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St.PetertoBenedictXVI

CHAPTERI

THEPOPES

Howmanypotatoeshavebeen?
260potatoes(accordingtotheofficiallistoftheVatican),althoughitisunknownwhy
JohnPaulIIisknownasthe263rdsuccessorofSt.Peter.Thefirstwas
SanPedroApostle.Youcannotsetthedateofhisdeathbutwhatif
issafediedinRomevictimofpersecutionsagainst
ChristiansorderedbytheEmperorNero.Thelatter,JohnPaulII,elected
PopeonOctober16,1978.
Howdidhediethefirstpope?
SanPedro,actuallycalledSimonbarJona,wascrucifiedin64
ADor65ADbytheEmperorNero.Sentencedtodieonthecross,
St.Peteraskedtobecrucifiedupsidedownasitwasconsideredunworthy
dieinthesamewayasJesusChrist.
WhereyouareburiedtheapostlePeter?
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DuringthepontificateofCeferino(198217)confirmsthepresbyterGaius
St.PeterandPauldiedinRome,thefirsttotheVaticanhill
andthesecondonviaOstiense.Between1940and1949theywerefolloweddifferent
excavationsinthebasementoftheBasilicaofSanPedro.Hediscovereda
cemeteryhimamodestlittlegrave,longbeforethechurch
Constantine.Thistombisnowreveredasthetombof
apostle.
WhatPopedidnotexist?
JohnXX.ForanunknownquestiontheVaticandecidedtoskipthepope
JohnXX.PopeJohnXIXwasfromtheApril19,1024toOctober20,
1032.PopeJohnXXIwasfromSeptember8,1276toMay20,
1277.
Whatwasthenamemostusedbythepopes?
John.IntotaltherehavebeentwentypopeswhoadoptedthenameofJohn.He
GregorionamewasusedsixteentimesBenedictfifteen

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ClementthefourteentheLionandInnocentinthirteenandPiusin
twelve.
Whatnamewascursedforcenturies?
John.JohnVIII(14December872December16,882)waskilledon15
December882,poisonedandtoppedwithahammeronthehead
bymembersofhisownfamily.JohnXI(March931December935)was
deposedaspopeandboundbythenewlordofRome,again
exercisetheirpriestlydutiesuntilhisdeathin935.AlsoJuanXII
(December1695514964mayo)wasdeposedaspopebyOtto,kingof
Rome,Italy,GermanyandBurgundy.
Howmanypopeshavebeennamedsaints?
77.ThefirstwasSanPedroApostleandthelastSt.PiusV(January7,1566
May1,1572).
WhatPopewaskilledbyahusbandcheated?
JohnXII(December1695514964mayo)BastardsonOctavian,
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Hewas17yearsoldwhenhebecamePope.Duringhisyearsofpontificate,
JohnXIIwasdevotedtoadissolutelifeuntiltheEmperorOttoIdecided
callattentiontotheneedforthehighestexecutiveofthe
Christianitymaintainedalifeconsistentwithhisposition.Oneofthereforms
OttoIimposedwasthatnopopecouldbeelectedwithouttheplacet
imperial.JuanXIIknewthenthatforthefirsttimethePopewouldnolonger
explanationsonlytoGodbutalsoaman,EmperorOttoI.A
SynodorganizedbytheemperorinRomedecidedtodeposeJohnXII4
963.DecemberRetiredpontificate,Johnwaswalkingoneafternoon
astreetinRomewhenamanappearedbehindhimandstabbedhimin
seventimes.Hestopped,confessedthathediditbecausethePopehadraped
hisyoungwifeoffifteenyears.PopeLeoVIII(4December963March1
965)successortoJohnXIIforgavethemurderer.
WhatPopewasburied,exhumedandputontrialafter?
PopeFormoso(6October891April4,896)ThePopetriedtoestablish
apeaceagreementwithGuidoofSpoleto,butthiswasallIwanted
occupytheterritory,includingRoma.TotheexpansionistambitionsofGuido,
FormosoArnulfosoughthelpfromthekingofGermany.Guidodiedin894right
whenthefirstGermantroopsoccupiednorthernItaly.When
ArnulfowasheadingtoSpoletotooccupy,adiseaseendedhislife.
ForfollowersofGuido,Formosowasthemainenemyandvowed
revenge,arevengethatwasneverfulfilled.On4Aprilthe896
FormosoPopediedinhisownbed.Ninemonthsafterbeing
buried,thespoletianosexhumedthecorpsewithFormosovestieron
pontificalvestmentsandputontrial.Foundguiltyofhigh
betrayal,theyweretornpapalgarments,cutofffingers
HeusedhisrighthandtoblessandhisbodythrownintotheriverTiber.
Whatpontiffwasnotontheofficiallistofpopes?
JohnXXIII(14101415).CardinalBaldassareCossasucceededPope
AlexanderV,electedattheCouncilofPisaandthePopeGregorioantipapa

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XII(November30,1406July4,1415).Cossawasaschismaticpopeandwas
deposedattheCouncilofConstancedeclaredascandalJuan
XXIII.AttendeesoftheCounciljustifiedthedismissalofJohnXXIIIby
incest,adulteryandmurder.AntipopeJohnXXIIIhadashislover
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sisterinlaw.Toavoidmajorscandals,PopeGregoryXIIandforgavehim
HeappointedcardinalbishopofTusculumwherehedied.Afterhisdeath
hediscoveredthattheantipopeJohnhadseducednearlytwohundred
women,includingnuns,marriedandwidowsaround.Thenameof
JohnXXIIIwaselectedbyCardinalAngeloRoncallitosucceedPopePius
XIIonOctober25,1958.
WhatPopehisownspeechesMachinewaswritten?
PopePiusXII.Itwasveryfasttyping.Heevenwrotethe
Draftsofencyclicals.
WhytheshrineofOurLadyofLoretoisthesubjectof
pilgrimage?
In1965PopeJohnXXIII(October28,1958June3,1963)pilgrimagetoLoreto
toseethe"SantaCasa"andthataccordingtotraditionisthesameinthe
thatJesus'familylived.AccordingtothisfeatureitwastakentotheLoreto
yearof1294duringthepontificateofSt.CelestineV(5julio1294to1213
December1294).
WhatPopealwaysworesackclothunderhispapalvestments?
PopePaulVI(21stofJune19636agosto1978).Thepopeworeagirdle
thickbristlesunderhisclothessincehewasapriest.Afterbeing
namedPopePaulVIusedthestripofbristlesonlyoccasionally
important.
HaveyoueverkilledadeadPope?
JohnXII(December1695514964mayo)forcuckoldedhusband.They
RumorhasitthatJohnPaulI(August26,1978September29,1978)was
poisonedafterthirtythreedaysofpontificatebyhisintentiontoorder
aninvestigationoftheVatican'sfinancesbutwasnevershown.
WhatPopenamedadish?
BenedictXIII(May29,1724February21,1730).Hecalledthemust
"EggsBenedict".ThisPopewasveryfondofthem.Ingredients
for4people:10eggs.6slicesbread.3slicesham
English.4eggyolks.3ouncesofmilkcream.250gramsof
butter.1lemon.Preparation:Removethecrustofbreadandtoast
slightly.Cutthehamthesamesizeasthetoast.Inapot
waterbath(withdrawalfromheatandwaterwithoutboiling),put4eggyolks
withcream.Beatuntilsaucethicken,thenaddthebutter
meltedandhalfalemon,addsaltandpepperalso.Inanotherpotboil
waterwithvinegar.Poachtheeggsfor3minutes,thenputonthe
toastwithhamandcoverwithsauce.
HowmanySpaniardshavechosenpotatoes?
Threeofficiallyfourunofficially.DamasoI(October136611
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December384)wasborninRomewhileherparentswereSpanishsothat
historiansqualifyDamasusSpanishfirstpope.Afterhim
PedroMartinezdeLunawineorBenedictXIII,alsocalledthe"PapaLuna"
(28September13941423).BenedictXIIIwasborninthecity
AragonIlluecaandelevatedtocardinalin1375.Hisnameisnoton
theofficiallistofpopes.CalixtoIII(April8,1455August6,1558)isthethird
Spanishpotatoandsecondrecognizedintheofficiallistofpopes.Alfonsode
BorjawasbornintheValenciantownofXativaon31December1378.Itwas
hewhobyorderofKingAlfonsoV,ImanagedtoconvinceGilMuoz,chosen
antipapaafterthedeathofBenedictXIIItorenounceandacceptthe
PapalpowerofPopeMartinV.ThispoperewardedwithAlfonsodeBorja
appointedbishopofValenciain1429.AlfonsodeBorjawaselected
Popein1455whenhewas70yearsold.TheSpanishfourthandthirdaspope
theofficiallistofpopeswasAlexanderVI(August10,1492August18,1503).
RodrigoBorgiawasborninJtivain1431.AlexanderVIwasthenephewofCalixto
IIIashismotherwasthesisterIsabeldeBorjapope.Itisfamousforthe
numberofchildrenhehadwithdifferentwomen,PedroLuis,appointed
DukeofGandia,byKingFerdinandJernimaandIsabella,three
unknownmothersCesar,Juan,JofreandVanozzaofLucrecia
CataneiJuanandRodrigoalsounknownmotherandbeingborn
Pope.BothPopeAlexanderVIashisuncleCalixtoIIIareburied
SantaMariadeMontserrat,theChurchoftheKingdomofAragoninRome.In
1889theyerectedatombinitbothpontiffs.
Whatwastheonlypopewhoresignedthepapacy?
St.CelestineV(July5,1294December13,1294).Beforedoingso
Hesaidthreedaysearlierbypostingabulllaying
usethesameprocedurefortheelectionofapope,followingthe
deathoftheformer,inthecaseofadisclaimer.Threedayslater
Heresignedleavingthepapacy.CelestineV,nowPedroAngelario
Morronehopedtoreturntohishermit'slife,butthenew
PopeBonifaceVIII(December24,1294October12,1303)stoppedhim.
ItdealtwiththedignityofapontiffdiedonMay19,1296in
PapalCastelFumoneundersurveillance.Tenyearsafterhisdeathwas
canonized.
DoesPapatombwasdesecrated?
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TheSt.CelestineV.Hisremainswerestolenin1988inachurch
Aquila.Theremainswererecoveredbypoliceadayandahalflateron
acemeteryofAmatrice,atownnotfarfromAquila.
WhatPopewasfamousforspeakingindreamsandhaveconstantnightmares?
JohnXXIII(October28,1958June3,1963).Accordingtohisaides,Pope
Ihadnightmaresbecauseofthepressuresofhisoffice.
Whatprofessionshaveheldseveralpopesbeforebeingelected?
Doctors,historians,novelists,poetsandevenbankers.Professions
morewidespreadamongthosewhowereelectedafterpotatoesarethoseof
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Whatdadwasabigfanofmotorsportandcars
sports?
PiusXI(February6,1922February10,1939).Duringhispontificatecommand
buildaspecialgaragefor16vehiclesincludingthreesports.They
evenhasonmorethanoneoccasionhewasheldbyItalianpolice
forspeeding.
WhatPopesmokeduptotwopacksaday?
PaulVI(21stofJune19636agosto1978).Duringhisyoungeryearshesmoked
uptotwopacksaday.Ascardinallowereditsconsumptiontoa
dailypackuntilhewaselectedPope.Hediedsmokingtencigarettes
daily.
Tothatpontiffhewascalledthe"warriorpope"or"Terrible"?
JuliusII(31October150321febrero1513)wasfamousforhiscourageand
leadhistroopsintobattle.Beforethebattlearmorstood
goldandstoodinfront.Afterthecallconspiracyofthe
Pazzi,GiulianodellaRovere(Julius)wasappointedbyPopenegotiator
thewarbetweenFlorenceandtheStatesoftheChurch.Hewaslater
namedadviserinthewarforyearshaderuptedbetween
NaplesandRome.DellaRoverejoinedthetroopsofCharlesVIIIofFrance
theirfightagainstNaples.AfterthedeathofPiusIII,GiulianodellaRoverewas
electedpopeandconsecratedon26November.In1506hecamebackonthe
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controloftroopstorecoverthecitiesofPerugiaandBologna.
WhatPopehasbeenmade
uptoaninterventionontelevision?

PiusXIIforaspeechthatwasbroadcastRAI,Radiotelevisione
Italian.Sincethennootherpopehasbeendisguised.
WhatPopehadacanaryasapet?
PiusXII.Thepontifflikedhimoutofhiscageandflewinthe
HugeVaticanrooms.WhentheHolyFatherraisedhisarm,
canaryperchedonhisheadorarm.Popelikedtoreleaseitduring
hismeetingswithcardinalsandseeitashoveringovertheir
heads.
WhatwasthelegacyofPopeJohnXXIII?
Hislegacywasformedbytwoobjectsonly.Afountainpen
whogavehisprivatephysician,Dr.PieroMazzoniinhisbed
deathforservicesrenderedandacrossthathadalwayshungthe
PopeandgavetheCardinalFranzKoenig,ArchbishopofVienna.
WhatPopeservedasentencetohardlaborbeforebeingelected
Pontiffforanaltercationinachurch?
Calixto(217222).AssistantCeferinopreviouspope,Calixtowasfamous
forhisstrictnessintherulesofthechurch.BeforebeingelectedPopeCalixto
Ienteredasmallchurchwheretherewereseveralmenwhowere
drunk.Thefuturepopegrabbedastickandstartedbeatingthem.Theywere
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thenelectedpontiffwassentencedtooneyearofforcedlaborinthe
saltminesofSardinia.
WhatPopewentblindduringhispontificate?
ClementXII(July12,1730February8,1740).Clementebecameblindin1732
victimofararedisease.EventhePopecouldnotbe
standingtoolongbecausehewassufferingfromgout.
WhatPopehadtogolookatacavetoinformyouthat
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Hehadbeenelected?
ACelestinoV(July5,1294December13,1294).NicholasIVdied4
April1292spentmorethantwoyearswithoutanelectionofPope.Pietro
Murronewasahermitwholivedinacaveuntiltheycame
writealetterofprotesttotheecclesiasticalauthoritiesforit.Onemonth
afterhiscavewassurroundedbysoldiers.Thecommandingofficertoldhimto
MurronewhohadbeenelectedPopeandshouldescort.CelestinoVis
HeremainedonthethroneofPeterforlessthanayearuntilheresigned.
HewasreplacedbyBonifaceVIII(December24,1294October12,1303)that
HeorderedCelestineVlockinacastle.
WhatPopeaskedtheworkerstosuspendastrikefora
shortspaceoftime?
JuanXXIII.ThepontiffwastocelebrateanimportantMassinSt.Peterandthe
Vaticanneededelectricity.Italianworkersinthesector
Theyweretostrike.ThePopeaskedhisSecretaryofStatetoconvenein
Vaticanleadersofthestrike.Thefivetradeunionistspresentedin
theHolySeewheretheJuanXXIIIhimselfaskedthemtoplease
suspendthestrikefortheshorttimethatlastedthe
ceremonybecausetheyneededelectricity.Thefivemenaccepted
andSt.Peter'sSquarethatnightappearedlitwhileRome
stilldark.
WhatPopethoughtresignbeforebeingtakenprisoner?
PiusXII.AftertheoccupationofRomebythetroopsoftheThirdReich,the
Popedecidedtosignadocumentinwhichheinformedhisresignationas
Popeshouldbearrestedandtakenprisonerbythetroops
German.AstocrosstheboundarylinebetweentheCityState
VaticanandItaly,PiusXIIbecamethecitizenEugenioPacelli,his
originalname.PiusXIIwantedtoavoidwhathappenedinthelateeighteenthcentury
whenFrenchtroopstookprisonertoPopePiusVI(February15,1775
August29,1799).Thedocumentisintheresignationcall
SecretArchivesoftheVaticanLibraryandArchive.
WhatPopehadproblemswithhistailorwhenhewaselectedpope?
JuanXXIII.ThetailorVaticanhasalwayspreparedforthe
celebrationoftheConclavetoelectanewpope,threewhitehabits
size,small,mediumandlarge.TheproblemwasthatCardinalAngelo
GiuseppeRoncalliwasquitelargeandbighabithadleft
tight.Sotightthatevenhecouldnotraisehisarmtogive
blessinginSt.Peter'sSquare.Onedayheistellingthestory,self

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JohnXXIIIoncesaid,"EveryonewantedtobePope,butthetailor
Vatican".
WhatPopeusedtoturnoffthelightswhenIwalkedVaticanfortheir
hallways?
PiusXII.Hewentontosay,"Icannotaffordtosquanderthefunds
faithful".PiusXIIwastheonewhoorderedtheenvelopesforcommunications
Vaticaninteriorswerenotsealed,stapledorgluedto
theycouldbereused.PiusXIIwrotehislastwillandkept
inanenvelopethathadbeenusedpreviously.
WhatPopehadsetupatablenearhisroomatthe
AndApostolicPalaceatCastelgandolfo?
PiusXI(February6,1922February10,1939).Spentmuchtimepracticing
billiardsandplayingagainstthecardinalsandmembersoftheSwissGuard.He
AllhecouldwinwasayoungsoldieroftheSwissGuard.By
coursebetswerebannedbutPoperegaledasmall
crucifixdefeatedopponent.
WhatthepopewasfightingwithLatin?
JuanXXIII.WhenIwasachild,thelittleAngeloRoncalliwasnotvery
appliedinschool.Hisgradeswerenotverybright.YearslaterLatin
Itbecamehisfirstenemy,hesaidyearslaterasPopeJohn
XXIII.
WhatPopegavenametoanalphabet?
St.Cyril.ThisPopeisowed
thecreationoftheCyrillicalphabetcalled.

WiththisplannedChristianizetheSlavs.
WhatMontBlancroutenamedafterapope?
RouteRatti,isnamedafterAchilleRatti,thesameasthe6
February1922becamePopePiusXI.Rattiwasveryfondof
climbing,partoftheItalianAlpineClub.RatticlimbedMountRosa
complicatedbytheSwissside,theMatterhornandMontBlanc,oneofwhoseroutes
AscenttakesthenameofRatti.
WhatPopeinventedthecurrentschedule?
GregoryXIII(May13,1572April10,1585).In1582PopeGregoryXIII
imposedtheGregoriancalendarreplacedtheJuliancalendarcalled
whichgoverneduntilthen.TheJuliancalendarwasineffectfrom
45BCcausedadelayofelevendayshadtobecorrectedeach
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year.
WhatpopespreventedHitlervisitasetheSistineChapel?
PiusXIandPiusXII.ThefirstdecidedtoleavetheVaticanforafewdaysfornot
havingtoreceiveAdolfHitlerandthuspreventitenteredthe
Vaticancitystate.TheseconddecidedtoclosetheSistineChapel
allegingthatthefrescoesofMichelangelohadtobecleaned.

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WhatPopewasarealhypochondriacandgaverealpain
headtotheVaticandoctors?
PiusXII.Housefliesfearedhimtransmitiesendisease,
soinallareasoftheVaticantrapstheywereplacedforthis
kindsofinsects.PiusXIImentallysufferedfromchronictoothache,
cardiacarrhythmias,colic,anemia,etc..Inrealwaysufferedfromgastritis
chronicle.Popebrushedhisteethuptosixtimesperdaywitha
toothpastespeciallydesignedforhimbytheVaticanchemical.PiusXII
Heclaimedhehadaninfectioninthegums,whichwasnottrue.He
PopeheededaRomandentistwhoprescribedaspecialsolutionbetween
whosecomponentswasapowerfulacidthatoverthe
yearsanduse,wasburninghergumsandwasslowlypoisoning.
WhatItaliancomposerwasvetoedbytheVatican?
PopePiusXIIprohibitedinsidetheVaticanCityState
interpretthemusicofGiacomoPuccini.Apparentlythepontiffdoesnot
liketheoneactoperacomposedbyPucciniandcalledSisterAngelica.The
operaisanun,SisterAngelicaforcedbyhispowerfulfamily
takinghabitsaftergivingbirthtoanillegitimatechild.Thechilddiesand
nuncommitssuicidebytakingapotionthatshehasdonewitha
plantshasstartedtheconventgarden.Whiledying,Sister
AngelicaistheVirginMaryappearsforgivesandpromisesthatangerto
skywithhislostson.Pucciniwrotethisstoryinhisview,basedonan
realcasethatwasheard.Thepopedidnotlikethestoryaccordingtothe
pontiff,hemade
apologyforsuicide.

WhatistheonlypopeburiedinGermany?
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ClementeII(December24,1046October9,1047).Suidger,BishopofBamberg
(Bavaria)andEarlofMorslebenandHornburgacceptedthesuggestionof
EmperorbeingnamedPope.AlthoughhediedattheAbbeyofSt.
Tommassi,nearPesaro,hiscorpsewasescortedandburiedinthe
Bamberg.
WhatPopesleptonlythreehours?
JuanXXIII.Iusedtogotobedattenatnightandgetupatoneofthe
tomorrow.Atthathourhewasdevotedtoreadingandwriting.Itsmainencyclicals
Hewroteatdawn.Aboutsixo'clockandslepthalfanhour
thenheisreintegratingintotheiractivities.
WhatPopetravelingwithmorethanseventyfiveboxesofbooks?
PaulVI(21stofJune19636agosto1978).Duringhispastoralvisitshim
handlikedhavingagoodlibrary.Intheboxescouldleadtexts
philosophical,religiousorsimpledetectivenovels.PaulVIwasfond
AgathaChristie'snovels.
WhatPopehadbeenpagan?
SanSimmaco(November2249819514julio)ofSardinia.Hewaselectedpope
butinhisyoungeryearshehadbeenpagan.Howpontiffwasdevotedtothe
poororderingbuildhospitalsanddecidedtotriplethebudgetfor
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Whatartistrepliedtoapope?
MiguelAngelPopeJuliusII.Thepontiffwasnotonlyasoldierbutalso
arealpatronofthearts.JuliusIIcommissionedBramanteconstruction
anewbasilicaatSanPedroandshouldbe"asbigatemple
likenootherexist."TheApril18,1506laidthefoundationstone
andthelasttwentypontificateslater.Michelangelo(14751564)wasthe
commissionedtopaintfrescoesintheSistineChapelandRaphael(14831520)the
papalapartments.Everymorning,JuliusIIandpokedhishead
shoutstheartistasked,"Whenwillbeover?"whileMiguel
Angelresponded,"Whenyouarefinished,HisSereneHighness".
WhatblessingPoperefusedtheEmperorFrancisJosephofAustria?
PiusX(4August1903August20,1914).TheemperorhadcometoRome
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toformallyrequestthepapalblessingtotheAustrianarms.Pope
Hesaid,"Getoutofhere,outofmysight.Thepapalblessingisnotto
whohasthrowntheworldintowar."FranciscoJosleftRome
withouttheblessing,whilehispolicytowardsSerbiawasoneofthemain
CausesofWorldWarII.
WhatPopehada"dispute"withpopularFatherChristmasorSantaClaus?
PaulVI(21stofJune19636agosto1978).Thepontiffdecidedtoremovethe
tenscalendarofsaints,whoseoriginwasuncertainandevenmanyof
theyhadnoevidencethattheyhadactuallyexisted.Oneofthose
calendarfellwasthepopularSt.Nicholaswhoisknown
popularlyknownasFatherChristmasorSantaClaus.FortheAdriaticcityofBari,
wheretheirbonesareburied,isthepatronsaintofthecityand
astheprotectorofsailorsandcastaways.ForItalians,theholiday
St.NicholasisnotcelebratedatChristmasbutinMay.Thedatecommemoratesthe
dayoftheyear1087,whensailorsreturnedfromAsiawiththe
remainsofthesaint.Duringthepartyfishingboatsouttoseaand
depositedacoffinwithflowersinthewater.ApparentlyPaulVIhadtwothings
againstSanNicolas.Thefirstisthatonthealtarwhereliethe
remainsiswritteninArabic,"AllahisGodandMohammedishisProphet."Tothe
ApparentlytheartistswhowerecommissionedtomakethetombofSt.
NicholaswereMuslimandlefttheirsignature.Thesecondisthatthesaint
headoptedthepersonaoftheNordiccharacterofSantaClaus.Forhim
Vatican,SantaClaus"....representsamonstroussubstitutetheChildJesus
andoffendsourfaith."TheVaticanbulletinsaidthatputtinggifts
children"...itwasaformofinsidiousanddistortsdechristianization
somethingpaganreligiousfestival."
WhatrevengeNapoleondevisedforPopePiusVIIforrefusingtocrown
asemperor?
In1804,PopePiusVII(March14,1800August20,1823)decidedtotravelto
PariswiththeintentionofcrowningasemperorNapoleonBonaparte
France.Oncethere,thepontifffoundthatNapoleonhadnotmarried
bytheChurchwiththeEmpressJosephine,soPiusVIIrefusedto
untilhermarriagecrownthemwerenotconsecratedbytheChurch
Catholic.Napoleonwasfuriousanddecidedtocrownandcrowncarandas
EmperortoJosephine.BeforereturningtoRomePiusVII,Napoleongave

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thepopewithatiara,triplecrownrichlydecoratedwithstones
beautiful.Inthecenteronecouldseeanemeraldsplendid.Thestone
ithadbeenstolenbyNapoleon'stroopsduringtheVaticantreasure
PontificateofPiusVI(February15,1775August29,1799)predecessorPiusVII.
WhatPopeorderedtheexecutionofthreepeopleforapearl?
PopeClementVI(May7,1342December6,1352)in1348.Apparentlyone
richVenetianmerchantdecidedtodonatealargepearlto
Churchrestoredifamajordisease.Thetrader
Heimprovedandfulfilledthepromisegivingpearl.Theproblemarosewhen
Pearldiscoveredthatthiswaspartofthereliquarycontainingnothing
moreandnothinglessthantheskullsofSanPedroandSanPablo.ClementVI
Heorderedaninvestigationthatledtothearrestoftworobbers.Inits
twelvepearlstothreerubiesandasapphiremetallpart
Reliquary.PopeClementVIhimselfdecidedthepunishmenttowhichtheywould
convictedthieves.Thetwomenwereexposedforfour
daystotheangerofthepeoplelockedinthreesmallcagesinthechurch
SantaMariadeAraceli.AfterahorsedraggedthemthroughthestreetsofRome
tiedbythefeet.IntheLateran,theywerecutrighthandand
burnedaliveatthestake.TheVenetianmerchantwasalso
arrested,boundhandandfootonadonkeyandledtotheLateranin
wherehewastorturedandhanged.LaterPopeClementVIpardoned
thethreemenandorderedamassasapologytoall
sinscommittedbythem.
WhatpontiffhelpedGalileofirstascardinalandsentencedas
Pope?
CardinalMaffeoBarberini,whotookthenameofUrbanVIII6
August1623.CardinalBarberiniwouldbethemainsupporterof
astronomerGalileoGalileiinhistrialbeforetheInquisition.WhenBarberini
waselectedpopein1623summonedGalileotoVatican.Withthesupportof
Popeastronomerwrotethe500pagetreatisecalledDialogue
thetwogreatcosmicsystems.Themanuscriptpassedapproval
fiveseniorleadersoftheChurchbeforebeingpublished,buttheInquisition
GalileocontinuedtomonitoraprotectedbythePope.UrbanVIIIpressuredby
theproblemsofthepositionandthegyrationscausedbytheFrenchcardinal
RichelieuandtheThirtyYears'War,decidedtoshelveissues
Galileotrivialashisprotege.Thisgaveanewopportunityto
Inquisitionthattookhimtocourtandpardonedhiminreturnforhisdisown
theories.
WhatPopeorderedamovie?
PopePiusXIIin1945askedthegreatactoranddirectorVittoriodeSica's
makingacommercialfilmwithuniqueeconomiccontribution
Vatican.Oncecompletedtheeditingofthefilm,PopePiusXIIhimself
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decidedthesuspensionofdistribution.TheGateofHeaven,title
filmcostaboutfortythousanddollarsofthetime.Writtenhistory
byCesareZavattiniapparentlyshowedaveryboldsubject,buthis
OnceinsidethecanonsmarkedbyPiusXII.FortheownDeSica,The
Heaven'sGatewasthebestofhisextensivefilmography.Therecurrently

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threecopiesofthemovie.Twocopiesarecannedandprotected
VaticanSecretArchivesandthethirdof16mm.ownedby
ChristiandeSica,sonofVittorio.
InwhatwasHeaven'sGateforittobeprohibited
distributionbyPopePiusXII?
Thefilmlastingapproximatelyanhourandahalfrecountedthe
experienceofagroupofpeopletravelingonatraininsearchofa
miracle.ThetraintakesthejourneyfromRometoLoreto.Amongthecharactersin
foramiracleisanoldhousekeeperwhotravels
Loretotoaskmisfortunetoendupfamilymembersto
whichhehasworkedallhislife.Ayoungworkerwhohasalsodisplayed
becomeblindafteranaccidentcausedbyapartnerwhoiswho
guideshimuntilhisarrivalinLoreto.Thethirdcharacterisa
promisingpianistwhosehandhasbeenparalyzedandtargets
LoretoSaintRalphyoubackmobility.Inawagon
Traintravelisalsoapairoforphansandknowonthewayto
arichmanwhoisfondparalyzedthemandadoptthem.Apparentlythe
PopePiusXIIdidnotlikethatmanyofthecharacterswouldbegiventhe
miracleevenbeforethetraincametoLoreto.
WhowastheVaticanmessengerbetweenVittoriodeSicaandPopePiusXII?
AyoungpriestnamedGiovanniMontiniandeighteenyearslater
occupythethroneofSt.PeterwiththenamePaulVI.Theanecdote
DeSicawasalwaystoldthatonedaythefatheraskedMontiniseethrough
CameraandaccordingtotraditioninItaliancinema,allvisitorslookingfor
thecamerashouldbuyaroundtotheteamthatisinthe
dish.Montinipaidthirtyeightcoffeesandsconestotheteam.
WhatPopecreatedaregulatorybodygroupingthecinema,thepressandthe
TV?
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PopePiusXIIin1948.AtfirsttheCouncilfor
Communicationsaimedtotakeadvantageofthemedia
tospreadthemessageoftheCatholicChurch.Atfirstonlycoveredthe
untilfilmindustryovertheyearsbegantocover
Press(L'OsservatoreRomano"),radio(RadioVatican),television
(CTV)andtheInternet(www.vatican.va).
UnderwhatPopedevelopedthefirstknownbeatificationand
documentedbytheCatholicChurch?
UnderPopeJohnXV(August985March996)in993andthe
Laterancity.ThesaintwasfirstelectedUlrich,bishopofAugsburg.
WhatworditwasimpossibletotranslateintoLatineventhoughtheytried
theLatinscholarsoftheVatican?
Watergate.NamebuildinginWashingtonDCandnamedthe
politicalespionagescandalthatendedwiththeresignationofpresident
theUnitedStates,RichardNixon.

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WhatPopewasanassistanttowhomhewasknownaroundtheVatican
as"PopeJoan"?
PiusXII(March2,1939October91958).Whoknewbythenickname"
PopeJoan"wasnoneotherthanSisterPascualina,anunwhowasassistant
popeformorethanfourdecadesincludingnineteeninwhich
heheldtheChairofPeter.PascualinaSister,borninAugustJosephineLehnert
1894,becametheclosefriendandnexttotheHolyFatherperson.
DuringtheyearsinwhichPopePiusXIIwas,SisterPascualinaexercisedpower
unused.ItwasshewhodecidedwhoordidnothaveanaudiencewiththePope,
eventodelayformonthsrequestsforhearings
conductedbyacardinalwhodidnotlikeSisterPascualina.Sor
PascualinametwhenMonsignorPacellihadtopassa
seasoninanursinghome.Thiswasdedicatedtomaintaininglong
talkswiththenununtilonedaytoldhimtheyneeded
onehousekeeperatthenunciatureinMunich.Sincethennolonger
theyseparated.PascualinaaccompaniedSisterPacellitoMunich,thentoBerlinas
VaticannuncioandfinallytoRome,oncetheCardinalPacelliwas
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PopeappointedbytheConclaveof1939.
WhatspecialmissionsresponsiblePopePiusXIIPascualinaSister?
ItwasverycommontoseeSisterPascualinatheofficialcarofthepontiff
scrollingthroughRomewithaspecialmission.Oneofthesehappened
whenRomehadjustbeenliberatedbyAlliedtroopsduringthe
SecondWorldWar.SisterPascualinawasclaimedatthedoorbya
whocalledherselfMissClaraPetacci.ShewasthemistressofBenito
Mussolini.PetaccicametotheVaticanwiththemissionentrustedbythe
MussolinihimselftoaskPopePiusXIItothegeneralintermediase
DwightEisenhower,commanderofAlliedforcesintheater
Europeanoperationstonegotiateapeaceagreement.Inaletterwritten
handwritingbythepopehimself,askedtheUSmilitaryto
acceptpeacewithItaly,whichEisenhowerrejected.Afewdayslater
MeetingwithSisterPascualinaPetacci,sheandherloverBenitoMussolini
Theywerecapturedbyguerrillasexecutedandtheircorpseshung
upsidedowninaMilansquare.
WiththatfuturepontiffshadanaltercationPascualinaSister?
Foryears,thenunhadearnedthehatredofmuchhigh
Churchhierarchy.Forexampleitkeptwaitingforweekstogrant
anaudiencewiththePope'sownVaticansecretaryofstate.
MonsignorTardinispentfourlonghourssittingatthedoor
officeofPope.Whenthediplomatrosetoprotest,Sister
PascualinacalledaunitoftheSwissGuardtoescoltasento
MonsignorTardinitotheoutsideoftheApostolicPalace,whichtheydid.The
therehadbeenexpectedbecauseSisterPascualinahadgranteda
papalaudiencetheactorGaryCooperatthattimewasin
Rome.Butifsomething'sgotPascualinalegSisterwasconfrontedwithtwo
bishopswhoyearslaterwouldbeelectedpopes.BishopAngeloRoncalli,the
futureJohnXXIIImadehimwaitaboutthreehoursandfifteenminutesbecausethe
PopePiusXIIheldaninformalmeetingwithactorClarkGable.Thebishop
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Switzerland.ThesecondandmoreseriousaltercationIhadthenunwiththebishop
Montini,thefuturePaulVI.SisterapparentlyhadlittleappreciationPascualina
byreligious,soheorchestratedamovethatledtothe
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VaticanMontiniaway.Afactthatwasmuchsurprised
thatthefuturepopewasheadofthepowerfularchdioceseofMilanwithout
tobegrantedthecardinalred.Thisapparentlywasalsotheworkof
SisterPascualinaandMontinialwaysrecalled.
Whatwastheworst"conflict"historicgeneratedPascualinaSister?
ThishappenedanhourafterthedeathofPopePiusXII.Behindthe
announcementofthedeathofthepope,discoveredthepowerfulCardinalTisserant
SisterPascualinathathademptiedthecontentsofthreemysteriousdrawers
Popediedanddepositeditscontentsinthreebags.Thelownunto
boilerareaof
theApostolicPalaceandburnedalldocuments.He

Cardinalprotestedthisactionarguingthatthenundocumentsofa
PopediedimmediatelypassunderthecontroloftheSecretArchives
Vaticanuntilfurtherstudyandclassification.SisterPascualinaonly
hereplied,"ItwasanexpressorderoftheHolyFather."
WhatwasSisterPascualinaafterthedeathofPopePiusXII?
Aftertheincidentoftheburningofdocuments,hesenttoCardinalTisserant
apriestroomsSisterPascualinatoinformitin
twentyfourhourshadtoleavetheVaticaninstallations.That
nightleftthenunwhohadbeenresidentinthe
lastnineteenyearswithasmallsuitcaseinonehandandthecage
birdsofPiusXIIontheother.Withthisreligiouspower64
hehadoverforty,noonecametoseeheroff.Thankstothe
interventionofUSCardinalSpellman,Sr.wasPascualina
Itallowedtoliveinahousefoundedbytherecentlydeceasedpope.
LehnertorPascualinaSisterJosephinediedofcardiacarrestin
November1983at89yearsoldinachairfromViennaAirport.
ReligiousheadingtoRomefullofdocumentsshowing
thepontiffdiedtwentyfiveyearsagowasworthyofbeingsanctified
byPopeJohnPaulII.SisterPascualinatookmanysecretstothegrave
Vaticanpontificatesofsixhewitnessed.
WhatSovietpoliticalleaderpromisedaPope,"religiousfreedom"
CatholicsintheUSSR?
MikhailGorbachev,PopeJohnPaulIIonDecember1,1989.Thatday
Thereweretwomeetingsbetweenthetwoleaders,aformalandaninformal.At
FormalGorbachevattendedthepopeandaccompaniedbyanentourageconsistingof
twentypeopleincludingreligious,politicalandhisownadvisers
wifeRaisa.Inthisfirstmeetingwhichlastedabouttwohours
theytalkedaboutunimportantissues.Atthesecondmeeting,thisof
informalandlastedonlytenminutes,theleaderoftheUnion
Sovietpromisedthepopetherespectanddefenseofreligiousfreedom
CatholicswithinthebordersoftheUSSR,noninterference
stateintheappointmentofbishopsandtheestablishmentofrelations
withtheconsequentdiplomaticexchangeofambassadorsbetweenthe
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KremlinandtheVatican.Gorbachevcouldneveraccomplishthefirstpoint

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duetotherefusaloftheRussianOrthodoxChurchforreligiousfreedom
Catholics.
Whatpopeswerethefirsttoattemptarapprochementbetweenthe
ChristianchurchessplitthepowerofRomeoverthecenturies?
ThroughEcumenism,variouspopesbeganalongdialoguewith
otherChristianChurchesthathadsplitthepowerofthePope.For
popeshasbeenamatterrequiredthereturntoRomeoftheunit
Orthodox,AnglicanandLutheranalongcenturieschurches.First
intryingthisapproachwasPopeJohnXXIII(28October19583
June1963),althoughitwasPaulVI(21stofJune19636agosto1978)in1967
whenhetookthefirststeptoembracetheOrthodoxPatriarchinIstanbul
Athenagorasandpraywithhimforunity.Duringthedifferenttrips
JohnPaulII,hasparticipatedinOrthodox,LutheranandAnglicanliturgies.He
mostimportantstepofJohnPaulIIbytheapproachhappenedon9
March1998whentheCouncilforChristianUnityapprovedthis
subjectasacompulsorysubjectforstudyinseminaries.
WhatPopewasdynamiteandstonemasonbeforebeingelectedpope?
JuanPabloII.DuringtheGermanoccupationofPoland,KarolWojtyla
HeworkedinthequarriesofBatki,nearKrakow.Wojtylaneeded
developusefulworktotheoccupyingforcestoavoidbeingsenttothe
factoriesdevelopeddefenseindustry.TheNovember1,1940and
withonlytwenty,hewaspromotedfromabomberbystonemason
foremanwhoprotectedhim.ForamonthWojtylawasdevotedtoplacing
cartridgesintocracksinthewallsofthequarry.
WhatPopecausedtheschismthatledtotheAnglicanChurch?
ClementVII(November19,1523September25,1534)whenhedecided
excommunicatethekingofEngland,HenryVIII.Thekingwantedtodivorce
QueenCatherineofAragontomarryAnneBoleyn.Pope
ClementVIIrefusedpermissiontoHenryVIII.Thekingthenaskedthe
ParliamentwouldsupportthecreationoftheChurchofEnglandwithhimself
monarchasheadofit.In1982JohnPaulIIbecamethe
firstpopetokissthesoilofEnglandandprayintheCathedral
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Canterbury.ThePopeandthePrimateoftheAnglicanChurch,RobertRuncie
Theysignedajointdeclarationtotakethefirststepstowardsa
unificationoftheCatholicandAnglicanChurches(Protestant).
WhatkindofdisappointinglifewearingaPopetogiveMartinLuther
tothecreationofsocalledLutheranChurch?
In1510,MatinLuthervisitedRomewhenhediscoveredthepompandpageantry
excessthatexistedatthecourtofPopeJuliusII(October31,1503February21
1513).UponhisreturnanddisappointedwithwhatIsaw,Lutherdecidedtocreatea
schismaticchurchinGermanyandScandinavia.TheLutheranChurch
lacksasingleleader,butleadersofallcommunities
LutheranformedinthelatefortieswithaWorldFederation
Inordertounifycriteriafordogma.ItwouldagainPope
JohnPaulIIwhoseekthefirstapproachtotheLutheransafter
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BirthofMartinLuther,thepopeprayedsocalled"Creed
Nicea"sharedbytheCatholicandLutheranChurches.
WhatcausedthePopecalledOrthodoxChurch?
IwasSilvestre(31January314December31335)intheyearwhenPope
330andonlybyanadministrativemattertheOrthodoxChurchitwascreated.With
Overthecenturiestheadministrativeseparationbecame
doctrinaldepths.In1204,PopeInnocentIII(8January119816
July1216)orderedtheCrusaderslootingthepatriarchalheadquarters
Constantinople.AgainbecamePopeJohnPaulII,sixteencenturies
whothenbegintheapproachtoclassifytheChurches"Catholic
OrthodoxastwolungsandfeedingasingleChristianheart."In
1979traveledtoTurkeytoembracePatriarchDimitriosIintheseatofFanar
(VaticanfromtheOrthodoxChurch).Theconflictturnedtoregenerateafter
falloftheBerlinWallandwithitthecommunistregimes.Forthechurch
Orthodox,untilnowtheonlyacceptedforcommunism,didnotseemright
thepossibleopeningtoCatholicismwhosupportedthenewgovernment,including
MikhailGorbachevthem.Conflictsfollowedbetweensucceeding
bothChurchesduringtheconflictintheformerYugoslavia.Church
OrthodoxaccusedtheCatholicChurchofproselytizinginterritories
clearlyOrthodoxmajority.Thedebateisstillopenandno
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possibleapproach.
Whatpoliticianthinktheterm"humanitarianintervention"?
JuanPabloII.Thisexpressionexplainedmilitaryinterventiontohelp
alleviatesocialproblemslikehunger,povertyortyranny
ThirdWorldcountriesandaffectinmostcasesthe
civilianpopulations.Innotimethistermbegantobepopular
inthemediaworldwide.JohnPaulIIdefendedthe
"Humanitarianintervention"forthefirsttimeduringoperation"Restore
Hope"inSomalia.Intheendwhatatfirstposeda
"Humanitarianintervention"becameanopenwarbetweenforces
USandUNagainstdifferentmilitiaslords
warwhofoughtforyearsthroughoutSomalia.Little
later,PopeJohnPaulIIreturnedtoexpresslyrequestthe
USPresidentBillClinton,the"humanitarianintervention"to
endthesiegeofSarajevobySerbtroopsofPresident
ofYugoslavia,SlobodanMilosevic.Americancombatfighters
theygotinjustoneweektoendthesiegeoftwoyears
imposedbySerbianartillerytothecityofSarajevo,capitalofthe
RepublicofBosniaHerzegovina.Today,the"humanitarianintervention"isa
termininternationallawandhasbeenputforwardinseveral
occasionsbytheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil.
WhatPopecreatedthe"Apostolicalmonry"?
PopeGregoryX(September1,1271January10,1276).Thealmonry
Apostolicdealswiththedistributionoffundstothemostneedy,and
ascareofeveryneed.Forexample,thealmonry
Apostolicstudieshaspaidnearlytwohundredchildreninrecentyearsand
healthcarehasgivenmorethanthreethousandpeoplewithfewresources.TO

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Vaticandepartmentthatisalsoknownasthe"Service
CareoftheHolyFather."
WhatPopewasdeniedavisatoenterPoland?
APaulVI.WhenthecentennialofPolandasanationandcelebrated
variouseventsabouttotakeplace.ThearchbishopofKrakow
KarolWojtylabelievedthatPolandreallythebirthofanation
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IthadhappenedwhenhiscountryembracedChristianity.Forthis,Wojtyla
IbelievedthatPopePaulVIwouldvisittheshrineofCzestochowain
whichisdedicatedtotheBlackMadonna.TheVaticanSecretariatofStateasked
Warsawgovernmentvisaforthevisit.HisministryAffairs
ForeigndeniedvisastoPopePaulVIandwasunabletovisitPoland.
WhatPopeaskedthethenCardinalKarolWojtylatoprepareforhim
called"signofcontrition"?
PaulVI(21stofJune19636agosto1978).Forhealthreasons,thePontiff
heaskedin1976thearchbishopofKrakow,KarolWojtylatodraftfor
whenthispassedawayatextthatwouldserveasa"sign
contrition".Thetextoftwentypagesshouldbereadafterthedeathof
PaulVI,whosucceededtwoyearslater.
Whatwasthefirstpopeinthesocalled"ThirdSecretofFatima"?
PopeJohnXXIII(October28,1958June3,1963).Duetopoorhealth
theonlysurvivingwitnessoftheapparitionoftheVirginatFatimain1917,
SisterLuciaofFatimaPopeJohnXXIIIdecidedtorevealthethirdrevelationofthe
Virgin.Alreadyin1939,fearingthatSisterLuciapassedawaytakingthe
thirdrevelationtothetomb,PopePiusXI(February6,1922February10,
1939)authorizedthereligioustowriteitdown,keepingthatrole
intheVaticanSecretArchives.Onlythepotatoesaretheonlyoneswhoknow
the"thirdrevelation"or"thirdsecret"andhasneverbeentransmitted
Catholics.Varioussourcesclaimthatthiswouldbethethirdrevelation
exactdateofdoomsday.Beforethearrivaloftheyear2000,JohnPaulII
Ihadtoberatethosefalseprophetswhoclaimedthat31
December1999wouldmarktheendoftheworldaccordingtothem,
statementbytheVirginatFatimachildren.
WhatwerethetwofirstrevelationsoftheVirginappearedin
Fatima?
TheVirginappearedtothreechildrenin1917,JacintaMarototoyourbrother,
FranciscopremiumandtheseLuciaAbboralaterSisterLucia
Fatima.OurLadygavethreemessagesofwhichonlytwoareknown.The
firstrevelationannouncingtheimminentdeathofJacintaandFranciscoaswell
astheendoftheFirstWorldWar,whichsoonfollowed.The
secondrevelationcalledthe"consecrationofRussiatotheSacredHeart"
becauseofnotgettingprovokeviolentwars.TheRite
RussiaarriveonMarch25,1984,byPopeJohnPaulII.Five
yearsafterthefallofcommunismwouldcause.
WhatPopeappointedtheFranciscanCustodiansoftheHolyLand?
ClementIV(February29,1265November29,1268),.TheHolyLandis

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nestledintheheartoftheMiddleEastandisnamedaftertheplacewhere
wasborn,helivedanddiedJesusChrist.TheprotectionandcustodyoftheHolyLandwas
personallycommissionedbyPopeClementIVtoSt.FrancisofAssisi,
founderoftheFranciscanorder.ThePopegavethismissionsan
FranciscowhenhewenttopreachtoEgyptandgottheSultan,
numerousperksforChristianswhomadethepilgrimagetoJerusalem.The
presence,whichstillcontinues,encompassingnotonlytoJerusalem,BethlehemandNazareth
butalsotocountrieswithlongcrusadetraditionasEgypt,Cyprus,
JordanandLebanon.AfewyearsagoandduringthepontificateofJohnPaulII,
unitsoftheIsraeliarmy,theIDFbombedtheChurchoftheNativity
inBethlehemwheretheyhadtakenrefugeandagroupofPalestinianjournalists.He
siegelasteddays.
WhatPopewasthefirsttobeknownasthe"travelingPope"?
PaulVI(21stofJune19636agosto1978).PopePaulVIwasthefirst
Popetoleavepastoralvisittoothercountries.Hemadespeechestothe
UNinNewYorkandtheILOinGeneva.Hevisitedaspope,HolyLand,
Colombia,UnitedStates,India,Switzerland,Portugal,thePhilippines,TurkeyandUganda.
Infifteenyearsofpontificate,PaulVIvisitedninecountries.

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