Biodiversity

Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability
of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within
species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety
of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem
variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet.
Living thing
Living thing can be classified into animals and plants.

Animals
made up of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column, derived from
the notochord. Example crab , bee and ant.

Vertebrates
vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata.
Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about
64,000 species described. Vertebrates divided into amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
1. Fish(shark , snake , head fish)
2. Amphibians (frog , toad )
3. Reptiles ( crocodile, lizard )
4. Bird ( Eagle , sparrow)
5. Mammals ( rabbit , rat )

Plant

made up from flowering plants and non-flowering plants

Flowering plants
The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most
diverse group of land plants, with about 350,000 species. Likegymnosperms, angiosperms are seedproducing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms
by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that
contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an
enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek composite
word meaning "enclosed seeds", after the enclosed condition of the seeds.Flowering plants made up
of monocotyledon and dicotyledon.

Monocotyledon
Monocotyledons , commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal)
are flowering plants (angiosperms) whose seed stypically contain only one embryonic leaf,
or cotyledon. They constitute one of the major groups into which the flowering plants have
traditionally been divided, the rest of the flowering plants having two cotyledons and therefore
classified as dicotyledons, or dicots. However, molecular phylogenetic research has shown that
while the monocots form amonophyletic group or clade (comprising all the descendants of a
common ancestor), the dicots do not.The monocots include about 60,000 species. The
largest family in this group (and in the flowering plants as a whole) by number of species are the
orchids (familyOrchidaceae), with more than 20,000 species. Examples : maize, paddy
Dicotyledon
The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or more rarely dicotyls), were one of the two groups into
which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the
typical characteristics of the group, namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
There are around 200,000 species within this group. The other group of flowering plants were
called monocotyledons or monocots, typically having one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups
formed the two divisions of the flowering plants . Examples: rambutan , durian.
Non-flowering plants
Non-flowering plants, also known as plant reproductive morphology, it is concerned with the physical
form and structure (the morphology) of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned
with sexual reproduction.
Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive structures of angiosperms, are the
most varied physically and show a correspondingly great diversity in methods of reproduction.
[1]

Plants that are not flowering plants (green

algae, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns and gymnosperms such as conifers) also have complex
interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction.
The breeding system, or how the sperm from one plant fertilizes the ovum of another, depends on

the reproductive morphology, and is the single most important determinant of the genetic structure of
nonclonal plant populations.non-flowering plants made up of algae , fungi, moss, fern.
Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large, diverse group of eukaryotes that are not necessarily closely
related and are thuspolyphyletic. Included organisms range from unicellular genera, such
as Chlorella and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga that
may grow up to 50 meters in length. Most are aquatic and autotrophic and lack many of the distinct
cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem and phloem, that are found in land plants. The largest
and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are
the Charophyta, a division of green algae that includes, for example, Spirogyra and the stoneworts.

Fungi
A fungi is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms
such as yeasts andmolds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known
as mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the
other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.
One difference that places fungi in a different kingdom is that its cell walls contain chitin, unlike the
cell walls of plants, bacteria and some protists. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs, that is,
they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive
enzymes into their environment. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores, which may
travel through the air or water (a few of which are flagellated). Fungi are the principal decomposers
in ecological systems.Examples:yeast, mushroom.
Moss
Mosses are small flowerless plants that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp
or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple, one-cell thick leaves,
attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting
water and nutrients. Although some species have vascular tissue this is generally poorly developed
and structurally different from similar tissue found in other plants. They do not have seeds and after
fertilisation developsporophytes (unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing spores).
They are typically 0.210 cm (0.13.9 in) tall, though some species are much larger, likeDawsonia,
the tallest moss in the world, which can grow to 50 cm (20 in) in height.

Fern
A fern is a member of a group of about 12,000 species[3] of vascular plants that reproduce
via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular (i.e.
having water-conducting vessels). They have branched stems and leaves, like other vascular plants,
but these are megaphylls, more complex than the simple microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns
have what are called fiddleheads that expand into fronds, which are each delicately divided.