PANGALAN NITO? NOTES.

(no(tes)toc balls)
09/25/14
5 Kingdom System
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Monera

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

Genetic material
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Production of ATP
-phyta phylum
-opsida class
-ales order
-aceae family
Genus (monomial): Zea
Genus species (binomial/ scientific name): Zea mays

KINGDOM MONERA
-prokaryotic, may be unicellular, colonial, or have simple multicellular forms
Phylum/Divison
Schizophyta
Bacteria
Cyanophyta
Cyanobacteria/blue-green algae

KINGDOM PROTISTA
-eukaryotes with 9+2 flagella and cilia
-most are unicellular, some colonial, and some multicellular with tissues arranged in simple body parts
Algae
Division Dinophyta/Pyrrophyta
Chrysophyta/Chryophyta
Bacillariophyta/Xanthophyta
Euglenophyta
Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta

Dinoflagellates*
Golden algae*
Diatom*
Euglenoids
Green algae
Brown algae
Red algae

*Chrysophyta, with chlorophyll a and c

Recall parts of cell wall: 1, 2, plasmodesmata, etc.
Fungus-like Protists
Division Myxomycota
Acrasiomycota
Oomycota
Chytridiomycota

Plasmodial slime molds

Cellular slime molds
Water molds and downy mildews
Chytrids

KINGDOM FUNGI
-eukaryotes, nearly all multicellular
Division Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

Bread molds
Sac fungi
Mushroom, shelf fungi, puffballs

Thallophytes (thallus: undifferentiated body):

Algae (autotrophic)
Fungi (heterotrophic)
Embryophytes (embryo-forming)
-cotyledon, radicle, plumule
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
K. Monera (Eubacteria, Archaebacteria)
-prokaryotic body plan (DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, flagellum)
Gram-negative
Cell Wall
-outer membrane
-thinner peptidoglycan layer (layer between plasma membrane and outer membrane; crystal violet is easily
rinsed from the cytoplasm, cell appears pink/red from the dye)
Plasma membrane (periplasmic gel)

Gram-positive
Cell Wall
-thick peptidoglycan layer (traps the crystal violet in the cytoplasm; alcohol does not remove the crystal
violet, which masks the red safranin dye)
Plasma membrane

Stain with purple

Stain with iodine
Wash with alcohol
Counterstain with safranin

Cyanobacteria (chlorophyllous eubacteria)

Nostoc N-fixing heterocyst, resting spore (akinete) (kinakain daw ni mam ang cyanobacteria na ito)
Oscillatoria
09/30/14
Dinoflagellates (Dinophyta)
a. Flagellated stage
b. Amoeboid stage
c. Encysted stage
Pfiesteria piscicida
*Pyrodinium bahamense cytotoxic; Alzheimers
*Gymnodinium breve toxic
Synura
Diatom shells siliceous frustule: hypotheca, epitheca (larger, upper)
*Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (toxin is toxic to humans who eat, not to host)
(puro pictures ng mga pangalan nito)
Euglena (flagellum, 2nd flagellum, eyespot, contractile vacuole, chloroplast, paramylon granule, nucleus)
Chlamydomonas (2 flagella)
Ulothrix
Scenedesmus colonies of 4 cells
Coenobium
Ulva (alga)
Gametophyte (1N)
Sporophyte (2N)
Green Algae
Volvox colonial
Codium dichotomous branching
Acetabularia single-celled; nucleus in stolon
Halimeda
Udotea
Micrasterias
Caulerpa racemosa edible!

Caulerpa taxifolia toxic

Brown Algae/Phaeophyta
Ectocarpus (microscopic)

Red Algae/Rhodophyta
Porphyra looks like Ulva (red ang Porphyra, green ang Ulva, wag lang sana black and white ang picture kung
meron man)
Eucheuma (mukhang lomi na specimen sa lab)

(nuks may picture)

K. Monera Algae (Cyanophyta) phycocyanin
K. Protista Dinoflagellates (Dinophyta) - Rhodophyta (deeper parts of ocean, cell wall solidifying agents: gelatin,
agarose; carageenan) phycoerythrin
Phycobilins: phycocyanin, phycoerythrin
Cyanophyta: phycocyanin::Rhodophyta: phycoerythrin
Fungus-like Protists
Division Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota, Oomycota, Chytridiomycota} hyphae (filaments) mycelium (hyphal network)
Aseptate (no crosswall); septate (with crosswalls)
Myxomycota plasmodial slime mold
Coenocytic (multinucleated as a result of repeated nuclear divisions, aseptate)
Heterotrophs although many are pigmented
Acrasiomycota cellular slime mold
Dictyostelium
Oomycota water molds, white rusts (yung sa corn tip), downy midlew (yung sa curtains)
Coenocytic hyphae
Cellulose present in cell wall (no chitin)
Zoospores lack cell wall
Aquatic and terrestrial; many parasites in crop plants
Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)
Most are microscopic
Unicellular, coenocytic forms
Cell wall predominantly chitin
Inhabit aquatic or moist soil; many are parasites of diatoms and some insects
Possibly the ancestral group of some fungi
Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
-no known reproductive structures
10/02/14
Fungi
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
*Deuteromycota

motile spores with flagella

resistant zygosporangium
sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci
sexual spores borned externally on club-shaped
structures called basidia
*Neurospora (ascomycete) produces sac-like
structures

Gametangia conjugation of gametes

Zygomycota
Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) zygosporangium

Ascomycota
Candida albicans bad yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae good yeast
Eupenicillium
Morchella
Basidiomycota
Club fungi life cycle

Amanita muscaria

Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)

Arthrobotrys dactyloides

Lichens: alga (phycobiont) + fungus (mycobiont)

-symbiotic relationship; can exist even if separated from each other
Foliose, crustose (bark of old trees), fruticose
[fungal hyphae, algal layer (green algae/cyanobacteria), soredia (asexual)]

TRUE PLANTS
Non-Vascular
Bryophytes parenchyma, collenchyma
Phylum Hepatophyta
Anthocerophyta
Bryophyta

Liverworts
hornworts
mosses

P. Hepatophyta
Marchantia dichotomous branching; in cold areas; thallus, rhizoids
-gametophyte dominant, cannot see sporophyte
Riccia
P. Anthocerophyta
Anthoceros can see both gametophyte and sporophyte
P. Bryophyta
Moss protonema (young gametophyte); absorbs water
Vascular Plants
Spore-producing plants (Pteridophytes)
Phylum Lycophyta
Pteridophyta = Pterophyta
Sphenophyta
Psilophyta
*most primitive living vascular plant

lycophytes (club mosses)

Ferns
Equisetum
Psilotum*

P. Lycophyta (microphylls, ornamental, not upright)

Lycopodium terrestrial, aerial
Selaginella
P. Sphenophyta
Equisetum whorled (3 or more leaves)
Circinnate vernation (hindi venation, veRnation kasi Roderos) yung sa fiddlehead
Pattern of sori at the back of leaves identifying key
Evolution
Chara (Charophytes)
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Spore-bearing vascular
Gymnosperms (naked seeds) cone-producing
Angiosperms (covered seeds) flower-bearing
Vascular Plants
Division Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta

conifers
cycads
Ginkgo
Gnetae

D. Anthophyta
Tanong ni mam: bakit pinaghiwalay yung naked at covered seeds?
Cyanobacteria ay prokaryote so no membrane-bound organelles, no chloroplast, edi nasaan daw ang chlorophyll? (di
ba free lang siya)

10/07/14
Family Asteraceae sunflower
Family Magnoliaceae most primitive family
Medicinal
Morphine Opium poppy pain reliever
Quinine Quinine tree Malaria preventive
Taxol---------excited si mam
Bacteria
Asexual: binary fission
Sexual: conjugation
(no spindle fibers)
1. Chromosome replication begins. Soon, thereafter, one copy of the origin begins to move toward the other end of
the cell.
2. Replication continues. One copy of the origin-------inalis na ni mam (hanapin niyo na lang yung part na ito )
Diatoms reproduce by mitosis. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
Cellular reproduction
-binary fission
-mitosis
Asexual
-budding: protoplasmic extension
-spores: conidia, akinetes (thick-walled, non-motile, derived from vegetative cell)
-zoospores
-fragmentation: spontaneous splitting of cell
-regeneration: wherein parent is injured; vegetative propagation
-cutting
-grafting
-marcotting - wherein bark is removed to expose the vascular cambium, then icocover with moss, coconut husk tas
magdedevelop ito ng roots
Tissue culture orchids
Sieve tube without nucleus
Companion cell with nucleus
Fiber sclerenchyma, dead at maturity
[sorry talaga medyo all over the place ang notes, ganun din kasi ang lecture ni mam eh]
Asexual structures
Gemmae cups asexual structures

Kalanchoe plantlets along edges of leaves

Potato tuber stem with nodes (eyes)
Strawberry - runners
Asexual same strains
Sexual different strains
Isogamy offspring same as parent
Heterogamy offspring different
Spirogyra
-zygospore sporophyte
Life cycle ng Spirogyra
Zygote (2N) mitosis sporophyte (2N) meiosis spores (N) mitosis gametophyte (N) mitosis
gametes (N) fertilization zygote (2N)
Sexual reproduction
mycelium (N) plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) dikaryotic stage (n+n) 2 nuclei, caryogamy (fusion of
nuclei) diploid stage (2N) meiosis spore-producing structures (N) spores (N) germination
mycelium
each ascus 8 ascospores
Moss: protonema::fern: prothallus
Moss requires H2O; fern does not require H2O
Bryophytes: sporophyte dependent on gametophytes (dominant)
Ferns: Large dominant sporphyte and small independent gametophyte
Seed plants: reduced gametophyte dependent on dominant sporophyte
Accessory
Part collective term
Sepals calyx
Petals corolla
Sepals + petals = perianth
(gamo-, poly- + accessory part + ous)
Essential
Stamen androecium
Filament (stalk)
Anther
Pistil/carpel gynoecium
Ovary
Style
Stigma
Flower
-solitary (gumamela)
-inflorescence

Sessile no stalk
10/09/14
Floral Variation
Complete vs. Incomplete
Regular vs. Irregular
-do not use to distinguish monocots from dicots
Irregular
a. Papilionaceous (Hypogea)
1 standard petal largest
2 keels medium
2 wings small
b. Caesalpinaceous (Alibangbang, Caballero)
1 standard petal smallest
Keel inner
wings
May be grouped/united, or free
Hibiscus five pistils
Superior vs. Inferior
Pollen grain
Outer covering: exine; inner: intine
Smooth, rough exine can be used in taxonomic identification.
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
1. Sporogenesis meiosis
Microsporogenesis
Pollen Mother Cell (2N) germ cell microspores (N) (encapsulated) pollen grain (N) tube nucleus,
generative nucleus sperm (N), sperm (N) (mitosis) germinating pollen grain (MALE GAMETOPHYTE)
Megasporogenesis
Megaspore mother cell (MMC) (2N) (megasporocyte) megaspores (N) (3 degenerate, 1 functional) (nucleus
mitosis 3x, w/o cytokinesis) 8-nucleated embryo sac (FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE)
2 synergids (guard ng egg) + 1 egg + 2 polar nuclei in central cell + 3 antipodal cells = 8 nuclei ()
4 functional sperm; 1 functional egg (3 degenerate)
2. Pollination
-self or cross of same species
-pollen tube grows into micropyle
-moisture in stigma helps in pollination
Corn: staminate (tassel); pistillate (cob)

Perfect flowers/bisexual (M + F)
Imperfect/unisexual (pistillate or staminate)
Monoecious corn
Dioecious papaya
3. Double Fertilization
Sperm nucleus (n) + egg (n) single-celled zygote (2n) (mitosis) embryo (cotyledon, plumule, radicle)
Sperm nucleus (n) + polar nucleus (n) + polar nucleus (n) endosperm (3n)
Embryo + endosperm seed
Endosperm nutritive tissue, if absent cotyledons provide nutrients
PMC 4 pollen grain 4 generative nuclei 2 sperm per nucleus 8 sperm nuclei

10/06/14
Parthenocarpy seedless fruits
Parthenocarpic fruit banana
Origin
-simple
-aggregate atis, guyabano
-multiple/collective langka, bread fruit
-accessory
Pericarp
1. Fleshy (exo-, meso-, endocarp)

Baka tanungin: Which parts are edible? (baka kainin ni mam)

Pulp bits outgrowths of endocarp
Ripe mango, fibrous endocarp and tinatanim
Coconut endocarp shell
Endosperm liquid at solid (eto edible na naman)

2. Dry

Simple ang cherry. Aggregate ang raspberry. Multiple ang pineapple.

Exalbuminous food stored in cotyledons (enlarged, swollen)
Albuminous food stored in endosperm (e.g. castor bean)
Toge seedling
Radicle - first to grow (for absorption)
Coconut
Shoot first to grow (may food na sa endosperm, no need for roots)
sponge yung embryo
Toge: radicle:: niyog: shoot