Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Multiphase Challenge
Sreedevi Krishnan
Confidence by Design Workshop
Chicago, IL June 14, 2012
June 14, 2012
1
Multiphase Flows
Flow of two or more
immiscible materials
Interaction
Not fluids that mix at
molecular level
Combinations of
multiphase flow can be:
Gas/Liquid
Gas/Solid
Liquid/Liquid
Liquid/Solid
Gas/Liquid/Solid
Gas -Liquid
Liquid-Liquid
2
Gas-Solid
Liquid-Solid
In real life
Many industrial processes involve multiphase flow
Gasoline sprays in automobile combustion engines
Gasification and coal combustion in power plants
Fluid catalytic cracking in refineries
Aeration / sparging in water treatment plants
Free surface flows
Icing on aircrafts
Breathing of dust particles
And many more
slug flow
bubbly flow
droplet flow
particle-laden flow
annular flow
free-surface flow
Stokes Number
The Stokes number is defined as a ratio of the particle response
time to the characteristic time of the flow.
p
p d p2
St
p
D
18
The St gives a measure of temporal correlation between particle
velocity and the fluid velocity
If St <<1 , the particle follows bulk macroscopic flow
The particle are in quasi equilibrium with the surrounding flow
If St = 1, the particle tend to substantially modify the bulk
macroscopic flow
If St>>1, the particle motion is weakly affected by the motion
p
St I
c
if StI << 1, particles are weakly affected by the particle interaction
If StI ~ 1 particle motion is substantially modified by particle
interactions
If StI >> 1 are strongly affected by the particle interactions
8
Coupling Regimes
Four types of coupling regimes bewteen particles motion and surrounding
can happen in a multiphase flow
One-way coupling :
Particle motion affected by the continuous-phase but not vice-versa.
e.g. drag on an isolated particle, droplet or bubble caused by surface
forces
Two-way coupling :
Particles also affects the continuous-phase through fluid coupling
e.g. upward entrainment of liquid induced by a plume of bubbles.
Three-way coupling :
Particle flow disturbances affect the motion of nearby particles
e.g. a particle drafting behind another particle
Four-way coupling :
Contact dynamics significantly influence overall particle motion.
e.g. small rain drops colliding and coalescing to form larger rain drops
9
dVc
10
dVd
dV
Dispersed flow
Yes
11
No
Eulerian tracking
Lagrangian tracking
Eulerian tracking
DPM, DEM
Eulerian, Mixture
Applicability of Models
12
Eulerian
Model
DPM
Mixture Model
VOF Model
DDPM model
Flow Regime
Bubbly flow,
droplet flow,
slurry flow,
fluidized
beds,
particleladen flow
Bubbly
flow,
droplet
flow,
particleladen flow
Bubbly, droplet,
and slurry flows
Slug flow,
stratified/free
-surface flow
Fluidized beds
Particle
Loading
Dilute to
dense
Dilute
(VF<12%)
Dilute to
Dilute to
moderately dense dense
Dense
Phase
Coupling
Weak to
strong
Coupling
between
phases
Weak to
strong
coupling
between
phases
Weak coupling
between phases
Weak to
moderate
coupling
between
phases
Moderate to
strong
coupling
Stokes
Number
All ranges
All ranges
of Stokes
number
St <<1
All ranges
All ranges
Eulerian Model
13
continuous phase.
Allows for mixing and separation of phases
Solves momentum, enthalpy, turbulence and continuity
equations for each phase and tracks volume fractions
Uses a single pressure field for all phases
The interaction between the mean flow of both phases
is modeled via interaction terms
Application examples
Gas-Liquid/Liquid-Liquid
Bubble column reactor,
emulsion flows
Gas-Solid
High particle loading flows,
Fluidized beds, riser, cyclone
Liquid-Solid
Slurry flows, Sedimentation,
Packed bed reactors components
14
Phase Interactions
Drag: is caused by relative motion between phases and the most important
interfacial force
Particle diameter is used in interaction drag calculations.
Virtual Mass Force: Caused by relative acceleration between phases
Lift: Caused by the shearing effect of the fluid onto the particle
Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer: Cavitation, Boiling, EvaporationCondensation, Heterogeneous reactions, User defined mass transfer,
Nucleation and growth in population balance models
Surface Tension and Wall adhesion
15
Comparison
of time
averaged
air volume
fraction
Comparison
of time
averaged
axial liquid
velocity
16
Gas
Bubble Column
Instant,
500 sec
Instant,
500 sec
Average,
500 sec
Average,
500 sec
17
18
IAC model
Interfacial area concentration is
19
comprehensive model to
simulate bubble size
distributions.
Includes solution of
additional equations
which describe particle
size evolution due to
coalescence, breakup,
nucleation and mass
change phenomena.
Accuracy of the model
depends on the kernels
used to model size
evolution.
20
Ug=40 cm/sec
10 mm
PB
IAC
PB
IAC
13 mm
1 mm
0.7 mm
Instant d32
Instant VF
21
Submodel: Boiling
Three boiling model options are available:
RPI Boiling Model
Applicable to subcooled nucleate
boiling
Non-equilibrium Boiling
Extension of RPI to take care of
saturated boiling
Critical Heat Flux
Extension of RPI to take care of boiling
crisis
22
24
Y= 10 cm
2 cm, 10 cm, 17 cm
25
26
Introduction
VOF model is used to model immiscible
fluids with a clearly defined interface.
VOF is not appropriate if interface length is
small compared to the computational grid
Accuracy of VOF decreases as the
interface length scale approaches the
computational grid scale
Typical problems:
Liquid sloshing
Tank filling
Jet breakup
Motion of large bubbles in a liquid
Motion of liquid after a dam break
Steady or transient tracking of any
liquid-gas interface
27
Implicit
VOF
29
Disadvantages
Transient
Sharp interface capture with
Geo-Reconstruct scheme
Problems where Surface
tension effects are
important
Accurate curvature
calculation
Courant number limitation
small time step
Poor convergence
for skewed
meshes.
Diffuse interface
Not accurate for
flow where
surface tension is
imporant
Poor convergence
if phases are
compressible
Zonal Discretization
Zonal Discretization Option
This option provides diffusive or
sharp interface modeling in different
fluid (cell)zones based on the value of
zone dependent slope limiter.
(Zone 1)
30
(Zone 2)
(Zone 3)
Scheme
Beta = 0
Beta = 1
Beta = 2
Compressive
Blended scheme
31
Phase-1
Phase-2
Surface Tension
Coefficient
P1
1
1
P2 P1
R1 R2
P2
R2
R1
Gas
Radius of
curvature
32
w 7
Liquid
Original Design
Modified Design
Example: Sloshing
Solidification/ Melting
FLUENT provides the following capabilities for modeling
solidification and melting:
Calculation of liquid-solid solidification/melting in pure metals
as well as in binary alloys.
Modeling of continuous casting processes (i.e., pulling of solid
material out of the domain).
Modeling of the thermal contact resistance between solidified
material and walls (e.g., due to the presence of an air gap).
Modeling of species transport with solidification/melting.
36
Example: Deicing
Flow and Conjugate Heat Transfer solution, using Solidification
/ Melting model
Fluid Zones
Passenger compartment
Control panel domain
Ice layer
Solid Zone
Glass windows
Mixture Model
39
model.
Main difference is that this model is applicable when there is
only a weak coupling between the phases and St << 1
Solves one set of momentum, turbulence and energy equation with
mixture properties and tracks volume fraction of each fluid throughout
domain.
Mixture model allows the phases to be interpenetrating.
the mixture model allows the phases to move at different
velocities using the concept of slip (or drift) velocities
Typical Applications :
Hydrocyclones, Bubble column reactors, suspensions, Gas
sparging
Cavitation Model :
- Fuel Injector Cavitation
- Cavitating Flow in a Centrifugal Pump
- Cavitation in a Gerotor
Homogeneous Boiling Model
-Engine Jacket Boiling
40
41
Spray Nozzle
Introduction
Many engineering flows involve
Boiler
Scrubber
Cyclones
ICE
Courtesy of Lurgi
42
Continuous phase
flow field calculation
43
Particle trajectory
calculation
Update
continuous phase
source terms
10 m/s injection
Moisture contours
for 2.5 m/s injection
2.5 m/s injection
Temperature
contours
Air flow patterns
44
Moisture
content
Kumzerova, E. and Esch, T., Extension and Validation of the CAB Droplet Breakup Model to a Wide Weber Number Range, Proc. of the 22nd Europ.
Conf. on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Paper ILASS08-A132, Como Lake, 2008.
45
New multi-component
evaporation Law
Diffusion controlled
Diffusion controlled
Convection/Diffusion
controlled
46
DPM Enhancements
48
Model
Track particle in Lagrangian framework,
calculate cell volume fraction and use it in
Eulerian momentum equation of primary
phase
Accounts for volume blockage due to
particles
Applicable to high dispersed phase volume
fraction applications
Particle-Particle interaction options with
- Kinetic theory
- DEM : Soft-sphere collision model
Typical applications
Cyclone separator
Fluidized bed
Riser
2011 ANSYS, Inc.
49
Riser Flow
50
51
Expt
Fluent
53
Summary
54
Summary
55