a fitted upper garment. Male headdress was also a length of
fabric, wrapped around the head, called a Turban.
Women sometimes wore the turban, and also enjoyed lavish embroidery and embellishments.
Gold being the preferred, though there was also an abundance of silver and precious gems.
Agriculture: The nature of the Indus civilization's agricultural system is still largely a matter of
conjecture due to the limited amount of information surviving through the ages. Some
speculation is possible, however.

Technology: The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length,
mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures,
they are pioneer of Decimal friction system, These chert weights were in a ratio of 5:2:1 with
weights of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 units, with each unit weighing
approximately 28 grams, similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller
objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871. However, as in other cultures,
actual weights were not uniform throughout the area.
Religion: in Mohenjo-Daro point to a polytheistic region in Mohenjo-Daro. Certain plants and
animals were sacred to them the bull, the rhinoceros, trees, etc. This is yet another connection
to Hinduism (Brahman, the creator and sacred bull).
Economic system: The Indus civilization's economy appears to have depended significantly on
trade, which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology. The IVC may have been
the first civilization to use wheeled transport. It is reasonable to assume also that services
construction, artisan, etc were traded as well as goods.

Sindh is called Bab ul Islam

Islam in Indian subcontinent was first introduced from Sindh, Through Mohamad bin Qasim.
From pre-Islamic times, there was a brisk trade between the eastern coast of the Arabian
Peninsula and the western coast of India and Sri Lanka. Sindh was notorious for its pirates in
those times. These pirates would wait in ambush for merchant ships on the coast of Sindh and
would raid them for booty. In the fateful year 707, these pirates attacked one of the Muslim
merchant ships sailing back from Sri Lanka to the Persian Gulf. The men, women and children
on board the ship were captured and taken inland to Sindh, where the Raja imprisoned them.
Hajjaj bin Yusuf Saqafi was the Omayyad governor of Iraq. When reports reached him of this
incident, he wrote to Raja Dahir demanding that the captives be released and the responsible
pirates punished. Dahir refused. This refusal set the stage for the onset of hostilities. It was the
responsibility of the Caliphate to protect its citizens and to fight against injustice no matter what
quarter it came from. Hajjaj bin Yusuf had that responsibility as a governor representing the
Caliph. He sent an expedition under Ubaidullah bin Binhan to free the captives but Ubaidullah
was defeated and killed in combat by troops of the Raja.
After capturing Panjgore and Armabel, Muhammed bin Qasim advanced towards the port of
Debal, which was located near the modern city of Karachi. The Raja of Debal closed the city
gates and a long siege ensued. Once again, the means for offensive warfare proved to be more
powerful than the means for defense, enabling the Arab armies to continue their global advance
towards military and political centralization.

From Debal, Muhammed bin Qasim continued his advance to the north and east. All of
Baluchistan and Sindh fell including Sistan, Bahraj, Kutch, Arore, Kairej and Jior. Raja Dahir
was killed in the Battle of Jior. One of his sons, Jai Singh resisted Muhammed bin Qasim at the
Battle of Brahnabad, but he too was defeated and had to flee. Muhammed bin Qasim founded a
new city near the present city of Karachi, built a mosque there and advanced northwards to
western Punjab. Multan was his target. Gour Singh was the Raja of Multan. His large army was
reinforced by contingents from neighboring rajas. The Indians excelled in static warfare with
armored elephants and foot soldiers but these were no match against swift, hard hitting cavalry.
Realizing the advantage enjoyed by Muhammed bin Qasims cavalry in mobile warfare, the Raja
locked himself in the fort of Multan. A siege ensued. Once again the technology
of minjaniques proved decisive. The heavy machines destroyed the fort and the raja surrendered.
Multan was added to the Arab empire in the year 713.
The conquest of Sindh brought Islamic civilization face to face with the ancient Vedic
civilization of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. In later centuries, there was much that Muslim
scholarship would learn from Indiamathematics, astronomy, iron smelting-to name but a few
subjects.
Muhammed bin Qasim was eager to continue his advance into northern and eastern Punjab but
events in far away Damascus overtook events in Pakistan. Caliph Walid I died in 713. In the
ensuing political turbulence, Muhammed bin Qasim was summoned back to Iraq, just as Musa
bin Nusair was summoned from Spain at about the same time.
After the death of Caliph Walid I, the end of Muhammed bin Qasim was even more tragic than
that of Musa bin Nusair. Muhammed bin Qasim was a nephew of Hajjaj bin Yusuf, also known
as Hajjaj the Cruel, the governor of Iraq. The new Caliph Sulaiman had a personal dislike of
Hajjaj but Hajjaj died before Sulaiman could punish him. So, Sulaiman turned instead against
Hajjajs relatives. Muhammed bin Qasim was dismissed and sent back to Iraq. The new governor
of Iraq, Saleh bin Abdur Rahman hated Hajjaj because the latter had killed Salehs brother. But
since Hajjaj had died, Saleh also turned against Hajjajs relatives. Muhammed bin Qasim was
arrested and sent to prison for no fault but that he was a nephew of Hajjaj. In prison, Muhammed
bin Qasim was blinded, tortured and killed.
Thus ended the life of two of the most brilliant generals of the 8 th century, the fate of Musa bin
Nusair and Muhammed bin Qasim is a lesson of historical importance. With the ascension of
Muawiya, legitimacy of rule was no longer by consent of the masses; it was by force.

GOVERNMENT ERAS
In AD 711: Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley, bringing South
Asian societies into contact with Islam, Dahir was an unpopular Hindu king that ruled over a
Buddhist majority and that Chach of Alor and his kin were regarded as usurpers of the earlier
Buddhist Rai Dynasty.

Soomra: The Soomra dynasty was a dynasty that ruled in the Sindh region of present-day
Pakistan from 1024 to 1351.

The Samma: dynasty ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from 1335 to
1520 AD, with their capital at Thatta in modern Pakistan before being replaced by the Arghun
dynasty. The Samma dynasty has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the
necropolis of kings and royalties in Thatta.

Arghun: The Arghun dynasty ruled the area between southern Afghanistan and the Sindh
province of Pakistan from the late 15th century to the early 16th century.

Kalhoro and mughal empires: In the year 1524, the few remaining Sindhi Amirs
welcomed the Mughal Empire and Babur dispatched his forces to defeat the Arghuns and the
Tarkhans, who had violated the liberties of the inhabitants of the province. In the coming
centuries Sindh became a region fiercely loyal to the Mughals. A network of forts manned by
cavalry and musketeers further extended Mughal power in Sindh.

Kalhora: The Kalhora dynasty ruled Sindh, from 1701 to 1783 CE. Kalhoro tribe is considered
to be a warrior tribe. In the contemporary world the tribe is commonly called 'Kalhoro' and most
of them reside in a small town near the border of Punjab Mirpur Mathelo. What exemplifies their
current lavish lifestyle is their palace in Mirpur Mathelo.

Talpurs: Talpur is a Sindhi speaking Baloch tribe of Hooth Baloch Branch settled in Sindh
Punjab and Balochistan in Pakistan. They are followers of Mir Tala Khan Baloch They were
invited by Kalhora to help them to organize unruly Baloch tribes living in Sindh during the time
of Nader Shah. Talpurs, who spoke the Sindhi language, settled in northern Sindh.
Very soon their followers and allies formed a confederacy against the Kalhora Dynasty. The
Talpurs soon gained power and overthrew the Kalhora after the Battle of Halani. Peace between
the two warring tribes was soon established after the Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II issued a
Firman in the year 1783, which designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur as the new Nawab of
Sindh. This brought an end to the ferocious fighting and the defeat of the ruling Kalhora by the
Talpur tribes.

Talpur dynasty ruled Sindh, in present-day Pakistan, from 1783 to 1843. They were then
overthrown by the British East India Company led by General Charles James Napier.

British: British and Bengal Presidency forces under General Charles James Napier arrived in
Sindh in the nineteenth century and conquered Sindh in 1843.[30] The Baloch coalition led by
Talpur Balochs under Mir Nasir Khan Talpur Baloch was defeated at the Battle of Miani, during
which 5,000 Talpur Baloch were killed. Shortly afterward, Hoshu Sheedi commanded another
army at the Battle of Dubbo, where 5,000 Baloch were killed.
Within weeks, Charles Napier and his forces occupied Sindh. After 1853, the British divided
Sindh into districts and later made it part of British India's Bombay Presidency. Sindh became a
separate province in 1935.
Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi pioneered the Sindhi Muslim Hur Movement against the British Raj.
He was hanged on 20 March 1943 in Hyderabad, Sindh. His burial place is not known. During
the British period, railways, printing presses and bridges were introduced in the province. Writers
like Mirza Kalich Beg compiled and traced the literary history of Sindh.

Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly

The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of
Pakistan. Influential Sindhi activists under the supervision of G.M. Syed and other important
leaders at the forefront of the provincial autonomy movement joined the Muslim League in 1938
and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly.

Creation of Pakistan
On 14 August 1947, Pakistan was created according to the two nation theory. The province of
Sindh attained self-rule for the first time since the defeat of Sindhi Talpur Amirs in the Battle of
Miani on 17 February 1843. The first major challenge faced by the Government of Pakistan was
the settlement of over 2 million Muhajirs from India who began migrating into newly created
Pakistan. In 1947 Sindh joined Pakistan by vote of members of legislature.

CULTURE
Tambooro: A typical musicl instrument used by Sufis in musical events.
Topi: known as Sindhi cap Made by people of Sindh now its usage is common in over all
Pakistan and other countries, Indian Sindhis are working on Sindhi culture promotion so they are
also using their cultural material things. In Pakistan Baloch and Saraiki also puts Sindhi topi on
their heads.

Ajrak: Printed Clothes by calligraphy, it is also a material cultural item of Sindh it is too much
common in Sindh almost every one wearing in Winter to protect their body from cold and mostly
young boys put on their shoulders as fashion.

Handi crafts: The things which made by peoples hand are still profitable in Sindh, people
using Relhi(Quilt) on their bed to sleep, and as load shedding is too much in Country So still
people using Winjno (Hand fan) to overcome temperature and to make Air it is also Created by
people with dates leaf typical known as Winjno.

Pottery: A Typical piston in which people of Sindh eat the things it is made of Clay, and is still
used by Sindhi people.

Dresses
Male: Mostly old people in Sindh wear Dhoti and Shirt (Pehryan) which is like a Simple kurta.
Female: Women in Sindh wear Different kinds of cloths in different cities but most common in
Muslims Sindhis is Shalwar kameez but Hindu Women wearing the ghagho it is typle of Shararo
they hide their face with Scarf known as Rao.
Fashion of women: women in Sindh using the mole of black clay (Surma) they tik it on the
center of their head and also using Bindia, the manufactured of goal piece of plastic, and wear 7
Rings in each ear, and put in many bangles of Silver and Gold in their Arms, nowadays as Social
media and electronic media influences our society so most of new Genaration is copying the
Style and way of living as they see in Serials and movies.

Bell gadi: When there were not technology people in sindh was traveling From one place to
another place through bell gadi but it is converted into new travelling technology but still people
in Small towns using Baggi ghora (Tanga) for travel and to load material they use Donkey cart.

Dance (Ho jamalo)

Sindhi Dance or Jamalo presented by Sindhi people when they Happy mostly in marriages and
festivals as every nation has its own culture and dance Sindh has also its Cultural dance known
as Jamalo it has 3 to 4 steps with feet and hands for perform, there is history behind the jamalo
that when British people make a bridge in Sukkur city in the very first time they was
experiencing of travelling train through the bridge but was not doing because there was a risk, at
that time there was a Man Named Jamalo he was hindu and was in jail for Whole age so he
demanded to take his self to travel if he will succesfull to pass the train his demand was to free
himself from jail, then they accept his demand and give him chance and he become succesfull at
that time his wife start dance and was Saying Ho jamalo muhjo khatee ayo khair saan it means
ho jamalo my dear won safely and from that time it become the cultural song and also evaluated,
new sentences are included now in this song.

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FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
Shah Abdul latif bhittai:
He was noted a Sindhi Sufi scholar, mystic, saint, and poet, widely considered to be greatest
Muslim poet of Sindhi language. Shah Abdul Latif was born to Shah Habib in the village of
Hala Haveli, a few miles to the east of the present town of Bhit Shah (named after him), on Safar
14, 1102 A.H. i.e. November 18, 1690 CE and Died January 1, 1752, Bhit, Sindh his famous
Book is Shah jo risalo in Sindhi language.
Latif was raised during the golden age of Sindhi culture. His first teacher was Akhund Noor
Muhammad Bhatti, although he was largely self-educated. Although he received little formal
education, the Risalo provides proof that he was well-versed in Arabic and Persian. The Qur'an,
the Hadees, the Masnawi of Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi, along with the collection of Shah Karim's
poems, were his constant companions, copious references to which are made in the Shah Jo
Risalo. He is also known for his calligraphy and hand writing skills. He made several copies of
the Qur'an, In appearance, Bhittai was a handsome man, of average height. He was strongly built,
had dark brown eyes, with a broad and high forehead. Although he was born in favored
conditions, being the son of a well-known and very much respected Sayed family, he never used
his position in an unworthy manner, nor did he show any liking for the comforts of life.
Daily routine: he was going to Jungle and doing worship of GOD on daily bases and once upon a
time he was worshiping in the hole of a tree at that time the fire was in that jungle his relatives
and people of villages come to see that is latif ok or not they see the jungle was totally in Fires
control when fire become turnoff they see latif was totllay ok and was sleeping in Trees center at
that time his poem is:
Kakh sare pan sare, sare saao gaah jan reejhayo Allah tao na ache tin khe
It means everything can be burn but those who have agreed God they will not be injured. In
quest of religious truths, Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai traveled to many parts of Sindh and also went
to the bordering lands as far as Multan, Lasbella, Jaisalmer and Bhuj. He became well known to
the rulers at height of the power and rule of Kalhoras in Sindh. However he traveled unilaterally
in the company of Jogis and Samis and sometimes alone visiting towns and cities, to understand
the true message of Islam contained in nature. Throughout his travels he went to hills, valleys,
riverbanks, fields and mountains where he met the ordinary simple people. He also traveled to
the Ganjo Takkar( Barren Hills) in the south of Hyderabad, Sindh.

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Lal Shahbaz Qalandar:

Sayed Muhammad Usman Marwandi (11771274), known as Lal Shahbaz Qalandar was a Sufi
philosopher-poet of present-day Pakistan. He belonged to the Suhrawardi order of Sufis. Shah
Abdul Latif Bhitai, Makhdoom Bilawal and Sachal Sarmast were noted disciples of his.
Called Lal (red) after his usual red attire, Shahbaz to denote a noble and divine spirit and
Qalandar for his Sufi affiliation, his mysticism attracted people from all religions and he
preached brotherhood among Muslims and Hindus. Thousands of pilgrims visit his shrine in
Sehwan every year on the anniversary of his death.

Sachal Sarmast Sachal Sarmast:

He is a Sufi poet. (1739 1829), wrote poetry in many languages most prominent is Sindhi.
During the Kalhoro/Talpur era of Sindh. He was born in Daraza, near Ranipur, Sindh. His real
name Abdul Wahab Farouqi and "Sachal" or "Sachoo", his nicknames. He used this pen-name in
his poetry. Sachu which means 'truthful' while in Sindhi Sarmast means 'ecstatic' in Sindhi
Sachal Sarmast literally means 'truthful mystic' or can be translated as "Ecstatic Saint of Truth".
Sachal's father had died, when he was a child, he was later raised by his uncle, Abdul Haqq who
also became his spiritual master. He married her daughter, but the young woman died two years
later. He never remarried. It is said that he never left Daraza, the village of his birth. Sachal's
poetical works are sung by local singers in Sindhi and Saraiki; his shrine is in village Daraza,
near Ranipur, Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan.

Hosh Mohammad Sheedi:

General Hosh Muhammad Sheedi or Hoshu Sheedi was a supreme commander of Sindh's Talpur
army. Hoshu Sheedi fought with valor against the British forces under Sir Charles Napier at the
Battle of Dabbo, and martyred in the defense of his homeland on March 24, 1843.
Hosh Muhammad was born in 1801. Before joining the army, he worked at the residence of
Talpur rulers.
Hosh Muhammad belonged to the African-descent Sheedi community of Sindh Pakistan. Before
his death in the Battleground of Dubbo he called out the famous slogan.

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His famous Dialogue is

Marvesoon Marvesoo , Par Sindh na Desoo ("We prefer to die, instead of giving Sindh
to other)
Hosh Muhammad fought with such an unmatched heroism and courage that even his enemy Sir
Charles Napier paid great tributes and buried him with full military honours today every Sindhi
has remembering hosh Mohammad sheedi.
The historical mausoleum of Hosho Sheedi is in Dubee, a small village approximately 10
kilometres from Hyderabad. It was built to pay tribute to the war martyrs and was declared a
heritage site. The building needs the maintenance now.

Hemu kalani:
Hemu Kalani was born in Sukkur, Sindh (now in Pakistan) on 23 March 1923. He was the Hindu
son of Pesumal Kalani and Jethi Bai As a child and young man he campaigned with his friends
for boycotts of foreign goods and tried to persuade people to use Swadeshi goods A brave sindhi
young boy he was fighting for freedom of sindh against British rule once a time when he was
with his friends and was derail it by removing the fishplates from the railway track, This despite
the fact that neither he nor his colleagues had the necessary tools and so had to use a rope as a
means to loosen the fixings. So he become caught by British army and his friends run away he
came into jail and was in torched cell britich army said his mother to make understand your son
to do not interfere in our rule and tell us about his friends which were active in freedom part
when his mother said him that things his reply was to mom that you are my mother I have
respect for you but there is one another mother (Sindh)of me and I will fight for freedom of him.

Sooryah Bad shah:

Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Pir Pagaro the sixth, was a spiritual leader of the Hur Movement
during Sindh's independence struggle against British colonial rule. (Hur means"free", "not
slave") is a Sufi Muslim community in the Sindh.
Soreh Badshah (the Victorious King) is the title given him by his admirers. He was hanged by
British rulers on 20 March 1943 in the Central Jail Hyderabad, Sindh. His burial place remains
unknown, despite requests to the British from people in Sindh.

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G.M Syed:
Ghulam Murtaza Shah Syed (January 17, 1904 April 25, 1995), known as G. M. Syed, was an
Indian political leader known for his scholarly work, spearheading the Pakistan Independence
bill in the British Sindh Assembly and later founding the Sindhi nationalist movement Jeay Sindh
for the freedom of Sindh from the Pakistan. He is regarded as one of the founding fathers of
modern Sindhi nationalism. His social and political engagements started from a mere age of 14
wherein he spearheaded the formation of labour unions such as the Sindhi Hari Committee (later
led by Hyder Bux Jatoi) and also assuming membership of formal state institutions, like he did in
the Karachi's civil authority boards. Earlier in his political career he supported the creation of
Pakistan and had in fact lobbied and passed the bill for the creation of Pakistan in the Sindh
Assembly under the British Raj in India.
He was revered by the people of Sindh as Saeen a son of Syed Mohammed Shah Kazmi,
descendant of a famous saint of Sindh Syed Haider Shah Kazmi.

Quaid e azam Muhammad Ali Jinna:

Baba e Qoum Founder of Pakistan Born in Karachi 5 December 1876 11 September 1948 was
a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan.Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim
League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947, and as Pakistan's first
Governor-General from independence until his death.

Abida parveen
Abida Parveen is a singer of Sindhi descent and one of the foremost exponents of Sufi music.
She is held as one of the world's greatest singers Born in 1954, Larkana, Sindh Nominations
Lux Style Award for Best Original Soundtrack.

Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto:

He Born in 5 January 1928 Larkana, Sindh,he was the founder of Pakistan people party and
served as its chairman until his execution in 1979. And he was 9 th primeminister of Pakistan
Revered as Quaid-i-Awam.

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His Achievements:

MRD tahreek
1973 constitution

And letter on hanged in the govt. of general zia ul haque

NATURAL RESOURCES OF SINDH

Natural gas: Sindh is Pakistan's most natural gas producing province.
Province-wise Annual Gas Production: 2006-7
Province

Non-Associated
Gas (MMCF)

Associated
Gas (MMCF)

Total
(MMCF)

Sindh

979,198

21,217

1,000,415

70.77

Punjab

52,481

16,127

68,608

4.58

NWFP

22,818

3,552

26,370

1.86

318,188

318,188

22.50

1372,685

40,896

1413,581

100%

Balochistan
Pakistan

Source: Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2007

Agriculture: (Sindhi Mango,Kha irpuri khajoro,Wheat,Cotton,Cane,Rice): Agriculture is very

important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and mangoes as the most
important crops.

Petrol and coal: Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal.

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Province-wise Oil Production in Pakistan (2006-07)
Province

Oil Production (Million

Barrels)

Percentage

Sindh

13.87

56.36

Punjab

7.85

31.91

NWFP

2.8

11.619

Balochistan

0.024

0.1

Pakistan

24.61

100%

Source: Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2007, Ministry of Petroleum

and Natural Resources GOP

During the same year Sindh produced 1,000,415 Million cubic feet of gas, which
makes approx 71 percent of the total national gas production.

MAJOR CITIES OF SINDH

Karachi:
Karachi is capital of Sindh as well as the largest and most populous metropolitan city of Pakistan
and the main seaport and financial centre of the country.Also called city of lights because it is
very beautiful in lights at night.
Area: 1,362 mi (3,527 km) Population: 9.339 million (1998) UN data.
Much of Sindh's economy is influenced by the economy of Karachi, also the largest city and
economic capital of the country.
Karachi is also ranked as a beta world city, It was the capital of Pakistan until Islamabad was
constructed as a capital to spread development evenly across the country and to prevent it from
being concentrated in Karachi. Karachi is the location of the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim,
two of the region's largest and busiest ports. After the independence of Pakistan, the city
population increased dramatically when hundreds of thousands of Muslim Muhajirs from India
and from other parts of South Asia came to settle in Karachi.

16

Hyderabad:
Hyderabad is the second largest city in Sindh and the fifth largest in the country. It was founded
in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro upon the ruins of a Mauryan fishing village along the
bank of the Indus River known as Neroon Kot. Formerly the capital of Sindh, it serves as the
headquarters of the district of Hyderabad. The last Battle of Amir Talpur and the British took
place in the city in 1843. Before the creation of Pakistan, it was known as the Paris of India for
its
roads
used
to
be
washed
with
river
water.
Hyderabad is hot and humid city in the south of the country and has been a staging point for
literary campaigns particularly oriented towards the Sindhi language and the birthplace of a
number of influential poets and Sufi dervishes. Rich with culture and tradition, the city is the
largest bangle producer in the world and serves as a transit hub between rural and urban Sindh.
Located 110 kilometres (68 mi) from important archaeological digs investigating the preHarappan settlement of Amri, the region holds extreme importance for archaeologists the world
over. The city is also known for its medical and educational institutions. It is also home to one of
the oldest universities in the region, the University of Sindh.

Sukkur:
Formerly Aror and Bakhar, is the third largest city of Sindh situated on the west bank of Indus
River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. However, the word Sakhar in Sindhi means "Superior"
which the spelling of the city's name in Sindhi suggests is the origin of the name.
Sukkur has been an important strategic centre and trading route from time
immemorial. Alor (or Aror, Sukkur) held the status of capital under the reign of Musikanos,
when Alexander invaded the region in 326 BCE. The ruins of this ancient town still exist, 8
kilometers (5.0 mi) east of Rohri, in Sukkur district. The Rai dynasty built a huge temple
of Shiva. In 711 CE, the Arabs conquered Sindh, led by 17-year-old Muhammad bin Qasim, and
Sukkur (including all of Sindh and lower Punjab) became part of the Umayyad Caliphate.
Later Mughals and many semi-autonomous tribes ruled over Sukkur. The city was ceded to Mirs
of Khairpur between 1809 and 1824. In 1833, Shah Shuja (a warlord of Kandahar, Afghanistan)
defeated the Talpurs near Sukkur and later made a solemn treaty with the Talpur ruler, by which
he relinquished all claims on Sindh. In 1843, the British (General Charles James Napier)
defeated the Talpurs at the battles of Miani and Dubbo near Hyderabad. Sukkur, along with the
rest of Sindh, was under British rule until the independence of Pakistan in 1947. The (current)
district of Sukkur was constituted in 1901 out of part of Shikarpur District, the remainder of
which was formed into the Larkana District. Sukkur saw a significant socio-economic uplift after
the 1930s when the British built the world's largest barrage here on the Indus River.

17

Mirpur Khas: is a city in the province of Sindh. It is the capital city of Mirpur Khas District.
It is the 4th largest city in the province with an estimated population of 488,590 (2009). Its soil is
fertile and the city is known for its horticultural produce and farming, as well as mango
cultivation, with hundreds of varieties of mangoes produced each year. Mirpur Khas also
growing in I.T Software Education and Business.
Prior to the Islamic conquest of Sindh by the Arabian armies of Muhammad Bin Qasim, the land
where Mirpur was situated had a thriving Buddhist settlement known as Kahoo Jo Daro. The
remnant stupa still remains and as the armies settled in the area, newer buildings occupied the
land and led into massively progressive landscapes. Farming became known to people and
horticulture and cotton fields blossomed.
In 1806, Mankani Talpurs shifted their capital from Keti Mir Tharo and laid foundations for
Mirpur Khas under the leadership of Mir Ali Murad Talpur. Mir Sher Muhammad
Talpur succeeded Mir Ali Murad and built a fort when declared the ruler of the state. He would
run a kutchery from within the fort. Mirpur Khas remained capital of Talpur Mirs of Mirpur Khas
until 1843 when Sindh was annexed to British India under East India Company. When Charles
James Napier attacked Sindh, Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur was the last Talpur ruler to face the
British on 24 March 1843 at the battleground of Dubbo. His battle for the liberation of Sindh has
rendered him the title of the lion of Sindh. The kutchery in the fort now has a tablet embedded
at the entrance reading, "The fort within which this building stands was residence of Mir Sher
Muhammad Khan, the Lion of Sindh."
Later Sindh was made part of Bombay Presidency and Mirpur Khas was a part of it.
Umerkot was made the district's headquarters town and Mirpur Khas was ignored until the
advent of the Luni-Hyderabad branch of the Jodhpur-Bikaner Railway, a subsidiary of
the railway to the town. The opening of the Jamrao Canal in 1900 made Mirpur Khas stand out
of the rest of the towns in the district. It was constituted a municipality in 1901 [2] and was made
the district headquarters in 1906.
At the turn of the twentieth century, the population of the town was 2,787 with a density of 82
persons per square mile, however the district, as a whole, saw significant growth in the rise of
population from 27,866 (1891) to 37,273 (1901). The cotton produced at Mirpur Khas was
considered the best in the country when surveyed and the British exploited the produce by
exporting it to other nations.
After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, because of its proximity with the Indian border,
Mirpur Khas became the first city to welcome refugees to Pakistan. It acted as a primary railway
junction for the first trains to rail across the Rajasthan to the Sindh province.

Larkana:

18

Larkana is a 5th large district of Sindh. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a
population of 1,927,066 of which 28.70% were urban. It is the home district of two former Prime
Ministers of Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto and also the district of former
Chief Minister of Sindh, Mumtaz Ali Bhutto.Moen jo daro is 22 km away from larkana and
Other towns of the district include Miro Khan, Ratodero, Dokri, Bakrani and Naodero. In 2005,
the Government of Pakistan under Pervez Musharraf bifurcated the district, forming a new
district called Qamber and Shahdadkot, with two towns of Qambar Ali Khan and Shahdadkot.

FEDERALISM
Wadera shahi:
Commonly in Sindh peoples in rural areas are cruel by Wadera, wadera means rich persons
which are land lords, they are playing with people emotions they are making peoples
psychologically their under, people are Compulsive to follow the wadera and to give them votes,
that is in Rural areas of sindh but in the urban areas people are voting on their choice.

EDUCATION LITERACY RATE

On average 86.5% girls and 72.6% boys living in rural areas of Sindh are not enrolled in schools.
Following data reflects information from cities and towns of Sindh.
Out of School Children (of Ages 5-9 years)

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S No.

District

% Out of School

Karachi

41.12%

Naushero Feroz

60.3%

Sukkur

62.4%

Hayderbad

62.7%

Khairpur

65.5%

Dadu

66.2%

Nawab Shah

68.0%

Sanghar

68.6%

Larkana

70.8%

10

Mirpur Khas

73.2%

11

Ghotki

74.7%

12

Jacobabad

77.0%

13

Badin

79.1%

14

Shikarpur

80.1%

15

Thatta

82.8%

16

Tharparkar

86.4%

Around 75% of fifth grade students in Sindh cannot even read any sentence, hardly 29 per cent
of them can do a simple two-digit arithmetic division, states the fourth provincial edition of
the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), launched at the Karachi School of Business and
Leadership. A recent study conducted by the Sindh Department of Education found that out of
roughly 40,000 primary schools in the province, over 11,000 have no electricity, over 8,500 have
no water supply, over 11,000 have no toilet facility and boundary wall. There are schools for the
elite and there are schools for the poor. The product of elite schools goes back to elite circles, and
the product of public schools goes back to the underprivileged classes. There is no possibility of
transferring these boundaries. The curriculum negates historical facts for the sake of political

20

expediency. There is a danger in tampering with history. For example, there is no mention of the
role of Sindhi the Pakistan Movement, no examination of the role of revered Sindhi figures like
G.M Syed exists in the curriculum. So the impact on the Sindhi students is like: What place do
I have in this country?

POLITICAL SITUATION
Political Side of Sindh:
There are 3 dominant political powers in Sindh:

Pakistan people party

PPP is founded by Zulfiqar ail Bhutto after his death in 1979 pop run by his Daughter Benazir
Bhutto, the largest party of Sindh and many times its government has been done in Pakistan at
this time its chairman is Bill yardarm son of late Mahatma Benazir Bhutto. Early their
government was in Pakistan from 2008 to 2013 after the death of Benazir the party become
successful to make government in country.

Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM):

The Muttahida Qaumi Movement generally known as MQM, is a secular political party
in Pakistan mainly representing Urdu-speaking Mohajirs. The student organization, All Pakistan
Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO), was founded in 1978 by Altaf Hussain which
subsequently gave birth to the Muhajir Qaumi Movement in 1984. In 1997, the MQM officially
removed the term Muhajir (which denotes the party's roots among the country's Urdu-speaking
community) from its name, and replaced it with Muttahida (United). The MQM is generally
known as a party which holds strong mobilizing potential in Karachi, having traditionally been
the dominant political force in the city. Muttahida Qaumi Movement is currently the second
largest party in Sindh with 54 out of 130 seats and overall the fourth largest party in the National
Assembly of Pakistan after the Pakistan Muslim League (N), Pakistan Peoples
Party and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf. The party has kept its influence over Pakistan's federal
government as a key coalition partner since the late 1980s (1988-1990, 1990-1992, 2002-2007,
2008-2013). but this party has not created successfully government in province and country level
till now.

Pakistan Muslim League Functional (PML-F):

21

The Pakistan Muslim League (F) is a centrist, nationalist, and pro-Hurs clan political party in
Pakistan. It is one of the factions of the original Pakistan Muslim League. The letter 'F' in its
name stands for functional. It is primarily associated with the Sindhi religious leader Pir Pagara.
It was formed in 1985 when the Pakistani establishment decided to make Muhammad Khan
Junejo the president of united PML. In response, Pir Pagara Syed Shah Mardan Shah-II parted
ways with the mother league and formed his own party.
After Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah was defeated by Ayub Khan in the Pakistani presidential election,
1965, Jinnah established the Pakistan Muslim League (Functional). Pir Pagaro Syed Shah
Mardan Shah-II became the head of this political party. He was also nominated as first president
of United Muslim League. He was Chief of Pakistan Muslim League-Functional (PML-F), and
spiritual leader of the Hur Jamaat organization.
In the 2002 Pakistani general election, the party won 1.1% of the popular vote and 4 out of 272
elected members.
In May 2004, PML (Functional) merged with PML (Q) along with other parties to form the
united PML.
It has not created govt in Province from creation of Pakistan.

REFERENCES:

22

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh#Prehistoric_period
http://project-history.blogspot.com/2006/11/mohenjo-daro-trade-culture-and.html
http://www.slideshare.net/56672/natural-resources-of-sindh-by-aamir-ali-mugheri-bba-iipresentation
http://sheediitehad.com.pk/index/?page_id=406
http://historyofislam.com/contents/the-age-of-faith/the-conquest-of-sindh/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
http://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism_in_Sindh
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indo-aryan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm
http://www.dawn.com/news/871700/sindh-s-role-in-pakistan-movement