Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Electrical Basic Course

Lesson 14
Conservation of AC power
Power Factor Correction
Power measurements

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Conservation of AC power

I = I1 + I 2
1
1
1
1
*
*
*
*
S = V I * = V I1 + I 2 = V I1 + V I 2 = S1 + S 2
2
2
2
2

V = V1 + V2
1
1
1
1
*
*
*
*
S = V I = (V1 + V2 )I = V1 I + V2 I = S1 + S 2
2
2
2
2

Parallel

Series

Electrical Basics Course

Power generated by twoterminal component with

source convention

Power generated or absorded

by all the two-terminal
component of the circuit where
all are studied using the
source convention or the
load convention

Prof. Aldo Canova

Power absorbed by twoterminal component with

load convention

BOUCHEROTS Theorem

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Power method: from Boucherot theorem it posible to solve circuit

I
V
S , P, Q,

From P, Q, V

I=

P +Q
V
2

From P, Q, I

V=

P +Q
I
2

From V, I,P

From V, I,Q

S = VI
Q = S 2 P2

S = VI
P = S 2 Q2

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Example 1: Boucherots theorem

Calculate all the currents and voltages of the circuit
Xb
A
+

P4

Rb
I4

I=

I3

Xa
D

P3
Q3

I
XC

V = 500 V(rms)
P = 20 kW
Q = 15 kVAr
XC = 50
R = 0.1
Xa = 20
Ra = 15
Xb = 0.1
Rb = 0.1

V
I

P1
Q1

P2
Q2

P 2 + Q 2 V = 50 A

P1 = P = 20kW

S1 =

Ra I 2

V AB
Q4

I1 = V X C = VFG X C = 10 A
Q1 = Q + ( V 2 X C ) = 10kVar

P12 + Q12 = 22. 36kVA

I 2 = S1 V = 44 .72 A

VCF = RI 2 = 4.47V

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Xb
A
+

P4

Rb
I4

VCD = S2 I 2 = 504 .0V

Q2 = Q1 = 10 kVar
I 3 = VCD

P3 = P2 + Ra I 32 = 26.3kW
I 4 = S 3 VCD = 63.35 A

P3
Q3

S2 =

Xa

XC

V
I

P2
Q2

P1
Q1

Ra2 + X a2 = 504.0 25 = 20.16 A

V AC = I 4 Rb2 + X b2 = 8.96V

P42 + Q42 = 32 .48 kVA

P22 + Q22 = 22.54 kVA

Q3 = Q2 + X a I 32 = 181
. kVar

P4 = P3 + Rb I 42 = 26. 7 kW

S4 =

I3

P2 = P1 + RI 22 = 20.2 kW

Ra I 2

V AB
Q4

Q4 = Q3 + X b I 42 = 18.5kVar

V AB = S4 I 4 = 512.8V

S3 =

P32 + Q32 = 3193

. kVA

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Example 2: Boucherot s theorem

Find X1 and X2
A

R
R1

VAB

I1
PT

X1

I2
X2

R = 10
PT = 100 W
R1 = 20
I = 2.28 A
VAB = 100 V

Results

X 1 = 56.09 X 2 = 25.08

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Power Factor Correction

Fase

V
Ia
Ib

Given two loads (energy Customers)

with the same voltage and the same
active power
Pa = VI a cos a = Pb = VIb cos b
I a cos a = I b cos b
The Customer b is characterised by higher
current and so higher Joule losses in the line
conductors that supply the load b.
The Customers pay the same energy fee (only
the active energy is measured).

The Energy Distributor impose a limit to the lowest power factor value.
Most domestic loads (such as washing machines, air conditioners, and
refrigerators) and industrial loads (such as induction motors) are inductive
and operate at a low lagging power factor. Although the inductive nature
of the load cannot be changed, we can increase its power factor.

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

PU

P
V
Q

XC
QU

Inductive load

QU = PU tgU
P = PU
Q = Ptg IN = PU tg IN
QC = Q Qu = PU tg IN PU tgU = PU (tg IN tgU )
V2
QC =
= 2 fCV 2
XC

C=

PU (tgU tg IN )
2fV 2
QC

SU

QU
S
P=PU

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Example 3: Power factor correction

When connected to a 120-V (rms), 60-Hz power line, a load absorbs 4 kW
at a lagging power factor of 0.8. Find the value of capacitance necessary
to raise the pf to 0.95.

From: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 2Ed

Alexander_Sadiku Textbook

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Power measurement: wattmeter

iv=0

P = V I cosV

I = V I cos

From: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 2Ed

Alexander_Sadiku Textbook

Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova

Example 4: Power measurement

Find the wattmeter measurement

From: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 2Ed

Alexander_Sadiku Textbook