One-Way ANOVA

ANalysis Of Variance

Allows you to compare different samples at different points in time.

Exp: Stress levels at normal, announced layoffs, and during layoffs

Varianc
e

Normal
2
3
7
2
6

Varianc
e

Announced Layoff
10
8
7
5
10

Varianc
e

During Layoff
10
13
14
13
15

Sum of Squares WITHIN

groups

Sum of Squares BETWEEN

groups

Calculations
are done using the Variances (aka:
the sum of squares) of each time frame
o This is called the sum of squares WITHIN groups
Put all the samples together (so, 15 in this case) add them and this gives you the
Total Sum of Squares
Compute an F-ratio, and see if it falls within the rejection region or not.
1. Sum of Squares WITHIN groups: SSW=54
a. 4,8,13
b. Then subtract the mean from each group from the variance of each group
i. 4-2=-2, 4-3=-1, 4-7=3, 4-2=-2, 4-6=2
c. Then square them
i. -22=4, -12=1, 32=9, -22=4, 22=4
d. Sum these: 4-1-9-4-4=22
2. Sum of Squares BETWEEN groups: 203.3
a. Calculate the difference of each group by the mean of all the total sample
size
b. Sample mean group 1 mean
i. 8.3- 4= -4.3
ii. Square them: -4.32=18.8
c. Sample mean group 2 mean
i. 8.3- 8=-.3
ii. Square: -.32=.1
d. Sample mean group 3 mean
i. 8.3-13=4.7
ii. Square: 4.72=21.8
e. Add the squared means together
i. 18.8+.1+21.8 = 40.7
f. Multiply by the number of samples in each group
i. 40.7 x 5 = 203.3

3. Total Sum of Squares: SST=257.3

a. In other words: the total = the Within group + the Between groups
b. Calculate the variance from the mean
i. Take all samples and add and divide by the number of samples to get
the mean. 2+3+7+2+6+10+8+7+5+10+10+13+14+13+15/15=8.3
ii. Subtract the mean from all samples: 2-8.3= -6.3, 3-8.6=-5.3, 7-8.3=1.3, 2-8.3=-6.3, 6-8.3=-2.3, 10-8.3=1.7, 8-8.3=-.3, 7-8.3=-1.3, 5-8.3=3.3, 10-8.3=1.7, 13-8.3= 4.7, 14-8.3= 5.7, 13-8.3= 4.7, 15-8.3= 6.7
iii. Square these numbers: -6.32=40.1, -5.32=28.4, -1.32= 1.8, -6.32=40.1,
-2.32=5.4, 1.72=2.7, -0.32=.1, -1.32=1.8, -3.32=11.1, 1.72=2.8,
1.72=2.8, 4.72=21.8, 5.72=32.1, 4.72=21.8, 6.72=44.4
iv. Sum
them:40.1+28.4+1.8+40.1+5.4+2.7+.1+1.8+11.1+2.8+2.8+21.8+32
.1+21.8+44.4=257.3
4. Combine the Total sum of squares with the df and you will have the F ratio
5. Look up the critical value and see if you reject or fail to reject the Null
of squares Between groups/df

Df is groups-1
o 3-1=2
203.3/2 = 101.667

within groups/df

Df if samples number of groups

o 15-3 = 12
54/12 = 4.5

Take the ratio: F= 101.667/4.5 = 22.59

Take the df from each calculation

2 and 12 notated by F(2,12)=22.59, p<.05

Look up in F distribution table
o Df denominator (2) down column crossed with df numerator (12) across top
o 3.89 critical value
Compare scores: 22.58 is < 3.89 so we REJECT the null because the F ratio is well
within the rejection region.

Used to determine if there are any statistically significant differences between the means
of two or more groups that are independent (un related) Usually used with three or more
groups

Exp: anxiety levels among students: low stress, medium stress, and high stress
groupings

Cannot tell you which group has the difference

It just tells you that at least two groups were different

Use Post hoc test to determine which group was different.

Exp: 30 students attend three different classes (10 students in each class) Beginner
class, intermediate class, and advanced class.) after each class, each student takes a
test. And record the amount of time it took each student to complete the test. We want
to know if there are any differences between in average time to take the test among the
three groups.
On-way ANOVA output

Sum of squares
Df
Mean squares
F-statistic (2,27)
o 4.467
P-value
o 0.21
Because the p value is smaller than the .05 value, we reject the null,
concluding that there is a significant difference in the average time it
takes to take the test among the groups.