1.

h molecule 5 Polysaccharides NOT soluble in WATER food storage Complex sugars B)

Disaccharides (2 carbon rings)
2. 6. Proteins Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules but with the
addition of nitrogen Carbohydrates are made up of glucose units. Proteins are made up of
units called amino acids There are about 20 different amino acids. Examples are glycine
(Gly), alanine (Ala), valine (Val) and cysteine (Cyst) joined together would make a small
protein Proteins can 1) make up the structure of cells (STRUCTURAL): cytoplasm, nucleus,
cell membranes 2) be Enzymes 6
3. 7. Lipids Lipids are fats and oils * CHO Present in * cell membrane and internal membranes *
droplets of fat stored in CYTOPLASM They are made up from 3 molecules of fatty acids +1
molecule of glycerol 8
4. 8. CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS LIPIDS Elements they contain C,H,O C,H,O,N,S C,H,O
Smaller molecules of which they are made Glucose/simple sugar Amino acids (3) fatty acids
and (1) glycerol Solubility in H2O Monosaccharides YES Polysaccharides NO YES NO
Food that contains them Bread, cereals, deserts, potatoes, rice, pasta, jam, sweets, lettuce
Meat, fish, chicken, egg white, milk, cheese, pork, peas, beans and cereals Butter, oils, fat
meat, junk food, egg yolk
5. 9. Why animals need them Easily available energy (16kj/g) Making CELLS,ANTIBODIES,
ENZYMES; used for ENERGY if all the stores have run out (17kj/g) *Source of ENERGY
(37kj) *LONG TERM storage of E in fat depots *insulation (adipose tissue) *part of cell
membrane and membrane systems Things to remember ProteinsAminoacids
bloodstream build up different proteins (cytoplasm/enzymes) aminoacids not
usedLiVERremoval of amino group (-NH2) Glycogen Stored or OXIDIZED for E SUGAR
GLUCOSE
6. 10. Salts and water Water makes up the bulk of cytoplasm (75-90%) All the chemical
reactions in cytoplasm take place in solution, i.e. in water Water itself takes part in many of
these chemical reactions Salts of sodium, potassium and calcium and many others play an
important part in these reactions as IONS, they take part in chemical reactions/ involved in
determining how much water enters or leaves the cell (OSMOSIS) 9
7. 11. VITAMINS *take part in chemical reactions in the cell *plants produce them/ animals have
to obtain them ready- made
8. 12. Synthesis and conversion in cells Cells are able to build up or break down CARBOHY
DRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS Animal cells CAN change * CARBOHYDRATES to LIPIDS or
viceversa * PROTEINS to CARBOHYDRATES CANT make PROTEINS unless they receive
AMINOACIDS (plants can make their own starting from sugar and salts)