2G-3G Interworkingzz

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SA Network
Engineering PL
2G-3G Interworking
May 30, 2008
Document Type
NSN COO RA GERD SA Network Engineering PL

For internal use only, May 2008
2G-3G Interworking
Feature Complex Manual
DRAFT 0.43
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2G-3G Interworking
May 30, 20087
Revision History
Issue
Number
Date of Issue
Reason for Update
0.1
30.05.2008
Draft version
0.2
30.06.2008
Minor corrections
0.3
07.11.2008
Updated version covering BR11, BSS14 and RU10

releases and further corrections
0.4
02.12.2008
Update related to IMSI Based Handover feature

(moved from BR11 to BR10.01)
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Authors
The following persons have collaborated on this document:

Name
Dariusz Tomeczko
12
Department
COO RA GERD SA Network Engineering PL
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SA Network
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2G/3G Interworking
May 30, 2008
Table of Contents
21.
Introduction...........................................................................7
32.
42.1
52.1.1
62.1.2
72.1.2.1
82.1.2.2
92.1.3
102.1.4
112.2
122.2.1
132.2.2
2G-3G Parameterization Cell Reselection.........................8
143.
153.1
163.2
173.2.1
183.2.2
193.3
203.3.1
213.3.2
223.3.3
233.3.4
243.3.5
253.4
263.4.1
273.4.2
283.4.3
293.4.3.1
303.4.3.2
313.4.3.3
323.4.4
2G-3G Parameterization Handover..................................30
334.
344.1
354.2
364.2.1
374.2.2
384.2.2.1
394.2.2.2
404.2.2.3
414.2.3
424.2.4
Settings of parameters different scenarios.......................51
11
Mobile Controlled Cell Reselection................................................................8

Substantial parameters.................................................................................8
Description of 2G-3G cell reselection process.............................................11
Cell reselection from GSM to UTRAN..........................................................11
Cell reselection from UTRAN to GSM.........................................................13
CPICH Ec/No vs. CPICH RSCP..................................................................17
Settings of the parameters..........................................................................17
Network Controlled Cell Reselection from GSM to UMTS...........................26
Ex-Nokia approach......................................................................................26
Ex-Siemens approach.................................................................................28
Introduction.................................................................................................30
Description of 2G->3G handover (2G Nokia; 3G Nokia).............................30
Typical handover.........................................................................................30
IMSI-based handover..................................................................................33
Description of 2G->3G handover (2G Siemens; 3G Nokia)........................33
Different handover types.............................................................................33
Forced and imperative handovers...............................................................37
Power budget handover..............................................................................37
Handover due to sufficient UMTS coverage................................................38
Additional corrections related to power capability of the mobile.................39
Description of 3G->2G handover (Nokia)....................................................39
Coverage/quality inter-system handover.....................................................41
Immediate IMSI handover...........................................................................43
Service and load based inter-system handover..........................................43
Introduction.................................................................................................43
Load-based handover.................................................................................45
Service based handover.............................................................................46
Neighbor cell list and Compressed Mode measurements...........................47
Introduction.................................................................................................51
Guidelines...................................................................................................51
General remarks..........................................................................................51
3G hotspot deployment...............................................................................54
Distinction between different cell types.......................................................54
Parameterization.........................................................................................55
Proposal of settings.....................................................................................56
2G-3G One-to-one deployment 3G network low loaded..........................59
2G-3G One-to-one deployment 3G network highly loaded......................60
15.
Summary............................................................................62
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List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1. Usage of Qsearch_I parameter [14]...............................................11

Figure 2. UE controlled cell reselection to 3G first phase...........................14
Figure 3. UE controlled cell reselection second phase (1)..........................15
Figure 4. UE controlled cell reselection second phase (2)..........................16
Figure 5. 3G-2G-3G Cell reselection.............................................................19
Figure 6. Measurements performed by the UE (3G attached, no HCS)........22
Figure 7. Measurements performed by the UE (3G attached, HCS, low mobility) 22
Figure 8. Measurements performed by the UE (3G attached, HCS, high mobility) 23
Figure 9. State transitions - 2G-3G interworking [32].....................................52
Figure 10. Different types of 3G cells............................................................55
Table 1. UE controlled cell reselection from 2G to 3G...................................8
Table 2. UE controlled cell reselection from 3G to 2G...................................10
Table 3. Additional cell reselection parameters - RU10..................................10
Table 4. Cell reselection parameters - both directions...................................18
Table 5. Signal strength differences between GSM and UMTS.....................25
Table 6. 2G-3G handovers (Nokia)................................................................31
Table 7. Comparison between different 2G-3G handovers (Siemens)...........35
Table 8. Various types of 2G-3G handovers - Siemens.................................36
Table 9. Coverage/quality inter-system handover - set of parameters...........41
Table 10. Inter-frequency vs. inter-system service based handover prioritization 42
Table 11. Triggers and thresholds - load based handovers............................45
Table 12. Exemplary settings of 2G-3G handover parameters per different type of 3G cell
....................................................................................................................... 57
Table 13. Exemplary settings of 2G-3G cell reselection parameters per different type of
3G cell............................................................................................................ 59
Table 14. Exemplary settings of service/load based handovers highly loaded 3G
network scenario............................................................................................61
References
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[1]
A. Garavaglia, C. Brunner, D. Flore, M. Yang, F. Pica, Inter-System Cell Reselection

Parameter Optimization in UMTS, IEEE 16 th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor
and Mobile Radio Communications, 2005
37
38
[2]
J. Perez-Romero, O. Sallent, R. Agusti, M. A. Diaz-Guerra, Radio Resource Management

Strategies in UMTS, John Wiley & Sons, 2005
39
[3]
3GPP TS 45.008, ver. 6.20.0, March 2008
40
[4]
3GPP TS 25.304, ver. 6.10.0, March 2008
41
[5]
3GPP GP-040585
42
43
[6]
WCDMA Multi-Carrier Support: Deployment & Parameter Settings Guidelines, Engineering

Services Group, Qualcomm, May 2007
44
45
[7]
D. Flore,C. Brunner, F. Grilli, V. Vanghi, Cell Reselection Parameter Optimization in UMTS,

Qualcomm
46
[8]
A. Szulc, Database Planning Rules, Cell selection and reselection, UMR 6.0, Siemens 2007
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[9]
Nokia WCDMA RAN, Rel. RAS 06, System Library, v.2, WCDMA RAN Parameter Dictionary
48
[10]
3GPP TS 25.133, ver. 6.21.0, March 2008
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2G/3G Interworking
May 30, 2008
[11]
Nokia GSM-WCDMA Interworking, Solution description, 2005, ver. 4.0
[12]
Andrew Richardson, WCDMA Design Handbook
[13]
Nokia Bearer SW Platform Statement 8.1, February 2008
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5
[14]
Mikka Kleemola, Pekka Ranta, Janne Sipil, Jarkko Itkonen, ISHO Radio Network Planning
Guide, Nokia, ver. 1.2.1, September 2006
[15]
Focal Point, https://focalpoint.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/, Nokia Siemens Networks
[16]
3GPP GP-032029
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[17]
Fabio Domenico Piana, Lidia Iannetti, Massimo Stefano Toffetti, Angelo Rappelli, FS 94466,
Feature Sheet Packet Handover, ver. 1.0, 20 March 2007
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[18]
3GPP TS 45.008, ver. 5.9.0
11
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[19]
Grzegorz Lehmann, Network Controlled Cell Reselection from GSM/GPRS to UMTS due to
sufficient UMTS coverage, ver. 2.4, April 2006
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[20]
CR4424 (BR8.0), Load Based NCCR 2G-3G, February 2008
14
15
[21]
GSM WCDMA Interworking, Service Quality Based WCDMA Access, Requirements

Specification, ver. 1.7.0, Nokia, December 2007
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[22]
IMSI-based Handover, System Feature Description, Nokia Release BSS12, System

Documentation, ver. 2.0, October 2006
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19
[23]
Eckardt Bertermann, Krystian Majchrowicz, BSC Database Engineering Manual, BR10.0

and BR10.01, August 2008
20
21
[24]
Handover Control, System Feature

Documentation, ver. 8.1, October 2007
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23
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[25]
I. Forkel, M. Schmocker, L. Lazin, M. Becker, F. Debus, F. Winnewisser, Cell-Specific

Optimized Parametrization of Compressed Mode Operation and Inter-System Handovers in
UMTS/GSM Overlay Networks, IEEE
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[26]
T. Risnen, Load Aware ISHO Admission, System Feature Specification, ver. 1.1.0,
February 2008
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[27]
S. Vesala, M. Koenen-Schmhling, 2G/3G Radio Interworking, January 2008
28
[28]
3GPP TS 25.331, ver. 6.17.0, April 2008
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[29]
D. Soldani, QoS Functions in Access Networks, Helsinki University of Technology, 2006
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[30]
F. Reymond, Handover Control, Nokia Learning Content, ver. 1.2, April 2007
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[31]
Sobrero Cristina, FRQ 96452, Introduction of limited Inter RAT NACC functionality, ver. 0.3,
September 2007
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[32]
C. Chevalier, C. Brunner, A. Garavaglia, K. P. Murray, K. R. Baker, WCDMA (UMTS)

Deployment Book, Planning and Optimization Aspects, John Wiley & Sons, 2006
35
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[33]
R. Aalto, P. Mella, T. Nurmi, Handover Control, System Feature Specification, RAS06, ver.
2.1.1
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[34]
CR3902 (BR9.0), Traffic Steering After 2G Call Release, January 2007
38
[35]
Geethika K., Inter-System Handover Cancellation, EFS, ver. 5.0, May 2008
39
[36]
RAN1726 RSCP Triggered Cancellation EFS
40
[37]
IMSI Based Handover, FRS, ver. 1.0, 09.2008
41
[38]
Intersystem Handover Improvements, FRS97969, ver. 1.0, November 2008
11
Description,
Nokia
Release RAS06,
System
[39]
CR4425 (BR10.01), Interworking with Packet Optimized 3G nodes, April 2008
[40]
H. Schaeffer, FRS490, Handover (Circuit Switched) from GSM to UMTS, September 2001
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11.
Introduction
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The aim of this document is to provide with the detailed description of available features
related to 2G-3G interworking that are implemented on 2G as well as 3G side. Moreover,
the guidelines on parameterization of these features are presented in order to help with a
proper planning of co-operation between GSM/GPRS and UMTS networks.
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Please note that it is the very first version of the 2G-3G interworking guidelines. Due to
this fact it could not be guaranteed that the provided information is fully consistent.
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The document was generally based on ex-Siemens BR10.0/10.01 and ex-Nokia BSS13
and RAS06 releases. However, some remarks related to the subsequent releases are
placed as well. The document will be updated according to the new network features and
functionalities. The last version covers now BR11, BSS14 and RU10 releases.
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2G/3G Interworking
May 30, 2008
12.
2G-3G Parameterization Cell Reselection
22.1
Mobile Controlled Cell Reselection
32.1.1
Substantial parameters
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Substantial parameters related to the autonomous cell reselection between 2G and 3G

at the 2G side are presented in the table below. Autonomous cell reselection refers to the
process performed independently by the UE without network engagement. Covered are
parameters that are implemented either in the Nokia releases (up to and including
BSS13) or Siemens releases (up to and including BR10).
3GPP name
Nokia parameter
FDD_Qmin
FDM
FDDQMI
FDD_Qmin
GFDM
GFDDQMI
FDDQmin_Offset
FDMO
FDDQMIO
FDDQmin_Offset
GFDDQMIO
FDD_Qoffset
FDD
FDDQO
FDD_GPRS_Qoffse
t
GFDD
FDDGQO
FDD_RSCPmin
FDR
FDDRSCPMI
FDD_RSCPmin
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Siemens
parameter
GFDDRSCPMI
Qsearch_I
QSRI
QSRHI
Qsearch_P
QSRP
QSRHPRI
Table 1. UE controlled cell reselection from 2G to 3G
GFDM/GFDDQMI, GFDD/FDDGQO, GFDDQMIO, GFDDRSCPMI parameters are GPRS

counterpart of basic non-GPRS cell reselection parameters and they are sent using
PBCCH. Concerning Nokia QSRP, it is a GPRS counterpart of QSRI parameter and it
could be sent either with the help of PBCCH or BCCH. However, according to [3] if the
latter option is used, it could be used in the cell reselection process only if GPRS cell
reselection parameters for one or more cells are provided to the MS in a Packet Cell
Change Order or Packet Measurement Order message. If it is not the case, QSRI shall
be used instead. In the Siemens system, QSRHPRI could be sent with the help of
PBCCH or PACCH.
FDDQmin_Offset and FDD_RSCPmin that were introduced in 3GPP Release 5
standards were implemented in the Nokia BSS13. Please note that there is no support
for PBCCH/PCCCH in Nokia BSS13. It was noticed that PBCCH was not commonly
used among the Nokia customers [14].
Taking into these deliberations, the possibility of the separation of PS and CS related
2G to 3G reselection parameters could be in some cases seriously limited.
3G-related counterpart set of parameters is presented in the following table. Covered are
the most important parameters that were implemented in the Nokia releases up to and
including RAS06.
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May 30, 2008
3GPP name
Qqualmin
Nokia parameter
QqualMin
AdjsQqualMin
AdjiQqualMin
Qrxlevmin
AdjgQrxlevMin
AdjiQrxlevMin
AdjsQrxlevMin
UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH
AdjgTxPwrMaxRACH
Sintrasearch
Sintrasearch
Sintersearch
Sintersearch
SsearchHCS
SsearchHCS
SsearchRAT1 - SsearchRATk
Ssearch_RAT
SHCS,RATm
SHCS_RAT
Slimit,SearchRATm
Slimit_searchRAT
Cell_selection_and_reselec
tion_quality_measure
CellSelQualMeas1
Qhyst1s
Qhyst1
Qhyst2s
Qhyst2
Qoffset1s,n
AdjgQoffset1
AdjiQoffset1
AdjsQoffset1
Qoffset2s,n
AdjiQoffset1
AdjsQoffset1
Treselections
Treselection
Use of HCS
UseOfHCS
Temporary_offset1
AdjgTempOffset1
AdjiTempOffset1
AdjsTempOffset1
Temporary_offset2
AdjiTempOffset2
AdjsTempOffset2
PENALTY_TIME
AdjgPenaltyTime
AdjiPenaltyTime
AdjsPenaltyTime
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Currently thisThis value wais fixed to CPICH Ec/No in the Nokia 3G releases up to and including
RAS06. The parameter with the help of which it is possible to choose between CPICH RSCP and
Ec/No as a reselection criterion Itwas is introducedplanned to be changed in RU10.
HCS_PRIO
AdjgHCSpriority
AdjiHCSpriority
AdjsHCSpriority
Qhcs
AdjgHCSthreshold
AdjiHCSthreshold
AdjsHCSthreshold
Table 2. UE controlled cell reselection from 3G to 2G
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Following parameters were additionally implemented in Nokia RU10 [15] due to

introduction of Cell Selection Parameter Set feature:
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3GPP name
Nokia parameter
Qhyst1s,FACH
QHyst1FACH
Qhyst2s,FACH
QHyst2FACH
Qhyst1s,PCH
QHyst1PCH
Qhyst2s,PCH
QHyst2sPCH
Treselections,PCH
TreselectionPCH
Treselections,FACH
TreselectionFACH
Inter-RAT Scaling Factor for

Treselection
InterRATScaleTresele
non-HCS_TCRmax
NonHCSTcrMax
non-HCS_NCR
NonHCSNcr
non-HCS_TCRmaxHyst
NonHCSTcrMaxHyst
Speed Dependent Scaling

Factor for Treselection
SpeedScaleTresel
Table 3. Additional cell reselection parameters - RU10
Moreover, Treselection timer usage was extended (separate parameters for

CELL_PCH/URA_PCH and CELL_FACH states). The four last parameters are related to
the support of high mobility scenarios in non-HCS networks (Release 5 enhancement)
Moreover, Sintrasearch, Sintersearch, SsearchHCS, SsearchRAT, SHCS_RAT,
SlimitSearchRAT, UseOfHCS could be additionally sent in SIB4 and different values
could be in this way set for the connected and idle mode. These parameters are
presented in the table below.
3GPP name
Nokia parameter
Sintrasearch
SintrasearchConn
Sintersearch
SintersearchConn
SsearchHCS
SsearchHCSConn
SsearchRAT1 - SsearchRATk
Ssearch_RATConn
SHCS,RATm
SHCS_RATConn
Slimit,SearchRATm
Slimit_searchRATConn
Use of HCS
UseOfHCS
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May 30, 2008
22.1.2
Description of 2G-3G cell reselection process
32.1.2.1
Cell reselection from GSM to UTRAN
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Parameter Qsearch_I determines the threshold above/below which the measurements of

UMTS cells should be started in the UE. The usage of this parameter is presented in the
figure below.
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Figure 1. Usage of Qsearch_I parameter [14]
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Instead of Qsearch_I, Qsearch_P parameter could be used for PS services.

Cell reselection from GSM to UTRAN takes place if following conditions for a particular
3G cell are satisfied for a period of 5 seconds:
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its measured RSCP value exceeds the value of received signal level averaged for the
serving cell and all of the suitable non-serving GSM cells by the value of
FDD_Qoffset,
its measured Ec/No value is equal or greater than the value FDD_Qmin
FDD_Qmin_Offset,
its measured RSCP value is equal to or greater than FDD_RSCP_threshold [3].
The third condition was originally not included in the 3GPP specifications. It was however
added in order to better cope with the situation where too weak RSCP value for a high
Ec/No value leads to the switching back the UE to the GSM network right after cell
reselection from GSM to UTRAN (so called ping-pong effect)(please also compare with
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section 2.1.3)[2]. This undesired effect leads to several seconds of service outage due to
e.g. LA/RA update per every inter-system cell reselection procedure.
FDD_RSCP_threshold is equal to FDD_RSCPmin min((P_MAX 21 dBm), 3 dB)
where P_MAX is maximum RF power of the UE in FDD mode. Most of the UEs have
power capability of either 21 dBm or 24 dBm (please e.g. refer to [13] for Nokia devices).
FDD_RSCPmin is either transmitted in the cell or, if it is not broadcast, FDD_RSCPmin =
Qrxlevmin + Pcompensation + 10 dB. The benefit of the usage of FDD_RSCP_min could
be especially visible in the low traffic conditions where high Ec/No is not necessarily
correlated with the sufficient level of RSCP.
282.1.2.2
Cell reselection from UTRAN to GSM
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UE controlled cell reselection from 3G to 2G is more complex than GSM to UTRAN cell
reselection since this process is handled with the help of many more parameters. Prior to
actual cell reselection, appropriate measurements should be performed [4]. This part is
presented on the figure below. Following assumptions were made during creation of this
diagram:
Instead of FDD_Qoffset, FDD_GPRS_Qoffset could be used for PS services.

If more than one UTRAN cell fulfils the above criteria, the MS shall select the cell with the
greatest RSCP value. That is why in the cell reselection from GSM to UTRAN RSCP is
related to cell reselection ranking criteria while Ec/No is related to minimum quality
requirement.
Additionally, if a cell reselection occurs within the previous 15 seconds, FDD_Qoffset is
increased by 5 dB. Moreover, cell reselection to UTRAN shall not occur within 5 seconds
after the MS has reselected a GSM cell from an UTRAN cell [3].
It has to be emphasized that if FDD_Qoffset (FDD_GPRS_Qoffset respectively) is set to
ALWAYS, 3G capable UE will always change to 3G network if any acceptable 3G cell is
available.
The typical inter-system cell reselection outage during which there is interruption of the
data reception is of the order of 5-10 s ([17][32])1. This deteriorates the overall
performance of 2G-3G interworking. Taking into account this fact, in some cases it may
be beneficial to prevent from the inter-system cell reselection completely during the data
transmission. Feature with the help of which this functionality could be performed
smoothly is planned to be implemented in Siemens BR11 (Introduction of limited interRAT NACC functionality)[31].
SsearchHCS, Sintrasearch, Sintersearch, Slimit,SearchRATm, SHCS,RATm are signalled in the cell,
MBMS PL has not been indicated,
In non-HCS part high mobility state is not covered (non-HCS_T CRmax, non-HCS_NCR
and non-HCS_TCRmaxhyst parameters),
Suitability criteria are always satisfied 2.
It is the implementation dependent value. 3-4 s could be achieved according to [16].
For the definition of the suitability criteria please refer to page 22.
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May 30, 2008
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Figure 2. UE controlled cell reselection to 3G first phase
Cell reselection process itself is presented in the diagrams below [4].
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Figure 3. UE controlled cell reselection second phase (1)
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Figure 4. UE controlled cell reselection second phase (2)
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Following assumptions were made during creation of diagrams presented in Figure 7 and
Figure 8:
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Treselections,PCH, Treselections,FACH, Speed-dependent ScalingFactor for Treselection,

Inter-Frequency ScalingFactor for Treselection and Inter-RAT ScalingFactor for
Treselection parameters are not sent,
MBMS PL has not been indicated.
In RU10 3GPP inconsistency problem related to the maximum number of neighbouring

cells that could be provided to the idle mode UEs was solved with the help of introduction
of SIB11bis (Extension of SIB11 (SIB11bis) feature).
102.1.3
CPICH Ec/No vs. CPICH RSCP
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Two important values could be measured by the UE in order to assess the performance
of the 3G cell namely CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP. The former one refers to the ratio
between the power of the pilot channel and the total received power at the antenna
connector i.e. quality level of the signal and the latter one refers directly to the power of
the pilot channel (i.e. power measured at the code of the primary CPICH) i.e. signal level
[2]. Please notice that if 3G intra-frequency handover is taken into account there is no
influence of choice between these two parameters on the handover performance since
they are strictly correlated with each other thanks to the fact that total received power
within the channel bandwidth (i.e. RSSI) is the same for all cells within this bandwidth.
This is however not the case in inter-frequency handover and inter-RAT handover.
372.1.4
Settings of the parameters
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Generally, cell reselection process (2G to 3G direction as well as 3G to 2G) could be

divided into two logical parts. The former one is related to the triggering of the actual
measurements and the latter one is related to the measurements phase itself.
Concerning assessment of the quality of the 3G cell if UE is attached to the 2G network,

it should be emphasized that high level of CPICH RSCP does not necessarily lead to the
high level of CPICH Ec/No. Deterioration of Ec/No (assuming that signal level remains at
relatively high level) could especially occur if there is a high level of interferences.
Generally, CPICH Ec/No is a good estimator of downlink quality whereas CPICH RSCP is
a good estimator of uplink quality since even if the quality of the cell in downlink is
sufficient (high CPICH Ec/No) it is not assured that this is the case in uplink direction
unless CPICH RSCP is sufficiently high as well, especially in the low traffic conditions.
Please note that too restrictive threshold for 3G cell (and consequently sooner
reselection to 2G and later reselection from 2G to 3G) may lead to undesired decreasing
of the UMTS coverage (in case of Ec/No especially visible in high load conditions; in
case of RSCP especially visible in case of outdoor/indoor transitions) [32].
That is why it is recommended to check the RSCP value of the UMTS cell if it satisfies
the condition related to the FDD_RSCP_threshold prior to GSM-UMTS cell reselection in
order to minimize the probability of rejecting the UMTS cell and switching back from 3G
to 2G network.
Parameters that are grouped according to the appropriate phase are presented in the
table below. It was assumed that SHCS,RATm is not signalled in the cell.
GSM to UMTS
UMTS to GSM
Triggering of the inter-RAT measurements
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RLA > Qsearch_I or RLA < Qsearch_I1

depending on the Qsearch_I setting
Qqualmeas SsearchRAT + Qqualmin

or
Qrxlevmeas > Qrxlevmin + Pcompensation
Measurements
Checking the condition:
CPICH RSCP > FDD_RSCPmin min((P_MAX
21 dBm), 3 dB)
CPICH Ec/No FDD_Qmin FDD_Qmin_Offset
For serving 3G cell: RLA Qoffset1s,GSM >

Qrxlevmeas + Qhyst1s
For all neighbouring cells: RLA Qoffset1 s,GSM >
Qrxlevmeas Qoffset1 s,n
Ranking phase:
For all 2G cells: CPICH RSCP > RLA +
FDD_Qoffset
If more than one cell satisfies this condition, cell with
the greatest CPICH RSCP is chosen.
Table 4. Cell reselection parameters - both directions
2Usage of these parameters is presented in Figure 5.
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Qsearch_P could be used instead of Qsearch_I for the packet services.
1
Figure 5. 3G-2G-3G Cell reselection
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Quality and signal strength related parameters at both sides should be set in parallel in
order to avoid so called ping-pong effect i.e. changing the serving network too often.
However, the approach the aim of which is to seriously decrease occurrences of this
phenomenon could not be based on the e.g. hysteresis loop. The reason is related to the
2G signal strength part. Taking into account the set of the parameters presented in Table
1 and dependencies between them Qrxlevmin 1 should be set to the higher value than
Qsearch_I (assuming that Qsearch_I is related to the limit of averaged signal level below
which UE has to start measurements of 3G cells). Possible trade-off between Qrxlevmin
and Qsearch_I could look e.g. as follows: Qrxlevmin is equal to -90 dBm while Qsearch_I
is equal to the value below -94 dBm 2. It would seriously reduce ping-pong effect in the
network indeed but simultaneously it would lead to the unacceptable drawbacks:
-
too high value of Qrxlevmin (UE could not reselect to the 2G cell even if it was
necessary),
too low value of Qsearch_I (measurements of 3G cell would start too late).
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This parameter refers to the limit related to the GSM neighbour cell (i.e. AdjgQrxlevMin
in the Nokia nomenclature).
It was assumed that Pcompensation factor is equal to 0.
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In order to assure optimal behaviour of 2G-3G interworking, it is recommended to always

measure 3G network i.e. Qsearch_I is set to 7 (always) especially if 2G and 3G sites
are not collocated. If 2G site is collocated with 3G site higher value of Qsearch_I may be
set to the value e.g. equal to 8 (i.e. search for 3G cells if signal level is above -78 dBm).
Nevertheless, in this case value 7 (always) is recommended as well.
The recommended value of the Qrxlevmin for GSM neighbour cell is -101 dBm whereas
for the serving cell and UMTS neighbouring cell the lowest possible value i.e. -115 dBm is
the recommended one.
The compensation factor (Pcompensation) is taken into account if maximum TX power
level an UE may use when accessing the cell on RACH is higher than maximum RF
output power of the UE. This factor was introduced in order to prevent the lower power
UEs from selecting the cell that is not suitable for them i.e. if UE is in the downlink range
of such a cell but in the uplink direction UE has not enough power [12] in order to
establish the transmission.
If FDD_RSCPmin criterion is employed (in Nokia from BSS13 onwards), the threshold
applied to RSCP value of the 3G cell should be higher than appropriate counterpart
parameter on the 3G side (Qrxlevmin) for UMTS cell.
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For Siemens 2G/Nokia 3G: FDDRSCPMI > AdjsQrxlevMin

For Nokia 2G/Nokia 3G: FDR > AdjsQrxlevMin
Default 3GPP value for FDD_RSCPmin i.e. -102 dBm satisfies this condition 1.
If Ec/No threshold is taken into account, the recommended initial value for FDD_Qmin
FDD_Qmin_Offset is -12 dB. This value assures sufficient quality level of 3G cell and in
parallel does not impose unnecessary restrictions on 2G-to-3G cell reselections. Since
pre-R5 terminals are not able to use FDD_Qmin_Offset 2 (as well as FDD_RSCPmin),
FDD_Qmin_Offset should be set to 0 dB while FDD_Qmin = -12 dB.
However, this value should be tuned in certain situations especially if there is a medium
to high Ec/No for a given RSCP (e.g. at the edge of UMTS coverage or if there is a hole
in this coverage such as indoor area served by GSM only surrounded by GSM/UMTS
coverage [1]). In such a situation high Ec/No value does not necessarily lead to
sufficiently high RSCP value and subsequently UE would not camp on 3G cell after cell
reselection from GSM network unless FDD_RSCPmin threshold is applied. That is why
such a tuning should be effective only for pre-R5 UEs which does not take signal
strength of 3G cell into account prior to cell reselection from GSM to UTRAN. FDD_Qmin
should be then set to a higher value than -12 dB e.g. -10 dB or -8 dB in order to assure
service availability. The latter value is safer but it should be noticed that UTRAN coverage
is in this case reduced and UE is longer attached to 2G network. Since R5 or later UEs
use FDD_RSCPmin threshold (that could prevent from camping to 3G cell with too weak
signal) the effective quality threshold could remain for them at initial level i.e. -12 dB with
the help of setting FDD_Qmin_Offset value to 2 dB (if FDD_Qmin is set to -10 dB).
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Please note that the 3GPP default value of this parameter was changed from -101 dBm
to -102 dBm in 3GPP 45.008 ver. 5.19.0 issued in June 2005 [18]
FDD_Qmin_Offset was implemented in Nokia BSS13 together with FDD_RSCPmin.
Pre-BSS13 releases do not support these parameters.
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In order to assure fair comparison between signal strength of 2G and 3G cell

FDD_Qoffset should be set to 8 dB (for GSM900) 1 or 0 dB (for GSM1800) 2. For reasons
for such a setting please refer to clarifications related to similar offset values on the 3G
side (Table 5). Please note that it is possible to set FDD_Qoffset value to always. In
such a case 3G cell will be selected if only a 3G cell is acceptable. In this way, UMTS
network will be prioritized. Currently, this is the common practice.
Concerning measurement phase on 3G side, in order to prioritize 3G cells over 2G cells
when camping on 3G cell as well as avoid unnecessary cell reselection to other UTRAN
frequencies following conditions could be applied:
For Nokia 3G (prioritization of 3G cells over 2G cells):

Sintrasearch > Sintersearch > SsearchRAT if HCS is not used or if HCS is used but UE is
in high-mobility,
Sintrasearch > Sintersearch > Slimit,searchRATm > SsearchRAT if HCS is used and UE is not in
high-mobility.
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These values could be directly compared with each other since they all refer to quality of
the signal (please compare with diagram presented in Figure 2).
Similarly to the quality dependencies, following approach could be applied to limits
related to signal strength.
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For Nokia 3G (prioritization of 3G cells over 2G cells):

SsearchHCS > SHCS,RATm.
Details about measurements that have to be performed in the given circumstances if
aforementioned dependences are satisfied are presented in the next diagrams. It was
assumed that both S searchHCS and SHCS,RATm are signalled in the cell (please note that
according to [4] their presence does not imply that HCS is used). If they are not signaled
measurements marked by the red rectangle are applicable.
It is not possible to set 7 dB due to the limitations related to possible values of FDD_Qoffset.
It is not possible to set 1 dB due to the limitations related to possible values of FDD_Qoffset.
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May 30, 2008
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Figure 6. Measurements performed by the UE (3G attached, no HCS)
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Figure 7. Measurements performed by the UE (3G attached, HCS, low mobility)
1
2
Figure 8. Measurements performed by the UE (3G attached, HCS, high mobility)
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However, if the UE operates at boundary of UMTS coverage it could be beneficial not to

prefer inter-frequency cell reselection to inter-RAT cells in the measurement phase i.e.
set the quality-related threshold for inter-frequency equal to threshold for inter-RAT
measurements [6]. In this way number of unnecessary inter-frequency cell reselections is
decreased.
For Nokia/Siemens 2G (boundary of UMTS coverage):

Sintrasearch > Sintersearch = SsearchRAT if HCS is not used or if HCS is used but UE is
in high-mobility
Sintrasearch > Sintersearch = Slimit,searchRATm = SsearchRAT if HCS is used and UE is not in
high-mobility
SsearchHCS = SHCS_RAT
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Please note that if there are no cells that are suitable for the Nserv consecutive DRX
cycles i.e. that do not satisfy the suitability conditions:
-
Srxlev > 0 and Squal > 0,
where:
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas Qrxlevmin Pcompensation and
Squal = Qqualmeas Qqualmin.
UE performs search for every neighbouring cells defined in the system information. In
such a case additional limitations (like S intrasearch, Sintersearch or SsearchRAT) are not applied.
During this process the UE could reselect to the GSM cell [10].
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Recommended value for minimum required quality level in the cell (Qqualmin) is -18 dB.
It is a reasonable tradeoff between necessity of assuring minimum cell quality and in
parallel avoiding setting this value too high which might lead to coverage loss [7]. The
same value could be set for minimum required quality level in the neighbouring cell (both
intra- and inter-frequency case: Nokia parameters AdjsQqualMin and AdjiQqualMin
respectively).
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The influence of ping-pong effect could be partially reduced with the help of proper
settings connected with the quality aspects 1. The first and foremost condition looks as
follows: FDD_Qmin (assuming that FDD_Qmin_Offset is equal to 0 dB since the latter
parameter could be set by default to 0dB) should be greater than S searchRAT + Qqualmin. In
this way, it is assured that there will be no immediate cell reselection from 2G to 3G after
successful reselection from UTRAN to GSM. If FDD_Qmin is set to aforementioned -12
dB, SsearchRAT should be lower than 6 dB in order to satisfy this condition. 4 dB is in such a
case a reasonable value since UE starts inter-RAT measurements if quality of 3G cell
drops below -14 dB. Please note that if FDD_Qmin was set to a higher value, the
condition related to dependency between FDD_Qmin and S searchRAT would be satisfied as
well.
According to the 3GPP standards both CPICH RSCP and CPICH Ec/No could be chosen
as the quality measure (Cell_selection_and_reselection_quality_measure IE [28]).
Nevertheless in the Nokia approach value of this information element is fixed to CPICH
Ec/No. The usage of RSCP possible alternatively was introduced in the RU10 edition of
Nokia UTRAN release. It will improve the cell reselection performance in the low traffic
areas where Ec/No may remain at the satisfactory level even if CPICH RSCP is very low.
Please note that increasing the S searchRAT to the next possible value to the aforementioned
one (6 dB instead of 4 dB) would violate the condition related to FDD_Qmin. Hence it is
not recommended to increase it even if there are low traffic conditions in the cell.
Sintrasearch should be of the order of 10 12 dB i.e. the measurements of intra-frequency
neighbours will start if the quality of the serving 3G cell drops below -8 -6 dB. The
higher the value of Sintrasearch is, the sooner the measurements are started.
Possible purposes of using Qoffset and Qhyst parameters in the cell reselection process
are:
-
introduction of additional hysteresis related to cell reselection (e.g. in order to

prioritize given network),
manipulation of borders between cells,
removal of differences between measured CPICH RSCP value and GSM signal
strength in order to compare these values directly.
It should be noticed that although both CPICH RSCP (for UMTS) and received level
average (for GSM) refer to the received signal strength they could not be compared
directly due to the different character of air interfaces related to both access networks.
Usually for the given value of signal strength (denominated in dB) better radio conditions
are related to CPICH RSCP. The difference between values that reflect the similar
reception conditions for CPICH RSCP and GSM RLA is of the order of a few dB. It is not
possible to provide with the exact value since this one has to be calculated on the basis
As it was presented earlier, it is not feasible to prevent from the ping-pong effect with the help
of 3G signal power related thresholds since in reality Qrxlevmin could not be set to the higher
value than Qsearch_I.
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4
of actual measurements (e.g. BLER) in the given area. Nevertheless, rough estimation of
this difference could be provided. Two crucial factors should be taken into account:
difference related to transmitted power and influence of free space attenuation.
Appropriate calculation for typical setting is presented in the table below.
GSM
900
43 dBm
GSM
1800
43 dBm
UMTS
2100
43 dBm
UMTS
2100
33 dBm
Tx Power - Relative difference

diffTxPower (with reference to
UMTS 2100/33 dBm) [dB]
10
10
10
Free Space Attenuation Relative difference diffFreeSpaceAtt

(with reference to UMTS
2100/33 dBm) [dB]
Total relative difference

diffTxPower+diffFreeSpaceAtt
2100/33 dBm) [dB]
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10
Total relative difference

diffTxPower+diffFreeSpaceAtt
2100/43 dBm) [dB]
-10
Nominal Tx Power
Table 5. Signal strength differences between GSM and UMTS
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Total relative difference (diff TxPower + diffFreeSpaceAtt) have to be included in the Qoffset 1,GSM e.g.
in case of CPICH RSCP 43 dBm (typical value), Qoffset1,GSM should be equal to 1 for
GSM 1800 cell while for GSM 900 cell it should be set to 7 in order to assure fair
comparison between signal strength measurements for GSM and UMTS cells.
Additionally, suggested initial hysteresis value (which covers both Qoffset and Qhyst
related offsets) should be of the order of 3 dB 1 [1] in order to avoid ping-pong effect and
assure some way of stickiness to the serving cell. It has to be taken into account during
provision of Qhyst1 together with Qoffset1 s,GSM and Qoffset1s,UMTS values.
In order to prioritize UMTS over GSM cell the higher Qoffset 1,GSM value than the one
calculated with the help of aforementioned dependencies should be set whereas if the
aim of the optimization process is to purely expand the border of the 3G cell without
taking GSM/WCDMA relations into consideration, Q hyst1 value should be increased
instead.
Concerning Treselection value, it is directly connected with the hysteresis set according
to the rules presented above. If the hysteresis value is sufficiently high, the Treselection
could be even set to zero since influence of the possible fluctuations of the signal will be
diminished with the help of the hysteresis threshold. Simultaneously, decreasing the
hysteresis should lead to the increasing of the Treselection value. Moreover, higher
Treselection value is beneficial from the battery consumption point of view since battery
is being drained faster in case of significant number of inter-RAT reselections [7] and the
standby time is reduced. Please note that additional scaling factors related only to inter1
Or the closest value if e.g. granularity of 1 dB could not be used during the parameter tuning.
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2G/3G Interworking
May 30, 2008
RAT measurements and inter-frequency measurements were recently introduced to the

3GPP standard and they are included in the Nokia UTRAN release RU10. Prior to this
fact, the Treselection value referred to all cell reselection scenarios and that is why it has
to be optimized taking into account also inter-RAT cell reselection (worst case cell
reselection scenario from the UE battery consumption point of view).
Since under certain circumstances it is desired to reduce the Treselection (especially in
high mobility areas like highways [9]), the hysteresis value could be in such a case
increased in order to balance the UE behaviour in terms of number of inter-RAT
reselections.
102.2
Network Controlled Cell Reselection from GSM to UMTS
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In contrast to autonomous cell reselection, network controlled cell reselection is initiated

by the BSC. In this way, network fully controlled this process. Ex-Nokia and ex-Siemens
approaches will be presented in separate sections since there are some differences
between them.
152.2.1
Ex-Nokia approach
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Inter-System Network Controlled Cell Reselection could be performed only in MM Ready

State, in Packet Transfer Mode as well as Packet Idle Mode (at the cost of increased
battery consumption in the Packet Idle Mode). The UE is aware of cell reselection mode
thanks to NCO information broadcast by the network or thanks to the Packet
Measurement Order with the NCO parameter sent to the particular UEs. Although 3GPP
specifies three following reselection modes:
-
NC0, where cell reselection is done by the MS in the autonomous way,
NC1, where MS informs the network about the measurements and performs the
reselection process itself,
NC2, where MS informs the network about the measurements and the reselection
process is done by the network,
Nokia solution supports only NC0 and NC2 mode. Concerning network controlled
reselection mode (NC2) two sub-modes could be distinguished in this approach namely:
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pure NC2 mode, where NC2 is broadcast in the network i.e. this mode is applicable
for all UEs within the serving area,
NC2 Rel97/Rel99/Rel4 onwards, where NC0 is broadcast in the network but

separate Packet Measurement Order carrying information about NC2 mode is sent to:
o
All UEs in case of NC2 Rel97 onwards mode,
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Rel. 99 or later UEs in case of NC2 Rel99 onwards mode,
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Rel. 4 or later UEs in case of NC2 Rel4 onwards mode.
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The later sub-mode is applicable only for the UEs that are in Packet Transfer Mode
unless Inter-System NCCR is enabled.
UE is commanded to perform the inter-system cell reselection with the help of Packet
Cell Change Order sent from the network. Different modes of Inter-System NCCR could
be applied:
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WCDMA-coverage based IS-NCCR, where IS-NCCR is performed as soon as 3G

coverage is available (regardless of the service)(WCDMA FDD NCCR Preferred is
set to on),
service-based, where IS-NCCR is performed according to the service prioritization

done in the core network (WCDMA FDD NCCR Preferred is set to off):
o
as soon as 3G coverage is available if Service UTRAN CCO IE has value ..

should be done,
only if 2G coverage is ending (i.e. serving and neighboring 2G cells do not

fulfill the RXLEV requirements) if Service UTRAN CCO IE has value
should not be done or if this IE was not provided (also referred as variety
of coverage-based IS-NCCR: GSM-coverage based IS-NCCR),
never performed if Service UTRAN CCO IE has value shall not be

done.
Service based IS-NCCR could be applied only if SGSN supports this feature i.e. Service
UTRAN CCO (Cell Change Order) IE could be provided in DL-UNITDATA message
according to certain subscriber priorities handled by the CN.
In the current ex-Nokia implementation it is possible to report only the Ec/No values of
FDD cells (3GPP FDD_REP_QUANT parameter is always set to 1). Taking into account
aforementioned criteria, the most important parameter from the performance point of
view is FQT (ISNCCR FDD quality threshold) that provides the information about
minimum quality requirement related to the 3G cell that has to be satisfied in case of ISNCCR.
Although recommended minimum quality requirement for the 3G cell in the 3G network is
-18 dB, FQT value should be higher in order to assure that there will be no coming back
to 2G cell right after reselection to 3G cell due to some fluctuations of the UMTS signal
and moreover that service performance related to ongoing data transmission will be
preserved. Since the aim of coverage-based IS-NCCR is to perform this reselection as
soon as possible in order to move PS traffic to 3G network, the following
recommendation related to FQT could be made:
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For Nokia 2G/3G: AdjsQqualMin < FQT MET

FRT (EMR related parameter) defines the threshold that has to be exceeded for the
reported value. FR (EMR related parameter as well) defines the offset to be applied for
the reported 3G cell.
With the help of 3GPP FDD_REPORTING_THRESHOLD_2 (FRT2) parameter it is
possible to set the threshold for the non-reported value (e.g. RSCP in case of Nokia
system) i.e. the threshold for the non-reported value that has to be exceeded in order to
report particular neighbouring cell in the measurement report. It is available from Nokia
BSS13 onward.
Moreover, in BSS13 Cell selection indication on call release functionality was
implemented with the help of which it is possible to force the UE to perform the cell
reselection to 3G cell after the CS call release. Without such a feature after call release
in 2G network, UE has to perform LAU/RAU procedure and after that, taking into account
that default 3G camping procedure is commonly used, another LAU/RAU is performed
after reselection to 3G network. This procedure may take around 25 seconds.
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Ex-Siemens approach
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Concerning the supported network modes, three modes (as defined by 3GPP, please
compare with [3]) are supported. However, usage of NC1 mode is seriously limited only to
the situation where NCCR is not employed and NACC is active. Even in this case, NC0
mode is broadcast and PMOs with NC1 are dedicated only to the Rel. 4 or greater
terminals if it is allowed by the NACC-NCO parameter.
ISNCCR in the ex-Siemens solution is based only on the 3G coverage and it is performed
if sufficient UMTS coverage is available. No service differentiation is applied to the exSiemens solution. If NCCR is enabled NC0 is always broadcast but PMO with NC2 is
sent to the selected UEs. This approach was adopted in order to assure that only UEs in
Packet Transfer Mode are commanded to enter the NC2 mode since in the ex-Siemens
approach NCCR1 (and ISNCCR) is not foreseen for the UEs in Packet Idle Mode.
Moreover, in the ex-Siemens solution there is a speed-sensitive version of this algorithm
where UEs in high mobility state are better handled since the handover to the UMTS
microcell is delayed in this case.
Two important parameters were specified for the IS-NCCR namely:
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minimum RSCP requirement for the neighbor FDD cell (USRSCPNCRESEL).
For Siemens 2G/Nokia 3G: QqualMin < USECNONCRESEL UMECNO
Concerning USRSCPNCRESEL it should be set to higher value than appropriate

minimum RSCP threshold of the candidate UMTS cell due to the fact that UMTS serving
area is smaller than UMTS coverage area. Moreover introducing some safety margin is
beneficial as well. Value recommended by [19] is equal to 10 dB.
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minimum quality requirement for the neighbor FDD cell (USECNONCRESEL),
One of the main goals of introducing ISNCCR feature is to reduce GERAN PS traffic and
provide better quality of PS connection [19]. That is why this cell reselection should be
performed as soon as possible (however, simultaneously service quality has to be
assured). Similarly to ex-Nokia FQT, following recommendation could be made:
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The value (CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No) associated with the FDD cell the UE is
commanded to report depends on the FDD_REP_QUANT parameter.
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For Siemens 2G/Nokia 3G: USRSCPNCRESEL = AdjsQrxlevMin + hysteresis
With the help of TBNCU (TimerBackNcUmts) it is possible to prevent from the pingpong effect. Until this timer expires, cell reselection to UMTS is not allowed. It should be
emphasized that this timer starts not only after cell reselection from UMTS cell but from
GSM cell as well since the BSC is not aware of source cell during network controlled cell
reselection.
With the help of FDDREPTH2 threshold it is possible to define the threshold for nonreported value (i.e. RSCP in case of Ec/No reported or Ec/No in case of RSCP reported)
1
If however the UE does not respond with the Packet Measurement Report in a predefined period,
the UE is commanded to enter NC0 mode.
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below which the particular 3G cell is not reported. It could be prevented this way e.g.
from reselection to the not suitable 3G cell (with low level of the measured RSCP value)
even if reported Ec/No is above the reselection threshold.
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Moreover, in BR10.01 functionality with the help of which it is possible to force the
HSDPA-capable UE to perform the cell reselection to I-HSPA cell after the CS call release
was implemented (thanks to insertion of the I-HSPA cells only in the Cell selection
indicator after release of all TCH and SDCCH IE in the Channel Release message).
13
It should be noticed that customer-specific CR for BR8.0 [20] was implemented in order
to introduce Load Based NCCR to 3G network in the Siemens system (i.e. IS-NCCR
could be triggered only if certain load threshold is exceeded).
According to CR for BR9.0 [34] Cell selection indicator after release of all TCH and
SDCCH IE in the Channel Release message contains only 3G FDD cells.
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13.
2G-3G Parameterization Handover
23.1
Introduction
3
4
5
In contrast to UE-controlled cell reselection process, which is specified in details by the

3GPP standards, inter-system handover process is vendor-specific since the actual
handover algorithms are implemented on the network side.
63.2
Description of 2G->3G handover (2G Nokia; 3G Nokia)
73.2.1
Typical handover
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32
In the Nokia approach ISHO handovers were performed first and foremost:
-
due to traffic balancing and service type in the 2G-3G direction,
due to coverage in the 3G-2G direction.
This distinction is reasonable since in the real networks, GSM coverage is available
nearly everywhere while for UMTS coverage it is not the case. Hence the handover from
2G to 3G is performed usually if 2G and 3G coverage areas are overlapping [11] and it
should be performed mainly due to better service performance (service-based
handovers) or better load balancing (load-based handovers). The principle of load-based
handover is to off-load GSM network while in the service based handover service
priorities received from the core network via A-interface are taken into account in order to
fully meet the service requirements. Crucial parameters from the 2G to 3G ISHO point of
view are as follows:
-
minimum traffic load for speech call (LTSC) that determines the threshold above
which load-based handover to the WCDMA cell could be performed 1,
minimum CPICH Ec/Io level (MET) that refers to the minimum quality condition of the
3G cell that has to be met during ISHO as such,
minimum CPICH Ec/Io level (DET) that refers to the minimum quality condition of the
3G cell that has to be met during Inter-System Direct Access.
Interdependencies between load-based and service-based handovers are presented in

Table 6.
Service
indicator
11
12
13
should be direct
accessed or handed
over to the WCDMA
should
not
be shall not be direct
direct accessed or accessed or handed
handed over to the over to the WCDMA
Please note that Inter-system Direct Access Load Threshold (IDLT) was removed in the Nokia
BSS12 release.
RAN
WCDMA RAN or
Load value
2G cell load > LTSC
service
indicators
are not in use
Inter-system direct
access is performed
if CPICH Ec/Io of 3G
cell is above DET or
Inter-system
handover
is
performed if CPICH
Ec/Io of 3G cell is
above MET
2G cell load LTSC
RAN
Inter-system direct
access is performed
if CPICH Ec/Io of 3G
cell is above DET or
Inter-system
Neither inter-system
handover
is handover nor interperformed if CPICH system direct access
Ec/Io of 3G cell is is performed
above MET
handover nor intersystem
direct
access is performed
handover nor intersystem direct access
is performed
Inter-system
handover
is
performed if CPICH
Ec/Io of 3G cell is
above MET
1
Table 6. 2G-3G handovers (Nokia)
2
3
4
5
6
MET threshold should be set with careful in order to not only assure appropriate radio
conditions related to the candidate 3G cell but prevent from the ping-pong effect as well
(i.e. handover from 3G back to 2G right after handover from GSM to UMTS 1). That is why
MET should be set to the higher value than HHoEcNoThreshold value 2. Offset of the
order of 2-3 dB is a reasonable value.
7
8
9
10
Concerning the Ec/Io threshold for the inter-system direct access it should be set to the
higher value than MET since if the inter-system direct access feature is enabled its
condition is tried prior to checking the condition related to inter-system handover [23].
Moreover, in case of unsuccessful direct access to 3G network the call is cleared.
11
12
13
14
15
For Nokia 2G/3G: MET > HHoEcNoThreshold
For Nokia 2G: DET > MET
The handover from 2G to 3G network after successful handover from the 3G to GSM
network is not possible during hardcoded period of 30 s 3. Handover attempt to the given
3G cell after the unsuccessful handover attempt to this cell is not possible during the
UMIU period. Moreover, in the Nokia system there are additional penalties: cell based
5
6
After expiration of the GsmMinHoInterval timer.
However, please note that prior to triggering off inter-system handover to 2G due to CPICH
Ec/No (or CPICH RSCP), threshold has to be exceeded for all cells in the active set.
3
The reason for such a limitation is the assumption that if such a handover occurs, 3G network is
overloaded.
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penalty after unsuccessful handovers from GSM to 3G and service area based penalty
after successful handovers from 3G to GSM.
Additionally, it could be noticed that FDD_REPORTING_THRESHOLD_2 (FRT2
implemented in Nokia BSS13) will be used in a similar manner to the one defined for the
cell reselection (please refer to 2.2.1).
It is also possible to disable the handover for CS voice calls to 3G with the help of setting
QSRC (3GPP Qsearch_C) parameter (that is responsible for handling the threshold
related to the serving BCCH carrier below/above which the searching for 3G cells starts)
to the value NEVER.
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2G/3G Interworking
May 30, 2008
For Nokia 2G: In order to disable the CS handover to 3G network:

QSRC = 15 (never)
If this value is set to 7 (i.e. always), there is no influence of the received signal level of
the serving cell on the performing of 3G measurements and UE always searches for 3G
cells.
Concerning the Qsearch_C_initial value (parameter that is used in the connected mode,
before receiving the Qsearch_C value), it is fixed to be equal to Qsearch_C (QSRC) in
the Nokia system.
In case of DTM handover to 3G, both service information (from the SGSN and MSC)(if
available) are taken into account during inter-system handover evaluation. It is possible
to force the CS handover from 2G to 3G for non-DTM capable UEs as soon as WCDMA
coverage is available with the help of setting the parameter IPND to TRUE.
Generally, in comparison with 3G->2G ISHO handover for voice service, 2G->3G ISHO is
less important from the overall interworking performance of view especially in the initial
stage of WCDMA deployment and medium loaded 2G network.
Please note that various handover triggers (intra-system together with inter-system) are
evaluated according to their priority. Inter-system handover triggering condition is not the
first one to be checked (e.g. UL/DL quality, UL/DL level triggers are checked earlier). It
may occur in pre-BSS13 releases that even if the conditions related to e.g. quality or
level triggers are satisfied, the intra-system handover are not performed due to lack of
appropriate neighbour cells (e.g. due to bad 2G coverage). In such a case inter-system
handover is not performed in the pre-BSS13 system even if there is sufficient 3G
coverage. These limitations were overcome in the BSS13 where Coverage Based ISHO
was introduced [21].
333.2.2
IMSI-based handover
34
35
36
37
38
The aim of the IMSI-based handover is to control access of the visiting subscribers to the
own network. With the help of Authorised Networks 1 (ANE) and Service Groups 2 (SG)
conception it is possible to force the BSC to perform handovers only to certain cells. It is
based on IMSI of the subscriber3. If IMSI-based inter-system handover is enabled, the
handover to WCDMA cell which belong to ANE the SG of the subscriber is linked to, is
11
12
13
14
ANE set of permitted PLMN identifiers of the neighbor cells
SG all subscribers of the particular operator identified with the same PLMN identifier (obtained
from IMSI), SG is linked to ANE and that is why limited neighbor cell list is used for this SG
1
2
initiated as soon as possible i.e. quality of this WCDMA cell is above MET (load condition
is not checked). For details about IMSI-base handover feature please refer to [22].
33.3
Description of 2G->3G handover (2G Siemens; 3G Nokia)
43.3.1
Different handover types
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2
3
Generally, inter-system handover causes were incorporated in the already existed

concept of intra-2G handovers by means of taking into account 3G cells during target cell
list evaluation (it is performed during forced handover and handover due to quality, level,
distance and power budget). In these kinds of handovers already existed triggers could
be employed. Till now, one new handover type was designed exclusively for the purpose
of 2G-3G interworking namely: handover due to sufficient UMTS coverage the aim of
which is to hand over the connections to the 3G network as soon as possible i.e. if only
3G coverage is sufficient. Inter-system handover causes together with appropriate
triggers are presented inTable 11 .
IMSI based handover (similar to the Nokia counterpart) was incorporated in the
BR10.011 release. Thanks to this feature:
-
if a mobile subscriber belongs to a Subscriber Group (SG) and its IMSI can be
recognized, handover to the appropriate 3G (or 2G) network could be made,
MS could be commanded to measure only specified PLMN cells (with the help of
channel specific system information).
The Subscriber Group the subscriber belongs to is determined according to PLMN

identifier. Each Subscriber Group is attached to Authorized Networks list (ANL; where
PLMN identifiers of the partnership are stored). Feature is applicable only for the
connected MSs. Please note that enabling of this feature does not lead to immediate
triggering of the handover. For details please refer to [37].
If the number of consecutive handover failures reaches MAXFAILHO, the appropriate

target cell is excluded from the target cell list. Additionally, with the help of BR11 feature
Intersystem Handover improvements it is possible to define the time period
(ToUmtsTimeGapHoFailure) when this number should be reached in order to exclude the
given 3G cell from the target cell list.
Please note that the aim of presenting this table is to collect all different inter-system
handover types into one place in order to get the general overview of this process in the
current Siemens portfolio and to point out the most important parameters from the 2G-3G
interworking point of view. Details of the process related to handover triggering, target
cell list generation and ranking of the candidate cells are presented e.g. in [23] and [40].
If PLMN identifier of the subscriber is not known (or not linked to any of SGs) ANE related to the
so called anonymous users could be used
HANDOVER
TYPE
Forced due to
preemption
Sorting Criteria of
3G cells
RXLEVMINC
UMECNO
USECNO
Quality UL/DL
Level UL/DL
USRSCP
Forced (Service
Based Directed
Retry)
N/A
Distance
Sufficient UMTS
Coverage
11
RSCP: USRSCP,
MSTXPMAXUMTS
Ec/No: USECNO,
MSTXPMAXUMTS
RSCP: power budget criteria

Ec/No: reported Ec/No
N/A
RSCP:
reported
Forced (Inter-System
Directed Retry)
different sublists; priority of 3G sublist according to Service Handover IE; N/A if

N/A
Service Handover IE is missing and RSCP is reported
Forced due to O&M

intervention
RSCP:
Ec/No: PLNC; if the same: Ec/No RSCP: PLNC; if the same: power budget criteria HCS enabled
PLNC, if
3G-related parameters
connected with
handover trigger
initiation
Minimum
Threshold for
3G cell
HCS disabled
HANDOVER PHASE
2G sublist(s) vs. 3G
sublist priority
2G/3G Interworking
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ToUmtsTrafficHoHighThr,
ToUmtsAbisTrafficHoHigh
Thr
PLNC/PPLNC/DTMPL, if the same: power PLNC/DTMPL, if the same:

the same: reported RSCP
Ec/No
budget criteria
power budget criteria
Ec/No: PLNC, if the same: reported
power budget criteria
different sublists; priority of 3G sublist according to Service Handover

IE; N/A if Service Handover IE is missing ang BR11 feature Intersystem
Handover Improvements is not implemented
Power Budget Speed sensitive

version
non-HCS:
MSTXPMAXUMTS,
HOM/DTMHOM,
HOMSOFF, HOMDOFF,
HOMDTIME,
MICROCELL
HCS: MSTXPMAXUMTS,
HOM, HOMSOFF,
HOMDOFF, HOMDTIME,
MICROCELL,
PLNC/PPLNC/DTMPL
N/A
Power Budget
non-HCS:
MSTXPMAXUMTS,
HOM/DTMHOM, UADJ
HCS: MSTXPMAXUMTS,
HOM, UADJ,
PLNC/DTMPL
Load (BR11)
RSCP: USRSCP,
MSTXPMAXUMTS,
HOMDTIME,
MICROCELL
Ec/No: USECNO,
MSTXPMACUMTS,
HOMDTIME,
MICROCELL
RXLEVMINC
Sufficient UMTS
Coverage - Speed
sensitive version
RSCP
Ec/No: reported Ec/No
Handover due to sufficient UMTS coverage or Power

Budget Handover may be triggered even if Service
Handover IE is equal to Handover to either UTRAN
or cdma2000 should not be performed; TCL
generation: the same as for normal Power Budget
Handover or Handover due to Sufficient UMTS
Coverage for the case Handover to either UTRAN or
cdma2000 should be performed (but cause traffic is
indicated then to MSC)
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Table 7. Comparison between different 2G-3G handovers (Siemens)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Apart from the forced handovers (that are triggered by BSC) other handover types are
presented in the table above in the order of their priority during their evaluation in BTS.
Distinction between common and speed sensitive version is not taken into account during
this prioritization since only one type of the algorithm could be active in the same time for
the particular neighbor cell (according to the setting of MICROCELL parameter 1). Please
note that different inter-system handover types could be enabled and disabled separately
with the help of the flags presented in the table below.
Flag
EUHO
EUIMPHO
EUSDCHO
EUSCHO
EUBCHO
enableToUmtsTraf
ficLoadServiceBa
sedHo
Type of 2G-3G handover

all 2G-3G handovers
level UL/DL, quality UL/DL, distance, forced due to preemption,
forced due to O&M intervention
forced due to inter-system directed retry, forced due to servicebased directed retry
UMTS sufficient coverage
UMTS better cell handover (power budget)
Traffic Load Service Based Handover (BR11)
Table 8. Various types of 2G-3G handovers - Siemens
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11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
If Service Handover IE is set to Handover to either UTRAN or cdma2000 shall not be

performed 3G cells are not included in the target cell list. This condition is valid for all
handover types. Moreover, in BR10.01 functionality that prevents from the inter-system
handover to I-HSPA 3G cell (HSDPA/HSUPA cells are included neither in the System
Information nor in the Measurement Information) was implemented [39].
FDDREPQTY parameter (3GPP FDD_REP_QUANT or REPORTING_QUANTITY in case
of EMR) determines whether CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No values of reported 3G cell
are sent in the measurement report. It is not possible to report both values at the same
time. However with the help of FDDREPTH2 threshold it is possible to define the
threshold for not-reported value that has to be exceeded in order to include particular 3G
cell in the measurement report. This parameter could be employed in both normal as well
as enhanced measurement report. FDDREPTH (EMR related parameter) defines
threshold that has to be exceeded for the reported value. FDDREPO (EMR related
parameter as well) defines the offset to be applied for reported 3G cell.
For Siemens 2G: If FDDREPQTY = RSCP:

-115 dBm + FDDREPTH RXLEVMINC
If FDDREPQTY = Ec/No:
-24 dB + FDDREPTH UMECNO
24
11
12
13
For Siemens 2G: If FDDREPQTY = RSCP:

FDDREPTH2 = UMECNO
1
Moreover, apart from MICROCELL parameter additional flag (DPBGTHO) is responsible for
enabling/disabling speed-sensitive power budget 2G-2G and 2G-3G handover.
If FDDREPQTY = Ec/No:
FDDREPTH2 = RXLEVMINC
1
23.3.2
Forced and imperative handovers
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Triggers for forced and imperative handovers are out of scope of this document since
they are purely related either to radio conditions related to the serving 2G cell or they are
triggered externally by the BSC (for the details please refer to e.g. [23]). 3G cells are
included in the target cell list if:
-
CPICH RSCP level exceeds RXLEVMINC (if CPICH RSCP is reported) or
CPICH Ec/No level exceeds UMECNO (if CPICH Ec/No is reported).
3G sublist is generated separately from the 2G sublist(s) and it is placed:

-
at the top of the target cell list if Service Handover IE is equal to Handover to either
UTRAN or cdma2000 should be performed,
at the bottom of the target cell list if Service Handover IE is equal to Handover to
either UTRAN or cdma2000 should not be performed.
The network the cell belongs to is not taken into account during Target Cell List
generation if Service Handover IE was not set and RSCP was reported (unless the BR11
Intersystem Handover Improvements feature (Traffic Load in Service based Handovers)
is used where not setting the Service Handover IE leads to the inter-system handover
handling the same as in case of Service Handover IE set to Handover to either UTRAN
or cdma2000 should not be performed.
Within 3G sublist 3G cells are ranked according to power budget criteria (for details
please see section 3.3.1 and [23]) if RSCP is reported or according to Ec/No if this value
is reported. If HCS is applied cells are firstly ranked according to PLNC.
In order to prevent from ping-pong effect thresholds related to 2G-3G handover should
be set to the higher level than appropriate thresholds responsible for triggering 3G-2G
handover.
For Siemens 2G/Nokia 3G:

UMECNO > HHoEcNoThreshold
RXLEVMINC > HHoRscpThreshold
26
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29
30
Inter-System Directed Retry could be triggered if Service Handover IE is set Handover to

either UTRAN or cdma2000 should be performed or due to congestion even if Service
Handover IE is set to Handover to either UTRAN or cdma2000 should not be
performed.
313.3.3
Power budget handover
32
33
34
35
36
37
Power budget inter-system handover is triggered if the power budget of the neighbor 3G
cell (i.e. difference between DL level of this neighbor 3G cell and serving 2G cell
including influence of power control) exceeds defined earlier handover margin.
The triggering conditions related to power budget handover include following 3G

parameters:
-
HOM handover margin for 3G cell,
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DTMHOM handover margin for 3G cell that replace HOM if DTM Power Budget
Handover is applied1,
UADJ adjustment that is added to reported CPICH RSCP value of 3G cell (this total
is then treated as DL level).
343.3.4
Handover due to sufficient UMTS coverage
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Handover due to sufficient UMTS coverage (if enabled with the help of EUSCHO
parameter) is triggered as soon as 3G coverage is available i.e.:
11
If DTMHOMT does not expiry.
12
If DTMHOMT does not expiry.
13
Similarly to imperative handovers, in case of power budget handovers 3G cells are

included in the target cell list. However, power budget handover to 3G network is only
allowed if CPICH RSCP is reported. The minimum CPICH RSCP threshold is defined with
the help of RXLEVMINC.
The cells are sorted according to power budget criteria (for details please see [23]) and
there is no influence of the network they belong to on the ranking of the target cell if
Service Handover IE is not set (unless the BR11 Intersystem Handover Improvements
feature [38] (Traffic Load in Service based Handovers) is used where not setting the
Service Handover IE leads to the inter-system handover handling the same as in case of
Service Handover IE set to Handover to either UTRAN or cdma2000 should not be
performed).
If Service Handover IE set to Handover to either UTRAN or cdma2000 should be
performed GSM cells are included after the UMTS cells. If either Handover to either
UTRAN or cdma2000 should not be performed or Handover to either UTRAN or
cdma2000 shall not be performed Service Handover IE was sent, not imperative
handovers (like power budget handovers) are not performed towards 3G cells. There is
however an exception to this rule introduced in BR11 (Intersystem Handover
improvements feature [38]) where non-imperative inter-system handovers could be
triggered even if Service Handover IE was set to Handover to either UTRAN or
cdma2000 should not be performed if the cell is highly loaded (i.e. either
ToUmtsTrafficHoHighThr or ToUmtsAbisTrafficHoHighThr was exceeded). The target cell
list in this case is sorted according to criteria defined for Service Handover IE set to
Handover to either UTRAN or cdma2000 should be performed.
In the speed sensitive version of the algorithm (assuming that the particular 3G cell is
microcell) HOM/DTMHOM is increased by HOMSOFF value until the timer HOMDTIME is
expired. After this, HOMSOFF HOMDOFF factor is added to HOM/DTMHOM.
In case of HCS, either PLNC or DTMPL (in case of DTM mode 1) or PPLNC (in case of
MICROCELL if speed sensitive version is enabled) takes precedence over power budget
criteria.
if CPICH RSCP value of the 3G cell is reported, USRSCP value is exceeded or
if CPICH Ec/No value of the 3G cell is reported, USECNO value is exceeded.
The cells are sorted according to the reported value (i.e. CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No)
unless HCS is enabled since in this case priority of the 3G cell (PLNC parameter) takes
precedence over reported value. Due to the character of handover, 2G cells are not
included in the target cell list. Microcells are excluded from the target cell list during
1
2
3
4
5
penalty time related to speed sensitive version of the algorithm defined with the help of
HOMDTIME parameter.
Similarly to the conditions presented in section 3.2, in order to prevent from ping-pong
effect thresholds related to 2G-3G handover should be set to the higher level than
appropriate thresholds responsible for triggering 3G-2G handover.
For Siemens 2G/Nokia 3G:

USECNO > HHoEcNoThreshold
USRSCP > HHoRscpThreshold
6
7
8
9
10
11
Up to BR11 release, the handover due to sufficient UMTS coverage could be triggered in
order to support service based handover (Service Handover IE set to Handover to either
UTRAN or cdma2000 should be performed) even if generally handover due to sufficient
UMTS coverage is disabled. From BR11 onwards, if Traffic load in Service Based
Handover feature ([38]) is switched on, it is no longer possible.
123.3.5
Additional corrections related to power capability of the mobile
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
For the sake of simplicity in the handover-related deliberations in this section it was
assumed that so called correction term is not applied to RXLEVMINC, UMECNO,
USRSCP or USECNO. However, it should be noticed that if maximum allowed transmit
power in neighbor cell (MSTXPMAXUMTS) is greater than power capability of the mobile
appropriate correction should be applied i.e. given threshold for CPICH RSCP or CPICH
Ec/No has to be increased by the difference between MSTXPMAXUMTS and power
capability of the UE.
223.4
Description of 3G->2G handover (Nokia)
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
In this section both handover and network initiated cell reselection are referred as
handover.
2
3
Moreover corrections related to MSTXPMAXUMTS (as well as MSTXPMAXGSM) have to

be included in the power budget handover evaluation. For details please see [23].
Handover as such is supported for the CS services for UE in CELL_DCH state. It is a

seamless hard handover and network resources are reserved before the handover
execution. Currently, proper handling of CS handovers from 3G to 2G is the primary
concern when inter-system changes from UMTS to GSM are taken into consideration.
Network controlled inter-system cell reselection is employed for PS attached UE in
CELL_DCH state (with the help of Cell Change Order) 1. The QoS is not maintained for
PS inter-system change and 2G network resources are not reserved before the handover
execution. For UEs in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH states UE-controlled inter-system cell
reselection is performed. Due to the fact that Inter-System Network Assisted Cell Change
is currently not supported in Nokia system (it is planned to be supported in RU20) the UE
has to receive system information from the 2G cell (it is not possible to transmit this
message to the UE while it is being connected to the source cell). This contributes to the
overall interruption during the inter-system cell reselection. According to [29][32] this
interruption could be even longer than 10s. In some cases it may even occur that this
period could be comparable with the time needed for reestablish the connection in 2G
network if the call is dropped in 3G network. Apart from aforementioned IS-NACC, Gs
interface (thanks to combined RA/LA update) and usage of Packet SI (with the help of
PCCCH) could reduce this interruption. According to [15] typical values for the outage
duration is 4-8 s (without IS-NACC). During this period no data is transferred between
1
Introduction of PS handover (target for RU20) will change this status.
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the UE and the network. Please note that in the current network implementation, unless
UE is equipped with dual receiver, UEs in CELL_FACH state are not allowed to perform
inter-system cell reselections due to the fact that particular UE stays in this state for a
relatively short period (less than 10 seconds) 1.
313.4.1
Coverage/quality inter-system handover
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33
Five typical inter-system handover could be enabled separately. Similarly, it is possible to

enable and disable inter-system handover to GSM for different kind of services (AMR,
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18
Following eight different types of inter-system handovers were introduced in the Nokia
3G system2:
-
ISHO due to uplink DCH quality,
ISHO due to UE Tx Power,
ISHO due to DL DPCH Power,
ISHO due to CPICH RSCP,
ISHO due to CPICH Ec/No,
Immediate IMSI handover,
Load-based handover,
Service-based handover.
First five handover reasons are referred as coverage/quality ones and are presented in
section 3.4.1. Immediate IMSI handover is described in section 3.4.2 while service and
load based inter-system handover is described in section 3.4.3.
In case of CS+PS multi service there is a specific parameter defined namely
IuPSrelWait3G2GMultiServ with the help of which it is possible to define timer related to
the PS connection release after switching to 2G if RAU procedure was not performed to
the CN. Until expiration of this timer Iu-PS connection is not released.
Currently, it is not possible to perform the handover directly from HSPA to 2G
intermediate switching to DCH is necessary. It is planned to make the direct handover
possible in RU20 [15]. However, in the present implementation, separate inter-frequency
as well as inter-RAT handover set of parameters could be defined for HSDPA UEs [15].
With the help of hidden parameters AMRDirRe and AMRDirReCell parameters it is
possible to enable the possibility of Directed Retry of AMR call during the call setup to
2G cell if there is congestion in the 3G cell. Please note that it is a so called blind
handover no measurements take place during this procedure. Directed Retry is RAS06
On Top feature with some extensions (with respect to counters) targeted for RU10.
Planned to be changed in Nokia 3G RU20 [15][Focal Point] together with support of interfrequency and inter-system mobility for UEs in CELL_FACH state.
2Family
related to Emergency ISHOs (RAN04 feature Directed Emergency Call Inter-System

Handover for US replaced by RAS05.1 feature Intelligent Directed Emergency Call ISHO for US,
further modified by RAS05.1 ED feature Emergency Call ISHO Initiation Logic Change) is not
taken into account in this document. These specific functionalities are generally related to US
market. RAS06 feature Emergency Call Redirect to GSM is not covered as well.
1
2
3
4
5
6
CS, NRT PS, RT PS)1. Please note that AMR here refers to CS voice while CS refers to
CS data services. Concerning CS data services the appropriate setting could not
modified on-line and such a handover is by default forbidden.
(1)
UL DCH
quality
UE Tx Power
Filter Coefficient
GsmUETxPwrFilterCoeff
DL DPCH
Power
GsmDLTxPwrThrXXX
CPICH RSCP
CICH Ec/No
Period
Time Hysteresis
GsmUETxPwrTimeHyst
Nokia: RLMeasRepPeriod
3GPP:
DedicatedMeasReportPerio
d
DediMeasRepPeriodCSdata
DediMeasRepPeriodPSdata
HHoRscpThreshold
HHoRscpTimeHysteresis
HHoEcNoThreshold
HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis
Cancel Time
UL DCH
quality
UE Tx Power
DL DPCH
Power
CPICH RSCP
HHoRscpCancel
HHoRscpCancelTime
CICH Ec/No
HHoEcNoCancel
HHoEcNoCancelTime
Maximum DL Bitrate
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateDL
Table 9. Coverage/quality inter-system handover - set of parameters
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XXX stands for the type of service (AMR, CS, NrtPS for NRT PS, RtPS for RT PS) since
different values could be assigned for different services.
Moreover parameters like HHoRscpThreshold, HHoRscpCancel, HHoEcNoThreshold,
HHoEcNoCancel with related timers and filter coefficients could be defined for RT and
NRT services separately.
Following RT services exist in the system:
-
CS voice,
Conversational (Transparent) CS data services,
Streaming (Non-transparent) CS data services,
Conversational PS data services,
Streaming PS data services.
Interactive and Background PS data services are NRT services.

Due to the character of NRT services it is recommended to set the appropriate threshold
(and hence cancel triggers as well) to the value lower than or equal to RT services.
HHoRscpFilterCoefficien
t
EcNoFilterCoefficient
Trigger cancel
threshold
(2)
Trigger threshold
ULQualDetRepThreshol
d
GsmUETxPwrXXX
For Nokia 3G:

(RT) HHoEcNoThreshold (NRT) HHoEcNoThreshold
1
GsmHandoverAMR, GsmHandoverCS, GsmHandoverNrtPS, GsmHandoverRtPS respectively
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(RT) HHoRscpCancel (NRT) HHoRscpCancel
1
2
3
Threshold related to cancelling the trigger should be set to lower value than appropriate
threshold responsible for triggering the handover.
For Nokia 3G (both RT and NRT):

HHoEcNoCancel > HHoEcNoThreshold
HHoRscpCancel > HHoRscpThreshold
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Difference of 3 dB is a reasonable value.

Service Handover IE from the core network has an influence on the prioritization between
inter-system and inter-frequency handover. This prioritization is presented in the table
below.
Service Handover IE
Priority handover
should be handed over to

GSM
Inter-system handover
should not be handed

over to GSM
Inter-frequency handover
shall not be handed over

to GSM
(inter-system
handover
not allowed)
no information
Table 10. Inter-frequency vs. inter-system service based handover prioritization
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If priority is given to inter-frequency handover it means that UE could not be commanded

to start inter-system measurements unless after performing inter-frequency
measurements no appropriate cells in other UMTS frequencies are found.
Concerning interdependency between 2G and 3G set of parameters proper
parameterization of ISHO due to CPICH RSCP and due to CPICH Ec/No is the most
important. For details please refer to appropriate 2G sections (for Nokia: section 3.2, for
Siemens: section 3.3). Please however notice that these parameters are used not only in
the inter-system handover process but in the inter-frequency handover as well.
In some traffic scenarios it could be reasonable to move all AMR calls (CS voice
connections) to GSM in order to free UMTS resources for data transmission. Such a
forced inter-system handover is possible with the help of assigning extreme value to
GsmUETxPwrThrAMR parameter.
For Nokia 3G: In order to force handover of AMR calls to 2G:

GSMcauseTxPwrUL = TRUE
GsmUETxPwrThrAMR = - 60 dB
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If IMSI-based inter-system handover is enabled (IMSIbasedGSMHo set to ALLOWED)

only selected GSM cells (i.e. whose PLMN identifier is included in the relevant WANE list
1
2
or if its PLMN identifier is the same as PLMN identifier of the subscriber) are provided in
the neighbor cell list.
33.4.2
Immediate IMSI handover
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7
8
9
The restrictions related to creating the neighbor list if immediate IMSI handover is
enabled is the same as for aforementioned common IMSI-based inter-system handover.
However, if immediate IMSI handover to GSM is switched on inter-system handover is
triggered if RNC cannot add an intra-frequency cell into the active set because the PLMN
identifier of the cell does not fulfill the requirement of home/authorised/active set PLMNs.
For Nokia 3G: In order to enable immediate IMSI inter-system handover apart from
setting IMSIbasedGsmHo to IMMEDIATE:
IMSIbasedSHO = ALLOWED
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11
Measurement procedures are performed as usual.
123.4.3
Service and load based inter-system handover
133.4.3.1
Introduction
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36
The target of the service and load based handovers is to make the load balancing
between different 3G layers and frequencies and 2G network efficient. It is possible to
enable/disable service or load based handover for eight different types of services
(conversational: CS speech, CS transparent data, PS RT data, PS speech; streaming:
CS non-transparent data, PS RT data; interactive: PS NRT data; background: PS NRT
data) separately1 (following values could be used: none, load, service, service and load).
Moreover, apart from the service priorities that are sent from the core network (Iu service
priority information) it is possible to set RNC-based service priority per each different type
of service (following values could be used: GSM, WCDMA, WCDMA macro cell, WCDMA
micro cell, Not defined). These priorities are stored in the appropriate profiles 2.
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Please note that certain CN limitations may be applied e.g. in Nokia SGSN (R3) the
service information is always set to Handover to GSM should not be performed while in
e.g. MSC (M13) preferred RAT could be defined for speech, CS data >32 kbit/s, CS data
< 32 kbit/s.
Service priorities used in the Iu interface has higher priority than the ones stored in RNC
that are used only in order to complement them (by means of defining appropriate 3G
layer) or instead of them if Iu service priorities are not available. One of the reasonable
approaches could be based on setting the RNC priority to GSM at least for CS
Conversational Speech (unless 3G network is low loaded) and not defined for other
services.
If the 3G system becomes more mature and hence more loaded setting the preferred
network to 2G for low and medium-rate NRT data could be taken into account as well. On
the contrary, usually DCH allocations for NRT data are expected to be rather short and
1
(SLHOUseBackgroundPSNRTData, SLHOUseConvCSSpeech, SLHOUseConvCSTData,

SLHOUseConvPSRTData, SLHOUsePSSpeech, SLHOUseStreamCSNTData,
SLHOUsePSRTData, SLHOUseInteractivePSNRTData respectively).
2
SLHOProfileBackgroundPSNRTData, SLHOProfileConvCSSpeech,
SLHOProfileConvCSTData, SLHOProfileConvPSRTData, SLHOProfilePSSpeech,
SLHOProfileStreamCSNTData, SLHOProfilePSRTData,
SLHOProfileInteractivePSNRTData.
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handing over such a connection to 2G will not be beneficial. That is why usage of
service/load based handovers for NRT services is generally justified only in case of
longer DCH allocations [15].
Additionally, please note that non-transparent CS data could be downgraded during 3G2G handover (and upgraded back in case 2G-3G handover) in contrast to transparent CS
data that cannot be downgraded [24] (please note however that by default such a CS
data handovers are forbidden).
In two following sections only load and service based inter-system handovers are
presented. These handovers (more precisely handover (for CS or CS/PS domain) or
network controlled cell reselection for PS domain) are performed only for UEs in
CELL_DCH. With the help of SLHOCmAllowedNRT parameter it is possible to set
whether compressed mode is allowed for inter-RAT measurements for non-real time
connections or not. Please note that if compressed mode is not allowed and additionally
if according to UE capability inter-RAT measurements using dual-receiver is not possible
IS-NCCR to 2G is not performed. Similarly to GsmMinHoInterval (please compare with
section 3.4.4), GsmMinSLHO interval prevents from ping-pong effect i.e. handover back
to GSM if previous handover from GSM (related to the particular RRC connection) was
service or load-based. This parameter was introduced in order to make this interval
longer than the one defined with the help of GsmMinHoInterval. Moreover it is possible to
switch off completely such a handover back to GSM if this parameter is set to 0.
For Nokia 3G: GsmMinSLHO > GsmMinHoInterval or

GsmMinSLHO = 0
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22
23
24
25
Number of UE that are chosen for the load and service based inter-RAT handovers is
limited. RRC connections to be handed over are chosen according to the specific
algorithm (for details please refer to [24]). Only connections that are not in their preferred
network or layer1 could be selected. Intra-WCDMA load and service based handovers
(together with WCDMA layer management process) are not covered in this document.
263.4.3.2
Load-based handover
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28
29
Reasons for the load based handover together with the appropriate thresholds that has
to be exceeded in order to trigger the handover are presented in the table below. For
details concerning the calculations please see [24].
Triggers
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12
13
Thresholds
Total interference load of the cell

exceeds a predefined threshold
LHOPwrOffsetUL
PS NRT traffic capacity request

rejection rate exceeds a predefined
threshold
LHOCapaReqRejRateUL
DL spreading codes are lacking in the

cell
LHOResRateSC
HW or logical resources are limited in

the cell
LHOHardBlockingRatio
LHOPwrOffsetDL
LHOCapaReqRejRateDL
Connections that are already in the preferred layer, but at least one equal target [24] is available,
could be chosen for the load based handover as well.
Table 11. Triggers and thresholds - load based handovers
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10
With the help of LHONumbUEInterRAT parameter that defines maximum number of UEs
that are simultaneously in a load-based inter-RAT handover it is possible to switch off
inter-system load-based handover (LHONumberUEInterRAT is equal to 0) in the
particular cell.
If load based handover is allowed for the particular type of service and one of the
aforementioned load based handover conditions is satisfied inter-system handover to
GSM is performed:
-
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in the first phase:
if Iu service information is set to Handover to GSM should be performed or
if Iu service information is not available and RNC-based service information is

set to GSM,
in the second phase (if not enough connections were selected in the first phase):
if Iu service information is set to Handover to GSM should be performed and

RNC-based service information is set to either GSM or WCDMA or is not
defined or

set to GSM,
in the third phase (if not enough connections were selected in the first and second
phase):
o
if Iu service information is set to Handover to GSM should not be performed

or

set to either WCDMA or WCDMA macro or WCDMA micro or is not
defined.
Load of the cell is monitored constantly. Load of the target 2G cell is not checked
before the handover execution (in contrast to the load of target 3G cell). In the current
system if handover1 of any type fails service/load based handovers/cell reselections to
the GSM cell are not performed until AdjgPenaltyTimeNCHO timer expires.
In Siemens 2G network (with BR11 feature Intersystem Handover improvements
implemented) non-imperative inter-system handover from 3G is accepted only if both
thresholds FromUmtsTrafficHoLowThr and FromUmtsAbisTrafficHoLowThr are not
exceeded.
According to [38]:
For Siemens 2G:

ToUmtsTrafficHoHighThr FromUmtsTrafficHoLowThr 15
ToUmtsAbisTrafficHoHighThr ToUmtsAbisTrafficHoLowThr 20
35
363.4.3.3
Service based handover
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Service-based handovers are performed periodically. ServHOPeriodInterRAT defines this

period. If this value is set to 0, the inter-system service handovers are disabled in the
given cell. The number of RRC connections in the service-based handover state is
controlled with the help of ServHONumbUEInterRAT.
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Not inter-system cell reselection.
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If service based handover is allowed for the particular type of service inter-system
handover to GSM is performed:
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if Iu service information is set to Handover to GSM should be performed or

set to GSM.
Neighbor cell list and Compressed Mode measurements

One of the crucial issues related to the proper setting of interworking parameters is
creating the neighbor cell list with the cells of other RAT included. Apart from the obvious
requirement connected with the fact that the strongest neighbors have to be included in
the list, the trade-off between:
-
sufficient number of inter-RAT neighbors from the performance perspective (in order
to assure that inter-system handover and inter-system cell reselection will be handled
properly even in e.g. high load conditions) and
time needed to make the measurements that leads to minimizing the neighbor cell
list1
has to be made [14].

If inter-system handover measurements are triggered, the UE starts to measure GSM
RSSI value. Measurements are performed in the so called Compressed Mode 2 where
during the introduced gaps (thanks to discontinuous transmission) signal strength of 2G
network could be assessed.
In RAS06 ongoing measurements are stopped neither if e.g. event 1E is sent (due to
the
fact
that
CPICH
RSCP/CPICH
Ec/No
is
higher
than
HHoRscpCancel/HHoEcNoCancel threshold respectively for a certain period) nor if event
6B is sent (transmission power of the UE decreases below the reporting threshold). This
was changed in RU10 release where with the help of Inter-System Handover
Cancellation feature it will be possible to cancel ongoing measurements if:
-
event 1E (referring to both CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP) or 6B (referring to UE Tx

Power) is received,
downlink DPCH Tx Power decreases below the certain threshold (defined with the
help of new DL_DPCH_TXPWR_CANCEL_OFFSET parameter, for the explanations
please see below),
there is an update of the active set (cell added or cell replacement event 1A or 1C
respectively).
In this way, the CS/PS connection will retain longer in 3G. It is expected that number of
inter-system handover cancellations will be of the order of approximately one fourth of
the current number of inter-system handovers [35].
Following parameters were incorporated in the system due to the implementation of the
Inter-System Handover Cancellation feature:
Parameter
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May 30, 2008
Default value
Description and comments
Similar issue applies to 2G network if e.g. multiple SI2quater messages are required in order to
send the 3G neighbour cell list and there is a delay with such an extensive neighbour cell list [14].
2
Compressed Mode is not needed if the UE is equipped with dual receiver.
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ISHOCancellation
disabled
With the help of this parameter it is

possible to enable/disable the use
of ISHO Cancellation.
ISHOClcauseCPICHEcN
o
disabled
Switch related to the ISHO

Cancellation due to CPICH Ec/No.
ISHOClcauseCPICHrscp
disabled

Cancellation due to CPICH RSCP.
ISHOClcauseTxPwrUL
disabled

Cancellation due to UE Tx Power.
ISHOClcauseTxPwrDL
disabled

Cancellation due to DL DPCH Tx
Power.
DLDPCHTxPwrClOffset
-3 dB
Cancellation threshold related to

the DL DPCH Tx Pwr reason
MaxNumISHOClPerAS
Maximum
number
of
ISHO
Cancellations allowed for a given
UE per AS (Active Set).
Please note that (if other criteria for the ISHO cancellation is satisfied e.g. enabling of the
ISHO Cancellation feature as such, enabling of the ISHO Cancellation due to DL DPCH
Tx Power) the ISHO is cancelled due to DL DPCH Tx Power if the following equation is
satisfied:
DL_CODE_PWR PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot < CPICH_POWER +
MAX_DL_DPCH_TXPWR + DL_DPCH_THRESHOLD +
DL_DPCH_TXPWR_CANCEL_OFFSET
where:
-
DL_CODE_PWR is measured DL code power,
PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot is the power offset for the pilot fields of the DPCCH (it is a
relative value with respect to the DPDCH power),
CPICH_POWER is the transmission power of the P-CPICH of the cell in AS,
MAX_DL_DPCH_TXPWR is the maximum transmission power level of the DPDCH

symbols a BTS can use on the DPCH (it is a relative value with respect to P-CPICH
power),
DL_DPCH_TXPWER_THRESHOLD is a downlink DPCH transmission power

threshold defined for RT PS, NRT PS, CS and AMR service separately,
DL_DPCH_TXPWR_CANCEL_OFFSET (DLDPCHTxPwrClOffset) is a new

parameter introduced due to the implementation of the ISHO Cancellation feature
[35].
Some of the aforementioned RU10 changes were advanced to RAS06ED1 release

where limited version of the ISHO Cancellation feature (namely RSCP Triggered
Cancellation) was introduced. For details please refer to [36].
The highest ranked GSM cell is chosen as a target cell assuming that following condition
is met:
RSSI > AdjgMinRxLevNCHO + max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH P_Max), where:
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AdjgMinRxLevNCHO is the defined threshold for sufficient RSSI of the target GSM cell,
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15
AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH is the maximum power the UE could use in the particular GSM cell,
P_Max is the maximum power of the UE.
Ranking is based on the cell priority (parameter: AdjgPriorityCoverage). Only if the priority
of the given cells is the same, the actual signal level is taken into account in the ranking
phase.
In case of CS services (and in case of PS services if more than one neighboring GSM
cell has the same BCCH frequency) measurement state is triggered once again and
BSIC of the target cell is verified.
Two Compressed Mode methods were standardized by 3GPP: Spreading Factor
Reduction by 2 and Higher Layer Scheduling. In the Nokia system [24]:
-
first method is used for CS services, PS conversational, PS streaming and related

multi services1,
second method is used for PS interactive, PS background and related multi services
(if all services are either PS interactive or PS background).
The first method prevents from delays related to the transmission but simultaneously it is
more power consuming. It has to be noticed that Compressed Mode affects coverage
(especially in UL direction), capacity as well as quality of UMTS system [30] due to the
fact that:
-
more power is needed in order to send the same amount of (RT) data (since these
data has to be sent in a shorter time comparing with the situation where Compressed
Mode is not used),
Fast Power Control information might be lost during the gap,
Compressed frames may be lost if power control parameters are not set correctly.
Concerning the length of the gap2 it has to chosen carefully in order to find the best
trade-off between finishing the 2G measurements quickly (longer CM gaps) and limiting
the transmitted power (shorter CM gaps)[6].
Typical value related to the increasing of Eb/No due to CM is of the order of 1.5 dB.
Taking into aforementioned disadvantages the CM should be triggered only if
necessary and number of UEs in CM in Nokia system is limited (MaxNumberUECmHO,
MaxNumberUECmSLHO parameters for the critical and service/load based handovers
respectively). Moreover, total received interference level/total transmitted power is
checked in the RNC prior to switching on the Compressed Mode.
If the second method is introduced, there is no need for additional power resources at the
cost of the interruption related to the (NRT) data transmission. There is no influence on
the coverage.
Moreover, specific interworking-related parameter was introduced namely:
GsmMinHoInterval that defines the minimum interval where handover to 2G network is
not allowed after successful handover of the particular connection from GSM to 3G
With the exception of CS conversational + interactive/background 256 kbps where higher layer
scheduling is used.
2
TGPLdoubleframeNRTPSgsm, TGPLsingleframeAMRgsm, TGPLsingleframeCSgsm,

TGPLsingleframeNRTPSgsm, TGPLsingleframeRTPSgsm parameters.
1
2
3
network. This parameter could, to the certain extent, prevent from the ping-pong effect.
However, too long time could lead to undesired restriction of 3G-2G handover. The
default value of this parameter (10 s) is a reasonable value.
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14.
Settings of parameters different scenarios
24.1
Introduction
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18
Concerning different scenarios related to GSM-WCDMA interworking, two basic

deployments could be discussed:
194.2
Guidelines
204.2.1
General remarks
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Some indications related to proper settings of different radio parameters were placed in
section 2 and 3. However, the process of tuning the parameters is complex one and
depends on many other input factors. The aim of this section is to summarize the most
important guidelines that have to be taken into account during parameterization of 2G-3G
interworking in real implementations.
11
hotspot,
one-to-one.
One-to-one overlay deployment refers to the situation where both 3G and 2G coverage
cover entire network. In case of hotspot deployment it is not the case i.e. it is assumed
that 3G signal is available only in some parts of the network (especially in areas where
subscriber density and the traffic volume is high). In most cases it could be assumed that
2G coverage is good enough in all cases. That is why distinction between different
approaches related to 2G-3G interworking will be driven by 3G network.
Furthermore, one-to-one deployment could be divided into two types:
-
3G low loaded,
3G highly loaded
depending on the amount of traffic that should be served in the particular area.
In case of hotspot deployment three types of cells could be distinguished according to
their location in relation to 3G network coverage.
One of the most important issue during optimization of the parameters is to assure that
impact of ping-pong effect will be diminished i.e. the number of handovers/cell
reselections related to particular connection that occur in a short timeframe will be
seriously limited. This goal could be achieved not only with the help of proper settings of
thresholds that assure hysteresis-like alignment between 2G and 3G parameters but with
the help of timers that prevent from undesired network behavior (please refer to sections
3.2.1 and 3.4.4) as well as appropriate definition of neighbors relationships (please refer
to section 3.4.4). Ping-pong effect increases the amount of signaling, CM measurements
(on the 3G side) and could eventually lead even to call drop. Concerning CM
measurements as such it should be parameterized in such a way that CM measurements
are started only if it is necessary to perform 3G inter-system handover (i.e. it has to be
assured that they are not triggered too early). However, simultaneously it is not
recommended to trigger CM measurements too late since call may be dropped before
inter-system handover is performed. In Nokia 3G system these restrictions are already
taken into account to a certain extent due to the specific 3G-2G handover implementation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
(please see section 3.4)1. During 3G parameterization process it has to be assured that
difference between thresholds responsible for triggering and canceling measurements is
not too small. Difference of 3 dB is recommended one.
Another important fact during planning of 2G-3G interworking is proper alignment of idle
mode and connected mode parameters. Please note that in 2G network inter-system
handover parameters are responsible for handling UEs with ongoing CS data/voice
connection2 while cell reselection parameters refer to other UEs (engaged in PS only
transmission or not engaged in any transmission at all). This cell reselection process
could be autonomous one or network controlled. In 3G network the situation is different.
In CELL_DCH state inter-system handover is performed for CS attached UEs while
network-controlled inter-system cell reselection is performed for PS attached UEs. In
other states UE-controlled cell reselection process could be performed.
The aforementioned relationships are presented in the figure below [32]:
14
Figure 9. State transitions - 2G-3G interworking [32]
15
16
17
18
19
20
Due to these relationships 2G cell reselection parameters, apart from being aligned with
3G cell reselection parameters, have to be aligned with 3G handover parameters as well
(PS connections in CELL_DCH are governed in 3G system by handover rules). Following
rules could be applied in order to prevent from the ping-pong effect:
For Siemens 2G/Nokia 3G (matching 2G cell reselection and 3G handover

parameters):
FDDQMI > HHoEcNoThreshold
FDDRSCPMI > HHoRscpThreshold
3GPP events 2D/2F/3A are not implemented.
Introduction of PS handover (currently target for ex-Siemens BR11, ex-Nokia RU20) will change
the status.
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USECNONCRESEL > HHoEcNoThreshold

USRSCPNCRESEL > HHoRscpThreshold
For Nokia 2G/Nokia 3G (matching 2G cell reselection and 3G handover parameters):

FDM > HHoEcNoThreshold
FQT > HHoEcNoThreshold
2
3
4
5
6
Moreover, correspondence between 3G idle mode coverage and 3G connected mode

average has to be assured. Concerning 3G idle mode coverage, it should be close to 3G
CS/PS connected mode coverage e.g. as in the rule below [14][6]2:
7
8
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10
11
12
13
14
For Nokia 3G (matching connected and idle mode coverage):

HHoEcNoCancel AdjsQqualmin + Ssearch_RAT HHoEcNoThreshold
3G PS connected mode coverage may be significantly larger than 3G CS connected
mode coverage only for these 3G services where inter-system functionality is not
foreseen i.e. 3G coverage should be in such a case maximized [32]. The inter-system
parameters should reflect these correlations. Please note that it is possible to switch off
the handover from 3G to 2G for the particular service type (e.g. PS NRT especially if it is
expected that DCH channel allocations will be too short to make the handover to 2G
reasonable)[15].
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
For Nokia 3G (switching off the handover to 2G for PS NRT):

GsmHandoverNrtPS = No (0)
It is possible to separate CS and PS reselection parameters on the 2G side with the help
of PBCCH. However, due to the reasons provided in the section 2.1, this possibility was
not taken into account here.
Two basic scenarios could be distinguished: hotspot deployment where the 3G
coverage is not continuous and the one-to-one deployment where the UMTS coverage is
fairly continuous [6]. The appropriate interworking-related settings will be presented in the
next sections.
234.2.2
3G hotspot deployment
244.2.2.1
Distinction between different cell types
25
26
27
In case of hotspot deployment ([1][25]) three main types of cells according to their
neighboring relationships could be identified:
11
12
13
14
15
inner cell,
One may think that in some cases it may be beneficial to make the 3G PS coverage larger than
3G CS coverage e.g. with the help of appropriate setting of reselection parameters in comparison
with handover parameters. Nevertheless, in CELL_DCH state handover parameters are valid for
both PS and CS domain.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
transit cell,
outer cell due to end of 3G coverage [25].
GSM network is used in order to extend the 3G coverage.

Inner cell term refers to the situation where 3G signal is high (high CPICH RSCP value)
and significant amount of inter-system handovers to 2G due to coverage/quality is not
anticipated. On the contrary, in outer cells CPICH RSCP is the lowest among these three
types of cells and number of inter-system handovers will be significant. Transit cell refers
to the cells that are situated between outer cells and inner cells. It should be assured that
inter-system handover will be prepared and executed before the call drop due to lack of
3G coverage. Please note that similar approach could be applied to inter-system cell
reselection as well.
Concerning the differentiation between these three types of cells it is not possible to
provide with the exact thresholds that will be valid in all different 2G-3G implementations.
One of the approaches could be based on the percentage of the cell area where (under
certain conditions) the RSCP value exceeds given threshold [25].
Actual thresholds have to be tuned according to additional simulations and/or real
measurements related to particular network.
If there is a hole inside 3G coverage two additional types of cell could be taken into
account:
-
outer cell due to coverage hole,
outer cell due to outdoor/indoor transition.
Concerning differentiation between these two kinds of cells and outer cell due to end of
3G coverage following relationships exist [32]:
-
for outer cell due to end of 3G coverage there is high CPICH Ec/No for given CPICH
RSCP (low level of interference at 3G boundary),
for outer cell due to coverage hole there is low Ec/No for given CPICH RSCP (high
level of interference),
for outer cell due to outdoor/indoor transition there is medium Ec/No for given CPICH
RSCP (since there is medium level of interference).
All kind of cells are presented in Figure 10.
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2G/3G Interworking
May 30, 2008
1
Figure 10. Different types of 3G cells
34.2.2.2
4
5
6
7
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10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
11
Parameterization
Mobility support (i.e. assuring both call/data transfer continuity and service continuity if
UE is not engaged in the call/data transfer) is the most important aspect of proper
planning of 2G-3G interworking in the hotspot deployment especially in the outer cells
(and to a certain extent in the transit cells) while in inner cells proper load balancing is
the main goal to be achieved.
Moreover, in some situations it is reasonable to prevent from 3G-2G handovers for
services that could not be handled in 2G network or for services where expected traffic
channel (DCH) allocations are expected to be too short (e.g. PS non-real time) to justify
the usage of inter-system feature. Service-based version of the IS-NCCR is the
recommended one.
Despite the limitations related to 3G system it is generally recommended to prioritize
camping on 3G cell (FDD_Qoffset set to always or at least 3G cells is prioritized by
means of proper tuning FDD_Qoffset value). Following reasons contribute to this
recommendation:
-
more capacity could be available on the 3G system,
there is limited risk of overloaded in 3G system (esp. at the relatively early stage of
3G deployment),
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
84.2.2.3
Proposal of settings
expectations of the end-users related to preference of being camped on 3G cell if 3G

network is available.
Please however note that setting FDD_Qoffset to always leads to higher battery drain in
the user equipment [30].
It might be beneficial to force 3G system to hand over AMR calls to 2G network in order
to free 3G resources for data traffic (at least for outer and transit cells) if simultaneously
appropriate counterpart service priorities could be used in the 2G network.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
In this section five different set of parameters related to basic inter-system handover and
cell reselection parameters are presented. Since the division is related to different 3G cell
type (please refer to section 4.2.2.1) assigning the set of parameters to particular 2G cell
could be only rough and may be based e.g. on the assignment of the closest 3G cell(s) to
the given cell type.
2
3
4
5
-11
-10
-8
(0)
(0)
-102
OUTER 3G cell outdoor/indoor transition
-12
-11
-9
OUTER 3G CELL end of 3G coverage
-13
-12
-10
OUTER 3G cell coverage hole
MET [dB]
MET [dB] (pre-BSS13)
DET [dB]
FR [dB]
FRT [dB]
FRT2 [dB]
TRANSITION 3G CELL
2G Nokia
2G -> 3G
HANDOVER
Parameters12
INNER 3G CELL
The aim of presenting them is to show exemplification of alignment between different

values of the crucial inter-system parameters taking into account indications and
guidelines presented in the previous sections. These parameters could not be treated
as binding ones. It should be emphasized that these parameters strongly depends on
many factors like e.g. network configuration, actual network load (hence, interferences)
and penetration of the UEs that support certain network features e.g. FDD_RSCPmin.
Please also note that some parameters had to be aligned with the granularity of range
set by 3GPP and/or particular system release.
-12
-11
-9
-11.5
-10.5
-8.5
Following parameters are valid only for (Packet) Enhanced Measurement Report: FR, FRT,
FDDREPTH
2
Only effective values are shown (not necessary the equivalent values that are placed in the
parameter database).
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3G Nokia
3G -> 2G
2G Siemens
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UMECNO [dB]
RXLEVMINC [dBm]
FDDREPO [dB]
FDDREPTH (case Ec/No reported) [dB]
FDDREPTH2 (case Ec/No reported) [dBm]
FDDREPTH (case RSCP reported) [dBm]
FDDREPTH2 (case RSCP reported) [dB]
USECNO [dB]
USRSCP [dBm]
(RT) HHoEcNoThreshold [dB]
(RT) HHoEcNoCancel [dB]
(RT) HHoRscpThreshold [dBm]
(RT) HHoRscpCancel [dBm]
(NRT) HHoEcNoThreshold [dB]
(NRT) HHoEcNoCancel [dB]
(NRT) HHoRscpThreshold [dBm]
(NRT) HHoRscpCancel [dBm]
-13
-12
-13
-13
-12
-12
-15
-12
-109
-106
-16
-13
-112
-109
-14
-11
-107
-104
-15
-12
-110
-107
-11
-102
(0)
(0)
-102
(0)
-11
-11
-102
-13
-10
-105
-102
-14
-11
-108
-105
-12
-11.5
-12
-12
-11.5
-11.5
-14
-11
-105
-102
-15
-12
-108
-105
-13
-10
-105
-102
-14
-11
-108
-105
Table 12. Exemplary settings of 2G-3G handover parameters per different type of 3G cell
11
12
13
14
15
2G Nokia
2G -> 3G
CELL
RESELECTION
FDM [dB]
FDMO [dB]
FDR [dBm]
FDD [dB]
QSRI [dB]
UE controlled cell reselection

-12
-10
0
2
-10
-10
2
2
-102
ALWAYS
ALWAYS
Following parameters are valid only for (Packet) Enhanced Measurement Report: FR, FRT,
FDDREPTH
2
Only effective values are shown (not necessary the equivalent values that are placed in the
parameter database).
OUTER 3G cell outdoor/indoor transition
OUTER 3G cell coverage hole
OUTER 3G CELL end of 3G coverage
TRANSITION 3G CELL
Parameters12
INNER 3G CELL
-10
2
1
2
3G Nokia
3G -> 2G
2G Siemens
Network controlled cell reselection

-12
-11
-10
-11
FQT [dB] (pre-BSS13)
-13
-12
-11
-12
FQT [dB]
(0)
FR [dB]
(0)
FRT [dB]
-102
FRT2 [dBm]
UE controlled cell reselection
-12
-10
-10
-10
FDDQMI [dB]
0
2
2
2
FDDQMIO [dB]
ALWAYS
FDDQO [dB]
-102
FDDRSCPMI [dBm]
ALWAYS
QSRHI [dB]
Network controlled cell reselection
-13
-12
-11
-12
USECNONCRESEL [dB]
-102
USRSCPNCRESEL [dBm]
-102
FDDREPTH2 (case Ec/No reported) [dBm]
-13
-12
-11
-12
FDDREPTH2 (case RSCP reported) [dB]
-115
-113
-111
-111
AdjsQrxlevmin
-101
-101
-101
-101
AdjgQrxlevmin
-18
-18
-18
-18
AdjsQqualmin
10
10
10
10
Sintrasearch [dB]
8
6
4
4
Sintersearch [dB]
4
4
4
4
Ssearch_RAT [dB]
12
10
10
10
SsearchHCS [dB]
6
8
10
10
SHCS_RAT [dB]
4
4
4
4
Qhyst1 [dB]
7
7
7
7
AdjgQoffset1 for GSM900 [dB]
1
1
1
1
AdjgQoffset1 for GSM1800 [dB]
2
1
0
0
Treselection [s]
-10.5
-11.5
-10
2
-11.5
Table 13. Exemplary settings of 2G-3G cell reselection parameters per different type of 3G
cell
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Additionally, if in the 2G cells only GPRS is available (no support for EDGE) in some
cases it may be beneficial to set the interworking parameters more aggressively in order
to perform the cell reselection for PS services from 3G to 2G later (i.e. UE stays in
WCDMA longer) than in case of EGPRS 2G neighboring cells. As in all situations related
to the interworking issue, parameter tuning has to be performed case-by-case.
114.2.3
2G-3G One-to-one deployment 3G network low loaded
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Generally, similar settings to ones recommended for inner cells in hot-spot deployment
are applicable.
The table above is valid for Siemens BR10/Nokia BSS13/Nokia RAS06. For the purpose
of information the differences between proposed values for pre-BSS13 and BSS13
releases are shown for MET and FQT.
If UMTS deployment is mature load balancing and traffic type distribution play significant
role in planning of 2G-3G interworking while mobility support does not play as important
role as in hotspot deployment. Moreover, it could be reasonable to prioritize UMTS by
means of introduction coverage-based cell reselections/handovers from 2G to 3G
network as soon as UMTS coverage is available.
-11.5
-111
-101
-18
10
4
4
10
10
4
7
1
0
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May 30, 2008
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18
That is why WCDMA-coverage based IS-NCCR (Nokia 2G)/IS-NCCR due to UMTS

sufficient coverage (Siemens 2G) is the most reasonable choice if 3G coverage is
extensive and capacity is sufficient in order to move the UEs to the 3G as soon as its
coverage is available regardless of other factors like Service IE. UMTS could be then use
to relieve the 2G system.
194.2.4
2G-3G One-to-one deployment 3G network highly loaded
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Generally, settings recommended for inner cells in hot-spot deployment are applicable
as well. However, due to the fact that 3G network is highly loaded in this scenario load
based handover plays significant role in both directions assuming that 2G network is
highly loaded too. In this case, the best solution would be a handover policy that is based
on actual data related to load of particular 2G or 3G cell in order to direct the traffic to
low-loaded cells and off-load the highly loaded cells (please e.g. refer to not implemented
BSS feature documentation [26])..Without such a feature, the reasonable solution could
be based on the introduction of service based handovers (in 3G as well as 2G network)
and force AMR calls to 2G network. Service-based version of IS-NCCR (from 2G to 3G) is
recommended.
Concerning coverage based CS handover it could be introduced in Nokia 2G with the

help of applying extreme value to minimum traffic load for a speech call. In such a case,
only minimum quality criterion will be checked during inter-system handover 1. In Siemens
2G separate UMTS handover type namely handover due to sufficient UMTS coverage is
introduced. Please however note that in this solution service type affects this algorithm as
well (details are provided in section 3.3.4).
In this deployment it is also recommended to prioritize camping on 3G over 2G network
i.e. FDD_Qoffset should be set to always. It is not recommended to force AMR calls to
be handed over to 2G network as well as setting profiles for service/load based
parameters in such a way that GSM will be the network of the first preference for any
kind of services including conversational CS speech.
It is recommended to prevent from handover of PS services to 2G network (i.e. disable
this kind of handover).
Coverage based CS handovers to 3G are not recommended. In this scenario

service/load based handovers in the 3G network play important role. Example
assumptions related to service/load based handovers in the 3G network in this scenario
are placed in the table below.
11
12
13
14
15
Service
Load/service handover
Preferred
network2
Conversational CS speech
Load&Service
2G
Conversational CS transparent
data
Load&Service
3G
Conversational PS speech
Load
3G
Please note that it will affect inter-system direct access process as well.
The distinction was made only between 2G and 3G. Service based handovers could be
performed to e.g. WCDMA macro layer or WCDMA micro layer. The 3G policy with respect to
these handovers is out of the scope of this document.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Conversational PS RT data
Load
3G
Streaming CS non-transparent
data
Service
3G
Streaming PS RT data
Service
3G
Interactive PS NRT data
None
Background PS NRT data
None
Table 14. Exemplary settings of service/load based handovers highly loaded 3G network
scenario
Assuming that highly loaded scenario refers to the situation where 3G implementation is
mature one some of the deliberations related to forced camping on 3G cell presented in
section 4.2.2.2 are no longer applicable. In order to balance traffic between 2G and 3G
network one may think about introduction of fair policy of camping that is based on
quality criteria (please refer to section 2.1.4) instead of applying of settings that lead to
camping on 3G cell if only it is available. Moreover, if GSM is preferred network for voice
calls, it is beneficial to camp on 2G cell since call setup time will be then lower. On the
contrary, such a policy could restrict from the possibility of the usage of some 3G
services. Currently default WCDMA camping is commonly used by the operators [27].
Taking into account this contradiction, clear recommendation in this case could not be
given.
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NSN COO RA GERD

SA Network
Engineering PL
2G/3G Interworking
May 30, 2008
Summary
Various aspects of 2G-3G interworking were shown in this document. As it was presented
the proper setting of both cell reselection as well as handover parameters is not a trivial
task since many factors have to be taken into account during such a parameterization in
order to assure the optimal network performance. Moreover, it was presented that default
network values for the crucial parameters have to be tuned under certain network
conditions and it should be expected that different values would be optimal in various
types of cells according to the division provided in the document. As it was pointed out
the actual settings have to be tuned case-by-case.
Abbreviations
3GPP
3rd Generation Partnership Project
AMR
Adaptive Multi Rate
BCCH
CCO
Cell Change Order
CM
Compressed Mode
CN
Core Network
CPICH
CS
DCH
DPCH
DTM
EDGE
Common Pilot Channel

Circuit Switched
Dedicated Channel
Dedicated Physical Channel
Dual Transfer Mode
Enhanced Data rate for Global Evolution
EMR
Enhanced Measurement Report
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
GPRS
General Packet Radio System
GSM
Global System for Mobile communication
HCS
Hierarchical Cell Structure
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
ISHO
Inter-System Handover
IS-NCCR
LA
Inter-System Network Controlled Cell Reselection

Location Area
NACC
Network Assisted Cell Change
NCCR
Network Controlled Cell Reselection
NRT
Non-Real Time
PACCH
Packet Associated Control Channel
PBCCH
Packet Broadcast Control Channel
PCCCH
Packet Common Control Channel
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network
PS
Packet Switched
RA
Routing Area
RAT
Radio Access Technology
RNC
Radio Network Controller
RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator
RT
SGSN
UE
UMTS
Broadcast Control Channel
Real Time
Service GPRS Support Node
User Equipment
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
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UTRAN
11
2G/3G Interworking
May 30, 2008
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

2G-3G Interworkingzz

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1 1/61

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NSN COO RA GERD SA Network Engineering PL

Feature Complex Manual

NSN COO RA GERD

Reason for Update

Updated version covering BR11, BSS14 and RU10

Update related to IMSI Based Handover feature

The following persons have collaborated on this document:

NSN COO RA GERD

2G-3G Parameterization Cell Reselection.........................8

2G-3G Parameterization Handover..................................30

Settings of parameters different scenarios.......................51

Mobile Controlled Cell Reselection................................................................8

List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1. Usage of Qsearch_I parameter [14]...............................................11

A. Garavaglia, C. Brunner, D. Flore, M. Yang, F. Pica, Inter-System Cell Reselection

J. Perez-Romero, O. Sallent, R. Agusti, M. A. Diaz-Guerra, Radio Resource Management

3GPP TS 45.008, ver. 6.20.0, March 2008

3GPP TS 25.304, ver. 6.10.0, March 2008

WCDMA Multi-Carrier Support: Deployment & Parameter Settings Guidelines, Engineering

D. Flore,C. Brunner, F. Grilli, V. Vanghi, Cell Reselection Parameter Optimization in UMTS,

3GPP TS 25.133, ver. 6.21.0, March 2008

NSN COO RA GERD

Nokia GSM-WCDMA Interworking, Solution description, 2005, ver. 4.0

Andrew Richardson, WCDMA Design Handbook

Nokia Bearer SW Platform Statement 8.1, February 2008

Focal Point, https://focalpoint.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/, Nokia Siemens Networks

3GPP TS 45.008, ver. 5.9.0

CR4424 (BR8.0), Load Based NCCR 2G-3G, February 2008

GSM WCDMA Interworking, Service Quality Based WCDMA Access, Requirements

IMSI-based Handover, System Feature Description, Nokia Release BSS12, System

Eckardt Bertermann, Krystian Majchrowicz, BSC Database Engineering Manual, BR10.0

Handover Control, System Feature

I. Forkel, M. Schmocker, L. Lazin, M. Becker, F. Debus, F. Winnewisser, Cell-Specific

S. Vesala, M. Koenen-Schmhling, 2G/3G Radio Interworking, January 2008

3GPP TS 25.331, ver. 6.17.0, April 2008

D. Soldani, QoS Functions in Access Networks, Helsinki University of Technology, 2006

C. Chevalier, C. Brunner, A. Garavaglia, K. P. Murray, K. R. Baker, WCDMA (UMTS)

CR3902 (BR9.0), Traffic Steering After 2G Call Release, January 2007

RAN1726 RSCP Triggered Cancellation EFS

IMSI Based Handover, FRS, ver. 1.0, 09.2008

Intersystem Handover Improvements, FRS97969, ver. 1.0, November 2008

CR4425 (BR10.01), Interworking with Packet Optimized 3G nodes, April 2008

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2G-3G Parameterization Cell Reselection

Mobile Controlled Cell Reselection

Substantial parameters related to the autonomous cell reselection between 2G and 3G

Table 1. UE controlled cell reselection from 2G to 3G

GFDM/GFDDQMI, GFDD/FDDGQO, GFDDQMIO, GFDDRSCPMI parameters are GPRS

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Table 2. UE controlled cell reselection from 3G to 2G

Following parameters were additionally implemented in Nokia RU10 [15] due to

Inter-RAT Scaling Factor for

Speed Dependent Scaling

Table 3. Additional cell reselection parameters - RU10

Moreover, Treselection timer usage was extended (separate parameters for

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Description of 2G-3G cell reselection process

Cell reselection from GSM to UTRAN

Parameter Qsearch_I determines the threshold above/below which the measurements of

Instead of Qsearch_I, Qsearch_P parameter could be used for PS services.

its measured RSCP value is equal to or greater than FDD_RSCP_threshold [3].