HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Definition

Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to

explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not
happen or be done.

Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals,

magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research
report etc.

Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community

and educated people.

To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some

arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words,
this kind of text can be called as argumentation.

Purpose:
To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be
done.
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be
done based on the given arguments
Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition

Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition?
In simple word. Analytical is the answer of How is/will while hortatory is the
answer of How should. Analytical exposition will be best to describe How
will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But
for the question How should student do for his exam? will be good to be
answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done.
The examples of Hortatory Exposition:

Internet for students

Nowadays, in modern era, I think internet is very important for students.
As we all know internet has many function for supporting our life. They are,
first, it gives us various information, news, knowledge etc. Students can search
anything or something from internet. Take for example, they search about
education, entertainment, knowledge etc that is in the world.
Second, they can add their friends in all countries in the world by internet.
Chatting, e-mail, facebook, twitter, interpals are some examples of internet
facility to have many friends. Besides, they can share, communicate, discuss and
so on.
From my arguments above, as student, we should use internet facility well to get
knowledge, friends, information etc.
_________________________
Watching TV
Thesis:
Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course it is. Television
can expose your children to things that you have tried to protect them from,
especially violence, drug abuse, etc.
Argument 1:
One study demonstrated that watching too much TV during the day or at
bedtime often causes bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay and anxiety around
sleep, followed by shortened sleep duration.
Argument 2:

Another study found a significant association between the amount of time spent
watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the like hood of
subsequent aggressive acts against others.
Argument 3:
Meanwhile, many studies have found an association between kids watching a lot
of TV, being inactive and overweight.
Recommendation:
Considering some facts above, protect your children with some following tips:
1. Limit television viewing to 1-2 hours each day.
2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedrooms.
3. Review the ratings of TV shows that your children watch.
4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening during
the show.

1. Simple Present Tense

Keterangan waktu yang menyatakan Sering/Selalu :

Always (Selalu)

Often (Seringkali)

Frequently (Seringkali)

Every; Every Day; Every Week; Every Month; Every Year (Setiap; Hari;
Minggu; Bulan; Tahun)

Keterangan waktu yang menyatakan tidak sering/kadang-kadang :

Usually (Biasanya)

Sometimes (Kadang-kadang)

Now and then (Kadang-kadang)

On and off (Kadang-kadang)

Once in a while (Sekali-kali)

Occasionally (Terkadang)

Keterangan waktu lainnya :

Seldom (Jarang)

Never (Tidak Pernah)

As a rule (Biasanya)

Habitually (Biasanya)

When (Kalau)

2. Present Continuous Tense

Keterangan waktu yang menyatakan sekarang/saat ini juga :

Now (Sekarang)

Right now (Sekarang juga)

At present (Pada waktu/saat ini; Sekarang/saat ini)

At this moment (Pada saat ini)

Today (Hari ini)

Keterangan waktu lainnya :

When (Ketika)

Still (Masih)

Soon (Segera)

Contoh keterangan waktu dalam Present Continuous Tense :

This morning (Pagi ini)

This afternoon (Sore ini)

This evening (Petang ini)

Tonight (Malam ini)

Tomorrow (Besok)

Next week (Minggu depan)

Next month (Bulan depan)

Next year (Tahun depan)

This holiday (Libur ini)

This weekend (Minggu ini)

In a few days; weeks; moths; years (Dalam beberapa hari; minggu; bulan;
tahun)

3. Present Perfect Tense

Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan dalam kalimat dengan Present Perfect
Tense adalah sebagai berikut :

Already (Sudah)

Just (Baru)

Yet (Belum)

As yet (Hingga sekarang)

So far (Hingga sekarang)

Up to the present time (Hingga sekarang)

Lately (Akhir-akhir ini)

Ever (Pernah)

Never (Belum pernah)

Once (Satu kali)

Twice (Dua kali)

Three times (Tiga kali)

Many times (Sering kali)

Several times (Beberapa kali)

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Keterangan waktu yang menyatakan lamanya suatu kegiatan dalam Percet
Continuous Tense :

For (Selama)

Since (Sejak)

Long (Lamanya)

How long (Berapa lama)

The whole day (Sepanjang hari)

All the morning (Sepanjang pagi)

5. Past Tense
Menyatakan waktu lampau/sudah berlalu :

Yesterday (Kemarin)

The day before (Kemarin)

Ago (Yang lalu)

The other day (Beberapa hari yang lalu)

Last ... Contoh :

Last week (Minggu kemarin/lalu)

Last month (Bulan kemarin/lalu)

Last year, dll (Tahun kemarin/lalu)

6. Past Continuous Tense

Keterangan waktu yang menunjukan sudah/lampau :

All day yesterday (Sepanjang hari kemarin)

The whole day yesterday (Sepanjang hari kemarin)

Contoh yang lain :

At 5 o'clock yesterday (Pada pukul 5 kemarin)

7. Past Perfect Tense

(Past Signal) Keterangan waktu lampau :

By the end of ... (Menjelang akhri dari ... )

Before (Sebelum)

After (Sesudah)

As soon as (Secepatnya)

Until (Hingga)

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

When (Ketika)

9. Future Tense
Temporal Conjuction

If (Jika)

When/While (Ketika)

Before (Sebelum)

After (Sesudah)

As soon as (Segera)

Until (Hingga)

Till (Hingga)

10. Future Continuous Tense

At this time tomorrow (Pada waktu ini besok)

At the same time tomorrow (Pada waktu yang sama besok)atau bisa juga
seperti contoh berikut ini :

At 10 o'clock tomorrow (Pada pukul 10 besok)

11. Future Perfect Tense

By the end of ... (Menjelang akhir dari ... )

Before (Sebelum)

By next (Selambatnya)

By now (Pada waktu ini)

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

By the end of ... (Menjelang akhir dari ... )

After (Sesudah)

As soon as (Segera)

Untill (Hingga)

13. Future Past Tense

Future past if simple past

14. Future Past Continuous Tense

Contoh :

At 9 o'clock yesterday (Pada pukul 9 kemarin)

On December last year (Pada bulan Desember tahun lalu)

15. Future Past Perfect

Future past perfect if past perfect

16. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(Past Signal) Keterangan waktu lampau :

By the end of this ...

Contoh :

By the end of this week (Menjelang akhir minggu ini)

By the end of ths month (Menjelang akhir bulan ini)

By the end of this year (Menjelang akhir tahun ini)

PRESENT TENSE

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang tetap, kebiasaan atau
kebenaran esensial yang terjadi dimasa sekarang (PRESENT).
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + Verb 1
Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Verb 1 (s/es)
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + do + not + Verb 1

Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Does + not + Verb 1

(?) Do + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + Verb 1?
Does + Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Verb 1?
Contoh:
(+) He studies English everynight.
(-) He does not study English everynight.
(?) Does he study English everynight?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang benar-benar sedang
dilakukan saat ini atau sedang berlangsung.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + to be (am/are) + Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (He, She, It) + to be (is) + Verb 1-ing
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + to be (am/are) + not + Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (He, She, It) + to be (is) + not + Verb 1-ing
(?) To be (am/are) + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + Verb 1-ing ?
To be (is) + Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Verb 1-ing ?
Contoh:
(+) She is eating a cake
(-) She is not eating a cake
(?) Is she eating a cake?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menceritakan suatu pengalaman baik itu yang sudah
pernah terjadi atau belum pernah terjadi.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + have + Verb 3
Subject (S) (He, She, It) + has + Verb 3
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + have + not + Verb 3
Subject (S) (He, She, It) + has + not + Verb 3
(?) Have + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + Verb 3?
Has + Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Verb 3?
Contoh:
(+) I have finished my homework
(-) I have not finished my homework
(?) Have I finished my homework?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Present Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu
yang dimulai di masa lalu dan terus dilakukan sampai sekarang .

RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + have + been + Verb-ing
Subject (S) (He, She, It) + has + been + Verb-ing
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + have + not + been + Verb-ing
Subject (S) (He, She, It) + has + not + been + Verb-ing
(?) Have + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + been + Verb-ing?
Has + Subject (S) (He, She, It) + been + Verb-ing?
Contoh:
(+) Sean have been sleeping for 3 hours
(-) Sean have not been sleeping for 3 hours
(?) Have Sean been sleeping for 3 hours?
PAST TENSE

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple Past digunakan untuk menyatan fakta atau kejadian yang terjadi di masa
lampau. Masa lampau bisa berarti 5 menit yang lalu, sejam yang lalu, sehari
yang lalu, dst. Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah kata kerja bentuk kedua, bisa
berupa regular verbs atau irregular verbs.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + Verb 2
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + did + not + Verb 1
(?) Did + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + Verb 1?
Contoh:
(+) They played basketball lastnight.
(-) They did not play basketball lastnight.
(?) Did they play basketball lastnight?
Penjelasan lebih lengkap tentang Simple Past Tense klik disini.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan ketika kita berada di
tengah-tengah kejadian atau melakukan sesuatu pada saat tertentu di masa lalu.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (You, They, We ) + to be (were) + Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (I, He, She, It) + to be (was) + Verb 1-ing
(-) Subject (S) (You, They, We ) + to be (were) + not + Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (I, He, She, It) + to be (was) + not + Verb 1-ing
(?) To be (were) + Subject (S) (You, They, We ) + Verb 1-ing ?
To be (was) + Subject (S) (I,He, She, It) + Verb 1-ing ?
Contoh:
(+) Chef Billy was cooking a fried rice.

(-) Chef Billy was not cooking a fried rice.

(?) Was Chef Billy cooking a f ried rice?
Penjelasan lebih lengkap tentang Past Continuous Tense klik disini.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
The Past Perfect menyatakan ide bahwa sesuatu yang terjadi sebelum tindakan
lain di masa lalu terjadi . Hal ini juga dapat menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu terjadi
sebelum waktu tertentu di masa lalu.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It)+ had + Verb 3
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + not + Verb 3
(?) Had + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + Verb 3?
Contoh:
(+) We had arrived at the school.
(-) We had not arrived at the school
(?) Had we arrived at the school?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Present Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu
yang dimulai di masa lalu dan terus sampai waktu lain di masa lalu.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + been + Verb-ing
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + not + been + Verb-ing
(?) Had + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + been + Verb-ing?
Contoh:
(+) Lea and Bob had been working together since 1990.
(-) Lea and Bob had not been working together since 1990.
(?) Had Lea and Bob been working together since 1990?
FUTURE TENSE

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang tetap, kebiasaan atau
kebenaran esensial yang akan terjadi dimasa depan (FUTURE). Simple Future
Tense biasanya menggunakan modal auxiliary verb will atau shall
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + will/shall+ Verb 1
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + will/shall + not + Verb 1
(?) Will/shall + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + Verb 1
Contoh:
(+) You will go to Australia next week.

(-) You will not go to Australia next week

(?) Will you go to Australia next week?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Future Continuous Tense menyatakankan tindakan pada saat tertentu di masa
depan . Tindakan akan dimulai sebelum saat itu tetapi akan selesai pada saat itu.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + will/shall be + Verb 1-ing
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + will/shall not be + not + Verb 1ing
(?) Will/shall + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + be + Verb 1-ing ?
Contoh:
(+) I and my sister will be watching movie tommorow.
(-) I and my sister will not be watching movie tommorow.
(?) Will I and my sister be watching movie tommorow?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Future Perfect Tense digunakan ketika kita berbicara tentang masa lalu di masa
depan .
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + will/shall + have + Verb 3
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It )+ will/shall + have + not + Verb
3
(?) Will/shall + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + have + Verb 3?
Contoh:
(+) We will have recived an email from Mr. Takamura.
(-) We will have not recived an email from Mr. Takamura.
(?) Will we have recived an email from Mr. Takamura?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Future Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk berbicara tentang tindakan
yang panjang sebelum beberapa kejadian di masa depan.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + will/shall + have + been +
Verb-ing
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + will/shall + have + not + been
+ Verb-ing
(?) Will/shall + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + have + been +
Verb-ing?
Contoh:
(+) The artist will have been painting a canvas for 24 hours.

(-) The artist will have not been painting a canvas for 24 hours.
(?) Will The artist have been painting a canvas for 24 hours?
PAST FUTURE

SIMPLE PAST FUTURE TENSE

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang AKAN dilakukan ,
TETAPI di masa lalu , bukan sekarang.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + would/should + Verb 1
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + would/should + not + Verb 1
(?) Would/should + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + Verb 1
Contoh:
(+) Jessica would dance at the show.
(-) Jessica would not dance at the show.
(?) Would Jessica dance at the show?
PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past Future Continuous Tense menyatakankan tindakan akan berlangsung di
masa lalu .
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + would/should be + Verb 1-ing
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + would/should + not be + not +
Verb 1-ing
(?) Would/should + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + be + Verb 1-ing
?
Contoh:
(+) Mr. Jacob would be teaching Math at 9 p.m.
(-) Mr. Jacob would not be teaching Math at 9 p.m.
(?) Would Mr. Jacob be teaching Math at 9 p.m?
PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Past Future Tense menyatakan kembali aksi yang dinyatakan dalam Future
Perfect Tense tetapi dengan dimensi waktu yang berbeda , itu adalah di masa lalu
sementara Future Perfect di waktu mendatang ( belum terjadi ).
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + would/should + have + Verb 3
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It )+ would/should + have + not +
Verb 3
(?) Would/should + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + have + Verb
3?
Contoh:

(+) She would have sent an email to her mother.

(-) She would not have sent an email to her mother.
(?) would she have sent an email to her mother?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense menekankan pada bagian dan durasi
tindakan . Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk memberitahu
tindakan yang seharusnya terjadi hingga waktu tertentu ( periode ) di masa lalu .
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + would/should + have + been +
Verb-ing
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + would/should + have + not +
been + Verb-ing.
(?) Would/should + subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + have + been
+ Verb-ing?
Contoh:
(+) Bruno Mars would have been singing for 3 hours.
(-) Bruno Mars would not have been singing for 3 hours.
(?) Would Bruno Mars have been singing for 3 hours?