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Mathematics
Review
Mathematics Review
14
Integers: . . . , 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .
(Note: zero is neither positive nor negative.)
Consecutive Integers: Integers that follow in
sequence; for example, 22, 23, 24, 25. Consecutive
integers can be more generally represented by
n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, . . .
Odd Integers: . . . , 7, 5, 3, 1, 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . ,
2k + 1, . . . where k is an integer
Even Integers: . . . , 6, 4, 2, 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . , 2k ,
. . . , where k is an integer (Note: zero is an even
integer.)
Prime Numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, . . .
(Note: 1 is not a prime and 2 is the only even prime.)
Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
(Note: the units digit and the ones digit refer to the
same digit in a number. For example, in the number
125, the 5 is called the units digit or the ones digit.)
Percent
Percent means hundredths, or number out of 100. For
40
2
example, 40 percent means
or 0.40 or .
100
5
Problem 1: If the sales tax on a $30.00 item is $1.80, what
is the sales tax rate?
n
Solution: $1.80 =
$30.00
100
n = 6, so 6% is the sales tax rate.
n% increase means
n
increase
=
;
original 100
n% decrease means
n
decrease
=
.
original 100
Average Speed
Functions
Problem: Jos traveled for 2 hours at a rate of 70 kilometers per hour and for 5 hours at a rate of 60 kilometers per
hour. What was his average speed for the 7-hour period?
hr
hr
The total time was 7 hours. Thus, the average speed was
6
440 km
= 62 kilometers per hour.
7
7 hr
Note: the
Exponents
Sequences
x a x b = x a+ b
( xa )
( xy )a
= x ab
xa
ya
= x a ya
xa
= x ab
xb
Also, x b =
x
y
b
x a =
2
x a . For example, x 3 =
1
xa
x2 .
Variation
On the SAT, explicit rules are given for each sequence. For
example, in the sequence above, you would not be expected to know that the 6th term is 33 without being given
the fact that each term is one less than twice the preceding term. For sequences on the SAT, the first term is never
referred to as the zeroth term.
Absolute Value
The absolute value of x is defined as the distance from x to
zero on the number line. The absolute value of x is written
as x . For all real numbers x :
Factoring
x , if x 0
x =
x , if x < 0
x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1) ( x + 1) = ( x + 1)
2 x 2 + 5 x 3 = ( 2 x 1) ( x + 3)
For example:
2 = 2, since 2 > 0
0 =0
The Mathematics Section
15
3
a b
c d
w x
y z
Example 1:
1.
2.
Since AD and BE are line segments, angles ACB and DCE
are vertical angles. Therefore, you can conclude that x = y.
Even though the figure is drawn to scale, you should NOT
make any other assumptions without additional information. For example, you should NOT assume that AC = CD
or that the angle at vertex E is a right angle even though
they might look that way in the figure.
If two parallel lines are cut by a third line, the corresponding angles are congruent. In the figure,
a = w, b = x , c = y, and d = z.
3.
Example 2:
Angle Relationships
x
60
50
z
1.
16
4
2.
3.
4.
4.
5.
Side Relationships
1.
x 2 = 9 + 16
x 2 = 25
x =
2.
25 = 5
3.
In an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite congruent sides are congruent. Also, the sides opposite
congruent angles are congruent. In the figures
below, a = b and x = y .
Area of a triangle =
17
5
Volume
Coordinate Geometry
3
1
+ b, so b = , and the equation
2
2
3
1
of line is y = x .
4
2
Hence, 1 =
1.
Slope of a line =
2.
Slope of =
change in y-coordinates
change in x -coordinates
Slope of PQ =
18
3.
1 (2)
3
=
2 2
4
4
=2
2
Probability
Probability refers to the chance that a specific outcome can
occur. When outcomes are equally likely, probability can be
found by using the following definition:
number of ways that a specific outcome can occur
total number of possible outcomes
19
7