Name — Date — Class Rates of Reaction Lab 32 Text reference: Chapter 17, pp. 471-47 Pre-Lab Discussion The rate of a chemical reaction isthe time required for a given quantity of reactant(s) to be changed to product(s). Reaction rate usually is expres. sed in terms of moles per unit time, This rate is affected by several factors, including the nature of the reactants, concentration of the reactants, term. Perature, pressure, and the presence of catalysts. In this experiment, you will study the effects of temperature and concentration A chemical reaction is the result of effective collisions between parti cles of reactants. Increasing the temperature of a system raises the aver. age Kinetic energy of the particles of the system, This results in more collisions and, of greater importance, more effective collisions per unit time. This affects the rate of the reaction, At constant temperature, increasing the concentration of one or more of the reactants increases the number of particles present and, hence, the number of collisions. This affects the rate of the reaction In this experiment, two solutions will be mixed, and the completion of the reaction will be marked by a color change. One solution contains the iodate ion (10,”). The other contains the hydrogen sulfite ion (HSO,-) and soluble starch. The entire reaction takes place in two stages. The ionic ‘equations for these stages are 1. 10,"(ag) + 8HS05"(aq) > 1-(ag) + 880,2-(aq) + 3H*(ag) 2. BI-(aq) + BH*(ag) + 10;"(ag) > 31,(aq) + BHO In the presence of starch molecules (not shown), molecular iodine (1,) produces a characteristic blue color. The rate of the entire reaction can be determined by timing the interval between the time the two solutions are mixed and the appearance of the blue color. By varying the concentra- tion of one of the reactants (at constant temperature) and then varying the temperature alone, you can observe and record the effects of these two factors on reaction rate. ‘This experiment should provide a better understanding of reaction rates and the factors that affect these rates Purpose Study the effect that changing the concentration of a reactant has on the rate of a chemical reaction. Study the effect that changing the temperature has on the rate of a chemical reaction. Formulate hypotheses about how reaction rates are affected by changes in temperature and in concentration of reactants,Equipment beaker, 250-mL, timer (stop wateh or clock beakers, 100-ml (2) with second hand) graduated cylinders, 10-mL(2) safety goggles test tubes, 18% 150-mm (2) lab apron or coat thermometer Materials Solution A (with IO,” ion) distilled water Solution B (with HSO,~ ionand ice cubes soluble starch) Safety 66 Avoid spilling reagent solutions on your skin or clothing. Wash off any spills immediately with cold tap water. Note the caution alert symbols here and with certain steps in the “Procedure.” Refer to page xi to review the precautions associated with each symbol. Always wear safety goggles and a lab apron or coat when working in the lab. Procedure PART A 1. Using a clean, dry, 10-ml. graduated cylinder, measure exactly 10.0 mL of Solution A and pour it into a 100-mL. beaker. 2. Using a second 10-mL, graduate, measure exactly 10.0 mL of Solution B and pour it into a second 100-ml beaker, Prepare to time the reaction. While one lab partner pours Solution A into Solution B, the second partner should im. mediately start timing the reaction. Pour the solutions back and forth several times from one beaker to the other to ensure thorough mixing, Then allow the mixture to stand, At the instant a color change occurs, the partner timing the reaction should note the elapsed time. Record this in your data list. Rinse and dry the beakers and graduated cylinders. 4. Measure exactly 10.0 mL of Solution B into one of the beak- ers. Using a clean graduated cylinder, measure exactly 9.0 mL. of Solution A into the other beaker. Dilute this solution by adding, exactly 1.0 mL. of distilled water. Follow the step 3 instructions, for mixing the solutions and timing the reaction. Record the elapsed time in your data list. Rinse and dry the beakers and graduated cylinders. 5. Repeat step 4 four more times, using increasingly dilute samples of Solution A. Use the following ratios of Solution A to distilled water (in mL): 8 to 2; 7 to 3; 6 to 4; and 5 to 5. Rinse and dry the beakers and graduated cylinders after each trial Record elapsed times in Part A of “Observations and Data.”Name 32 Rates of Reaction (continued) PART B 6. Measure 10.0 mL of Solution A into one test tube and 10.0 mL of Solution B into a second test tube. 7. Half fill a 250-mL beaker with cold tap water. Add ice cubes to the water and stir carefully with the thermometer. Continue stirring (and adding ice as needed) until the temperature of the ice-water mixture is about 5°C. Figure 32-1 8. Place the two test tubes in the ice-water bath and let them stand until the solutions are at the same temperature as the ice water (Figure 32-1). Always rinse and wipe the thermometer after removing it from a solution. 9. When the solutions are at the same temperature as the ice water, prepare to time the reaction, One lab partner should start timing the reaction the instant the second partner pours Solution, A into Solution B, Quickly pour the mixture back and forth from test tube to test tube several times and return the mixture to the ice-water bath, At the instant a color change occurs, note the time elapsed. Measure the temperature of the mixture im mediately. Record the exact temperature and elapsed time in your data table. Discard the mixture as instructed. Rinse and dry the test tubes. 10, Repeat step 6. LL. Prepare a water bath at a temperature of about 15°C. Repeat steps 8 and 9/at this new temperature. Record your observations in your data table. 2. Repeat these procedures using warm baths at the following temperatures: 25°C; 35°C; 45°C. Use warm tap water to prepare these baths. Rinse and dry the test tubes after each trialObservations and Data PARTA Solution B(mL) Solution A(mL) — H,O(mL) Time (sec) 10 10 0 — 10 9 1 10 8 2 ~ 10 7 3 10 6 4 _ 0 5 PARTB DATA TABLE Trial # Temperature (°C) Time (sec) 1 2 3 4 5 Calculations 1. Plot your data from Part A on the grid provided. Draw a line through the plotted points to produce a curve showing the effect of concentration of reactants on reaction rate.Name 32 Rates of Reaction (continued) 32 28 2 20 6 Reaction time (se<) mi of Solution A 2. Plot your data from Part B on the grid provided. Draw a line through the plotted points to produce a curve showing the effect of temperature on reaction rate. 32 28 24 20 2 Reaction time (sec)Conclusions and Questions 1, Based on your experimental data, make a general statement (hypoth- esis) about the effect of concentration of reactants on reaction rate. 2, Make a similar hypothesis about the effect of temperature on reaction rate. 3. What other factors affect the rate of a reaction? 4, How does the “collision theory” relate to the rate of a chemical reac- tion?Name Teocners Eklibion date _ Rates of Reaction Lab 32 Text reference: Chapter 17, pp. 471-475 Pre-Lab Discussion Pre-Lab ‘The rate of a chemical reaction is the time required for a given quantity This experiment correlates with of reactant(s) to be changed to product(s). Reaction rate usually isexpres-_ COUrse material on chemical sed in terms of moles per unit time. This rate is affected by several factors, Kinetics and the factors that including the nature of the reactants, concentration of the reactants, tem- °Hectreactionyates, perature, pressure, and the presence of catalysts. In this experiment, you, bref dscasion ol ine ol will study the effects of temperature and concentration. Rosine meerraintintine ‘A chemical reaction is the result of effective collisions between parti- tains erfectve collisions and cles of reactants, Increasing the temperature of a system raises the aver- activation energyshould be age Kinetic energy of the particles of the system. This results in more defined and explained collisions and, of greater importance, more effective collisions per unit NOTE: inthe “Purpose,” the time. This affects the rate of the reaction student are asked t0 formu ‘At constant temperature, increasing the concentration of one or more [ate hypotheses about factors of the reactants increases the number of particles present and, hence, the __@/fecting reaction rates. There- number of collisions, This affects the rate of the reaction. fore, in your pre-lab discussion, In this experiment, two solutions will be mixed, and the completion Youshould avoid telling # of the reaction will be marked by a color change. One solution contains SUdentsuietver he relat the iodate ion (10s"). The other contains the hydrogen sulfite ion (HSO;") _ Sjosere Aracten Mite A and soluble starch. The entire reaction takes place in two stages. The ionic igi she students with the equations for these stages are: hypotheses in your prea dis ssian and ask them to dete imine whether their experimen. data aren agreement with the hypotheses. The hypoth: 2, 517(aq) + 6H*(aq) + 1057(aq) > 31,(aq) + 3H,0() (e505 are stated in the answers toquestions 1 and 2 1. 10y(ag) + 3HSO,~(ay) > 1-(aq) + 380°" (aq) + 311° (aq) In the presence of starch molecules (not shown), molecular iodine (1) produces a characteristic blue color. The rate of the entire reaction can be determined by timing the interval between the time the two solutions are mixed and the appearance of the blue color. By varying the concentra tion of one of the reactants (at constant temperature) and then varying the temperature alone, you can observe and record the effects of these two factors on reaction rate. Tha cxpeament should provide a better understanding of reaction | (YOU epeTiodisshorer rates and the factors that affect these rates Heer other haf Part. Place the data obtained on the chalk: Purpose | board for sharing, and assign Study the effect that changing the concentration of a reactant has on the | "Calculations" and "conclu rate of a chemical reaction. Study the effect that changing the temperature | sions and Questions” as home- has on the rate of a chemical reaction. Formulate hypotheses about how | Work ifnecessary, reaction rates are affected by changes in temperature and in concen a of reactants, LAB TIME: 60-90 minutes A Shorter Lab Period Time: 40 minutesat TT Advise students to avoid get ting the solutions on their skin oF clothing, All splashes should be promptly washed off with cold tap water. Advance Preparation Set out extra 10-ml graduated cylinders (one per lab team) Prepare class quantities of Solutions A and 8 a day in ad: vance of the laboratory period. These solutions can be further diluted if reactions are too rapid. Instructions for prepar: ing these solutions follow Solution A: dissolve 4.3 g of potassium iodate (KIO,) per of solution to produce a 0.02 M solution. Solution B: Dissolve 2 g sodium bisulfite (NaHSO,), 5 mL 1.0 MH,S0,, and 4 g soluble starch per liter of solution (olution 8 can also be made from sulfurous acid and sal: uble starch) Quantities (per student lab ion 8, 60 mL distilled water, 15 mL Equipment beaker, 250-mL timer (stop watch or clock beakers, 100-ml. (2) with second hand) graduated cylinders, 10-mL (2) safety goggles test tubes, 18% 150-mm (2) lab apron or coat, thermometer Materials Solution A (with 103” ion) distilled water Solution B(with HSO,~ ion and ice cubes soluble starch) Safety 6 8 Avoid spilling reagent solutions on your skin or clothing. Wash off any spills immediately with cold tap water. Note the caution alert symbols here and with certain steps in the “Procedure.” Refer to page xi to review the precautions associated with each symbol. Always wear safety goggles and a lab apron or coat when working in the lab. Procedure PART A 1. Using a clean, dry, 10-mL graduated cylinder, measure exactly 10.0 mL of Solution A and pour it into a 100-ml beaker 2. Using a second 10-tnl graduate, measure exactly 10.0 mL of Solution B and pour it into a second 100-ml. beaker. 3. Prepare to time the reaction. While one lab partner pours Solution A into Solution B, the second partner should im. mediately start timing the reaction. Pour the solutions back and forth several times from one beaker to the other to ensure thorough mixing, Then allow the mixture to stand, At the instant a color change occurs, the partner timing the reaction should note the elapsed time. Record this in your data list. Rinse and dry the beakers and graduated cylinders. 4, Measure exactly 10.0 ml of Solution B into one of the beak- ers. Using a clean graduated cylinder, measure exactly 9.0 mL o Solution A into the other beaker. Dilute this solution by adding exactly 1.0 mL of distilled water. Follow the step 3 instructions for mixing the solutions and timing the reaction. Record the elapsed time in your data list. Rinse and dry the beakers and graduated cylinders. 5. Repeat step 4 four more times, using increasingly dilute samples of Solution A. Use the following ratios of Solution A to distilled water (in mL): 8 to 2; 7 to 3; 6 to 4; and 5 to 5. Rinse and dry the beakers and graduated cylinders after each trial Record elapsed times in Part A of "Observations and Data.”Name 32 Rates of Reaction (continued) PARTB 6. Measure 10.0 ml. of Solution A into one test tube and 10.0 mL of Solution B into a second test tube. 7. Half fill a 250-mL beaker with cold tap water. Add ice cubes to the water and stir carefully with the thermometer. Continue stirring (and adding ice as needed) until the temperature of the ice-water mixture is about 5°C. Figure 32-1 8. Place the two test tubes in the ice-water bath and let them stand until the solutions are at the same temperature as the ice water (Figure 321). Always rinse and wipe the thermometer after removing it from a solution. 9. When the solutions are at the same temperature as the ice water, prepare to time the reaction, One lab partner should start timing the reaction the instant the second partner pours Solution A into Solution B. Quickly pour the mixture back and forth from test tube to test tube several times and return the mixture to the ice-water bath. At the instant a color change occurs, note the time elapsed. Measure the temperature of the mixture im- mediately. Record the exact temperature and elapsed time in your data table, Discard the mixture as instructed. Rinse and dry the test tubes, 10. Repeat step 6. 11, Prepare a water bath at a temperature of about 16°C. Repeat steps 8 and 9 at this new temperature. Record your observations in your data table, 12. Repeat these procedures using warm baths at the following temperatures: 25°C; 35°C; 45°C. Use warm tap water to prepare these baths. Rinse and dry the test tubes after each trial.The sample observations and data given here are intended to be used as a basis for comparison with student responses. In most cases, student responses will vary somewhat from these sample responses. The data used in these calcula: tions are the sample data given in the “Observations and Data” section, Observations and Data PART A Solution B(mL) Solution A(mL) — H,O(mL) ‘Time (see) 7 10 0 ° eo 10 9 1 ia 10 8 2 22 10 7 3 24 10 6 4 26 10 5 5 2 PARTB DATA TABLE Trial # Temperature (°C) Time (sec) 1 5 2 2 15 9 3 25 5 4 35 " 5 45 9 Calculations 1. Plot your data from Part A on the grid provided. Draw a line through, the plotted points to produce a curve showing the effect of concentration of reactants on reaction rate.Name 32 Rates of Reaction (continued) al Lo E € R 8 4 o A po o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mL of Solution A Plot your data from Part B on the grid provided. Draw a line through the plotted points to produce a curve showing the effect of temperature on reaction rate, 32 28 2 20 6 Reaction time (sec)Conclusions and Questions 2. Based on your experimental data, make a general statement (hypoth Gais) about the effect of concentration of rcactants on reaction rate, As the concentration of one or more reactants decreases, the reaction hte de. creases, 2. Make a similar hypothesis about the effect of temperature on reaction rate, As temperature increases, reaction rate increases, 3. What other factors affect the rate of a reaction? Other factors that affect the rate of a reaction are the nature of the reactants, Surface area of the reactants, pressure (in the case of gaseous reactants), and the presence of a catalyst. ee 4. How does the “collision theory” relate to the rate of a chemical reac. tion? ‘The collision theary states that any factor that changes the number of collisions Per unit of time andjor changes the effectiveness of reactant collisions also changes the rate of the reaction eee