Module: 16

Lecture: 3
Beam bending (Uniform beam)

d 4w
EI 4 0
dx

0 xh

Intergrading four times, we get

1
1
w x c1 x3 c2 x 2 c3 x c4
6
2
c i 1, 2,3, 4
are constants of integration. To determine these constants, we refer to
Where i
following figure
f3
w 0 w1

f4
2

2
1

f1

f2

w2

1
w1

dw 0
1
dx
w h w2
dw x

,
When w1, w2 are nodal displacements 1 2 are nodal rotations, or nodal angular
displacements. Introducing the nodal conditions, we obtain

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dx

2
xh

w 0 c4 w1

dw x
dx x 0

c3 1

1
1
w h C1h3 C2 h 2 C3 h C4 w2
6
2
dw x
1
C1h 2 C2 h C3 2
dx x h 2
Which have the solution

C1

6
2 w1 h1 2 w2 h 2
h3

C 3 1

C 4 w1

In matrix form

0
0

h3

6
h2
2

0
0
h2
2
h

0 1
C
w
1 0 1 1
C
2 1
h 1 C3
w2

C4 2

1 0

Solving the above equation we get

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C2

2
3w1 2h1 3w2 h 2
h2

12
6
12
6
w

1
2
3
2 1
3
2 2
h
h
h
h
6
4
6
2
C2 2 w1 1 2 w2 2
h
h
h
h
C3 1
C4 w1
C1

Substituting the integration constants in terms of modal displacements we get

w x

1 3 12
6
12
6
x 3 w1 2 1 3 w2 2 2
6 h
h
h
h

1 2 6
4
6
2
x 2 w1 1 2 w2 2
2 h
h
h
h
1 x w1

2
2
x 3

x 3
x
x x
2 3 1 w1 2 h1
h
h h
h

h
3
2
2
3
x
x x
x
2 3 w2 h 2
h
h
h h
2
3
x x 2 x 3

x
x
1 3 2 w1 2 h1
h
h
h h h

3
x 2
x 2 x 3
x
3 2 w2 h 2
h
h
h h

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 0
0

h3
6
h2
2

0
0
h2

0 1
c1 w1
1 0
c2 1

h 1 c w
3 2

1 0 c4 2

Introducing integration constants, we obtain the expression for the bending displacement.

2
3
w x 2 x 2 x 3 .h
2 x
w( x) 1 3 x
h
h 1 h
h
h 1

2
3
w x 2 x 3 h
3 x
2 x
h
h 2
h
h 2

L1 ( x) w1 L2 ( x)h1 L3 ( x) w2 L4 ( x)h 2

Where L1 ( x), L2 ( x), L3 ( x) and L4 ( x) are called as Hermite cubics. They are plotted as

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The bending displacement can be written as

w( x, t ) L( x)

w(t )

L( x) is now a four-dimensional vector of interpolation functions and w(t )

Where

is a four-

dimensional vector of nodal displacements. The element kinetic energy can be written as
2

1
w( x, t )
T (t ) m( x)
dx
20
t
h

1
w(t ) mw (t )
2

Where the 4X4 element mass matrix is

h

m m( x) L( x) L( x) dx
T

Similarly, the element potential energy can be written as

2

h
2 w( x, t )
1
U (t ) EI ( x)
dx
2
20
x

1
T
w(t ) K w(t )
2

Where the 4X4 element stiffness matrix has the expression

h

K EI ( x) L" ( x)L" ( x)

External work done

h

v w( x, t ) P(t ) dx
T

w(t )T L( x) P(t ) dx
0

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dx

Introducing, we obtain the element mass matrix

1 3 x 2 2 x 3 1 3 x 2 2 x 3

h
h
h
h
x
2
3 x
2
3
x
x
x
x

h
h
h h
h
h
h
m m
.
dx
2
3
2
3
0

x
x
x
x
3
3
2
2
h
h
h
h

2
3
2
3

x h x h
x h x h

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