1

@|, 2015

l'
z+ >+ z+ >D|jT qeT'

C
l
q
d+
V

jT

|<q d+b<\T : k$T nsTq+<

12`04`2015

l
X+

s
#
s

jT

23`04`2015

Xu+\T
|X\T

nsTq+< |_wH
nsTq+<dt ` l \*q+<XeTeTT
y&se, Ns\ ` 523157, |X+ , J 08594 ` 248237
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1

C
d+|{ ` 12 d+ `6

$wjTd

1 @| 2015
| d+K

l eTV>D|kyT
l VXd<qeTT
l u>eBZucs|qTy<eTT
Sri Aravinda Sarith Sagara

` l es+eTT qT+&
- Dr. Prema Nandakumar

l |sXeTTeTVeT'kyT
` yU ` <s\ $XH<Xs
lw#]eTT
` & >* >TDXKsY
Vd\T
` yU ` yT#sT y+dTVDXd
q+<k>sde'
` yU ` & .$.jTdt.eT]
$T>sDeTT ` n+udeqeTT ` nX<{eyT ` yU ` >]yT keTjE\TXs
XeT ys\T
l$wb<~X+ kyT
` yU ` & .@.+>s#sT\T
es<sde'
` yU ` & .\HsjTD
>D+
~V<jT+
` yU ` & .@.+>s#sT\T
eT+&T yd$
` yU ` & b|H eX+sY
eTVus+ ` eqedueD
` & n|C&T y+dTjT
+<HjTXk+<seTT
` & . ]C\
<<XkyT
` leT<#sT\T
What is Shiva?

Xb\q
n
$<TskseTT
l dT<sHwyT
yeTq eTT ` neq
q #e<
l<MK&Ze
j>d\T
y<qeTTe+sZ s|wY
eDeTT
l \* dVdHeT bXdeTT
bq ` u>e+<qTy< yK]
~ #\T
eT*\T
eseTT: d] #T
RNI :

- Web

` & &sT |uss&

` eP] seTyVqse
` yTTe ec~|
` leH .$. s|Ty#sT\T
` yU ` & y.uqTuy
` & +\|P& y+fXsT
` yU ` +>T+ dTuse
` l u\+=+&seTsjT$syT
` yU ` sys
` yU ` #s V] eesY
` #s >H j>|uer<$
` eT~ VqTeT+se
` k$T nsTq+<

New Delhi, APTEL 08725/01/12004-TC

3
4
5
11
17
22
25
30
32
33
34
43
45
46
47
49
51
54
55
58
60
63
66
72
76
80
87
89
93
96
102
111
112
113

Rc.No.: C3 1789/2004

+<T |#T]+#&q ydeTT\+<* n_bjTeTT\T j s#sTT\y

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
2
D.T.P. by SANJAY GRAPHICS, Chirala. 9966156263

Printed at : SOWMYA OFFSET, Chirala, 9848088156

1
@|, 2015
z+ >+ z+ >D|jT qeT'

l eTV>D| kyT

w>D|<qeTT
X

<&MTMDX>T+CdyT
<<<TwH ejT+ >DX' bTyT#'

|e\qT, \Te|PeqT, MDqT, e]+, VdeTT\+<T <]+,

=+&eTTq <eT|+&T * q\ Xs |+#T w>D| eTqqT
s+#TqT>.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
3

l e DdT+<sk$T <qeTT

Vd<+<-eeTujTeT| <+ +&+ XD+<+

dy yyT $wD dTejTT$~H EV d+|jTTyT
ds\+sjTT+ \\X< $wH #sTDu+
eDeT]+ d\dTs>D' djTeq+ ||<
< e > D eTT\# d T +| & T # T q l e DeTTq+< T
dT+<seT]jT>T l esk$T XsTT+TqT.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
4

1
@|, 2015

l u>eBZ ucs |qTy<eTT

leT<>eBZ n|sX+s _sT<+T&>T
lu\+=+& seTsjT$ s+q ucs
| uweTT |seTbeDyTq~>
| iT# |s=q& q ~. B 1956
Vl eTe\
sa y+dTseTXd>sT
+<qTy< eT+~+#>, < Vl $
dTVD+ >sT n#=+ |\T >+<\jTeTT
\+<T +<<XeT+{ |eTT >$+
nK+&yTq yTq]+]. n\ueT>T n<
H&T C bs \ n+~+#T#Tq+<T
neT+<q+<yTT+<T#THqT.
{e |ds|+ d+]+#T=q~. e\dqysT d+|~+#>\sT.
bH : 9440115411. y\ : s. 600/`
(12)
` sys

~rj<jTeTT
X

y<$Hq+ + jT @qeTeTejTyT
<+ d |sTw' bs! + |jT V yT 21
n. jT @q+ y VHsyT nqT XeTT# ]sT & | Cd, q
CjT $TjT y nqT XeTT# H ]sT &>T H~ w&e $seTT\T
+&T sDeT $e]+ | $wjTeTTqT eTT+|#THsT. y<$HqyT
nqT XeTT#`
+<T n$HX &q> HXeTqT $seTT y& jTse TT. T&q $|]DeT
$seTT y& jTseTT. >qT n$H, |<eTT\ bqsTeTT <T. nE
&q q$seTT y&T. nejTT &q q|jT $s sVT&T. eq XeTTq
n$H, , n, nejT XeTT\# HX, $|]DeT, H|jTeTT \qT H\T>T
$seTT\T w~+|&T#Tq$. B# q|PseT>T nd $seTT, HXyT |\ eTT>
>\ e~$seTTqT w~+|& q>T #Tq~. eq { w&e $seTT\T y&
<*d=q |sTw&T jTe +|qT? jTe +| |s|+|qT? me" +|&T
me +| |s|+|&T. V jTqT # Vq<Teq VqqjT jTseTT.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
5

C
<|q T+&T |jTeTTq s eTse TT. eq V jTq> Vqqs (#+|y&T)
jT jTse TT. | jT Vq<Te+f |sDse TTq+<T D#Y | jTeTT #+|y
|s |+|y&T n jTse TT. + V + | jT nqT s +&T yeTT\ jT+<TqT
+ XeTT bseTT. n+<Te\q He" +|&T. jTe" +| |s|+|&T n
jTse TT \_+#TqT. s +&T yeTT\jT+<TqT + Xe TT |Xs e TT > Vs e TT
> jT\ >L&<T? bs eT jT\" C|eqT ` n jTqs<T. C jT
bD" +| d+u$+|<T ` >q |XseTT ><T. @ VTe# +|#TH&T q
VTH V n VseTT HXsTT+qqT VTeqT >T]+ |+qsTTq+<Tq
|XseTT deqeT>TqT >q q~jTTqT bd><T. + V, + |jT jTqT
yeTT\# VqqjT |sD jT\T eyT w~+|&q+<Tq HC
<] e TT\>T dT H~ jT \jTT >\e jTqT=qs<T. Vqq, |sD j w<e TT
<cqe TT=s C| &q~. eq s +&T jT \T qT CjT+<T ds s eTT\T
ejT |sDseTT.
zsTT! $<+dTq dsseTT\T e w~+#T w&_bjT |&q
sDyT$T? n$jTT &qT sDeTTe\q HC dsseTT\T w~+#
qq# qjT~ bd><T. n$jT eTqTq~ j <seTT. $<+dT <seTT
><T. ysT, C ysT. n$jTeT>T kDTeqT <*d=q y jTseTT
d+u$+| qT+&T<T. eq H C dss w<eTT jTTeT j|eTT.
de<qeTT :` qT <*d=qy&T ds|& kDTeqT <*d=qy&T
kDTs|&T >&T. eq H ]sT &sTTq+<Tq HC>& ]sT& jT>TqT.
>qT <cq <seTT\ keTeTT <T. eTTq+<T H \qT |<seTT\T
s+&T. n+<T nH|<seTT &eT>T e\q < $<eT>T CqeTTqT <T.
|]XwH jTeTTq |<s yTT{jT #q eT>Te\q CqeTT \<>T #Tq~. eq
H HC u< e TT <T . ds|&>T HC ]sT &>T e\q q
ds sd+ue eTT jTTe TT >qTH l w& T <+ d |sTw' bs jT ds s eTT\qT
|+ jTTH&T.
]sT&>T HjT+<T $<s | eT>T $syT T d+u$ +#Tq jTqs<T.
Xdss|sd>qeTT \qT $wjTeTT\qT <XjTeTT \>T |T{~ |<seTT\qT,
#s~ uVjTeTT\<s VsZeT>T q+'sDe# <*d= ]sT &>T
(<qT ysT , T~e ysT ) nqT CqeTT qqT, nCqeTT# (<H <*d=qy&
|ejT \# HT >*+|&T#TH& qf nd s| eTsTTq{j
T T, $<eT>T
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
6

1
@|, 2015
HqT VqT nqT T~e# |seseTT> ]sT&>T H VseTT>
|]D$T+q T~e ysT qT ysT nqT CqeTT q+<Te\q $<+dT & >*+|
&T#TH&T. Xds~ $wjTeTT\qT >V+#T T~e <<deTT e\q
H $wjTeTT\qT >V+#T jTqT |e yTT d+b| eTjTH qf HqT
VqT nqT $< s| eT>T T~e <<deTT# H $< eTT b|+ #q
|*seTT. <d eT>T { T~ed++<eTT# H H{ $seTTqT \T><T.
$<+dTq dss\T d+u$+| e C|q+<Tq CcyTq dsZy
jTC ~ Xg$VeTT\>T s\T $<+dTq q w jT_bjT eTsTTqT
dw eT>T#Tq~. nf ys <we' ~ XgeTT# $~+|&q $<>&
s\e q$<+dTq $~+|&q< jTqs<T. n$<+dTq nqTw+| <q s
\T+&T e\q XgeTT n$<+dTq s\qT $~+q~. $<+dTq nqTw+|
<q s\T q+<Tq XgeTT $<+dTq $<qT $~+q~. eq Xg $VeTT
\>T s \jTT q$<+dTq jTT, Xg$VeT>T $< $<+dTq jTTqT jTeT
eT+^]+| e\jTTqT. qTH u>e+T&>T lw&T Cqj>q k+UH+ n
$<+dTq $<qT $~+ jTTH&T.
HqT sq T, HqT uq T, H| #jT <q~, nqT CqeTT >\ jT$<+dTq
nVA+ EVA ~ ys CqeTT >*q y+H nH |]seTT\qT
d+b~+#T= jTqTw+| <q nVAeTT yTT<\>T s >\<qT CqeTT
\T>T#Tq~. n{ CqeTT# q$<+dT& s\jT+<T |e]+#T#TH&T. ds|
|b<e TT\>T q CjT $TjT y ~ yeTT\ jTT jTse TTqT <*d=q
$<+dTq ns nuCqeTT eeTT \T>T#Tq~ jT+ +f ysT
CqeTT \T>T <T. qT $<+dTq nqTw+| <q s\T e. s\jT+
< ~ s e TTqT < T . d s | < s eTTq+< T e y T n~ s e TT \ < T .
ds|CqeTT >\ $<+dTq y ns <we' ~ yeTT\#
CqeTTqT $~+|H\? jT |+|s<T. HqT qT. <V<T \H|<seTT\T
nqT $y $CqyT $<. B jT+<T HqT s qqT=qT jT$<+dT &~]
>Hs& T . eTseTq q CjT ~ XT\# C| &q ds|eTTqT <*d=q
$<+dT& jT~]. eq ds|CqeTT >\y H$y$ Cqs| eT>T
$<jT+ <~seTT >q $<+dTq $<qT $~+#T |w|wD eT jTqs<T.
me&T HqT s q jTqT=qT#TH& y, H sT | #jT<q~
jTqT T~ | >\T>TqT. y& T~# >s \jT+ <~ T &>T #TH&T. jT$<e T>T
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
7

C
$seTT\T y&qT CqeTT>\ $<+dTq <+ d |sTw' bs + |jT
V+ n ds s \T w~+|&q+<Tq jT s jTT d+u$ +|<T . eq $<+dTq,
eTTeTT eq, ds s dHdeTT q+< jT~seTT. $<+dTq >& bse XeTTq>,
qT>VeTT =s > q yeT<y<T\e s\jT+<T ee \T>Tq
X++|s<T. q<T\T eTT\>Te\q y] <jT+<TqT n~seTT <T. n<y
() n$<+dT&sTTqqT eTTeTT e>Ty s d+HdeTTq+< jT~seTT. d+HdeTT
$<d+Hd eTjTT, $$~c d+HdeTjTT s+&T $<eTT \ XgeTT #|#Tq~.
>VdT&sTT sjT+<T |e]+, <s|<T\" uw+#T u<H=+<T#Tq y
y<qXeDeTqH<T\T d+u$+|e. y<qXeDeTT < CqeTT \_+|<T . qT
qT <*d=q>]q |sTw&T d+kseTTqT+ ;" C+~qy&>T#T reeT>T
y # > \ y&sTTq#, y+H d+qd+|e\jTTqT. jT<V s e $sC < V s e |eCY
nqT X jTsEq $s> \ T>TH HsEqH d+qd+|eq #| #Tq~. jTse TTqT
|{+| <\jT uws\T eTTeTTeq sd+HdeTTq+< jT~seT C|].
eq B#, q$<+dT&sTTqqT eTTeTTe >y s\jT+< <~seT
d~+#T#Tq~.
| jTseTTq+<T -dH ~$< c es b eTjq|T Cqj>q
kvH+ sj>q jHyT nqT XeTT# $<+dT\ Cqj>eTjTT,
n$<+dT\ sj>eTjTTqT $u+ C|q u>e+T&>T lw& |eD
eT>T#TH&T. f rj<jTeTTq+<T >& lw&T |' jTeD >TD'
sD dsX' nV+s$eT& s-V$T eTq' nqT XeTT e\q
ny\ sj>eTjTT, $T eTVuVA >TDs $u>j ', >TD>TDw
esq eT q d nqT Xe TTe\q y\ Cqj>eTjTTqT | $u>eTTH
dw|s jTTH&T. +<T s+&eXeTT q+<* $T nqT TseTTe\q
|PsXe T>T | ' jT eD jTqTq~, jT y $wjT eT dwe T>T#Tq~.
nV+s$eT&sV$T eTq n jTqT e\q y, HqT sq
jTqT=q& d~+#T#Tq~. nf |+#e<jTeTTq+<T >& dssD eTqk
d+qkd dTK+ eo qe<s |s <V He sH q sjTH nqT XeTT#
lw\T $<+dTq s~seTT <jT C|].
$<+dTq s~seTT <qT $wjTeTTq >=+<sT |DeTqT *T
#| #THsT. eTTq+ <e], HqT H~ $s sV T&qT, ]sT&qT, s eTT
y&qT, n~rjTT&qT, nqT CqyT \T><T. { CqeTT \T>T# dssd+Hd
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
8

1
@|, 2015
eTT||q eT>TqT. CqyT \T><T >q sd+HdeTT <sHs<T n. |+&+eTqT
\q> eTqT eTT |+&T\ eT jTqT=qTysT. y] \T |+&T\ jTqs
ueeTT. n|+&T\ XjseTT.
de<qeTT. n~ jTTeTT ><T. q CjT $TjT y nqT XgeTT e\q
]sT&T, ssVT&T nqT CqyT \T># + XgeTTe\q |jq
yT$T? XgeTT eseTT >e\d e#TqT. bs s\qT u~+#T XgeTTe\q,
<s<seTT\T \eqT CqeTT, sqTc <Vqsd++<eTT >\<qT CqeTTqT
jTT \T>T#Tq<, nf Cq+&e\q>& ]sT&T, ssVT&T,
n~rjTT&T nqT Cq yT\ \T>>&<T? qT eTT H] y<+XgeTTe\q
HCqeTT \T> <qT y<eTT kseTT.
zsTT! dssd+HdeTT+f |PseTT jT] y<+XgXeDeTTq+
<~seTT <T. @\qq XgXeDeTTq k<q#TwjTd+| jeXeTT.
k<q#TwjT eTq> edT$yeTT, VeTTs|\u>$s>eTT, Xe~
wd+|, eTTeTTeTTqT. +<T Xe~weTTq+<T X+<+ |s' nqT
Xe\q |s eTqTq~ jTT{ $q&T#Tq~. |s XeTTq d+Hd eT
jTse TT. ^\jT+<T | jT<j+eTTq+<TqT u> e BZ d|wT n jTT+&T#
^XgeTT y<+Xg eTjT C|e\jTTqT. eq y<+XgeT>T ^XgeTT
XeDeTT CjTT, eXeT>T k<q#TwjTeTT d+HdeTT>& k<qeTT>
C|& jTTq+<Tq d+HdeTT +f |PseTT ^XgXeDeTTq q~seTT <
\T#Tq~. ^\jT+<T q CjT $TjT y <T\# eTTqT
<*d=qy sd+HdeTT q+ <~seTT C|#TH&T u>e+T&T. eq #
d+HkqqseTT Xk|<X eTjTT, Xk|<Xq+seTT d+Hd eTjTTqT
|sdsXjT<weTT d+u$+#T#Tq~. nq# q~ jTTeTT ><T. >VdT\>T
q< T \j T +< T > & y < + X e DeTT q T| + # T # T +& T e\q X
y<+XeDeTTq+<T d+HdT\ eTTU~seTTqT C|#Tq~. n+<T#
Xe+seTT\jT+ <Tqy] >D~seTT \<T. jT< (#) d+HdT\
y<+XeD<T\ jT+< jT~seTT >, eT] sTTseTT\jT+ <~seTT <
jT$T+#T k<q#TwjTeTT |s |<eTT #s&q~. n<y (#)
|s |<eTTq d+Hd eTseTT ><T. eTseTq $|eTT +&T.
njT~ q<T\e >VdT\ >& d+u$+#TqT. eTT> $#]+q#
kvZ< jTqeTTqT Cd XeT<e~ d+kseTT\T >\y y<+XgeTT q+<~ seT.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
9

C
n< <sCk nqT deTT# |b~+|&q~. k<jT eTq> y<eTT.
|wT\T>& y<eTTq+< >\e >q uVDTq V#sXeTeTT q+<
y<+XeDeTT d+|q eT>T#Tq~.
ysD<T\e\q y<qeTT\jTT jTseTTqT b' *d=qT #TH&T.
sT y n$jT T &qT CqeTT y >\T>T#Tq~. n{ jbVCqeTTqT
<&|s#T=qT Vks|sqeTT y<qXeDeTqH~eTT se
eT>Te\qqT, Xeqse TT\ jT+<T s uVQ\eTT# XeD<T\T d+u$ +# q+<TqqT,
eTTeTT e> T $<+d T & T d + qd + V w & > T > T s T eqT < ] C ] ,
y<qXeDeTqH~eTTqT" CjTT#TH&qTq~ |T+{|<eTT. qT d+Hd,
y<qXeDeTT\ nHHXjT <weTT <T . keqeTT> y<qXeDeTT Cdq sT y
|< qeTT> y<qXeDeTTqT CjT e\jTTq C| jTT+&Te\q y<qXeDeTTq+<T
>VdT\ >& q~seTjTT, d+HdT\ jT~seTjTTqT s +&T |e TT\T >\e.
jT$ y<qXeDeTT jTT keq$Xws |eTT\#H |e]+q$. @ eTVqTue\T
bs |D|+eTT e\q esT y<qXeDeTT e\qH VkseTTqT
b+<T#THs X q yeT<y<T\e n{ys\ +<TqT n~seTT <T.
jT+<~seTT d+u$+|q+<Tq n >V+|e\jTTqT`
XgeTTe\qe eT|d<s yT+^]+|q>Tq |+|s<T. |~
|eDeTT\ |d<eTT> <s<s~eTT, jTTeT>T Xs $Xw|]>VeTT
eTTq>Tq$ jT{>eTbeDeTTe\q d\# q+^]+|&T#Tqy nf Xg
beDeTTe\q >e T>T n$jT ~eTT>& q+^]+|q>Tq sTT+ eTTH
$e]+|&q~.
zsTT! <s<sdsZqs<T\T ||eDeTTq $wjTeTT\T >qqT
eTqdT# d+*+#T, y# C| k< eT>T#T+&T e\q eTH $wjT eTT\TqT,
ywjTeTT\TqT n>T#Tq$. n+<Te\q y{ jT+<T XgeTT |eDeT>T >.
jT y# esH nb|eTqk dV nqT X# yvqdT\ >#sT&T>
VeTTq+<T Xg yTT |eDeT>TqT? n X+ >\T>T#Tq~ nq> $wjTeTT\qT
>V +#T k<q eTT\>T eTqdT yTT<\>T j
T eTT\ >#sT &T> sDeTTq
Xk|<XeTT# s~ sVT&qT CqeTT \T>< |Ps|eTTq seTT.

.... (d.Xw+)

e# d+...

> + <|
] #jT +

#Ts<uweTT
` yU ` $ bsks~

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
10

1
@|, 2015
SRI ARAVINDA
SARIT SAGARA
- Dr. Prema Nandakumar,
Srirangam.

5. A Visionary Journalist
After presenting the Indu Prakash
articles and the Bhawani Mandir
Scheme, the first volume of SABCL
proceeds with Sri Aurobindos work in
the daily Bande Mataram. By now he
had spent thirteen years in Baroda as a
Professor and had already made a name
for himself as a poet and scholar.
However, he had also been drawn into
the Independence Movement and was
among the leading
Nationalist
congressmen. As the Nationalists felt that they needed a print-organ to take
their message all over India, the daily, Bande Mataram, came into being. Of
its origin, Sri Aurobindo writes:
Bepin Pal started the Bande Mataram with Rs. 500 in his pocket.He
called in my help as assistant editor and I gave it. I called a private meeting of
the Nationalist leaders in Calcutta and they agreed to take up the Bande Mataram
as their party paper with Subodh and Nirod Mullick as the principal financial
supporters. A company was projected and formed, but the paper was financed
and kept up meanwhile by Subodh.
The paper was an immediate success since the new party was being
echoed all over India with supporters. Of course, given the attention of the
British Government which wielded repression with ease, the paper was shortlived and had to close up a little time after Sri Aurobindo was jailed in the Alipur
bomb case. But as Sri Aurobindo himself has pointed out, the Bande Mataram
was almost unique in journalistic history in the influence it exercised in
converting the mind of a people and preparing it for revolution. All this in less
than three years (1906-8)! It may be mentioned here that there were other
powerful writers also for the paper like Bejoy Chatterjee and Shyam Sundar
Chakravarthy.
Sri Aurobindo was, of course, the main contributor. For the centenary
volume, a section on his writings about the doctrine of passive resistance has
been created. These articles were written in April, 1907. Many of our
misconceptions about the theory popularized by the term satyagraha by
Mahatma Gandhi would get clarified by reading these essays which were
written long before Gandhi applied it to the Indian struggle for freedom.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
11

C
There are three ways of gaining political independence, begins the
series. The first is petitioning which is dismissed by Sri Aurobindo with
contumely; self-development and self-help; and the historical method of
organized resistance. As for the second, how can a slave nation achieve selfdevelopment?
Self-development of an independent nation is one thing; selfdevelopment from a state of servitude under an alien and despotic rule without
the forcible or peaceful removal of that rule as an indispensable preliminary, is
quite another. No national self-development is possible without the support of
raja-sakti, organised political strength, commanding, and whenever necessary
compelling general allegiance and obedience. A caste may develop, a particular
community may develop, by its own efforts supported by a strong social
organisation; a nation cannot. Industrially, socially, educationally, there can be
no genuine progress carrying the whole nation forward, unless there is a central
force representing either the best thought and energy of the country or else the
majority of its citizens and able to enforce the views and decisions of the nation
on all its constituent members.
That leaves us with organized resistance. While Sri Aurobindo is
impeccable in presenting a ratiocinative argument for or against any chosen
subject, what attracts us are his observations on the behaviour of Indians. An
Indian himself, yet fourteen years away had given him that capability to observe
India as an outsider as well. How come the Indian civil servant was an immediate
hit with the British rulers? As a rule the foreign Government can rely on the
native civilian to be more zealously oppressive than even the average AngloIndian official. How very true! The Partition of Bengal had given rise to stiff
resistance, but it was not an organized one. However, the lesson was learnt.
Organised resistance to British imperialism was the only way for independence.
Sri Aurobindo adds that methods for this can be used except actual armed
revolt. But where do we draw the line saying, thus far and no further?
It is the common habit of established Governments and especially
those which are themselves oppressors, to brand all violent methods in subject
peoples and communities as criminal and wicked. When you have disarmed
your slaves and legalised the infliction of bonds, stripes and death on any one
of them, man, woman or child, who may dare to speak or to act against you, it
is natural and convenient to try and lay a moral as well as a legal ban on any
attempt to answer violence by violence, the knout by the revolver, the prison by
riot or agrarian rising, the gallows by the dynamite bomb... To shrink from
bloodshed and violence under such circumstances is a weakness deserving as
severe a rebuke as Sri Krishna addressed to Arjuna when he shrank from the
colossal civil slaughter on the field of Kurukshetra. Liberty is the life-breath of a
nation
This is the big change in Sri Aurobindos political writings. The Indian
past literature, mythology, scriptures comes easily to his hand now unlike
his writings in Indu Prakash a decade earlier. This is the language that the
Indian understands and for Sri Aurobindo there is no looking back. The other

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
12

1
@|, 2015
essays on the subject deal with the methods to be adopted in offering passive
resistance, its obligations and its limits. Sri Aurobindo does not suffer from
any illusion of success in political activities. Reading the essays we realize
how a strong and smooth macademised road had been prepared by these
writings for Mahatma Gandhis satyagraha movement. Indeed, looking back
carefully at the way Bepin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Sri Aurobindo and Bal
Gangadhar Tilak worked the aim was clear, Swaraj. They were no beggars,
and as Tilak put it forcefully, Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it! The
Congress was asking just for self-government in a colonized nation, but the
Nationalists were not for it, says Sri Aurobindo: We of the new school would
not pitch our ideal one inch lower than absolute Swaraj, self-government as
it exists in the United Kingdom. This message has to go all over India, village,
town, district, province, and a strong central authority would be created to do
it. It is not going to be an easy struggle but the time demands it. Sri Aurobindos
is the language every Indian including the unlettered would understand:
The work of national emancipation is a great and holy yajna of which
Boycott, Swadeshi, National Education and every other activity, great and small,
are only major or minor parts. Liberty is the fruit we seek from the sacrifice and
the Motherland the goddess to whom we offer it Passive resistance is an
attempt to meet such disturbers by peaceful and self-contained brahhmatejas;
but even the greatest Rishis of old could not, when the Rakshasas were fierce
and determined, keep up the sacrifice without calling in the bow of the
Kshatriya. We should have the bow of the Kshatriya ready for use, though in
the background. Politics is especially the business of the Kshatriya, and without
Kshatriya strength at its back, all political struggle is unavailing.
The first volume of SABCL has a section for Sri Aurobindos articles
from 20th August 1906 to 27th May, 1907. Everything is grist to Sri Aurobindos
mill and two notes mark all the articles: attack the British rulers and the
ageing Congress, inspire the Indian masses. What marks his attack is a powerful
satire that comes with the best of English wit and humour. His comments on
happenings of the day are terrifying, though couched in dark humour. An
Englishman, a forest officer of Jalpaiguri shoots down three cows, laughing all
the time. One of them belongs to the Head Pandit of the school. On the Head
Pandit consulting his neighbours, he was told to consider himself lucky that it
was the cows and not he whom the Saheb elected to shoot. (20th August,
1906). Papers like The Englishman, the Statesman and the Indian Mirror
literally get flogged day after day. Sri Aurobindo uses legends like the Lady
Godiva to put them in their place, in the language and diction that would hit the
rulers straight. One is also amazed at the vision of this young politician as if he
were watching the future movements in India and the quiet withdrawal of the
British from its shores:
To listen to these excited people one would imagine we were calling
on the teeming millions of India to rise in their wrath, fall upon the noble AngloIndian friends of the Mirror and with teeth, nails and claws, drive them pell-mell
into the Indian Ocean. All these imputations have, of course, a definite object

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
13

C
and the excitement is a calculated passion. On one side to discredit the party
with the timid and cautious, on the other to draw the attention of the bureaucracy
and secure for us free lodgings from a paternal Government, seems to be the
objective. Of neither contingency are we afraid; the new policy is not for those
who tremble or who prefer their own safety and ease to the service of their
country, and the fear of the Government we renounced long ago and have
forgotten what it means. It is no use trying to awaken that dead feeling in our
nature. We shall go on our way steadily and persistently, careless of defeat or
victory, indifferent to attack or suffering, until we have built up such a nucleus
of force and courage in India as will compel both moderate and official to yield
to the demands of the people. But always within the bounds of the law, if you
please, our friend of Colootola. We are a law-abiding people, even when we
are extremists.
Free lodgings from a paternal Government! Sri Aurobindo also throws
light upon the divide-and-rule policy of the British that always made it appear
that the majority was the aggressor (like the Comilla riots in the first week of
March,1907)and the minority to be a model of moderation. Having observed
them at close quarters (during his student days in England as well as when
dealing with them as an official of the Baroda government), he is able to give
an accurate description of the British rulers psyche and methodology.
The inordinate self-conceit of Englishmen very often betrays them
into ludicrous absurdities. The Britisher fancies himself to be the Heavenappointed ruler of the universe; and whoever ventures to stand in his way must
be a nuisance, a rebel, a traitor. The whole history of Britain is a long struggle
for liberty; and even the other day the British Premier could not help exclaiming,
The Duma is dead; long live the Duma. But whenever it is a question of Egypt
or India where British interests are at stake, British greed overpowers British
conscience and all sorts of monstrous arguments are fabricated to justify the
suppression of popular movements.
The Congress fared no better in the hands of Sri Aurobindo. Sir
Pherozeshah Mehta, Surendranath Bannerji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale the
way the Moderates had been trying to appease anti-Congress Mahomedans is
recorded by him with contempt. When an attempt is made to project Nawab
Sayyed Mohammed for the presidentship of the Congress in 1906 just because
he belongs to that religion, Sri Aurobindo notes: The idea that the election of
a Mahomedan President will conciliate the anti-Congress Mahomedans is a
futility which has been repeatedly exposed by experience. He was proved right
in 1947! He also rejects the mischievous statements in the Anglo-Indian press
which try to create misunderstandings between Nationalist leaders like Lala
Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. A job which has not been given up even
today by some television programmes wearing coloured glasses.
He was certainly an inspired writer in English to descend upon the
political climate of his time. There were Englishmen in India and also Englisheducated Indians who could write excellent English. But this thorough
interweaving of the West and the East rising to sublime spires when inspiration

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
14

1
@|, 2015
just poured in and gave rise to profound statements is to be had only in Sri
Aurobindo. Working for the cause of ones motherland was no joke. It meant
immitigable suffering but then that is how Nature works:
Nature has not yet been known to relent in this respect. If you want to
get anything grand and beautiful out of her, you must go through the process
through which a piece of stone passes before it is endowed with shape, beauty
and meaning. The fertilising river rolls down stones, breaks through the
impediments, rends asunder the surface of the earth before it bears on its
bosom the argosies and crowns the bordering lands with plenty. Those who
cannot look this sternness of nature in the face are not destined for things
good, noble and high. If you want to grovel in the dust, indolence, ease and
ignoble peace may do, but if climbing up the heights of glory is your ambition
learn to encounter difficulties and dangers manfully.
Sri Aurobindo had made up his mind, he had no illusions about riding
on the crest of popularity all the time, he knew the dangers that awaited him
and the other Nationalists as the earlier months of 1907 were drawing to a
close. Obviously there was a deliberate attempt to describe passive resistance
as extremism. Even so eminent a jurist as Dr. Rash Behari Ghose was referring
to the Nationalists as Extremists. Actually, to be accurate, the Nationalists were
adhering to Democratic Nationalism. This idea that the Congress was now
divided into Moderates and Extremists was not quite right, according to Sri
Aurobindo:
There are at present not two parties in India, but three, the Loyalists,
the Moderates and the Nationalists. The Loyalists would be satisfied with good
Government by British rulers and a limited share in the administration; the
Moderates desire self-government within the British Empire, but are willing to
wait for it indefinitely; the Nationalists would be satisfied with nothing less than
independence whether within the Empire, if that be possible, or outside it; they
believe that the nation cannot and ought not to wait, but must bestir itself
immediately, if it is not to perish as a nation. There are at present not two
parties in India, but three, the Loyalists, the Moderates and the Nationalists. The
Loyalists would be satisfied with good Government by British rulers and a limited
share in the administration; the Moderates desire self-government within the
British Empire, but are willing to wait for it indefinitely; the Nationalists would
be satisfied with nothing less than independence whether within the Empire, if
that be possible, or outside it; they believe that the nation cannot and ought not
to wait, but must bestir itself immediately, if it is not to perish as a nation.
Words not uttered in vain. must bestir itself immediately, if it is
not to perish as a nation. From now onwards, it is a straightforward movement
with the call:
With wind and the weather beating round me
Up to the hill and the moorland I go.
Who will come with me? Who will climb with me?

Wade through the brook and tramp through the snow?

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
15

HeTdsD<HbjT+ q V |Xy uesD

seTVs wVs e HeT e<$T d< qVs
VsD|#<qV |V<ujT<sD V
qsd+V#Ts| qy u+ |]b\jT eyT

Different forms of Sri Nrisimha Swamy

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
16

1
@|, 2015
l <skeTT $s

l |sXeTTeTVeT' kyT
yU ` <s\ $XH<Xs, sejT+|.

b<|sDyT
ne] : | XeTTq \s jT+<T \eTTe |yTjT (<s) eT+<T
|sX e TTeqT \ XeTTe\ W|eTeTT #| &q~. Xe TTq |sX e TTeq
|syTq~ <qT n< VT~ *+#T XeTT dT yTq# q~jT
b]CeT>Tq XeTT dT q+<T b]C es|eTT #jT&T#Tq~.
X w{+X|wd|]eT\kejTd '`
\<TXT<' e>TsTe#k ds' kqTu'
n<VT~+ qjT $<TcyTw @yd<~`
V+&+||+# $\d q |s-d #]C'
24
||<seTT : w{+X |wd |]eT\' R eTT|~iT eTT\H& |P\
>TT\ |]eTeTT>\, ejT' R d++~+q, d' R , ' \<T' R
eTqT\eeTT, e>TsTe#k R e&jTq < y\#, |T<' R
yT\T=\&q#, n< VT~yT R V yTTf nqT T~, qjT R
*+q#, @w b]C @e R \eyT, b]CyT, ds' R
n+, kqTu' #Y R q# nqTu$+|&q#, nd<~ V+&+
||+# R eTqeTT yTT<\T V+&eTT es>\ ||+#eTT q+<T, |s' R |sT&T,
q $\d R |+|&T.
seTT : eeTT \eeTT. B w{+XeTT\T |wdeTT\T y
ydq# \eeTT >Tu[+#T #T+&TqT. e>TsTe jTT eTd nqT
yeTT# dT|yT q eeTT yT\T| &TqT. n|&T VyTTf nqT
T~ \T>TqT. >TsTyeTT jTT nqTd+<qeTT# nd<~ V+&+
||+#eTTq VeTT | nqyT~jTT <qT kqTu \T>TqT.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
17

C
$esDeTT : e&T, X nqT s+&T e deTsd (TjT) eTT\T, d<e&T,
XsT&T, X< $< nqT eT&T $<eTT\T ejT, \eTT, \, jT,
s>eTT, $<, |sTw&T, |, eTVT, nV+seTT, T~, XeTT, dseTT,
s|eTT, sdeTT, >+<eTT, XeTT, , #e, V, |DeTT, y,
bD, b<eTT, bjTTe, |d, XeTT, yjTTe, eTT, \eTT, u$T nqT
eTT|~ jTT{ eTT\ #|&TqT. yTTeTT eTT|~ jiT eTT\T.
$ jTjTT XeTTeTT nqT \eeTTq |Pq |P\>TT\T. y
|]eTeTT\ >Tu[+#Tq < ee TT. \ee TT XXeTT. Je d+ks<X
jT+<TqT, ~ jTTq~ dT|yTq ;ueTT> qT+& e>TsT e#q
\bDeTT# n~ yT\T= nq> yTT\ |P |]eT[+#TqT. nq> n<
V T~ \T>TqT. n< V T~ nq> XeTT yTTf ||+ #eT+
+&jTTq~ nqT T~ >TsTe#HseTT eTqq ~<dqeTT\ # <q
_qeTT> ||+#eTT q+<$TjTT |+#T <T nqT kqTu \T>TqT.
2. ||+ #eTTq Jeq XseTT (|+&eTT) jTT CqeTT dV eTT> \T>TqT.
Je&T q +~jTeTT\qT k<qeTT\ V+& CqeTT =+ k]+#T
=qTqT, =+ }V+#T=qTqT. >TsTe \_+ eTd yeTT jTT
|<XeTT *q, ||+#eT+ VyT jTTq<qT |sCqeTT \T>TqT.
>TsTe#Hs eTqq~<deTT\ e\q ||+#eTTq qT (|e) (q
|yTjTeTT) nqTq$ yiT>e n+jTT eyT n n+ e yT
k]+#TqT. jTseTT nd<~ V+&+ ||+# $\d q |s' nqT
yeTT e\q *jTT#Tq~. 3. dsZeTTq +<T q+<qeTqT |sT>\
<qeTTq eT+<seTT, d+qeTT, V]#+<qeTT, b]CeTT, <+eTT nqT
H<TeeTT \Tq$. y <esTe \+<TsT. <+eTT <eeyT qqT
~+{ #s< =+<i+<TsT (eTD B|esqeTTq <+ e|d
q&T#Tq~. < |T+Te\ dTs<TeTeTqT |sT L& \<T)
d+\eTT\qT |+&+ sTT#T eeTT eq \eeTqT |ss&q~. +
ksTT eeT>T #qT < |ss&q< #|e#TqT. eT+<s d+q
V]#+<q b]CeTT\qT dueeTT+&T# keqeTT> | eeTT
\+{ \eeTT nqT eeVseTTq~. XeTTq XeTTeTT q+<T
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
18

1
@|, 2015
yTT< keq HeTeTT> \es|eTT #jT& ei b]Cs|eTT
#jT&q~. <qT>TDeTT> w{+XeTT\+<T |wds|eTT #jT&q~.
n+<T# XeTTq s|\+s yTs&q~.
eTT|~jiT eTT\ |Pe\ e\ \eyT
jTT|&T XeTT >Ts\ H|&T kqTuy
n|&T nd<~ eTCe~ $XeTTq+ <qqyT
n|se Je|syTeTH >*+#T $E\H.
ne] : | XeTTq e |weTT\T |deTTq$. XeTTq |\eTT
|deT>T#Tq~.
X d|-| s\|\e< Hk ds|+
HHd<+C\|\|CqyV+<s'
+' |Db|s~><Hs sDH<
Vjb<jTT< ue $Vd eTVejTjTX!
25
||<seTT : X! R z eTVXsT&!, R eTT, d| n| R q
|yTjTqqT, nk R &T, R jTT, ds|yT R s|eTTqT,
eTVejTj R ejT #, s\ |\eY R ni# |+&TqT e, HH
d<+C\ |\| Cq yVqs' R nH d<+eTT\ deTVeTT\+<*
||eTT\# >*q yVeTT\T nqT N# , q y R *d=q be#TH&T,
nH< R ~() *jT, sD R sjT+<T, n~><H' R b+<&q
#e>\, |Db|' R |Db|eTT\#, Vjb<jTT< R $&Te<q~
d]+|<q~ nqT T~#, ue' R d+kseTT, R nqTq~, $V' R
$~+|&q~.
seTT : q q|s & jT qqT ni# |+&Te q j<s eds|eTT
HiT> be $wjTeTTq nH d<+ y<eTT\ ||eTT\ e\q
*q yVqseTT sDeTT\T. nH~ s jT+<T |bsTTq,
|Db|eTT\# VjTeTT b<jTeTT nqT T~ (d+kseTTqT) z eTVXs!
ejT# *+ HMT< sT~q~.
$esDeTT : qT | s |<seTT\+{ d~ |eDBqeTT. q d~

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
19

C
nq> qTHqT nqT CqeTTq @ |eDeTTqT ni<T. N{, <
L& q $wjTeTTq H{ eTsTqqqT d+XjT eTT+&<T. H e&T
eq e d~jT+<TqT @ |eDeTT\ eX <T. eq e ds|yTq
q eTT ds|eTT s\ |\eTTe nqTu$+|& e\dq<>
eTT $wjTeTTq | yVseTTq d<+eTT\ y<eTT\T $y<eTT\T
|| ||eTT\T mH e |eTT> qTq eeTTqT eeTT
><qT ueT\e\\ ueT\N e&Tq {q]q$. eTT+C +DeTTqT
* n<eT+<T p| |# +>sT +DeTT q+<T \ ueTqT *+q{
d<+eTT\T y<eTT\T e eTTqT ||+ #eTT> u$ T+|Cd q $. @eTT qHe TT>
u$ T+|Cd q $. <jT+<T |se D<X+ ue T\qT ||* ~ VsD>s+
ueT\qT *+q$. d<+ y<eTT\ H=qsTysT djTeTT> u+T
eT u+T\ sT\| sT~HsT. yTT<H nCjTq q #s\>
<|\ eTT HiT> y d<+y<eTT\ e\q n~jT< *jTb>, <
+#T=qeH bsyjTeH *jT nedqT >\T>Cdq$. n~ eTTyy
jT u$ T+|Cd ;T <T'T H=q]q$. sEe d| y T d# d+jTTy T
jTT+&> dsueTqT >*+ ;T H=q]q$. eT]T\ H=q]q$. ujTeTT
##Tq{q]q# sEy$T #jT>\<T. sEe qT|j+ sT &T=
wu|=qe\djTT+&> eTsD+<T'KeTT\e\ nE&T +~+| &H&T.
2. s nH~jT <qTk]DjTq T~ *+q# |DeTTq+<T b|eTT
q+<T #qT |e Je \T>T <qT>TDeTT> dTK<T'KeTT\
H=+<T H$T jT eTTq~. |Db|seTT\T CH <VeTT\T, $~
w< $wjTeTT\T, |DseTT\T y<$VeTT\T, b|seTT\T y<w<eTT\T,
|Pss qqTd]+ y<< jTeTT q+<T |ejT y ye TTKeTT \y
|DeTT q+<T |e jTT \T>TqT. b|eTT qT+& e jTT \T>TqT.
dTKeTTb<jT eT <T'KeTT VjTeT |y *jTTqT. dTUqTue eTT
e\q |DjTeT miq y dTK yTTb<jT eT>TqT. nf <T'UqTueeTT
b|jTeT jTiq y <T'KyTT VjTeT>TqT. eq Vjb<jT
T~jT T u+jT. d+kseTT nq> ue eTTq+<T VjTyTq ~ eTs=
b<jTyT jTT+&TqT. b<jTyTq~ eTs= VjTyT jTT+&TqT.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
20

1
@|, 2015
y >\ VjTb<jT eTT\T u+qeTT jT<se TT\T >< \TdT.
ueeTT q+<T |e]+#T nC b<jTyT < jT+<T $T< XjTeTT>\
C ~ VjTyT jTT+&TqT. $~ w<e TT\T ~wjT eTTq |D b|s eTT\T
\eTTq dTK<T'KeTT\T <qTueeTTq e\dq |eDeTT\T |yTjTeTT\T
$ jT *| d+kseTT ueeTT n |\Te&TqT. d+ks eTq> eTq
*dq ~+jT. ue eTTqT Je\qT ue jTeTT> $~+q y&e&T XeTTy!
&T JyqT&? nCqe! ejTj!, nCqeTT ej $< u<eTTq
~$<eTT. ejb~&T XsT&T. n$<b~&T Je&T. b<T\qT
=\+ #q# JyXsu<eTT <T. d+kseTT <T. nT #&&H
\sTe ~bsTTqf. nfq sTe z XeT! ejTe\q Hs&q~.
sTe jTT u+ jTs&q~. n~ |e\qH =\>eqT. =\q# n+jT T
VyT. XeTTy. <qeTT <T.
<>T ejT# e! +#qT d+d eTTVT
H~ |Db|sDeTD eT$y <Tw y
~ yVd+eTdyTT| ` seT\ue d+
y<qyT jTiT+>&T $yVq HeTq+<>TH.
... (dXw+)

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
21

lw #]+
& >*>TDXKsY, sT|.

H\Ze d+<+
qb<T& e+X+ ` <Te&T
kjT+uTeeTqTe s+&e =&T
qb<T&T. n& dT, dTsT nH <sT
us\T. dT =&T <T e&T. dTsT esT&T
eTT&T. qb<T& dTsT MT< |eT me. sE qb<T&T q
=&| eTTD m+#T= eTT<&TTH&T. n~ #d <Te&T q +&
=&\| m\ +#&T. qb<T&T <T eD <]+#< T . n|&T dTsT
>s + H &T |q |{q y& +& =&| m& nsT&T . qT <T ees!
qTe $wb <\qT XsTT+#T. jTq qT H &T |q +#T nqT>V k&T
nq~. qT#Tq <Te&T @&Td * <>Z] y&T.
n+'|s +\<s $wjT+ >V+q dT nD z<], V]
b<\qT XsTT+#eT+~. <Te&T <&+ |D+ $&#&T. Hs<eTV]
~e<w $wjT+ \TdT= n& e< e#&T. jTeTTH qBrs+
V] ydyTq eT<Teq+ jTeT jTe\qT b{+ HsjTDTD
s~+#eTH&T. <Te&T jTq #|qf eT<Teq+ #s&T.
nT s Hs<T&T qb<T& e< e#&T. ~>T\T> q
sEqT#d sD+ n&>&T. qT <T e& | |<] +q s , sD+>
n&T \T $& y& qb<T&T #b&T. Hs<T&T <Te&T $w
nqT>V+ ~\\T b+< |< nBXsT&&, n&e\ +&
] L& sksTT> +T+< |s=H&T.
<Te&T +{*| bDyjTTeqT s~+ @>+
|syTXsTD nqTd+<q+ #X&T. deTd \T }|s& \&sTT. n&
ss B yT $we |eTj&T.
<Te& HjTH! m\|& H |f *|, qH <d,
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
22

1
@|, 2015
ds\qT #]d, Te* sVd, =+\+ sC b*+#T. s
deTd >V s>D\T, d|] eT+&\ |<D+ #d <Tekq+ XX+>
+{e n #| $we n+sqeTj&T.
<Te&T sC ]e#&T. =+ H= dTeTTVAs+
nD |{_wD #d qb<T&T yq|kXeT+ d]+ nsD y[
bB eV+#&T.
<T e&T +Xes |C| es ue T $yVe& \T&T, esT&T
nH esT* b+<&T. yjTT| \qT |& \T&T nH |TD,
k+<sejTq esqT b+<&T. <Te& eTT&q eTT&T |[eTT+<
VeTes b+ y y[ n&= jT& # #+|&&T. =&T
<TssD T dTsT nsD y[ n& ]#T eT+ =
eTsD++~.
<Te&T eTT& eTsDys $ |+, <T'K+ |q>=q + s<+
m s~X q n\|s #] X+K+ |P]+#&T. qT m~]+q
|<eT&T y\eT+~ jT* y& uD\ >jT|]#&T.
=+d|{ ej jTT<+ #dTq jT sdT\ sD+> |D+
+#<T. eTVeTTqT\ d#qyTs <Te&T HsjTDd+ $&#&T. y+H
ejT |{|+#\sTT+~. yqy\T uD\T HsjTDd+ qT+ y\Te&
s|s <T q jT * d+V]dT+ &>, <T e& kjT+uT e eTqTe TTw\
n& e#&T.
eTqTeT& >V+ $&|T. d+Vs+ e e& dVT&q
usT& d+w+ \T>CsTT n nH&T. <Te&T X++#&T. usT&T q
|]ys+ e <TeD ]+#&T.
sy sTy\ @bT sC |Cs++> b*+, s |T&
d+Vdq+ n|+ <]Xe y&T. re <qeT>T&j&T. $w
+sTq q+<dTq+<T\T nD |seT|< rdTy& e#sT.
<e yS BqTsq q * m $& y\ <Te&T
$#]dT+&> $w+sT\T <Te& $eq+ eTT+<T yq n& *
#|+#sT.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
23

C
yqsE
<T e& =&T esT&T sj&T. n& e+X+ k+~. |csT& T
- ew&T - dsE&T - #w eTqTe - \T&T - n+>T&T.
n+>T&T s]> |U>+#&T. n&T eTTe es dT<qT
|&&T. n&T nXyT<j>+ sV+#&T. TTE\T V+H <e\T
V$s>\T n+<Te& s<T . n+>T&T d<d T \ nqTeT eTq+ $&|{
qT #dq n|s<+ @$T |+#&T.
d+q+ <T qT <e\T V$s>\T n+<Te& s<T.
|yTw #d |TD b+<T nHsT. TT\T #|qf |yTw j>+
#jT>, |T ek\T <]+q |sTw&T +>sT H bjTd+
|eTj&T. bjTk n+>T&T dT<#&T.
bjTk s+q yT | d+j>+ >s+ <* esTD
|d$ ++~. n& yqTe HeTsD + #XsT. n&T <w+ e\ b|s *
#]+#&T. (yDT& sT. n& >T]+q |keq +$T+ @
|sD+q <T)
q|&T q *d &T+Tq |\* C*+& #+|y&T.
y k<T+Te* Ls+> #+|y&T. n& n\qT #dq n+>T&T
eTHe< H{ nss s+ $& y[bj&T.
sE |\T |Xe |e]+#&+ >eT+ u>Te yTT<q
eTT+<T\T w+bsTTH yDT& |+ {sT. n& <TssZ+ $T
MT]+~. V+ #|& eq eTTqT* ~]+ $we >=|y&T <, H
d\ <e ds|& - n e\T, |P\T, *<H\T q s>\H&T.
>V+ #+~q eTVsT\T VQ+]+#&+ yDT&T eTsD+ b\j&T.
sE be&+ e\, <XeT+ <=MT\T, <|, |sds V+k+&
#\s+~. dT< j>X # q =&T Xs d+s++~. eTVsT\T
yDT& =&\T eT~+#sT. n+<T+ ujTy&T |{&T. q\>,
b{#T\T, s# yTT<q \D\ |{q nqT HH+ #j* n
eTTqT* |+#&T. w< n+f Ls n eTTqT\HsT. n+<Te\ n&
c<T& |sT e+~. n& d+ y c<TjsT. .... (dXw+)
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
24

1
@|, 2015

Vd\T

(14)

VdXvsuwyT
qucqTy<q deTxyT
yU ` yT#iT yv dTVDXd, H*.
CdTe\ =i VdeTT\ ><TZsT l X+s#sT\ysT
n+~+q uweTT, < yT#sTysT #dq +<qTy<eTT ` C
bs\ n+~+#&TTq$. Xg>+<eTT eq dT <w n<jTqeTT
#d k~+#e\dq< u$d....
` sys.
k<q>+<eT+&*, H* y] <s >+<s|eTT d+]+#T=q~. nedsyTq
d+|~+#>\sT. bH H+. 7799804683. y\ : s. 650/`
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901
uw+ 51 : d. s -Xy T 1.1.5
yj
dH jTe
.
< yq |< q+ V y#,
Cqj Xe TY |< q+ ds sDyT. 1
.
D #q+ V j CH T ejTj,
Xu < |< qd $s~.
2
nqT 51 : d.#&+ e\q - |<q+ <T - < #| X+ y<+ <T
n~ ##qT (d+*+#qT) nqT X y+ |<H #|+<? VeTTqT
#|+<? CqjX\T >\~qT |<qyT dssDeTT 1
#&+/d+*+#+ nH~ #q eTsTTq VyT. jT , CqeTT - nH$ ejT
e\q eksTT. +#~ jT, n~ Jy n_qeT #|q $wj\T
|<q+ $wjT+ <se.
2
uwyT 52 : q k+K|]*eT#q+ |<q+ >' sD+ X+
y<HcXsTTTyT. nX+ V Y. <eTXyT? ' - XeDY
sDd. <yT? @e+ V XSjT - d<e kyT<eT> nd<yTy ~rjTyT
(#..6.2.1) T|eT < VQ k+ |CjTjT C-d (#.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
25

C
.6.2.1) . <+Xy#+ HeTs|y+ >>T' d<He<s
d e | d d# y #dD |Ps+ '|u ' dw + <s jT. < q
- y <yT @ y> dY. HqY +#q $TwY. d qT dC
. d eH qd (..1.1.1) r|P]yTe dwe#w. #
c&X\+ |sTw+ |dTV d +#, d bDeTd (|..6.3) .
] <ssX-_eT' jT]eY, q <TsX'. q jT' ds'
ds$<d CqeTjT+ |'. k<<V HeT s|eTq+ # CjT (eTT.
.1.19) eeBq| dsCXs|sD yqT<Vsy. qq+ dsCq
XeTq ds+ |<q+ u$wr? H||<. q V |<Hekj+
>TDke<s Cq+ d+ue.
nqT.52 : k+KT\T *+q &eTsTTq |<qeTTqT y<+eTT\
>sD+> #| qT #| + <s< T . < #| X+ y<+ <T . n<>T?
nq> d+*++~ < ++~ - n sD|<s+ d+*+qT
q&TTq~ ><! X #|+~ ><! m>+{s - <T> - X. ke!
~ yTT< dY >H q~. ~ @eTT. n~rjTeTT. (#+) n yTT<\T|{
n~ HqT VQ eq ##qT/+#qT. n~ dTqT dw+#qT. (#+)
n X #|+~. +<T ~ n+f HeTs|eTT\T> @s&q >T. ~
dw eTT+<T dY >H +< #| n~ |dT+ +#+ (D+) s
dTqT dw+#+ - #d+< X #|+~. n> eTs= X dw
|Ps+ sT >+ >H +&~. eTs=fB <T. dw
d+*++~. n~ sT \qT d+#qT () n #H |Ps+>H dw
#dqTq~. # 16 \\T>\ |sTw |k$+ n&T +#qT.
n&T bDeTTqT d+#qT (|) n n# ( #&T, d+*+#T, +#T)
<Ty q~. qT d+\+ #q <s+ qT n#qeTsTTq |<qeTTq
<s<T qT X |<q |keq <T. # n+f <TeqT
eyT #|+ <T. <seTsTTq ##T, +#T n \De
<s #beTT. C$T d+ >& se $<s' |PseyT(C)
nq d+ jT' n+f jT<Te ns+ #|<T. j>+ n <s+
#bsT. n> #q <s+ #b* me&T ds E&, ds yj
, me]|d T
CqeTjTy n{ |se qT+& sT deTsTTq V+ HeT, s|eTT,
|THsTT (eTT+) n ds E&s TTq XsT >] #|y\ qT<V]+#*.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
26

1
@|, 2015
nj! d>TD+ <c dsCqX>\ ds eTsTTq~ |<qeT #beTT
><! XsT ks+<T? - n~ <s<T |<q+ |<q+> q<X
>TDjT + deq+> +T+~ > d <s eTsTTq Cq+ f +& neXeTT
<T.
uwyT 53 : qq+ dsCqXeTq dsC+ u$wr? <| H||<.
jT~ >TDkyT d debXj+ CqXeTe\eT dsC+, |<qeTT#
eT+ sdyebXjeT| Cq|qXe +<eTT#. n| #
Hk desHH_BjT q ##qd |<qd keTd.
k<qT||q+ |<qd dsyT. jH+ T #qs$T+
ds eTT||q $TqT<VsDyT. n< |q' k $TM T + |< qd
jT<$TeTjT'|D<s>+, < d jT$TMT+ |<qd <e
ds+ eTTK+ V >' sD$T jTTyT.
nqT.53 : |<q+ ds+ *d=H Cq X +T+~. qT n~ dsC+
neT+~. nHsT. nB <s<T. >TDeTT\T deqwqTq|&T <
d>TD { |<H CqX +<, n+<Te\q n~ dseT #|HsT.
n< wqTq sdTqT, eTdTqT { Cq+ >TZT+~ - Cq+
|+~+|&TT+< #b*. n|&T < n\+ n >& #b*. (d +
- 1, s', eT' - 2 qT Cq+ - nCq+ R 1:2 w n #b*. nH
ds - n\ nH $sT< <s\T |<q+ +&s<T><!) |> k < - #q+ d++<+ +& &eTsTTq |<q+ de Cq+
\T><T. n#qeTsTTq |<qeTT k> < >V+#<T. qT |<q+ ds
eTq+ <s<T. j>T\T #qT\sTTq Je\T qT y] d+ |]q|&T
dsE\T e#T. qT j>T\ <VsD+ |<q+ dseTq+ <s<T.
nj! n *q qT|>T+&T #]q ne\q qT|>T+& <Vqs>
nsTTqT d >TD+Xs # q + |_+_+#+ e\q |< q+ >& d# q yT
||+#d+\+ (D+) #d+<qe#T <! - nqs<T - #qeTTe\q
d+\+ edT+~ qT #qeTsTTq VyT - nq> dsE&sTTq XsT&
>sDeT #|+ jTTeTT ><!
uwyT 54 : jTTqsT+ - VD-| q eTTK+ dseTT||<,
CqjT Cqj + | kHd+uy ~, n# - <+ e<y H
|we ', <+ CqjT ds V]. jTd V ds $wj eudqe T+

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
27

C
Cq+ eTd k-ds $|w<yT. n V Cqd <CH
<q CHr ndseT| kY, Hk Cq <c-d. Cq
Cq$wjT' kqe|<X' H||< #Y, q, |w |X-| d$]
<V, |XjTr kqe|<X<sHY. qqT d$TsV|Xd+j>
d <V , |XjT r e|<X ' kY, q T VD' b>T' Cqs d+j>d $wy <cq' ? q. nd | s D d$ |X s e|<X <s HY,
@eeTd| CqsD VD' < se|<X||s yweTyT.
s|j+ T VDXjT' dTseTT||H'.
nqT.54 : |Ps|\T += eHsT - CqjT eT+f VeTTq
CqjT$wjT+ d+ +&<T. qT VeTTq >& ds+
+> <s< T . @< W|#]+> #| e#TqT n. - de - $TeTT\H={
n&>*. CqjT +> +f ds + m+<T bT+~? ds $wj \qT
*jTCd (Cq/|X) X +> >\y&T - dsE&T &T nq+ |sds
$sT<+ <! Cq+ neTsTT k] \TdT=+{&, eTs=k]
*d=q& nqe#TqT. n{y &T ds E&T be#TqT. Cq+ eT+f
Te+{ <w+ >\ <T. Cq+ eTsTT Cq+ MT< eTq d+ +&<H sT
><! d+> #]+#T<eTT. dsT y&, y\TTsT - s+& yT. jTq
\TdTH&T, y\T>TdTH&T. n jTq <s\MT< jTq k++
(s+) qT q&TTq~ ><! nj! dsT nTe+{ $wj\T
*q|&T - (dT - y&, N{ edTe - y\T>T) \TdTH&T,
y\T>TdTH&T - n n+{eTT. dw eTT+<T VeTTq Cqs
(*jT<q edTe) d++<+ <T >qT sT <c+eTT <s<T. - de |+|CjT<q $wjT+ |+> bsTTH dsT&T y\T>T#TH&T
n (k++) s+ #|HeTT <! n<$<+> Cqs nsTTq edTe
dw b\eTTq+<sTTH VeTTq n~ +#qT n d+\
s+ <TsTTq~ qT <VsD+ d]bT+~. s| q#
d+*+#+ k<yT qT +#T#Tq~ () n #|q n X
T\T VeTTq #> d]bsTT.
uwyT 55 : +|qds jT>TXsCqd $wj uer?
queT s#jT HeTs| ny y] eT'
jTk<~ jHeT| nrH>$ wjT + | + Cq$T# j>Xg$<'.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
28

1
@|, 2015
eTT ee+ d d<dXsd dwdd+V$wjT+ Cq+ uer.
jT<|yT - b>TsVD' Xs~d+qeTqsDeTqT||q$T q
#<eTes . d$|Xe<VD Cqds| Cqk<H |qT|| ' .
n| #$<~ eT' d+k]D' Xs<| CH' kq Cq|qsD
sVdXsd. eTH #eMXsd Xs<q| eTHesDCq+ #
<sjT'q d s+ sD+ # $< q eTXu~X <X,
|sd X]$<e XSjT ku$ Cq\j # (X..6.8).
nbDb< eH >V |X#' d XDs',
d y y<+ q # kd y eVQs>+ |sTw+ eTVqyT
(X..3.11) . #.
nqT.55 : nj! dw eTT+<T XsT&T Cq+ *d=qe\dq s
@eTTq~? - de - q~. n<, eTs={ n #|s, HeTsb
dw. n~ ny+> nq> $&e& dws |+ s~> q~. < y]+#*
qT HeTs|eTT XsT CqeTTq s n #beTT. @ eTV<e
<jT e\q j>T\qT ]q-sT>e\dq $wj \T>& | + > \TkjT
j > X gy \ +{s eTV < e & d < T & nsTTq X s T
dwd\j\ d++~+q CqeTT+T+< #|e\dq |jTeTTq~?
eTi=HsT - Xs+~j~ d++<+ +& dw b\+ V+
m d+*+#>\<T. ~ |X <T. ds|X @+ k<H\T y*?
Cqds|&sTTq VeTTq Cqk<q keT neds+ <T. n+>
n$< >\ d+k]Je Cq+ |{ +~j\T, $wj\T yTT<\>T
keT y*. Cq |+<\T @M XsT Xs| <T. +<
#|&q sT eT+eTT\T XsT&T Xs s|&, esD (|+<)
sV Cqds|& #|HsTT.
jTq seTT <T. sDeT <T. jTq deTT& &T. n~& &T.
jTq |sX $$<eTT> $q&TTq~. Cqs|eTsTTq \+ # XsT&T
#d jT>& dued<eTsTTq~. (X)
\TdT\T y&T. y>e+T&T. >V+#Ty&T. HeTT\T e.
#k&T. #e\T e. $+{&T. n+{ *d=+{&T. jTqHes
msT>sT. eTVT |<eT |sTw& #bsT. (X)
.... (dXw+)
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
29

123456789012345678901234567
123456789012345678901234567
123456789012345678901234567
l \DB$s
123456789012345678901234567
123456789012345678901234567
123456789012345678901234567
123456789012345678901234567
` yU ` & .$.jTdt.eT], u|
123456789012345678901234567
ne] : yT\T bjTeTT *jTq+<Te\ uj
T |&,
eTses s\T ne H H ss*>
b]dTHqT ` n+ $ $q$dTH&T.

q+<k>sde'

q CjT eTeT V+ seTTbj

BH-d <$! deTj#sDy-d
eTqqXsD' XsD+ ||<
MTH! $Xq+ q+ eTyTe
32
|<$u>eTT : q, CjT, eTeT, VyT, syT, bjT', Bq', nd, <$,
deTj#sDeT', nd, Y, yT, nqqXsD', XsDyT, ||<, MTH,
$XqyT, qyT, eTeT, @e.
nqjTeTT : <$! eTeT V+ bjT' s+ q CjT. Bq' nd
deTj#sDeT' nd. Y MTH! nqqXsD' $Xq+ eTeT qyT @e
+ XsD+ ||<.
nseTT : <$ R <eyq z ne!, eTeT R H, VyT R yT\T#d |,
bjT' R | k~+# esZ+, q CjT R *jT<T, Bq' R
ujTeT+~qy&qT, nd R nsTTHqT, deTj#sDeT' R deTj >Z
| #jT+ ndeTsT&qT, nd R nsTTHqT, Y R n+<T#, MTH R
MTH s|Dyq ne!, nqqXsD' R yses s+#TysT y&H,
$XqyT R ||+#eT+{ neTyq, eTeT R H, qyT @e R *yq
H, XsDyT R s+#T<>, ||< R XsTTdTHqT.
ueeTT : @+ y *jT<T. m k~+#Ty *jT<T. n+<T ujT+>
+~. *dq y{HH, deTjT+ |s+ #d keTs+ L& H <T. ne!
MTH! n+<T#H $Xee H *yq H XsD+ y&TTHqT.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
30

1
@|, 2015
$XweTT : u XuyT sT>TT+~. nqq u sT>T<T. nq d
>V+#sT \+s BT\ysT. n&>+< nyTH |<H kyT q~<!
qT ne qTy qqT s+#* n+ Bq+> b]dTHsT. _&| *
|eT \>{ 3 sD\T |s=HsT. 1. *jT be+, 2. *dH
#jTbe+, 3. s+#ysT be+. qT ne qqT | s+#*
n |T&TTHsT. X+sT\T L& yq+<\V] > e es+
#ksT. y e Bq+<T&e. HH BHBqT&. ++f +<T+ @+
y*. qT X+s! e qqT |jT |Ps+> +<T eqT s+ qT s+ #*.
HqT m |\T #dH $T+#*. n+ nedsyTq|&T s& m
b]+# *jT#XsT. n+{ |< l \+sBT\y]~ L&.
ysD$Xc\T :
d+<T\T : 1. Bq' G nd R BH-d, ' > z, zs<Xd+~ ($dsZ d+~).
2. njT' G nd R nj-d, ' > z,
3. eTeT G @e R eTyTe, n G @ > , e~d+~
dek\T : 1. deTjT #sD+ deTj#sD+, qeT' neT', deTj#sD
neT' deTj#sDeT'. d|MT TsTw ded+ (qx TsTw ded+
L& q~).
2. nq' XsD + jTd d' nqXsD ', q nqXsD ' nqqXsD ' VQMV
ded+ |\qTq qx TsTw ded+ |<q+.
<Te : 1. CjT ` CjT ` CjTH \{, |<eT|sTw, @e#q+. C `
neu<H ` *jTT.
2. nd ` d' ` d' \{ eT|sTw @e#q+ nd`uT$ R +&T.
3. ||< ` ||<eV ` ||<eTV \{ |<eT|sTw @e#q+
.... (dXw+)
|<`> R q&T#T, | |dsZ.

e# d+...

HsjTD d+
` yU ` y\eT $XH<

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
31

C
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

l |+&+< >H< $syT

nX

<

ey
T
yU ` >]yT keTjE\TXs,
$jTy&.

$T>sDeTT ` n+udeqeTT

ne] : "&Ty] $deTT\T eTT+<T jT> qTqqT >&|{ $T*

#"<q$. "{ ><+H d]+| eT u~+#T#TH"&T`
X + u\! q dTs?`d+u<yT uX$`&+ud<yT |]D
+u~ sd`d+u< eT qqT`_+u<s$\dyT
\+u\+ <T$`\+u<s+ |TTdD`+u\C\$\d<
_+u eTqqX`_+uqH+ d`eT+u eTTbd d<jyT 13
yK : u\ R nusT! _+ G n<s R <=+&|+ &T e+{|<e\T>\ d\ jTT
$\dyT R $deTT, d+u<yT R $T*u<>*Z+#Tq~. uX R $T*
$&+ G d<yT R ydeTT\kqyTq~ |]D R |]DeTeTeTT
+ G ~ R y"byTT<\>Tye sd R #"<qsdeTT d+u<yT R
L&q~ jT n R & qqT R XjTeTT> q dTs yT R
d T ] +# T < j T $T?. n+< T e\q">$T u > e TT\T$& |T e TT.
$&|{jT$T#jTe\jTTH #|#TH"&T. \+ G n\yT R y&T
eTT+>TsT\T>\< <T R jT"&q ` sd]+q $\+ G <syT R
\deTT">&q j<seTT>\< \d+|+& u\qT s+#T
H< s e TT> \ < | T Td D R + eT| e j T T +u\C\ R
|+deTVeTTe, +eT|e sdeTTeHi"<qeTT $\dY R
|+#T#Tq _+uyT R <=+&|+&Te+{ |<$>\< &Hw
XeTT|+q~. _+XeTT#"<<T|yTjTueT>T HweTTqT >V+|eqT
q G nqq R nqq R e +&q X R #+<T jTT _+ R
_+eTTe+{ qHyT R eTTKeTT>\< d<jyT R sTD">&q <
n+uyT R ><+ jT>T bsr<$ d y T R m\| &T bd R bd+|eTT.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
32

1
@|, 2015
seTT : u\! e d\ $deTT\T # ydbe#THe. <=+&|+&T
e+{ |<e\T >\ jTTeT\ $deTT\T $T* u<> * +Z #Tq$. |sTw\ H e>
yd|#Tq$. eTT+<TjT>qTqqT es y"|sdeTTe $T* #"<qe
"<*jTT<? eq">$TqT\qT >$T+| eTT, y&T eTT+>TsT\T >\~,
u\qT s+#THeTiTbT ~, +eT|e sdeTT e+{ jTiHq
|<e\T>\~, |Ps# + <_+eTTe+{ eTTKeTT >\~, jT\eTT\"<*j
T Tq>T
bsr <$H d$+|eTT.
$XweTT\T : n+, neT, <$yTT<\>TXeTT \eTy] jT+<T s&eTT\T.
sT||<eTT\>T |<eTT\T bsr<$H u~+#TqT.
XeTT [<dTs+q <MdT `
X +uere d$`&+u >q qe ` T+uuMDd$<
_+u<s $q ` X+ujTT<~`sT+u <+$|H
n+u s+>eT< ` +u\s ]V ` \+u\ ~XT yT
X+ uVQjTX ` _+u_seTeTTK ` d+u~dqus
nqT XeTTq qTsDeTT.
.... (dXw+)

XeT ys\T
# X qe$T ~. 28`3`2015 Xys+ lseTqe$T |sd ]+#T=
y&se l \*q+<XeT+ se\jT+ lseT DeTT |Tq+>
]q~.

VqeTT
~. 2`4`2015 >TsTys+ >+. 8`00 \ wDTK eT+ bs+u+.
~. 3`4`2015 Xys+ dTVD DeTT eT]jTT
k >+. 5`00 \ wDTK eT |PsVQ sT>TqT.
k >+. 6`00 \ ~|sX neTy] |P]eT |P sT>TqT.
qT u\sT | seTeTT\ bZ rs|k<qeTT\T d]+
l ~|sX neTy] |qT b+<e\dq~> sT#THeTT.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
33

C
l X+s#syT

l$wb<~X+ kyT
` yU ` & .@.+>s#sT\T, sT|.
X

\usT' uTC> ed d+ jTd s|+ $X\+

<' T+>X+>d$Te sH<_++ $u
bjq' b+#q' d ~dT\dH' |PsjTH d'
<H' s<|T<|]ue<s+s+ +Ts'
1
||<seTT : jTd R me]jTT, $X\yT R $X\yTq, s|yT R s|+,
\usT' R \|, \<$ e'd\+ <]+#y&q $we jTT, uTC>
R uTC\ n>u>+ (m&eT) uVQe, ed R ydeTT @ss#T=q<,
\ G n<' R \eTH |sTqT \ |s+ jTT (|# >=| |s+ jTT),
T+>X +>d y T R qyT q Ks+| +&, sH<_ +$Te R s H<T &q
#+<TjTT eT+&\+e, $u R |dTH&, +Ts' R >=|X+KyTq,
d' R , b+#q' R b+#q+, ~dTeT\dH' R ~ jTT esTq
ndTs #+~qy] eD+#, s< G z|T < |]ue <' R yT|T deTV\
>sq \ < sTT+, y neeq|i#, d '<H' R q < qT\, n+syT
R X, |PsjTH R +&d, q' R eTq\qT, bjY R s+#T>!
l#sD\qT+& + ei ywe+ e|' k+ es
s+|&q $wejTT sb dTdTHsT. |ess|&q u>yqT&T
q * <eVA yesZ|<X #d|&T u>e+ 3e d+<+ 28e
n<jT+ u> y qT #sD s$+<+ qT+& eTTK+ es (eTTK+ eT+<V d+
es) e]+#&T. |T XeTV] u>e|<X #jT&+ s+_+q
u>e+ ~rjTd+<+ ~rj<jT+ @X-+ > ~jqTuejTY b<~ jeY Vd+ ><u', + + kqeTbV<sjTY
|s+ |s+ X< Bs< < n n+ u>yqT l#sD\ qT+& iTqe
<sTT+# eTTK+ es = ~y+> eTqdT <+, n|&T <+#
n+> eTqdT ds+> *| <q+#d, |Ps+ <+q ~yejTe<sD
d+ks+ bT>, sTy >\ n+>\qT < s += <
eTeT+> <d eTqdT u>eq] sVD+ #j*. eTTK+ es
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
34

1
@|, 2015
$T*q ~y+>\qT #], eTqdT <sD+ #d , { L& *| <+,
+> (deT>+>) d$d sTyT n+ eTHH+ | + > k]dT+ ~.
n|&T u>eqTK+ iTqe (|Vd+) <sTT+, |dT+~. <H X
eTV] jeY VdyT n nHsT. |dqyTq Vd+ eTTK+H <
<sTTdT+~. jeY VdyT nH < ` nqT>Vd+ L&q sTeTTK+
es ` n L& ns+ . & ~rjTd+<+ s+u+ |*qH |\ eTT
q * <eVA |<+#|&T d++jTY u>eXsDs$+<yT n
s+_+, sT y sTeTTU <+#&+ >] |< +, <q +s X+
nT<syT q Vk e]+, e] X+ <HjT+ |V dy T n e]+#sT.
{\+\ +<EwyT n n+ X\| TyT<\T sa+s\qT
#dTHjT, lqyT n +>s\ ET y*> sTeTTU e]+#sT.
n~ L& b<~X+ k+.
b<~X+ k+ $T* n_yX \ys <\T b&q
u>e<qkbqk+ b<+u+ qT+& s+_+, |s++ dT+,
es |Ps+ <sD#dq = nejTy >] nK+&yT q , d+|Psy T q
sTyT e]+#sT. ><<$ qq $wT\T eT <$& |+<+
<X+ |<$ |&T #TyT DTyT b<eT\vZ Ds ( eTT>
u\T&T # |T= H{ |T= k~+# b<|<\qT <]+#+&)
n b<|<\qT+& X\ es <]+ q+~+, lw b<~X+
k+<s |Ps+ jTX< |*q <s+ eTT |\TTqT> e+#sT.
X+su > e <T\T L& u> y qT ds|s |>T D$u T\ T>
ne>V+q se +{ys. Bs>jTqeTVeTeT>' ( Ms>TD
<q+ #jT&eTH >=| neT+ eTTq eTqdTqT \y&H) n |V<T&T
qd+Vu>yqT eTT+<T qqT sT> |*&T. n+<Te\H lywe
d+|<jT+ |V<T&T |V<H ` n |\Te&TTH&T. b<~
n |sT |&q dT 12e, 13e, 14e X\ l#sD|<\qT
e+ |+Cd b< n, b<|+ sTVuyT n, n+|T |+ sTVu '
n eTTK+> e]+|&q~. 10e X+ |<k+|T |<<jT\\j'
b+de' n n+ l#sD\ sDTe\T dT+|&sTT. n~ L&
lb<dT #sT T+~. 11e X+ <q TdT, e+, >< yTT<q l#sD \
sK\T dT+|&sTT. u>yqT c&XjTT<\ dT<sqT&H #jTT<+
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
35

C
eTTKyTq~. dT<sqTq VsE ` n |sT. $T*q |~VqT jTT<\T
dT<sqT# y|+|& +{jT n+{sT. V_XHe~sT~]
jTdqyT (#H *Zq jTT<\# jTjT<H\T #jT&qy&T)
n n+ [<dT s|TTe+X+ u>yqT ~yjTT<\qT #qTq
~edsT\ nq&+ yT. ~yjTT<s|+ dsT\T =+<i eTqT
u>yqT&T q b<\#+ |T+&, #T\T yTT<q n+>\ <]dTH&
` nH =i +&e#T. , k$T nqT\+|T+ <! B |]Vs+>H
ysT eT n;cqTks+> k$T l#sD \ #+, ><, yTT<q s K\s|+
ds+> \Hs eTq+ u$+#e#T. 11e X+ lX+sT\T uy
< +|CX sT. jTT<s E nsTTq #yT s Ks|+ |dTq +<Tq, #
n+XuTq $T*q jTT<\T L& |dTHsTT. Be\ yTT<
|+#jTT<\qT e]+#&+ l#sD\ n+yTq jTT< sK\ esq>
|sed+, es l#sD\ esq #sTT+~. 15e X+ $we jTT
s+&T #sD\ n>+ |+# y deTV+ e]+|&+~. n+>TH+ '
sJy\ (\Te\) deTV+e y\TZT qT e]+|&+~. $eT\qKeTDu
s (b<\ y qU\T s\e + C\\ y\T>TTHsTT) n
qU\ esq #jT &+~. nLsT&T lw l#sD qKeT+&\+ |PsT\T
d+kseTdTqT n$T+#sT n |*q eL& lX+sT\ eTqdT
q~. esd <TsjT+ eT' |Ps-sH jTqKeT+&\c n
nLsT&T |*q d jTY nH |<+ X+ |Pss+ |k$+|&q
>b\T b<|< |seT]dTq~. |\u>yqT&T L& yTT<{ X+
#sDs$+<<H e]+#|&T T+>s$\dqK#y\C_sV
eTV< <j +< syT (mi<, q+> +& qU\ deTV\qT+& |eV+
y|+# yH\ jTT +T\# V<jT+ sT&T>{q eTdTqT ]$Tyd)
n e]+#&+ L& Te+{<. qKeTD#+~j sqy (qU\H eTDT\
yH\ |+ rs>) nH esqqT L& & u$+#*. |DUY ds
@e dTes' (qU\ qT+& |seT|sTw s|+ n+ dTesesyT) n
dseT+&\+ +& u>yqT yT qU\ qT+& e]+q y~ e
L& u$+#sT. VsDX' (+>sTes+ X\qT \y&T) n sdT |
+& X bX |s++ n& X d+|&+~. 6e X+ dT+|&
>sT&Tq lywed+|<jT+ |]jTsTe& ` n |sT. u>e<VqyTq
>sT&T&T u>yqT l#sD\qT eVd +{&T. u>yqT l#sD\TL&
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
36

1
@|, 2015
>sT&T y>+> yT #jT&+ d+ n |\ qTH +{sTT.
@&eX+ e]+|& ~Xw&T L& u>e+T b<kjTyTq u$T
q sdT ds\+ <]dTH&T. n&T ds<s n X+
]+|&&T. 8e, 9e X\ e]+|&q \<$, u<e\T n+u
eTTuuyT n 13e X+ k$T s+&T l#sD\qT <iT <ysT\T
d+yVq+ #dT H s ]+ |&sT . 11e X+ \<$ u> y qT l#sD \qT
d$dTqT> \T|&+~. (n_Cj' yTD d\jTeT<TH bDH
yT&eH' #sD\>' sU' ` nH~ n#{ d). u<$ u>yqT
b<+> #|&TTq~. u' b< n< d. 17e X+ u>yqT
||< j
T T> e]dT q ~. yTT<{ 17 X\T l#sD \ d++~+q$
` n #|e#T. n+<Te\ b<~X+keTH |sT B q<.
u>yqTq ~yjTT<\ eX <T. y{ X L& n&
< eT\+. q s|+ q #s HjTT< q #d<yT, <| |sTcs
uH+ + |Xd n n+ TT><\yTq +k+ ` u>yqTq
jTT<\T nsbsTTH, u\ *> ndVeT\yTq b|X+qT r]
y] <s + *> T #jT &+ d+ n&T jTT<< sDqT #k&T n *+~.
u> y qT nk\T, u wD\T j \ n_eq<e\, n$ n #H \qT
l$w|sD+ |<e+X+ 22e n<jT+ $es+> e]+|&+~.
u~$T+~j~+ # ~<-V+sMTXs', _u] X+Ks|D XsYvZs|D
# dyT (nV+s+ ` u~, +~j~ ` n s+&T $<q~. s+&T
nV+s\qT u>yqT&T b+#qeTH X+K+ s|+, XsYvZeTH <qTdT
s|+ <]dTH&T) n #|&+~. u\ ~ nsTTq eTkV+s
b+#q+ n_edT+~. +~j\ ~ nsTTq skV+s\qT XsYvZ+
n_edT+~. eTVT nH T~ y< nH >< n_edT+~.
T~s<d ><s|D e<y n n#{ e#q+. #\ds|eT++
yH+]\yT, #d s|+ #sT H< $w s d y T ` dT<s qT&T eTqdT
nH n_e. ny>+> $X+ n+{ #T{ |]u$T+# due+
s+&{ deq+.
_u] jT#dseT#T-q+s\yT, $<eTjT+ T Y
CqeT$<Xd+dyT q+<eTH~ @$<yTq sw+ , |<TqT |{q .
jTT<+ s\yTq CqeTH $< n_e <e. s|\ +T+~.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
37

C
CH e]+ +& n$< nH nCq+ s. n$< ues|+. n~
L& yT. nCHHe+ CqyT nH ^d |s+ ~ CH
e]dT+~. |+#jTT<\qT k+ s+u+ dTdTHsT. X+Kuq+<
#XsYvZ<H><<s' n l$wdVdHeTk+ es |]+|&+~.
nsTT~+{ dVdHeTuw+ lX+sT\T yUd l$w|sD+
nguwD<jT X\qT n{ <V]+#sT. ng uwD\ L&
+& u>yqT&T <qeT]. $Xs|>, $X#H#q $ws|>
u>yqT <+#*. u>eBZ 12e n<jT bs+u+ @e+ djTT
jT uk+ |sTbd, jT #|seTe+ c+ j>$e' ($<+>
m\|&T j> s ys u\T qT bddTHs, ysT, @ u\T
+~j\ +# nsXy#yTq Jy dsb bddTHs, ysT
` s+&T $<q y] mesT k~+|e\dq < s> b+<>\sT?)
n |+q s+&T $<q j>T\ ` yTT< |k$+|&q j>T\
(u>yqT d++< ] bd+# j>T\) bddsb >]
*||&T, < eTT+<T 11e n<jT+ $Xs|<q+ e]+q
k]+q $Xs|&q u>yqT @eyT nH |<+ s+#&+ ]+~.
n+<Te\ bds|+ $Xs|+.
lu>e+ wwd +<+ nwe <jT+ $Xs|&T +<Tq HsjTD
e# |<+#&T. zyT ` V]]<<Y eTeT dss+ qk+|T|<'
|>+<|w, <s]#sd ><w #|bXH <<H-w>TD-wuVQ' nH~
ks+u+. (>sT&T M|| b<\qT y| y+#d q y&T, X+K+,
#+, K&Z+, ><, <qTdT, bXeTH jTT<\qT \y&T, m$T~ uVQe\qT
\y&T, m$T~ $<q D>TD\qT \y&q V] H n $<q
s\ qT *+Z #* ` n Xu e+. >sT &T |wu >+ \Te& l#sD \qT
\ V] <+, +<T X+U<jTT<\T #|&sTT. n+<T #|&q
<s+ (X+K+), n] (#+), nd (K&Z+), ><, #|+ ($\T) ` nH |+#jTT<\qT
L& + sD d+ e#+> lX+sT\T e]+#sT. n& <s+<!
$<ejT w| P ] ;eTdH-s' V<j +|jT H (z X+Ke! lw
|P]+|&q y&e, ujT+syTq < #dy&yq e XTe\ V<j\qT
+|+|Cd ]$T=T) n X+KsCq b+#H e]+#& & +&
esq eT<>\ keT+ >eT+#<q~. <s+<T&+f X+KsE b+#q+.
w| P ]' ;eTdq' ` u> y qT# }<&, uj
T +sy T q Xu y\Te]+#~.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
38

1
@|, 2015
n& ns' V<j +|jTH nHf & ~dT\dH' n
q~. n& zyT n s+u+ q~. b+#q+ z+s+ e+{ sb,
z+s< e+{ |TwqT *Zq~ ` nH $wj \TT+~. | bjY
q' b+#q+ n |j+|&+~. |DeeTVeTeY b+#q yTD
k< yT n kse[ >+<+ b+#q+ |De+ jTT eTVeTqT *qZ ~>
\T|&+~ <!
\usT' n n+ dT \X+ s+_+#&+ >=|
eT+>+. lseqT <sq d+|<jT+ >+<\T jT'| X+
s+ueTesTT. B esZ<s&T e|TT&T. n&T q eTVy
jT'| X |j>+ s+_+#&T. \us n nq+<Tq e'd\+
n\H ijTTyT (D+ L& $Xw+ +&qT) n n+ yd+
#d \ <]+# $we ` n e+q+. \ u>yqT edT yd+
#dTq~. n< b+#q+L& uTC>+| eddTq~.
ydT<e&T n \ ed+# #T. <Tu<jTqyT `
<T+, u+ yTT<q \ n{ ydkq+ |sV+ ` n
Vd\ yTT<{ n<jT+ rjTb<s+u+ dsT\T |*q
d. uTC>yT ` n+f uT+ jTT n>u>+. qyTq #T. C
uTC qyTq kq+. uTC\ n>u>+ ed+# >=|y\u *Z
+&& d#+ . X+K+ X<y T q <e es *qZ ~. # >=| s+qT,
\ |X *Z q+<Tq n~ #+<eT+&\+ b* q~. q s|+jTT
<e +, #+<eT+&\+e, N{ b>=&TTq~. #+<eT+&\+e +
# q+< *ZdTq~. u>yqT&= >=| |#\ |s+ e+{y&T.
|#eeTb yT (>=| eTs|s+ e+{ sTyT) nH $|HsjTD
d] nqTue+ e+{< & lX+sT\ nqTue+. >=| |#|s+ | >\
q Ks+ #+<T&T LsT +f @$<+ > +T+<, H $X\yTq ,
\ b+#q+ \esT&q u>e+T uTC>+ y+#d q|&T
k]dTq ~. \eT \ |s L& |sT. yT|T XeTyTq u> e +T
edT yTiT|e \<$ yTiTdTq~ nH $wjT+ L& nqTue+
#sTe#T. ~ \usT' nH |j>+ <s <dTq~. X+Ks|+ y<~
nsTTq z+s+ b*q~. < < L& y<~ nsTTq z+s+ jTT <
e+{~. q <H\ ~\qT |P]dTq< |+ X+sT\ nqTue+.
n+<Te\ z+s|TweTjTyTq Xu\ ~>+\TL& y|+|&qT

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
39

C
d+|&&+# k+, z+seT+>|Twy| |seTeT+>+>, |seT
y~+> bs+uyTq sdyTq nqTue+ $ue+.
<T e&H u\T +*+ VeTjTq +TH, |d su\+ |j
b (q #T\qT C&+ qeTd]+q <Te&H u\T u>yqT&T
y<eTjTyTq X+K+ # | &T) n lu>e+ lXeTV]
|*q d & X+sT\T d]dTHsT. +Ts' nH |<+ <
ddTq~. <$&X n eTqT k+<s\V] s+#T=qT>, &
L& eTqT <Te e+{ Xe>qT, u>e+T y<eTjTyTq b+#H
eT dT X #~>qT lX+sT\ nqTue+. k+<s\V] es
Bj_sde q! y#+ dT]jTyT (ne! y>M! y d+yTq
y\ _&Hq H H{ e k \dTHe) n |\T&+~.
& L& u>yqT& dT eT# b&dTH& nqTd+<q+.
sH<_+yT nH~ #+<+& \TTq~. _+ eTH |<+
dT Xu\ b+#q+ _++. lX+sT\dT e#H\T < |< ` n
L& <dTq~.
s<|T<|]ue<' ` b+#q X+K+ jTT <qT\T ` |\T
q\ yT|\T *d #d >sq\ +f n~+> HjT B ue+. &
b+#q+ qT>H d+w+> <dTq~. X|q ~, n~ ` n
<Ti T |T \T. ~ d+q+ ndTsT\T. n~ d+ <e\+. ndTsT\ deTV+
# |<~. ^ ~rj<jT+ u>e+T |<X+ s+ueTeTq~.
< |wT n n+{sT. |X e\e+{ ds|wT \ qT+& |, dMT]+
L]q neTsyT ^. |wTqT z+seTjTyTq eT+>+ #jTe<!
yTT<{ n<jT+ b+#q+ Vw X << eTVX+KyT n n+ lw& T
b+#H }~qT> #|&+~. < z+s<, sTy n<jT+
s+u+ yTT<\jT ^|wT z+ss| bs+ueT+>yTq~. lw&T
jTT<+ bs&y] &T &T. n+<Te\ bs{ n+>+> n&T
X+U }<& nq&+ d]<T. n+<Te\ n X+KH<+ bs+u+ ujT
^|wT z+sH<+. |w nsTTq >=| ^|<X + ` u> y qT eTTK+
<sH z+s< nsTTq b+#q|Tc\, nH yT<qT\ bT
s+uyTq~.
bjq' ` Te+{ < eTq\qT n+<i s+#*. eTqT,
eT #+~q s+#\ ` + n+{ dyT ><TZsTejTT bsq.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
40

1
@|, 2015
ly<+< |D y T q <eHjT |+#XY ` nH k+ u> e +T
uVQe\qT e]+#|&T #~Xsudsu X+V dTs|! e
X+K# , bDse TTw u eTuj
T |<d |jTq+ > uejT' du e
(u>e+T uVQe\ +& X+K#\T \|sKs\| <sTT+q
#+<dsT\e X_\T u\ nuj # Vd+ |PsyTq $Xk
*ZdTHsTT) n |\T&+~. l X+sT\ b<~ dT yTT<{ s+&T
X\T l<\ eTqdT dT]+ +{jT H <eHjTdT yUq+
<V]+|&sTT.
sTyjYTyTT[|+<+ qesT H$TjTTyT XvZyT sT=DT
|H&TyTXS X&sY xsTT{&T b eT~jT zsY\\ qH&TyT qyT
esTe<T bH (8`2`10) n b&q bXs+ e b<~ kX+
+&&+ L& l<\ eTqdT dT]+ +&e#T. qes
bXsue+ @eT+f ` (#, X+U s+&T #T\ <]+q u>e+T&T `
|\T, $d]+q sD\qT \ dsT bT, b\e+{ \Hq #+<T
<]+, n~rjTyTq, dT+<syTq, q\, $T* qyTq |s+ q& e#
H&T) ` n.
d>se+ dT s+#&+ <X+ ` dT |we*
` n. & \|sKs\ ds#+<T\ + e]+#&+ keT+d+
dV <jT y< +. dT n+<yT q yUH s+q |Psd s d u e T+<
` nH yK X VyT q X+Ksesq bs+_+q+<Tq n<CH
L& dT |+|CdTq< d+#sT. yKH ` e|Te+
3e dsZ lw ~yjTT<\qT e]d |*q eT+<|Ps+ <<H
<qeTXSjT b+#q' nH X |Psd s d <V]+#sT. ~ L&
lX+sT\ eTqdT q~. u>e+T&T q eTTK+ }<<<T. yjTTe
|\ |y+ jT e#|&T @s&q < ` n e|T$ nH&T.
& lX+sT\T <e nsTTq #qTq+<Tq ys q+<|seX+> }<
|TweT ` |Psdsd yK. d' ` qy nsTTq <H\ X
|P]d ` n +&&+ < #> bd>TT+~. [<d$ jTT
V_XHe~' nH s|TTe+X X L& |Psdsd <V]+#sT.
|+#q X+ eTqTw\qT L& \TT+~. eTqTw\ VyTq~ n
L& b+#q Xus+.
.... (dXw+)

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
41

l
\ qd+V
jT
12`04`2015

l
X+s#s
jT
23`04`2015
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
42

1
@|, 2015
leT seqTCjTqeT'

leT<|jTBq '

esyU
<s` &d
e'
. \HsjTD, H\sT.
n|s~jTq |<eTT b<de #jTT#Tq~.
X

evZX\eTDXKs! |<u+
yVq keTeTqTq |s<yT
Xv dseTqjsTujsT|
sU#q d+ $<< dyyT 45
||<seTT : evZX\`eTD`XKs! R ]]| y+#djTTq sXwe!
es<skMT!, yVq R nCqeTT#, |<uyT R ~e#sDeTT\,
keTyT R (q) b*qT >Ti+, nqTq R u>T> |s#qeTT (ueqeTT)
#d, n+<Te\q, `n|s<yT R n|#seTTqT #dq, dsyT R |<eTT,
| R y{ k<eTTqT #sT=, sU`#q R sK nqT H|eTT,
uj
' nqj' R lb<eTT\ +qT, dyyT R deqT, $<< R #jT T#Tq~
n, Xv R \+#T#THqT.
seTT : VdX\eTTq eTDuwDyTq es<s|u! |<eTT nCqeTT
e\q qT lb<eTT\ deqyTq <qq u$+ nV+]+q~. <T |],
u>T> $#]+#T= q+<T > <qq >V + n|s<e TTqT | qeTT
#d=qT sUs|eTTqT <]+ l#sDeTT\ HXsTT+ y{ n\+syT
de #d=qT#Tq~.
y~ : <esk$T ~e#sDeTT\ eTT>yVqk+<seTTqT <]+#T#T
neT+<q+<eTTqT nqTu$+#T#T u$ lBT\T yx Hq<| \TeT<
$VjT (X.17) n yT >Z&+qT lb<<sHq+<qTueeTT q+<T
$rs yi= ~yejTek+<seTTqT y++# n+< \ sD,
nsTDeT\ ksTqqTu$+ <T|] sUk+<seTTqT =j&T#THsT.
k$T lb<eTT\ |\T$<eTTq keTeTT\T qT $]+qqT
|< eTTqT n~ deTeTT bsTTq~. H$<e TT>qT es<s k$T |<e TT\
b\C\q u$+q~. nT b* q<yjT d]p#T=qT L& k$T
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
43

C
l#sDeTT\| n|s<eTT #jTTjT >\< >V+q~. n+<T\ q
bjTeTTqT #d= <weTTqT =\+#T=qeq |<eTT \q~.
n|#seTT b<d++<yTq~ e&+e\q k$Tb<\eTTqT XsTT+#Tf
seeT qT sU b+~ b<eTT\ +<T u>eTTq ~bsTTq~.
n# wyTq deqT #d=qT H= n\+seeTT> qT+& k$T
l#sDjTT>eTTq sUs|eTTq XuqT *+#T#Tq~. XuXjTeTTq
k<qeTT> qT+&TjT de.
# seTT L& eeT>T#Tq~. T, nT, XsT&T
n eTT\T eT&T. M{ XseTT dsd+eTT, dsjeTeTT.
u> y qT&T ds Xw, ds k$T, d s $ \D T&T. ds XsT&T q s+ eyT
#H#qeTT\ dc<T\qT sT|#T+&Tq y<+XgeTT \T|#Tq~.
jTq dd+\eTT eyT dc~eTT sT>T >q jTq u>yqT&qT
~eHeTyTs&q< l$w|sDeTT |e+#T#Tq~ `
+ |\jT+ #e uHe>+ >yT
y $<eT$<+ # dy# u>y `$.|. 6.5.78
` d\ #q T\jTT dc<T\qT qqeTsDeTT\qT y] Cqs \qT deT>eTT>
miqy&q |se u>yqT& |\Te&TqT. Je\T jTq XwuT\T.
k$T=i eTTq~ nqT dV dueeTT \ysT Je\T. <du dd s
Vq' |seq' ` n Vd u~+q > deTdJe\TqT |seT
|sTwq &jTT+& jTq <dT\T> qT+<TsT. MsT |P]> |s+T\T.
M] ds|d |eT\ jTT |se BqeTT\T. $wjT eTTH VdsT\T
n @e #qH~|' ` 4.4.9 nqT deTTq *|H&T. dsXsT&T |
eTijTT k$T y& nseTT. nd+T&sTTq #qT q qT>
|se+f yi=sT> n~|s ueeTT.
j T < s d T + & > Je& T q s qTu e eTTqT nqTd ] +
dV$X<yTq CqeTT d++#T# VsD|, seD<T\ e qT
d+T&q u$+#TqT. , |se+f yiq Je, | qT
nBqT&q u$+#TqT. |se kT> qT+&T qqT Je&T T kBqT>H,
|sesBqT>H u$+#T |Vs<weT #TTqB Xge#q+ `

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
44

1
@|, 2015
j-q< dqeq+ eTq< ||<
+ q q + b|+ #sD|V]D' `usdd
` dVeTT> dsXsT kT> qT+& jTq XwuT> qTq qT
me&T nHBqyTq<> u$k&, n{ #sT&T, |V]jTT nsTTqy&T
@<TcseTT\qT #jTq>TqT? n b|eTT\qT #dq>Tq ueeTT.
|dTeTTq, |<eTT es<sk$T lb<eTT qT deqyTq<
u$+q~. ~ d+ueq e\q *q~. <T|], yVeTT =\>>H q
n|s<eTTqT >T]+ < e|=qT dsk$TjTq es<sk$T
l# s D eTT\qT b< s Kj T qT $Tw X s TT+ d$+# T # T q~. #
|s<yT nqTe\q, dy+ $<< nqTe\q >&yTq
s e TT e e T> T # T q~. X s D > j T d \ <w e TT\qT =\+
u>e<qT>VeTTqT #Ls>\< seTT.
.... (dXw+)
X

>D+
|Tq+ ` |TqeT\+
d+KqT n< d+K # eT] s+&T ksT >TDd e# \+ |Tq+
neT+~.
q d+KqT eT&T deq sD+\ \+> $ud y{
n+qT < d+KqT |TqeT\+ n+{sT.
|TqeT y>+>, dT\u+> k~+#>\ |<T\THsTT.
|< 10 es |Tq |]Cq+ e+&&+ nqTL\+.
1I1I1 R 1 2I2I2 R 8 3I3I3 R 27 4I4I4 R 64 5I5I5 R 125
6I6I6 R 216 7I7I7 R 343 8I8I8 R 512 9I9I9 R 729 10I10I10
R 1000
|TqeT\+ kq+ eq n+f |Tq+qT eq #T 1, 4, 5, 6, 9,
0 yTT<q$. q y{ |TqeT\+ kq+ 2 e+f |Tq+ 8
3 e+f 7 7 e+f 3 8 e+f 2 ` e+{sTT. +<Tq eq e
>eT+#+&.
.... (dXw+)

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
45

~V<jT+
(13)

& .@. +>s#sk$T, sT|.

31)

n< s$se< seT+

eTT~eTH' |seT+ |VweD'
#s|d+jT+ $~
dTs>DeT<> e#ds
lseTT&T ~ V<jTk nqTd+~+q
sT y <e>D\ q&TeTq +& dsT&T $T* d+w+ seTseDjTT<
#&>] e, lseTT # s seDT&T qk& >V+, o|T+>
s eTT+#T - nH eqT |*&T.
yUq+ : dTs>DeT<>' n & #|&q+<Tq ~T&TL& $T*q
<e\e jTT< #&&+d+ q eT+&\+qT+& +< ~ e lseTT
dMT|+ X+ \, ~V<j n&T nqTd+~+q+<T\ q
| #& \TdTq~.
& d+<V+ \T>e#T. jTT<+ sTy V~<e\+
\d @s+> uyH HsjTD <e' (e <e&yq leTHsjTDT&e)
n lseTT dT +, $wy n+<i + f >=|y&H $wj $d +> |*sT
<! , & dsT& n+<i+f >=|y& dT \T|&q<! ~
@$<+> bd>TT+~? nH~ d+<V+.
B de<q+ @eT+f - y<+$<\ eT<T$< - nH $<
q~. n+<T ~T bdq |b~+|&H, ~Tq n+s$T>
+& |seqT bd+#&+H $<jTT seT u<sjTDeTV]
VMTe+kXd+ *b&T. n< & #|&q bdqL&
~Tq n+s$T> +& leTHsjTDT bdq n+s$dT+~.
lsejTD+ n+{ leTHsjTDT& |s<eeTH y~d<++ |\TesT
|\T T\ |\Te]<s |\T d+<s\ |Tw+|&+~ <!
~V<jT+ H VXH#TXjT ~ d\<s u>yqT&q
leTHsjTDT |s+ \T|&+~ L&. n+<Te\ @ d+<V @$<yTq
neX+ <T. qT n+ deT+d+.
~V<jTyU He V<jTs+
+>ss ujY ksks$<+ eTT< (de|+)
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
46

1
@|, 2015

eT+&T yd$
` & b|H eX+sY, >T+sT
|> \< &\T u jTjT
|>\TqT s\T qT >* u jTjT
s\T yH\ jT\T |jTeTT\jT
s\T |>\T <\T |jTeTT\jT
` miq, qd+V|sDeTT.
ed+ ^w, es, XsY, VeT+, s TTTe wyTq<~ n
n& n<, < n d+<V+#e#T > wyTq<~ n+f n+<s
>=+T ^w TTTe n #|sT. TTTe\ nedsyT nsTTH
={ = nqTu dT+ ~. y esq \ se& |{q y&T mi|>&.
jTq s+q qd+V|sD+ TTTesq\THsTT. q |<+
yd$ m{ e]+#& #<+.
|>{ y <qeH\ &\T |jTeTjsTT. |>\T, s #\{>*
|jTyT+~. sTy yH sTjT #T |jTeTjsTT. s+>
<\T |jTeTjsTT.
q ^ |<+ |+< |syTXsT&q miq qJeq+
yd$ q esTqT #\ dV +> $e]+#&T. |< eT+ duy. dV yTq
d+>T | eTyTq \qM |<+ e.
m+&\+ #T & m+ #\> +T+~. @ y|#T +<,
eTi#T +< d<Bs y nqTu \TdT+~. >TTsT> |]q @
e$T& |H nsTT @$T VsTT!
|>H sjTH yd$ #\> Md bD+ edT+~.
yd$ s yH\y |>{ b n+ eTTejTyT nT H\,
T #\&sTT. qT #T #eT\T sTjT e\T w+>
+{sTT.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
47

C
m+&\+ s < > eT<VyqT < eTT+#T=dT+~.
|+ my Xs+ $X+ sT+T+~.
{ X+uT<dT&T miq |<+ +&T yd$, eT+&T yd$
|+&T yd$ #X&T!
ds dT+<syTq |<+ # sD \+ +~. =* s+&T
b<\ T~ u>+ u nH e eT eT |j+#&T miq. eT* s+&T
b<\T eTs= +> @s&sTT. y{ eT< # >T +~.
=*b<+ |> >T]+# #|q mijT s+& b<+ |>bT
s\qT L& n+<T=H&T. eT& b<+ s\ >T]+ #|qy&T H\Ze
b<+ s\bT |>qT L& n+<T=H&T. { |>, s\T ` s\T,
|> nH s+&T |< deTT<j\T ek deT+> ~ssTT.
|>\TG\T R |>\T. e es q|&T < |H
VQe#q+ ed, e es \ s <T\T> s+ edT+~. {
jT\T G \T R jT\T, yTT\T G \T R yTT\T, |&* G \T R |&
\T yTT<q sbs &sTT. BH VQe#q+T |s+ >Tq|&T d+jTT+ T\sTT
jTT<++T\sTTq &`\`s\ \|T T \s+T VQ+T> q>T q qjTd]
u\ysD+ dr]+#&T.
ssTT G \T R s\T. VQe#q+ #s|&T ssTT, ssTT, ysTT, ysTT
yTT<q e e] ns+ |dT+~. VQeq+T |s+>Tq|&T ssTT
|uT\ T~ jTs+T |+#T q u\ysD+.
us+ sD|s+ |P]+q s eTs<H e+ y<eT
\|{&T mijT. qT\s eTd dT+&> mib d] +
q |jT<eyTq nVA\ qsd+Vk$T nes+, rsyue+ e]d e+
s+#eTH&T. n{ qd+V |sD+ s|<*+~. V+&~ |sD
< eT\THsTT. miqqT |+<|syTX&T n yT#T=H&T. n+f
|+< s#H|< esZ<]> #|e#T.

z+ qy u>e |V<ujT<sDVy

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
48

1
@|, 2015

eTVus+ ` eqe due D

d+<V ` de<qe\
` & n|C&T y+ dTjT, s\T.
j<e \ $HX+ yTq lw b.
nes |sTw&T, j^XsXsT&T, ~eXd+|qT&T, $Xds|&T,
b+&e bD s&T, |D< nsTTq lw&T ` qqT=+f j<e
HX |&? eTTXb |d+V]+|#jT&? >+< Xb
|#jT+& #jT&? jTq M{q+{ |+#&T. m+<Te\?
H{ j<e\ eTd>TD+, edq|s, nV+sdue+,
n+'\V\T lw m+ eTT+<T qT+& \TdT. M eTTqT+<T
<s$<w\T, n<s|sT\T nes L& jTq \TdT. qT X$T+
]|q <sd+k|q M n&T|\s L& \TdT. n+<T. jTq
j<e $HX+ $~ $<qeTqT=H&T. < |+#+ ><qT=H&T.
n+<Te\H lw&T eTT Xb, >+<] Xb, j<e $HX
|+#&T. |+#yT <T ` j<e HX jTq <V<+ #X&T
L&.
<s eTVq>s+ |f eTVA\qT <w +#T=, j<e
HX deTjT+ dqyT+<, +<T rsu$T +< lw&T
ss TT+#T=H&T. Csq T |{ + #&T. n+<sT j<e\T deTT<rs #s T
#X&T. q #jTT<+, ~es<+ s+& ~$>TTH #d }sH&T.
<sT&T q eTs s<+ n~sV+ ]s+> deTT<rs #sT=H&T.
q m+ rjTTq <e \seTT*<sT qT e<* yTH HMT
|{+#T<T.
Cs j<e\+ u u e+k\T $|+> HsT. $|+>
eT<+ ysT. q^ $H< eTT\k>sT. nsTTH lw&T @MT
|{+ #T<T . eT<bqeT<qT q j<e\T eT eTT nd+< |b\T
bs+_+#sT. nsTTH jTq |<$ $|<T.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
49

C
eTT+<T> k, esqT#, k|e<qT |k$+, es
k|e< ]|q nXeT y+ H&T qT, @ T#T& ~+# yqT
d+V]+#& +~+#&T. y+H |<TeTT&T *+#T= n~ #yTq |
< d+> |&+<T nH&T. es, k keT<T& =&TqT #+|q
rsTqT | |{&T. ee |]+~. $y<+ reyT+~. nsTTH w&T
$y< |<T.
|]q yy<+, jT<Tew uC+< \qT esZ\T> N*+~. nsTTH
lw&T C+ |#T<T.
>VyX|seX n+<sT j<e\T, deTT<+ &Tq |],
n+<TuT q eT&+#T\ T+> yTT\qT |], +& ` =&T, nq `
eTT&T nH &\T +& ]H=sT #ey<THsT. n$ eeT\T
T+>\T e. eTVsT\ X|+ e\ k+T &T |q |{q eTTd ` j<e\T
b& #d y<#\> yTT*q T+>yTT\T. ={ eTVXe+yTq eTTd\+>
|#d+~. qT q | j<e& bD\qT rd+~. deTT<rseT+ Xy\
eTjTyT+~.
nsTTH lw&T y ={\qT n|<T.
eTVsT\ X|+ jTq eTqdTqT L& <|s+~. lw&T q
|qTq T+>yTT\qT |], $T*q j<e MsT\ q+<] #ey<&T.
j<e HX |P]#X&T.
+> #d ` lw&T qysq j<e\ $HX |+#+,
$Xw+ qT b eV+ < |P]#j
T + me]H Xs *dT+ ~.
, +> #d ` >Hd<] qysesT?
|sysesT? n+ qy. n+ qy y. +&q yqT,
+&q+ \+ +#T&T. +&> yqT, deTjT+ # T+#T&T.
n+, j<e HX L& jTq n> ]|+#&T.
.... (dXw+)

z+ qy HsjTDjT

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
50

1
@|, 2015

+<HjT X k+<seT
` & . ]C\ , H\sT.
d $e$T u#& Ve
b+>D#T\T D+qeTT
s>eT +u>]dTs{
<\>=T\T >j[qeTT
#|Ps$w<T>{\jT |Pq
|sTesTT+#T |\qeTT
+d|<s>eTHes~jT
eT<] &T eTsTqeTT
e&>\ q+T sTT$? >&qjT$T?
=~|qT*$, ~|<qyT?
|ue! <Due!
V$eTJe! l+<<e!
23
ds Xe T+T&q |sy T XsT sd T *, @qT>TqT Ves&+ @eT+
|Tqs+ < |<+ |sTceT$ # X* y]k&T.
q |seT+ VsD&T u#eT+ $T+#&T.
VeD, k$T $ esVesyT |]es&+ D+qeT. >]Tq
sdT* u++, neT <e\+~e&+ >j[ qeT. $w| b*
wD #+b\ eq |Pq bD\T, b\H s+#&+ |\qeT.
eT<Tsq>s <s >eTH n&T> q eT<|fqT>T eT<eTD+#&+
eTsTqeT.
u>e+T X$ @b{? # =~$. n$ |<] \eq&+
$ |j+q |<\T |<THq$.
q T d + V ]+# u\T& T >b\ \+ |s T > T T H& $
uj
T u+T&q +dT&T d\ u\ d+Vss+ #|P s$ w<T > {\ jT q |Pq
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
51

C
nH sd |jk&T. =q nq! #qT >T&TeeT u\|
|Pq u\w nq #sT=q>, >T>T >TT >TT eT+
s+&T >T\ yT bD\T L& >X&T. <+ |Pq |<> \T
yd H\L*+~. d+<s+ u$ bq #eTsjTT+> |<+
yXsT.
$w<s]|>eTqT
$w>dKT, $eT\$wXjTqTH
$wueueq
$w# #qT $weTT >=qT $wyT \|H
|sTceT $ #|qT |Pq d+Vs+ |<w |\q| #w.
|< q | #w\ q |\ q | #w lces+ $Tq> Xs+
eTT+#TsTT.
H\Ze b<+ ` +d|<s>eTHes~jT eT<] &T
eTsq eTT n+{&T $. e\j|& eTH |sT>\B eT<| fqT>T. eT<T s
s+><s+ <>Zs \seT, w\T B &\T #dT+&>, +sb\&T
B u\Ts| |+|k&T. n|&T lw&T < * =, <+\T |],
< bD\T rk&T. m+{ eTsTq+ b eT<]{ &>\T>T&T!
e e&>\qeTT. $ >&qq |qT\T. w
e$T$ $ |s=qT =~ |qT. ~ |<qyT n |+#&+ <H
de<q+bT, WqH n_bjT+ L& e e\ deTLsTT+~.
d
s* +dT&T qT qi >qy ` u] k<] < uiHe
d]bsqs H=+#> # $ ` *# & <+& q\]He
>& +<Te ~{ => H] ` y<] C|{ eHe
<s<+= s|& ` d|<eTT\ Cy|He
|seT $T{~ \ >eTT
MTs \T jT<T+T
|ue! <Due!
V$eTJe! l+<<e!
24

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
52

1
@|, 2015
|< eT+ L& sde s y T q lces |T {. e u> e +T
\\T. |sTceT$ >&&, b>&& L& u> neX$T#$.
|Ps><k+<sdeTT\d\T.
yTT<{b <+ : edT<e&T <e |{q lwD jTX< , jTX<q &|\ q T
<e <>Zs |&Tu&T&T. <e |d$++< *d, +dT&T #+|& s>,
<e ` nq! X$T+|eTq! ><\T&T ~~, yTq&\ |<q+ #d, |D+
b+<eT _&qT VT+T+~. +dT&T u\qT H\d =u>,
|\ |&, ne\> |>d X+K, #, |<, Xs, Xbd XS\<]DjT, m$T~
s\ ujT+s eV+, H dsdH + qT #+|&T MsT&=<d
dH=+<&T y&T <Tsr! n+T+~. d+<s |sd]+#T=
|sTceT$ ` lw&T &< #T#dT= q bD\T s+#Te&
b]bsTTqT> | d T H &T. <+ yw e ejT. +dT eT|f d+|T q.
s+&eb<+ : ~ qsdTse< d++~++~. qsdTsTe\ n~
s+&*, esTD#, eTD|seTH n|s~kH sTTq +<T&T
e V] $q$+#T+f, V] qsdTs e<s+ >sT&yVqT& jTs&T.
q us |se \+, |~eT+~ #|y\ dueT ds<|& us
y+ yT+~. =+ jTT<+ ]>, yT *+#T= Ms, X+>s
sk\qT{|&T> neTT\ es+ ]|dT+~. s lw&T eT $\T
q+<T= X| T nH ~yg+ qsdTsTD d+V]k&T . d+d V]e+X+
dueT jTT<+ #dqT <T. |T{ |sTweT$, lw&T qsD
sTT+# #$\T *# +, yT |qT+& q+~+qT e]+#&+,
$ #eTs ddT+~.
eT&e b<+ : ~ sTDD><. sTD |eTd+<Xq+<Tq lw&T,
yTqT rdT[ $yV+ #dTy\qT>, sT, Xb\, sd+<<T\T nD
re+> ||T{ksT. y] +<\ u]+, y] z&+, lw&T sTD
|&&T. sTD d+ + |TsD m+<T |&\ $ |X.
H\Ze b<+ : duek+<s<s< <kVeT, yT b<\| |&
b]+#&+ @eT+ >se|<eT $ n~|D.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
53

C
||+#q+ q # >&>&&+q u>yqT |se |
|qT\ qq #Ls$> $ +~k&T. +<H |syTXsT
ej$q+ >#]dT+~. qsdTsT e< q*# =&T <Tw
>]+|#d q e+ eeTT+~. u<$ n+X ++~ dueT.
qsdTsT&T u<$ esT&<! eTqdq eT>TeqT mcq dV+
$yVe&+ sTDD|T+ $Xw+. k$T dVH, kVk
~ deTT<VsD+. nCq+ n*q * H<]+ nq #sTH
X+>ssd d~, dueTqT nqTqsTT+#&+ <]+#e#T. $<+> $
#dq +< |\ dT n+<dT+~.
.... (dXw+)

@@ toz @@ (2)

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
54

1
@|, 2015

What Is Shiva?

- Web.

Shiva - The Cause Of All Causes

Shiva can be split as Sha+ee+va where
Sha stands for shareeram or body
Ee stands for eeshwara or life giving energy
Va stands for vayu or motion
Thus Shiva represents the body with life and motion.
Iftheee is removed from Shiva, it gets reduced to sha+va or Shava which means
a lifeless body. Anything with Shiva is with life, and anything without Shiva is
Shava, or without life.
So Shiva is auspicious, Shiva is potential, and Shiva is life. Shiva is all
encompassing - the universal soul or consciousness. Realizing this Shiva Tattva
leads to Ananda (bliss).
Who is Shiva? What is Shiva Tattva?
Sri Sri: I would ask the question What is not Shiva? Is Shiva somebody? Is he a
form? Is he someone sitting in some place? No! Shiva is the entire universe. He
is in every atom of the universe.
The Shiva Tattva Has Three Stages:
1. Arupa - without form, 2. Rupa-arupa - form emerging from the formless, 3.
Sarupa - with form; Before creation, the process of creation and the creation, is
Shiva.
Shiva doesnt have a body, he was never a person at all. To symbolize the
unfathomable, the infinite divinity, and to make it comprehensible for young people,
for children and others, they made a form. In fact, there is no form to Shiva.
Shiva is a principle (Tattva) from where everything has come, everything is
sustained in it, and everything dissolves into it. Shiva is the space, it is the
consciousness.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
55

C
There is no way that you can even step out of Shiva at anytime because Shiva is
the summum bonum of the whole creation. That is why Shivas body is depicted in
blue because blue signifies the sky; the all pervading infinity which has no limits,
and no shape.
The consciousness which is bliss and innocence, the consciousness which is the
bestower of dispassion - is Shiva. The whole world is moving in an auspicious
rhythm of innocence and intelligence - that is Shiva.
The permanent and eternal source of energy, the eternal state of being, the one
and only one - is Shiva.
The soul (of everything) is called Shiva there is no difference between
the soul and Shiva.
It is a miracle how the same consciousness is present in every being in this creation!
There is no other miracle greater than this.
It Has No Form Yet It Is In All Forms
In the Rudra-abhishekam, it is said, Virupe-bhyo vishva-rupe bhyash-cha vo namo
namah.
Virupe-bhyo means, that one which has no form and, Vishva-rupe-bhyo means,
yet it is in all the forms of the universe.
Everything, all forms are the manifestation of the formless Shiva. Shiva is the
consciousness that present all over; it is an energy field.
It Never Began and It Will Never End
Shiva is never born and he has no end. He is eternal. He is the fourth state of
consciousness, known as the Turiya avasta (the meditative state), that is
beyond the waking, sleeping and dreaming state.
There is a beautiful story related to Shiva. Once Brahma the creator, and Vishnu
the preserver of the Universe wanted to find Shiva and understand it completely.
So Brahma said, I will go and look for his head and you find his feet. So for
thousands of years Vishnu went down and down to find Shivas feet but couldnt
find it. Brahma went up and up to find his head but couldnt find.
The meaning here is, there is no feet and no head to Shiva. There is no beginning
and no end to Shiva.
Finally they both met at the middle and said that they couldnt find either.
This universe is Ananta vistara (of infinite expanse). The consciousness
pervading this infinite universe is also infinite and is Agneya (not knowable). It
is only lovable.
How can you know Shiva?
Tapo yoga gamya (a verse from Veda Saara Shiva Stotram by
Adishankaracharya. He can be known through tapa (penance) and yoga.
Through Omkaara you can know it, i.e., if you go deep into Omkara, the primordial
sound of the Universe. Om is not something that you repeat. It is something that
you hear.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
56

1
@|, 2015
How can you understand Shiva?
To understand Shiva the ancient Rishis recommended 4 steps:
1. Anavopaya - disciplining the ego, 2. Anava - meditation, 3. Saktopaya - activating
the energy centres by centering ones attention in silence, 4. Sambavopaya freeing oneself from thought
Shruti Gyan Gamyah (a verse from Veda Saara Shiva Stotram by
Adishankaracharya). He can be understood through the knowledge of the shrutis*
that you hear deep in meditation. Only through meditation; through the depth of
the wisdom of the shrutis can you understand what Shiva is.
Without yoga, Shiva cant be experienced. Yoga doesnt mean only asanas
(physical postures) but yoga is that experience of Shiva which happens in
meditation. It is when that wow happens from within.
We have three states of consciousness waking, dreaming and sleeping, and
there is a fourth state of consciousness where we are neither awake, nor dreaming,
nor sleeping. It is a state where the mind is awake but the body is resting, and you
know you are present, but do not know where you are - this is Shiva. And this
state is experienced in meditation.
If you start to enter that state where you are not dreaming or sleeping, you enter
the state of samadhi, where you are free from worries.
So where should you search for the Shiva Tattva? Search for it in-between the
states of waking and dreaming, or in-between deep sleep and waking, not far
away in Mount Kailash.
When you are meditating, what is the experience that you have? It is neither waking
nor sleeping. That glimpse of the fourth state is what is called Shiva Tattva. When
you sit and meditate, you get in touch with the Shiva Tattva deep inside you. This
state gives you the deepest rest possible that you can experience. The mind
becomes fresh, delicate, beautiful and innocent.
(*Sacred Hindu text that is believed to be a direct revelation of the cosmic sound
of truth heard by ancient Rishis
who then translated what was heard into something understandable by humans)
There are some versus in Sanskrit in which Shivas description is so beautiful.
Namami-shamishan nirvan roopam, vibhum vyapakam brahma-ved
swaroopam.Nijam nirgunam nirvikalpam niriham chidakashmakashvasam
bhajeham
.
(Opening verses of the Rudrashtakam An Ode sung in the glory of Lord Shiva,
by Shri Goswami Tulsidas)
It is the lord, it is the most powerful, it is all over, spread everywhere. There is
no place that it is not. It is that space, that consciousness where all the
knowledge is present. It was never born and it has no attributes. It is a state
of Samadhi where there is nothing, just the inner sky of consciousness. That
*
is what is Shiva.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
57

C
s>eTT `

Xb\q
eT\ kVre\u
` & &sT |uss&, b<TsT

\T\L, ujT \T\L.... nb\ q *b\T $Tq

| &|&+ (Nocturnal Enuresis) : < |&| n\yT <<|
3 qT+& 5 d+\ ejTdT n+<]qT ZbT+~. nsT<T> < |\
20 X+, @& |\ 10 X+, |< | 5X+, 15 @ |\ 1 X+
| &| deTd e+T+~. B sD+ # es eTX +&s
y+# X >Z&+. eT] =+ eT+~ yT<T&T Vsq deTT\+
be&+ sD+. ujT+, +<q,qque+ >\ |\ L&
n\yT e+&e#T. deTd eq |\\ \VqqT m#|&+, q\T>T]
< >T]+ e{&&+, &+, +#|s#&+ #jTL&<T. |&| sEq
yq T yT#T=+f y] V+ |] n\yTqT eqTe& <V<+
# d T + ~. d e Td qT+& ys T j T | & \+f + ~ {\qT
|j+#Te#T.

yT\e> eq|&T eTX yje\T (Bladder Exercises) n+f

me> eT+ e#|&T med| |=H |jT+
#jT&+e\ eTX +&s\ \+ |sT>TT+~. ~ d+ 6`8
H\\T #j*.

s 7 >+.\ s , s <e |<s\T e> rdTy*.

|&T=H eTT+<T eT $dsq #j*.

s eT< < (|ysT |&+ < ns+) eT $dsq

#d |&Ty*.

H\ 30 sE mksT | &b&, mksT &|< >{

|\\ #| y eTqdT n~ \+> HT= n\yT eT+>
>Z neXeTT+~.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
58

1
@|, 2015

| |jT\uT eT+<T\T, eTT ydT=H #T\T 3 qT+& H\\T

y&&+e\ =+yTs |*+ e+&e#T.
|\ eC\T |s>&+ : keq+> nesTT eC\T |s>&+ 8 qT+&
12 d+\T ejTdT bs+ueTeT+~. 8 d+\ H eTT+< ~ ] <
|yT#sY <] n+{sT. y eC\bT b&T>T |s>&+,
qH+~j\ <>Zs, #+ y+T\T se&+. |]jT& e+{$ e+f <
|wjT dt |P n+{sT. M{e\ s qw+ > < d+H ++
> s>e . =+<sT nesTT (nusTT L&) sTe me> e+&&+ e\
n& =e#] eC\T |]qT n|ksTT. # nsT<T>, n+&XjT+,
n&q >+<T +T\e\ yT<&T +T\e\ s>e#T. ys sD\T
q|&T B eT+<T\T y& neds+ e+&<T.
nusTT #r q >&\T (Gynaecomastia) : nusTT\ eC
jTTejTdT =+ |sT>T<\ |+#&+ dVyT ejTdT VsqT
|ue+ e\ n sT>TT+~. ~ &\D+ <T. u$wT |sTw @
e+ &<T. yT Vsq |ue+ e\ d |sTw\T sTe] Xs+|
y+&T\T |sT>TsTT. yTT{eT\T eksTT. n> |yT Vsq |ue+e\
eT>|\ eC =+ & edT+~. d+es\T >&#=B eT>y]
yTVsq |ue+, &|\ |yT Vsq |ue+ \|& yTT< |+q
\D\T ZbsTT. eT>|\ \eq >Zb (eT muT> e+f)
bd ds <s B d]#jTT#T.
.... (dXw+)

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
59

n ` eP] seTyVqse, H*.

|DeeTT $Xy|eT, n~ z+ seT TTw yeTT. n{ z+seTT
nGGyT \ @s&q<... TT><eTT |<e T Xe TT (n), jTEs<eTT
eT<XeTT (), keTy<eTT n+ XeTT (yT) \ \sTTjT z+ seT
|+&_bjTeTT. nq> dsXu\ ~ q~ nseT u$+#e#T. q
yvjTeTT |<eT |<eTT @~ n d n~ TT><eTTq+<* |<eT
nqTyeTTq+<*, |<eT X| |<eT |<yT neT+~.
X nMT |sVyT
jTd <eeTyT
s+ s<eTyT (TT.y. 1.1.1)
nq> y<yvjTeTT n |<eT |<eTT> #d #bsT. nB n jTT
beTTK.
n nw~ \\ & >jT ~X n~| > +{&T. u>eTTqT
|sCweT+{sT. n |\THeTeTT\THsTT... eV, nq\, be, yX qs,
nVd, <eTT, VQd e>s. n ]w |sT>\ d|V\T+{sTT. $
eT <y\qT #wD #ksTT.
n ` |T : n<e qe+eT+jTTqT JyXsT&T nqT TTw
|se Te, |sy T XsT&T |sy T w *qT n|sDeTT #TT+~. V<e
MseTT s_ |] _& <$+q~. d\ XjTeTT\ n~HjT>T
esTDT _&> _&qT ssTT+ leTV$we n& n n |sT |fqT.
eTijTT, n <V+#T XjTT, \eTTq n #sT XjTT #qT.
|<y&q |<| H&T n s+u<T\ HeTT ##T#T+& Ms|qejTqT.
MseTT u $T |&q +H dsy T y\dqT. VsDeTTH s dT > >\y&>T #
n<e VsDsdT&T nqT |sT e#qT.
n<e s|eTT : V]e+XeTT n`` q\ egeTT\T <eT<eTT,
C u] XS\eTTqT <]+q #TsVQ> <sq$Tk&T. d|yjTTe\T
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
60

1
@|, 2015
#eTT\T>, nsTDXeTT\T |Pq s<eTT| +{&T. n& |H yTweTT
(>=i) +T+~. = d+<s\ n<e&T yTwyVqT& +{&T.
n>T\T ` seTT\T : n>T\T 5 seTT\T y |+#>T\T.
1. &u V : ~ deTT<eTTq +&TqT. V eT+eTTqT |+,
< #|&q sDeTT, eTeTT, esqeTT $|des<qeTT >$+q#
d~+#TqT. B d~ b+~qysT VeTT #sT<TsT.
2. ss : ~ Je\ >seTT\+<T+& VseTTqT JseTT #jTTqT. ss
bd+ eT+b<T\T q]q# qT\ nJseTT q+#TqT. n{ysT
s>e+T q\eT+jTT kKeTT> J$+TsT. jTeTT\ jT+<*
n eT+d~# qT\ y~ * XbqT>V deTsT\>T#THsT.
3. c <yq\eTT : ~ m+&T s\ s|& e\q |{, eTeTT
yTT<\>T yjT+<T |jTTeT>T#Tq~. c bd+ d~ b+~q y]
\T#Tq eT+\T> DD&T#Tq |\T > V #jT e. n$ y]jT&\
#+<q|+o\eTTbeqT. eTijTT y] y~ \T>TqT.
4. eC : ~ +<T eCjTT<qeTTq +&TqT. eC bd+ d~
b+~q y] XseTT\T ejTeTT jTT<eTTq >, ~ygeTT\ >
u~+|&e.
5. ds : ~ ~T jT+<T +&TqT. ds n |> b<T\T
q], eT+d~ b+~q y] n\b|eTT\T <>y T , ~edT >*,Z +eTT
es J$+, uu$wseqeTT\qT msT>T X >*Z, eTT\+<Tq
|P+|&T<TsT.
y<eTT\T ` n : y<eTT\ #|&q <e\ n n+ eTTKT&T. eTs
<eq n~ d+K TT\T n >T]+ #| &sTT. n 3 s|eTT\
`` XeT+<T dsT>, ueXeTT\ eT< yTi|>, u$T| eV (C\)
> +{&T.
n eqe\ s&>, dssk>, eqe ` <eeTT\ eT<e]>
|]>D+|&&T. sD+>H dsseTT\+<T eTeTTq b<q.
y<+ n Xy#T&T> VqTeT+T&T q&&T.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
61

C
R
R

k yjTTdT+ MseT$T~X'
n+ <+ eDeTV
s+ $Xy<qyT
nd jTvd dTTyT (TT.y.1.12.1)
|wT\T ` n : <sH|wT eTTq>Ty jT+<T ||+#eT+<{
XseTTq b\T<TsT. M{H |+&+& \DeTT\T n+{sT. M{ |seTT:`
: CH HeTT : b V<jTeTT : o H_ : < b<eTT
: .
neTysT <+&d+u < nq> #jT. |syTXsd
$eT # q yTy# (X+s#s). nq> |sy T XsT (VeTT jTT) |]X
< #qyT # <.
neT>>$Tq+ ` dw eTT+<T> y\Te&Tq~ >eq n n
jTT s#qeTT. # <es| yTT<> y\&q~ n>T# <
nq&q~. < qjT+< jTTq ejT (+&)qT XsTT+ jTTq+<Tq
yT <+&d+u.
n{ |$eTT #d~ n. n{ n n>T\qT |$eTT #d~ <.
< (Y G n) nq> CqeTH n nCqeTTqT q+|#d~ `` eq
<.
|sDeTT\T ` n : |d< |sDeTT\T |<TH$T~. n+<T =$T<e~ n
|sDeTT. B jT+<T u>T eTV]# jT j>~ $<T\ #|&q$. e
b|< yTq sT |sD\ (Xe , + >, k+<, >jT, e, s) |sD\
~ {.
n ` n+^sdT |T>, | \ |uT e>, eTsTY >, X+&\T bT>,
H\Ze~ q eTd eTq+seTT d|sT\ > `` _q |sDeTT\
yssT> \&H&T.
n us kV<$. yT n be, |eeq, dT nqT eTTesT
|T\qT b+<TT+~. eTTesT 45 eT+~ |T\T. yTTeTT (1G3G45 R
49) 49 n>T\T. $ yjTT|sDeTT $#D #jT&HsTT.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
62

1
@|, 2015

$<Tsks+

(14)

` yTTe ec~|, s|.

@*qy <eeTT
H* +<Te\ deTTs<q d+
o\+ ;T\" CjT
b\qT" &|\eTTd|&T eTqTC+<!
6
$<TsT&T =qkdTH&T. z eqeH<! H $w' |~M|' n
Xg+ #TTq~. b\q y] deTT |P\ d+|| s # *. sE sT Dd
mH |jH\T d~ksTT.
eTT<Td*y&T # e$T&f+H{ < bdTH&T.
<] #e] yTH&T. |+&TeTT<Td* #dTq | $+> +~
sE. sE ! f+ yTT*, n~ |] |<< jT\Td
nqTu$+#\H? n|{< J$+#T<eTHH? n+ =+#+ Vq>H
nH&T. eTT<Td* q$ |u! n+<s n nqT=+f #T m
+&$? H sT yysT | \qTu$ ks HT THqH&T. sE d+w+
! <sT~ d+d+#qT. ~> &Td+ rd! n sTT#&T.
y+H eTTd*y&H&T. V! u>e+T &+ <jeTjTT&T. m|&
|\ $Tk&q T=HqT. s|+ e sTT|& |\ $Tk&q T<T . qqT <e +>
\q+<T sE d+w+, + <q+ d+ sTT#&T. eT nH&T e<T&T
q&<e+ m|& ks sTTk&T |\+. +# <e+ e{e{
|\$TdTH&T nH&T. |uTe q$ |w\+> <q$T y&T.
u<>\ bsT\+f |uTe*w|&sT. u<\+f |sT\ u<
\T>+& eqedejT e<ede> #*+#e\dq |qT\T yTT<\sTTq y
deT+> #*d |uTeq+~ksT. nqT>VksT. n> jTe $wjT+
uT&TL& $Xd+ |e]+#*. <s <] yT\T \T>TT+~.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
63

C
V+ |sT |s>, |s+ |sT V >
$d]+#L&<T. V|s\ dTeqT ]+#< usrjTT\ +. u+>
m+ n_e~ k~ky , <+> n+ n_e~ k~+#*. <q T
|+&+#Ty\+f <eu neds+. <eue\ eTqX+ \T>TT+~.
n+<]jT+<T deque+ |e]dT+~. H{ eqe&T u seds\
\+ |P]> ydTH &T. <es<q =+ deTjT+ {sTT+#*. u> e +T&T
|# + ~ eqeJ$+ deTd kK$seTT+~. <Tw >V |& =\>TT+~.
we\T d~ksTT. |PseTVsT\+ dsd+>|]>T <e|d+
>|dT #XsT.
us ns+. us< T<T. dTK+<T. X+ <T. d+ks+
<T. d+q+ <T. ueT u]+|&TT+~ qT us neT+~. eTsT
eT us\ deTTkq$T y] d]+#sT.
eTV$we \<$ V<jT$T#&T. V<jT+ ds#q\,
dqTuT\ qkq+. n+f us *jT+& @ #q #jTs<,
@ nqTu |+#T+& nqTu$+#s< ns+.
|PsyTT y +&y&T. s+s+ w\ u<#dT+&y&T.
+{ $wj\T |{+#T=Hy&T <T. n~ jTq usw+> +&~ <T.
H& y <j~ qT+& kjT+ y< $<sT\ < #TH
H&T. n~ y\ ` ~ y\ us >=DT>TH q~. jTq
|{+#T<T. yT |+ | {+& jTq \| |>T\={+~.
jTq q$ +d| >]+ q yT|T + d+ H\T>T qTH e]+# +&
+T+< m nqT=+{qT? n qe=H&| usqT |Teq<T.
nqTL\ejTq us |s+ dsZT\eTT+~. |L\ejT qsT\
eTeT+~. nH! eTq $wjT+ <\ $wjT+ \TdT<!
<\ us #+&. yT |sTq +<. us #|q |<
es+> #d~. us |+#sTTeeT+f |iTq +|yd~. |e\ sTTeT+f
+bd~. yT |& eTV] q >TsTe>] $wjT+ #|=H&T.
>TsTe>s= eT+ bjT+ #bsT. @+#<eTqT=Hy < es+>
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
64

1
@|, 2015
us #| #<+ nHsjTq. eT++ u> |#d+~. y H
* <T n+f Hes $&#~ <T. jTq |dT #dy\qT=+f
Hy |dT #jTqT nHy&T. |dT LsTHes usqT y~+#~.
<\ +&>] _+ e+~. |T q+> #j \qT=H&T. n+
eTT+<TsE usqT |*#&T. s| e +&>] _+. HqT |<\#T<T.
|{H u\qT |\Te<\#<T. |*H X<+> uq+ |<\#T<T.
nd\T |sX\ X~#j\qTe+< #b&T.
#+& \ysTCeTTqH +~. >eTjT+ |sX\ n*+~. u\qT
|*+~. ec|Pb\T #d+~. n+f $Tq|>s\qe. |<=+&T Ls\T
e+&+~. n|sV deTjT+ | <e\ <\# X<+ Xk+ > |{+ ,
|+&|<q+ #sTT++~. |qT\qT # d+w+ ]_sq <\&T
>Ts|<X+ $d]+, bsbTq |+&\qT >+>jT+ \T|e\d+<
us #b&T. yT <Tq y rd=bsTT +{yq T>\ Ts<> T +
bsyd+~. X<|\eT+ esyT+~. |+ | <\&T yTqT
+&ssTT e\d+< ]q+> X|+#&T.
{ usqT, deTTs<q nqTL\e> esTe\dq neds+
us q~.
>VdJ$+ +<Te\T |<qb\T. XuXu\ ys y+
+&~. y] |eT <]+#*. deTT<H\ y] d+||s#*.
||qT\T #jTys b\dT\T. y <y > |uTeqT> `
usqT> ` +<Te\qT deTT+> n]+ d+||s#sT. y]
y]e\q *> u\T y\ ksT . X|& sT. HMT #jT +& |\ yT
\T>TT+~?
.... (dXw+)

z+ qy u>e dT<sHjT

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
65

C
ly<q< $s

l dT<sHwyT
yU ` leH .$. s|Ty#sT\T, V<su<
dT<sq u>yqT nqT>V b+<<\q
l y<q< \T l dT<s Hw + nH k
s+, d~ b+<sT.
X |uXD;wD, es>TDkeTuwD!
ujTkqsD, ><ekqsD!
\<Twssq, >eTd<s<sq!
jT jTl dT<sq, jT jTl dT<sq. 1
ns+ : |u XD ;wD! : |u R XTj<T\jTT, XD R |+ `
deTV, ;wD! R ujT+sT&! es>TDkeT uwD! : es>TD R Xw
>TD\jTT, keT R deTT<j, uwD! R n\+s+> *q y&!
ujT kq sD! : ujT R qeTH uj, kq R #T nsTTq
d+ks+ qT+, sD R <{+#T y&! >Y G nekq sD! : >Y R
\ jTT, nekq R d sD! R VTyqy&! \ <Tws sq! :
\ R deTd, <Tws R <TX]\qT, sq R +|CjTTy&! >eT dY
<s <sq! : >eT R y<\jT+<*, dY R eT+ ` >=|, <s R <s\qT,
<sq! R #|+#y&! l dT<sq! : l R d+|syTq, dT R #, <sq R
s|+ \y&! jT jT R dss+> y\T>Te! l dT<sq R XuqyTq,
dT<sq HeT<jTT&! jT jT R + qeTd]+# > \T&y
jTT+&Te!.
seTT : XTesZ uj
*+#y&! D>TDus D T&! d+kseTH
deTT<+ qT+ ]+|#d y&! d\ >TqT s+#y&! deTd bb\qT
q+|C dy&! y<$ VyT q d<s eT+<T |e]+#y&! z dT<s q u> y qT&!
$sTue.
C yK : l dT<sq u>yqT dT n|yTjT+. leTHsjTDT
lVd |< eT+<T y\d, s+s+ q n>u >\ H |PjT&qT |<T H
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
66

1
@|, 2015
yTsTd \yT|T+> +& u>yqT ~eeT+> $>V sT|eqyTq
B| *Z+#~ dT<sq dT.
CwY ueq+ eTVdY (X)
rsTT b*q XyT X&sw wt sT#sH `(sT|DT)
#+<, ~, n+fqT n~+> |+#~ dT<sqeT]. n~
dTsY dVksU reyT n dT+|&~ <!
sTq # { |yV+ my y>+ e\ dT&Ts& $<+>,
dT<sqeT] ' |yV #T #\, eT] |\q, #TTq
sT>T#T+&&+ e\ >T+& syT s&q C yu e + \y&T dT<s q u> y qT&T
` n |]js | d w, Xs nH |<\ |qsT <w+ <
|]jTy#H | yK. |iHH s TT wb $T (sTby) |< HuT
# jT+<T $T+#T qT k$T q+< |{+#~ dT<sqT ds|eT
><<$ *|+~ <!
jT'| d+qT>TD+> |L\Tsq <Tw\qT, u\ $s<T\qT
d+V]+#y&T dT<sqT&T. eT<TuT\qT >q]qy&T. <e\qT u~d,
b+ ed+q sdT\qT d+V]+#&T.
b+'|br \eT| eT'dq<e ^s
nq~ <! dT<sq X+ (29), u>e<&q n+wD +#&
qT dw+ |+|q <TsdT ujT+sT& qT <V+#&T. <<V
+ + #+ <V$Te be' (u>e+)
2. es>TDkeTuwDT&T : c&TZDeT]jTq leTHsjTDT XwuT&,
ds$< +ssT&q dT<sqT&T L& CqX Xs Ms ' D
>TD>DT&T. |seT+ keT+ | (X.) yTjTHyT eD+=wysY
yT jT jTT nsT XjTY esY n uj
T y<+ d\ T ]+ qT u> e +s
|sT&T u>e+T ke, k<s b+<T&T. ds|VsDjTT<'
($.d.H) nk<sD keTs+ >\ #&jTT<\T u>e+T <Tw D d+
jTT<\T>q, DeX q|&T jTq ~eeT+ $>V k+<s

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
67

C
eT&+# usD\T>q X_ksTT, n l |sXsusY yK. c+u<d
uc n dT<sq X+ (30) ]dT+~.
X&swX+>+~ (.y.yTT. 2.3.10) |seT< usD ejYT
{sTyT, +>jTT< esTTi sTTsT|<T (<T) nH qes d e\
y +s+ jT'| dT<s q+ us D +>q, ||+ #+ jTT<+ > +T+<
$X<eTeTq~. u>eB| |s# q >TD q n\+s+>
\y&T dT<sq u>yqT&T.
3. ujTkqsDT&T : qq eTsD #+ |& |]u$T+# Je\qT <
qT+ |+ b&~ dT<sq+.
#eTw #q' XH _u
>$&T << jTT< _u
nbeT]+ d # eq' deTT<+
TjT+ <eT eTVc $e X.
u> e +T +Xu T&q Jy b+#u Xs+ \y&T. (#jTT<+
nq>H X+K+ L& |\ y T ) { jT'| <] +# #jTT<+ # VT&,
n+f | #+T&q qT&T, dT+|<q |seT d~ neX+>
b+<T&T. d+kseTH deTT<+ jTT rs #s& qT deTsT&e&yT
, q +<Te\qT L& ]+|CjT>\TZ&T. qT&T # eT |u&T.
n \ +f qyTq, eTyTq |seT|< ` ykH b+<T&
TT><+ u~dTq~.
4. ><ekqsDT&T : $X+usT # #+, \# |T eT&T
\qT nCqeTH n+<s ]$Tyd b&TT+~. $X+ $X+ us&+
s<|<~|' \j b\jT+r ` (dT<sqX+.15) \XsqT `
s l d.
5. \<TwssqT&T : bb\q{ q+|Cdy&T. bb\qT #dy]
q+<] q+|Ck&T. n+<] bb\q <+d+ #dy&T dT<sq u>yqT&T.
#sD+ |$+ $+ |sD+ jTq |P' s <Tw q

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
68

1
@|, 2015
|$D X<q |P' bbqeTs+s eT |$yT q |sqyTq dT<s qT#
|$T&q Je&T bb\q{ <>\T>T&T. dT<sqyT bb\H XTe\
qT+ eTq\q |$r]+ eTT\qT #dT+< y<eT+s+.
u<$ $we\ d+qyTq qsdTsT&T |<VsT y\ d\qT #i
|{&T . esTDT # , n~+&\q n|V ]+q qs \qT dT<s qyT
q]yd+~.
~dsZY |PsyTe qsd s V]'
nbVsY >dd #D sH$TH
nq u>eyT |eD+. b|se\H b||T<T\T |&sTT.
*+> bb\qT #d qsdTsT +{ y] HXq+ #k&T dT<sq
u>yqT&T. { ds deT|uT&q dT<sqT&T b|eTH N{ N*yk&T.
eT' K+&qyT dT<sqT +.
6. >eTd<s<sqT&T : y<sjT+<T $VyTq <s+ XsD> y\yT.
<s E&T , XsD > e\T&T u> y qT&T mb<TyT wH$TjH ` nqT
d++ u>yqT # $&Te +, +E& +s+ #d ds|+>\
dT<sqeT] L& u>e<TZD\T d+$T+#&+ dVyT. w>TD+ *q
nVAT bd+# (<>ZsLsT+&) e Xs+ L& y&&+ $+<T
<! ~es+ eTd' |skY n |sTceTT ds|<s y<+ $X<+
#dT + ~. lseT#+<eT] dTsT MT< |j +q <s > & |s , VsyT
<><> *d nD ]$T+< <V+#<T. dsb\\qT n&T
XsTT+q|&T yjTT+~. yses b& $&|{q|&T eT
|sT>TTq n y+& Td\T >={+~. T>T\T |{++~. k$T b<\
MT<|& XsD>T&jT > n eTqX |+~ <! n+f, XsD>
<s qT #]+, qys #]+|p| + \~ dT<sHjTT<+.
Xuq+ <sq+ jTd d' dT<sq' n Xe. <sq+ n+f
sD s|yTq +. n~ \y&T dT<sqT&qe.
Xuq+ <sq+ jTq d' R dT<sq'. me # + (ds|<sq+)
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
69

C
\T>TH n&T dT<sqT&T. nqqXw+, nqqXsD+, nqqu>+
nH sjT d+| * jTT+&&yT Je ds|+. {, dT<sq
u> y qT bdq #d Je dds|CqeT, |sd s|CqeT \T>TT+<
kss+. niTeTTjTw ` nH s d sD ei|seT
<seTTjT qT sTyw n #sT\T yU+q $wjTyT ~.
l y<q <\T l dT<sHwk ydq s k
d+>Vs|+> <$& bXs nqT>V+#sT.
mD\ eeTTjTT \vZeTiT D$TX
eDD\] e$ eyjYT eTTX\yT
DsTT\vX xsYwv< XveT\
yTD& jTHH mwwsTTijTeH
l dT<sq u>yqT&T, m$T~ <\T *q eTseT\+
iTD\T *q jT++, m$T~ uTC\ X+K+, #+, $\T, |sX,
s*, n+X+, ><, |<+ nH m$T~ jTT<\qT <]+ |dTH&T.
(s$T~)
bXs+ l dT<sqT&T nwuTE&, ncjTT<\qT <]+qT
dT+#sT <\T. {, l dT<sHw+ m$T~ X\ m$T~
jTT<\ |qT\qT d+#s, <$& yU d+qT leH .
uws#sT\T eT yUq+ $X<|]#sT.
yTT<{ X+ X+K+ jTT s+ d+.
|u XD; w D |< X+K+ jTT < XTe\ >T+&\T ejT\jT
> uj *dT+~ n ns+. $csTU\|P]d jTd
< sqe<s V+!! nH d +~<! n+<T lwu > y qT&T |P]+q
lb+#q |Tw sT+ <ssw\ V<j\qT <<]\ Cd+<
lu>eBZ \&+~. d<TZD\T \~ X+K+. d+kssyTq~. d\
b|s <+d+ #d~. <Te eH T\ CH *+#~.
n>sH |<e Td e# kjT+ b+#q+ Ved$T+< ` ~

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
70

1
@|, 2015
y< d\# ]+|&+~. <e es+ k>q s|+ * bd\
eTT |k~+# z b+#qe! jTeTT, jTeTT! qeTkseTT X+
$XwD\qT { $<+> ns+ #eTdT+~. s X\q s jTT<
s\qT > >eT+#e#TqT.
7. jT jT l dT<sq. 8. jT jT ldT<sq! eqT s+&TksT
|j+#&+ e\ n~ <\ jTT <sXj \TTq~. yTT<{ jT
jT ` dT<sqT | dssb| nH eT+>XdH u~dT+~. s+&e
jT jT ` uX<\ #d qeTks \TT+~ `jT nH <Teq
$Xcs VsT< d+V f s++~.
W\eT$|X jTss #
|jq+ <TujT+ d+T+ qeTqsD
CqX<d<TujT+ K\T CjT .... (dXw+)

$Cq M

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
71

yeTq eTT ` neq

(8)

`& y.uqTuy, >T+sT.

sTe sTe TT sTeq qq\+T

sTe sTe TT <~ |TeTT
sTe sTe TT qTeq +T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
|TsD (s|&) <s n |T>T]+ bNq Jeq $<q+, <T
$CqXg+, eqe JeHqTue + *jT#dT q n+XyT . jTj >~ T e\
$T#T # s|& *+#+ <s n |{+ VAeT se\T
bs+_ksT. <yq\+ < ]#T nq& ujT+s C\\T n&e\
|&bsTTq, m+&bsTTq # eT< @s& s|& <s |{ n&e\H <V+
yksTT. @$<+> +H #T (sTe) s|& *+N, *+N
|jTdH n |&TTq~.
HsTT jsT #j\+f yq $&e& e#+es |sT>TqT
\Te\d+<. ]q |jq+ d~+# es |jT+ |L&<T. eT~+,
eT~+ eTqdT ds q T k~+ dTBs k<q #dq sT y eyT Cq+
\T>TT+~.
k<q eTTq |qT\T deTLsT <s q nH esyZ T Cq deTTbsq
b{+#<q~. Cq+, Cd, deT<sq+ e+{$ k]> e#$ <T.
|jT|Ps+> s+s+ k<q <s eyT k~+#>\ n+X\T. k<sD
Jeq $<q+ >&|y]$ k<+ e u$+#*q neds+ <T.
jT d< nH eTVe\ esZsX+ nqTdsDjT+.
>TsTe \+, +u+T <V+T
\w+T n&T>T|T
*dq{ y] ~yeT+Ts
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
72

1
@|, 2015
XseTH +& #] q qT n+{q e*qeTT =\+#{
>Ts|<X + , >TsTe qT+& \_+# $wjT |]Cq+ neds+ . {jT +<Tq eTT]
=\+#+<T sTq +& \+qT ns>B d \|+ bNq \$<H\
{. +\T |ue+ jT+<* e*q+ n&T>T #], |P]>
XuyTq sT | edT+~. n<$<+> eTqdT qTq XsyTq,
d+ks|syTq |u\H eTT] =\+#\+f >TsTe<s \_+# Cq+
|j>|&TT+~. & >TsTe n+f <>TsTeH eTTK+> u$+#*.
eqe Cqd+|qT #jT+ >TsTeb \+. nTe+{ d#
eTqdT\T, we\TsT jT q >TsTe\ >T]+ nH d+<s\ eTq kV+,
de+ L& mH |keq\THsTT. dek syqTKT& #d
dseqy[ seu<qT n+~+q lw&T >=| >TsTy<. w+ e+<
><TZsT+ nH s $sy sD+ syqTKsXyTq ^
u<qyT <.
< me] &qT
y<T\+u&T y]y+H
u<u<eTTsT>&T
y<+ sVdyT\ yeTq jTsT>H.
|<eTT yeTq , yeTq CH, HC $<H dTdw+
#dTq~. q d<+\T K+&+H, $eT]+H, me]qT y<q\ b+&
q esZ qT nqTd ] +# +, # dys T | y& T > u $+H
|{+#T+&, m+{ &\T +& q&T#Te&+ yeTq $<H\T>
\TdTq$. < |esq eqe& sdsDjTTD #dq|&T yeTq L&
>TsTkjTT& <. n+<T keqT\+<] <sbjTT&q >TsTe eTV$
yeTq.
#| y\T>TCd d+T |\
eT+<T y< eTeTT $&
T<qT He] eTeTT <w+| |~\T&
eTqeTT sTT+#Ty&T eTTKT&T ye.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
73

C
& #| nq> n+ssqeTT. eTHHeTT\ #d #| eyT
> ueTT><T. d+T|\ n+f jT+<T n u$+#q>TqT.
B|eTTqT y*+ < CqdeTTbsq bs+_+, CqeTH& y\T>TqT
|d]+|#d qq+<eTT *+#T eTeTT d<+eTTqT $&|+&
+&eqT. sT e] eTeTT\qT (n_eTeTT\qT) | + # +& C>| & *.
$<+> |e]+#>* eTqdTqT sTT+qy& |eTTKT&T < >=|y&&T.
~ yeTq J$ $<qeTT. q eTqdT qq, H#]+q dsXweTT\
u$+q #H $<H\T #sD esZ\T yeTq q |<\ <s nq+s
s\ n+~+#&T. kV|j q+ de VyT jT q|&T yeTq |<\
>T~>Tq , n n+X\ k+|TJ$, J$ L&
|H<T\T yd >{|s |CV *+#y.
dVdue+ kV+ nH \D+ yeTq kV+ n&T>&T>TH
<]+#e#T.
yq#{ $es+T <*jT
|TeTT y<q{ Lu+
qT<eeTjTT <y\ >=\Ts
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
yqeTT<qT # |T HsTT =s y<& y&T eTsT&T.
sD+ HsTT j sT e& eT\|<s+ yq. ~ *jTbe&+ n$y+ .
n<$<+> Jys|+ u>e<+X eqeH q~. < >T]+ q
>T]+ qT \TdT eqe&T ss\ |s <eqT d$+, j
de q <Tws |*\qT |{|+#\T #d |D|\+~+ y<jT
jT u$dTH&T. e\ s{\T +& q <y >T]+ qT
\TdTq H& yTq Cq+ \T>TT+<, n< ye seZ T yeTq n_bjT+.
{ eqe&T m& u> e +T&TH& |sT >T\T | +& q |se qT
<]+#*.
m#qT+& e#T m#{ be
<Ts #+< yTsT> HsH
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
74

1
@|, 2015
sb n& b<*jTT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
dw u>e+T&T sjTq|&T eqe&T u$T| +#T,
eTsD+#T\ L& u>e+T& s. |{q<~ eTsD+eTT eqe&T q
sH n+^]+q|&T, |T eTT+<T #e sTy q d m&,
@$T{ nH $wj\ >T]+ +#>\>*. & q d n+f Xsd
><T. bDeTT < Je&T < nq& <V<sDs\ d. <
>T]+qy& yTq C n ks+X+. & <Ts nq> XX<.
<V+ qT+& w$T+q d. { eqe&T ~X +q|&T
nV+s+ n&T>+{ eTVjTT&&T.
d#q : |dT yk |<\ b]dt| (#s mH.>| deTT<]+q~)
qT+& >V+|&q$.

$Cq M

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
75

q #e<

|| |eTT\T

(13)

` & +\|P& y+fXsT, &T|\b&T.

sjTeTT :
d+V\TH=+| <q|T\ ;eTT uVQ\yT
q~jT ss TT+#qT. w \eTT\+<\ <HXsTT+#T
<e\eTT #qT eTiTe<T. q H<T \eTTqT,
>H<T\eTTqT qeTT=q b+#* njTsseTTq
qT\sTqT ~+qyqT qyTq <[& <|]<q|jT eTVdq
>V+Tq dT|+& jTTq e<sT & CsqT.
<|~ d+V\Tq~> ;eTTHqT=qT dTj<qT&iq d+V
\T&T, ;eTdqT&T, X\T+&T, V\<sT&T deq\eTTysT nqT $wjTeTT
*d<T. <s E&T |<e Tw, nsTq T&T X|>dT & T , q\ dV <e\T |qysT.
n~jTTqT> ys+<sT XkdeTT\T|j+|>\ys sVdesDeTTq
|j>|&T uVQjTT<eTTq |CjTsT. q |jTyTTqs H+{ kVd
eTTqqqT d<|&T ;eTT& #|#eT&#T qy& yT sjTeTT.
seTT\T kqTL\eTT\>TH& eTq *jT eTT\TL& eTq #T
#T+&TqT. ~ eTqd Xde TTq CweTTq d++~+q d eTT <T.
yD $|+#&T eTT.
& eTi= $Xwy T eTq # ]es qq<eTT esTqT deyXy T
+|<T. <|~jT ;eTTC] |s|+|e\jTTqT. sue us
jTT<eTTq+<TqT jTq<eTT\T bsTqT|+#T |jT+]. n&L&
b+#*jT > |sued+|{ $| y]qTV|s#e\d jTTq~. <
eTT> H+q# |+#b+&e\T |+#ueTT\T. n$ y$ kDTe\T.
y{ X |y+q|& #qe+eTT\>TqT. e\eTT ueTT~+{
*|q+q JeeTTqeTT <T.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
76

1
@|, 2015
q~ d#qTy<yTq|{ eT\<jTT n+s+eeTT
sjT<T. qT |ss+ueT+< #|qT @qT $q|+TdjTT s+>T>
q+d~+ >*+#T=, jTeTVe+T qseTT d+>+T#d<- yd
useT+<* nseTTqT |]|PseTT> |{+H&T. <qeTT #dq =\~
esT\T VdeTTq |+<s|eTTqT d+]+#T eyT.
NeT TeTq $|+#&T HdeTjTeTTq d& dT&>*e e+
sTT\Tkq b+#*# <eTi ~+#T#Tq e<sT yT*|+#T jT+<T
q $+q esT |X+djTeTT. eT\eTTqk+ eTVqd b| ;eTdq+ Xd
dsXe eVsT eHC VsTTD
bw b+# yde essu+
k\e eTVX\+ |\+ >eT rs+
|]w b+# eT<eT+ b+&Tq+<q+
d+V+ dT|+ eH<TsZ eT>s e<]e
;eTdq eTTbw<de eTV>+
MDe eT<Tsb >+<s+ k<T eTsr
nuuw b+# ;eTdqeT+~
cw + Xw ;eTdq jT<eT'
HeTd V b|jH use\u Je.
m< eq eT&+& |jT uTqT dMT|+qTqT, eT<yTq
j&T=+> eT>< #]qTqT <|~ ;eTTe< eq<! >eTr rseTT
q+<* eTVk\eTTqT |PBeeqT, eT>d+VeTTqT >*+#T &Td+VeTT
eqT, >sEqT yT\T| *+>qeTT#jTT H&TjTqT>TeqT ;eTT
E{ MDMT{qT eT<Ts|eTT\ <|q<. n~jTTHT! eTT eTT#qye ~+#T#T+{ y$T? usqT |su$+q b| sTT+qT
jTT+&> T <|{ q ~! # HjT b&. <d ueeTT \~. HjT&T
Bs<T&T. y>TDyT&T. { yTT< yTs y>eTTqT, sTy
H+qT ;eTT&T #e< |<e+| ~+#T >eT+ q|&T
*q weTTqT esqeTT dV|qeTT >$+q~.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
77

C
\T>TeeTTq HjT eTT>. yT q& dTyTq. C |~
eq eTH$seTT\T d seTT ee TT\Te. n~ jTss eTT. eTVqdeT>T
e+ysT< +=s& qT+&sT. B|eTT\+<eTT\T. { yT Xd
yT] |+#TqT! yT\q ;eTTC]q~. &&> T H < N{y ss TT+#T
fT? ;eTdHjT |*#q~. # yT\> q~. eT\eTTq+<T e
|& ejT<T. eT<TeT<Ts |<C\eTTq eT+<uwDeTT\ yT\T=*|q~.
n|&yT qjT+<T s*jTTq y<qeTTqT y~+qrsT, n+<* dV
seTDjT $T>T\ |X+djTeTT\T.
<|~ q jyXeTTq T+|<T. #qye |sT+{yeT
|+#<T. qqT |su$+ d<q+Tq+ #+&T eTTqTq i+>T
<| dTUXj
T qT <djT qT yTT>T&T qi sDyTjT~ ;eTdq
nqT#T HsT> eT+<u\T # X* n&qT>, n&T>qTqT> usqT
eT+<*+q~. HsT> <cs|DeTTCjTT sk<\ \DeTT <T><!
n+<Te\q q jTTeT*eT+jTT MTjTq |seT+T e\<qH=
<jTe*{jT dyXeTTq eTi=b | eTs*+#qT. qqT
|su$+ #q #&dTeT+jTT u<, <+&qeTqTu$+| H|{e
dTK+T ~+|#T+& T <|{q< dT|d+VeTTqT yTqT. {
esTq sDeTT <<qeTTq+<T V<jV<eT>TqT $\eTTqT
d]~<T eyT- V<jV~ #TseT] <|+T HHskuT<j
djT < bs+ueTTq $s|seTTqT |]#jTeTT #dH&T q !
bDdsq+Tq yT+q ;eTT&es~jT |+#qT. qT\Ts
q+ H<T{eTw |+#<qT=+<eTT. n+<T sDeTq# q#{ N{
e#TqT. qT\T sTejT C><edu+<TjTT e#TqT. =~b{
y\T>TqqT qT|qy] >eT+|C\ bejTTqT e#TqT. <q
y+H |]dseTT\ y\T>T qT\\yT |&TesqT edTe\ >T]+|be
u deTT. #e\T<T. d|eT+<TqT de#seTT Csy#TqT.
HqTn de<qyTTdq~ <|~. ;eTdqT&jT\T>TqT >V+#qT.
jd qT C]q sseTT qV+#qT. , eTT+<T C>
n\yTqH <$T{b<T TsH\, mesTqT #&<T <jT n

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
78

1
@|, 2015
dVeTT>H |\T]+#qT.
&+#T p& <|~# yT>&T yud=qT neXeTT
*+#T $ jTT<XeT #TqT. ~ jT<eT\eTT. ;eTdqTq <|~
b+~q u+ >bTeeTT *jTTqT> < |Ps|se TT\T *jTe. *d=q
e\jTTqqT ] n+&T dVeTT. n+<Te\H u\T HyT eq
$wjTyTi+jTT d+uwDeTTq |$T+H&T.
eT e+eTT sVdyTq~ qT deTjTeTTq deTjTu+>eTTq
yi qTC]q dH<] s+qTL\sT ueT y+H |+|yj
T e\dq
;eTT# T e\ u&+|CjTT deTjeTT < jT|+#TqT.
n+{ XseTTq HTe+{ >Td>TdqqT >T&>+\e <+#TqT><!
eTi qjT\ sT jTHeTTqT k>BdqT? eT\eT+<TqH n>qTq
sT d+uwDeTTqT nsTe~jsT |< e#qeTT\ k> BH= K+&
eeTTqT CjTH\? sVk#qeTT e\jTTH& #sy~e dTBsuwDeTT
#jT<>TH!
# >TqjT #|e\djTT+&TqT. dyXeTT sVk#H~w
yTq<jTTqT |<TH=+&T H\]<TsT> H=sT eTd\T#T+&jTT e{&
H#T=q dr|T\ \sTTsTT~. e+sTT+ q|&|&=+ e{&T=qT
#T+&qT eT\eTTq \<T> eTqdT$| e{&T =q d+<s e TT<T . n+<TqT,
eTVsEq |{jT n+$T+q ksueTT sTT+yT{q ||sDjT
eTqq\+~q jT< e\yTT k<sD s| d|sqsT H& MT<+
_&T>T|&q y >=i$+p&q i+>Tq u+ >bTq+~ |rs#j
T | C]q
.... (dXw+)
|T$T~.

d+d uc |P]eT

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
79

l<M K&Ze
12. X<X e$T<T qqy+e
X<<X+ (d) w#TsyT. ndl
X<Xe$T<Tqqy+eeTVeT+d T~
~csT $c~ TTw', nwX q ' , y< d s
u{ s | s d d\ q\* eTVu{ ] d X s
yTXs eTVu{s $T<Tq+ <e. + ;+ -+ X'-k' \+ ds d+ uq d< $j>'.
T~ ~csTTH $c~TTwjT qeT' (sd) , nw# q d qeT'
(eTTU), y< dsu{s|sdu+ d\q\*eTVu{]
d X syTXsu+ eTVu{ s u+ $T<T HjT <eu+ qeT' (V~),
+ ;CjT qeT' (>TV), + Xj
T qeT' (Hu), k' \jT qeT' (b<j ')
, $j>jT qeT' (ds+>) V+ ~H sV <j ~Hd'
sH d'
V<j ~Hd'
V+ n+>Tcu + qeT'
V+ V<j jT qeT'
V+ s u+ qeT'
V+ sd kV
VA+ eT< eu+ qeT'
VA+ UjT ew{
V + nH$Tu+ qeT'
V + e#jT VQyT
V+ w u+ qeT'
V+ Hj jT yw{
V' s \ s| cu + qeT'
V' nkjT |{
u sTedTes$T ~>+<'
<qX' :
su H eTDeTjTT s +se T
Vk+uCd bX+XeT<q<q TkjT ] dTsH
|HT+ >ejTT>\ X\Ts sV s+>
<jT<+usTVkesTDeTedHMXsMXsDyT
X <$! < e Xs +~jT#k yT
d+ uH < ]D' du ' dds|svU'
(\+, ~ |+#|P C+ sY)
\+ |Bu+ qeT' >+<+ |]\j$T
V+ X u+ qeT' |w+ |]\j$T
jT+ yjTTu+ qeT' < |+ |]\j$T
s+ d u+ qeT' B|+ |]\j$T
e+ neT u+ qeT' neT|V s+ |]\j$T

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
80

1
@|, 2015
+ V+ l+ z+ qeT'

1 |sdT+<s qeT' b<T+ |Pj$T

(Hk+><e\T 6)

2
3
4
5
6
7

V<jT<y qeT'
s<y qeT'
U<y qeT'
e#<y qeT'
H<y qeT'
nd<y qeT'

(Hk+><e\T 6)

(c&X ~\T 16)

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

yTXs qeT'
u>e*H qeT'
HjT qeT'
usT+&jT qeT'
eVydH qeT'
eTVeCXs qeT'
e< qeT'
]jT qeT'
\dT+<s qeT'
jT qeT'
\|jT qeT'
$jjT qeT'
dseT+>jT qeT'
Ce*H qeT'
jT qeT'
eTVjT qeT'

V<jT<yjT qeT'
s<yjT qeT'
U<yjT qeT'
e#<yjT qeT'
H<yjT qeT'
nd<yjT qeT'

(c&X ~T\T 16)

(>TsT eT+&\+)

24
25
26
27
28
29
30

+ V+ l+ z+ qeT
|sdT+<sjT qeT' b<T+ |Pj$T

|syTXs|syTXs qeT'
$TXeTjT qeT'
wwXeTjT qeT'

&XeTjT qeT'

#sH<eTjT qeT'
beTT<eTjT qeT'
n>deTjT qeT'

yTXsjT qeT'
u>e*H qeT'
HjT qeT'
usT+&jT qeT'
eVydH qeT'
eTVeCXsjT qeT'
e<jT qeT'
]jT qeT'
\dT+<sjT qeT'
jT qeT'
\|jT qeT'
$jjT qeT'
dseT+>jT qeT'
Ce*H qeT'
jT qeT'
eTVjT qeT'
(>TsT eT+&\+)

|syTXs|syTXsjT qeT'
$TXeTjjT qeT'
wwXeTjjT qeT'
&XeTjjT qeT'
#sH<eTjjT qeT'
beTT<eTjjT qeT'
n>deTjjT qeT'

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
81

C
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52

\|qeTjT qeT'

<s#seTjT qeT'

eTToXseTjT qeT'

B|H<eTjT qeT' b<T+ |Pj$T

$w<eeTjT qeT'

|us<eeTjT qeT'

C<eeTjT qeT'

eTH<eeTjT qeT'

D<eeTjT qeT'

s<eeTjT qeT'

ydT<eeTjT qeT'

lseq+<eTjT qeT'

\|qeTjjT qeT'

<s#seTjjT qeT'

eTToXseTjjT qeT'

B| H<e TjjT qeT' b<T+|Pj$T

$w<eeTjjT qeT'

|us<eeTjjT qeT'

C<eeTjjT qeT'

eTH<eeTjjT qeT'

D<eeTjjT qeT'

s<eeTjjT qeT'

ydT<eeTjjT qeT'

lseq+<eTjjT qeT'

(u|seTT |<eTsK <e\T 10)

(u|seTT |<eTsK <e\T 10)

nDed< qeT'
\|Ted< qeT'
eTVed< qeT'
d< qeT'
ed< qeT'
beTd< qeT'
uTd< qeT'
#d< qeT'
b|d< qeT'
dseTd< qeT'

nDed<jT qeT'
\|Ted<jT qeT'
eTVed<jT qeT'
d<jT qeT'
ed<jT qeT'
beTd<jT qeT'
uTd<jT qeT'
#d<jT qeT'
b|d<jT qeT'
dseTd<jT qeT'

(u|s+ ~rjT sK <e\T 8)

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

uV qeT'
eVXs qeT'
es qeT'
ywy qeT'
ysV qeT'
eV+< qeT'
#eTT+&jT qeT'
eTV\ qeT'

(u|s+ ~rjT sK <e\T 8)

(u|s+ rjTsK <e\T 10)

61 dsd+_D qeT'

uVjT qeT'
eVXsjT qeT'
esjT qeT'
ywyjT qeT'
ysVjT qeT'
eV+<jT qeT'
#eTT+&jT qeT'
eTV\ qeT'

(u|s+ rjTsK <e\T 10)

dsd+_D qeT'

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
82

1
@|, 2015
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

ds$<$D qeT'

dssD qeT'

dseX+s qeT'

dsH~H qeT'

dseTV+XjT qeT'

dsU#s qeT'

ds;CjT qeT' b<T+ |Pj$T

dsjH qeT'

dsK+&jT qeT'

yVq#k$TH qeT'

|{jH qeT'

ds$<$D qeT'

dssDjT qeT'

dseX+sjT qeT'

dsH~H qeT'

dseTV+XjT qeT'

dsU#sjT qeT'

ds;CjT qeT'
b<T+ |Pj$T
dsjqjT qeT'

dsK+&jT qeT'

yVq#k$TH qeT'

|{jH qeT'

(c&X<|<eT+<* sD<e\T(16)

(c&X<|<eT+<* sD<e\T(16)

es D qeT'
T<s D qeT'
nV+ss D qeT'
Xus D qeT'

dss D qeT'
sbs D qeT'
sks D qeT'

>+<s D qeT'
s D qeT'

<ss D qeT'
ds D qeT'
HesD qeT'
;Cs D qeT'

s D qeT'
neTs D qeT'
Xss D qeT'
dsX|]|Ps# k $TH qeT'
>T|jH qeT'

(nw<|<eT+<* <e\T 8)

91 nq+>dTejT qeT'
92 nq+>yTKjT qeT'
93 nq+>eT<HjT qeT'

esDjT qeT'
T<sDjT qeT'
nV+ssDjT qeT'
XusDjT qeT'
dssDjT qeT'
sbsDjT qeT'
sksDjT qeT'
>+<sDjT qeT'
sDjT qeT'
<ssDjT qeT'
dsDjT qeT'
HesDjT qeT'
;CsDjT qeT'
sDjT qeT'
neTsDjT qeT'
XssDjT qeT'
dsX|]|Ps#k$TH qeT'
>T|jH qeT'

(nw<|<eT+<* <e\T 8)

nq+>dTejT qeT'
nq+>yTKjT qeT'
nq+>eT<HjT qeT'

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
83

C
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

nq+>eT<HTsjT qeT'
nq+>sUjT qeT'
nq+>yH qeT'
nq+>+XjT qeT'
nq+>e*H qeT'
dsd+uD#k$TH qeT'
>T|sjH qeT'

nq+>eT<HTsjT qeT'
nq+>sUjT qeT'
nq+>yH qeT'
nq+>+XjT qeT'
nq+>e*H qeT'
dsd+uD#k$TH qeT'
>T|sjH qeT'

(#TsXseT+&* <e\T 14)

(#TsXseT+&* <e\T 14)

dsd+_D qeT'

ds$<$D qeT' b<T+ |Pj$T

dss D qeT'

dsV~H qeT'

dsdyVH qeT'

dsd+_H qeT'

ds+_D qeT'

dseX+s qeT'

dss+H qeT'

dsH~H qeT'

dssk~H qeT'

dsd+||PsD qeT'

dseT+eTjT qeT'

ds<+<jT+s qeT'

dsku><jT#k$TH qeT'

d+|<jTjH qeT'

dsd+_D qeT'

ds $<$D qeT'
b<T+|Pj$T
dssDjT qeT'

dsV~H qeT'

dsdyVH qeT'

dsd+_H qeT'

ds+_D qeT'

dseX+sjT qeT'

dss+H qeT'

dsH~H qeT'

dssk~H qeT'

dsd+||PsDjT qeT'

dseT+eTjjT qeT'

ds<+<jT+sjT qeT'

dsku><jT#k$TH qeT'

d+|<jTjH qeT'

(VsXseT+&* <e\T 10)

(VsXseT+&* <e\T 10)

dsd~|<jT qeT'
dsd+|<jT qeT'
ds|jT+s qeT'
dseT+>\]D qeT'
dseT|<jT qeT'
ds<T'K$yH qeT'
dseTT|XeTH qeT'
ds$|Ty]D qeT'
ds+>dT+<s qeT'

dsd~|<jT qeT'

dsd+|<jT qeT'
ds|jT+sjT qeT'
dseT+>\]D qeT'
dseT|<jT qeT'

ds<T'K$yH qeT'
dseTT|XeTHjT qeT'
ds$|Ty]D qeT'

ds+>dT+<sjT qeT'

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
84

1
@|, 2015
126 dsku><sTTH qeT'
127 dssk<#k$TH qeT'
128 rsjH qeT'

129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150

(n+sXs eT+&* <e\T 10)

(n+sXs eT+&* <e\T 10)

dsCjT qeT'

dsX qeT'

dsXs|<jT qeT'

dsCqeTjT qeT'

dsy~|XeTH qeT'

ds<sdsbjT qeT'

dsb|VsjT qeT'

dsq+<eTjT qeT'

dssds|D qeT' b<T+ |Pj$T

ds||<jT qeT'

dsss#k$TH qeT'

>sjH qeT'

dsCjT qeT'

dsXjT qeT'

dsXs|<jT qeT'

dsCqeTjjT qeT'

dsy~|XeTHjT qeT'

ds<sdsbjT qeT'

dsb|VsjT qeT'

dsq+<eTjjT qeT'

dssds|D qeT' b<T+ |Pj$T

ds||<jT qeT'

dsss#k$TH qeT'

>sjH qeT'

(ncseT+<* y>e\T 8)

(ncseT+<* y>e\T 8)

eH qeT'
yTXs qeT'
y~H qeT'
$eTjT qeT'
nsTDjT qeT'
sTTH qeT'
dsXs qeT'
*H qeT'
dss>Vs#k$TH qeT'
sVdjH qeT'

(DeT+&* <e\T)

151
152
153
154
155
156

dsku><sTTH qeT'
dssk<#k$TH qeT'
rsjH qeT'

uDH qeT'
#|H qeT'
bH qeT'
n+H qeT'
eTVyTXs qeT'
eTVeCXs qeT'

eH qeT'
yTXsjT qeT'
y~H qeT'
$eTjT qeT'
nsTDjT qeT'
sTTH qeT'
dsXsjT qeT'
*H qeT'
dss>Vs#k$TH qeT'
sVdjH qeT'

(DeT+&* <e\T)

uDH qeT'
#|H qeT'
bH qeT'
n+H qeT'
eTVyTXsjT qeT'
eTVeCXsjT qeT'

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
85

C
157
158
159
160

eTVu>e*H qeT'

eTVldT+<s qeT'

dsd~|<#k$TH qeT'
nsVdjH qeT'

(qeeesD<eHeTeTT)

173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181

lleTVu{sjT qeT'
dsq+<eTjT#k$TH qeT'
|s|ssVdjH qeT'

(qeeesD<eHeTeTT)

161 lleTVu{]jT qeT'

162 dsq+<eTjT#k$TH qeT'
163 |s|ssVdjH qeT'
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172

eTVu>e*H qeT'
eTVldT+<sjT qeT'
dsd~|<#k$TH qeT'
nsVdjH qeT'

qe#XHeTeTT\T

qe#XsHeTeTT\T

|sjT qeT'

|sX qeT'

|sdT+<s qeT'

|sydH qeT'

|sjT qeT'

|se*H qeT'

|sd<jT qeT' b<T+ |Pj$T

|s+ujT qeT'

eTV|sdT+<s qeT'

|sjT qeT'

|sXjT qeT'

|sdT+<sjT qeT'

|sydH qeT'

|sjT qeT'

|se*H qeT'

|sd < jT qeT'

b<T+|Pj$T
|s+ujT qeT'

eTV|sdT+<sjT qeT'

_+<T#XHeTeTT\T

_+<T#XsHeTeTT\T

eTVeTVXs qeT'
eTVeTVsC qeT'
eTVeTVX qeT'
eTVeTV>TbjT qeT'
eTVeTV| qeT'
eTVeTVq+<jT qeT'
eTVeTVd+<jT qeT'
eTVeTVXjjT qeT'
eTVeTVl#q>sdeC qeT'

eTVeTVXsjT qeT'
eTVeTVsCjT qeT'
eTVeTVXjT qeT'
eTVeTV>TbjT qeT'
eTVeTV|jT qeT'
eTVeTVq+<jT qeT'
eTVeTVd+<jT qeT'
eTVeTVXjjT qeT'
eTVeTVl#q>sdeC qeT'
qeTd ' kV
l+ V+ yT (5479)

@Ho~#T'Xs|+#dVksD
X<X e$T<Tq qy+e
(|q' n+>HdsHk sY. z+ usTedTe' ~y')

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
86

1
@|, 2015

z+ |+\jT qeT'

j>d\T
(13)

` +>T+ dTuse, Ns\.

d+ 36 :` $X y Cwr
Speaking of the means of attaining one-pointedness in Yoga or
concentration, Patanjali listedout some alternatives. Now he says that it can be
achieved by keeping the thought - impulses pinned on Jyotishmati, which, in
philosophy, refers to a state of mind filled with satvaguna or purity without a
negative trace. He further qualifies this totally positive impulse called satva,
calling it Vishoka, that is, without sorrow or pain, which state is a perfect
equilibrium which is called peace which in its turn results in concentration.

@>qT k~+#{ |]+# |<T\qT $e]+# d+<s+

|+* eT]jTT |ej & ddTH&T, $XyTq Cw|
eTqdT *H @> k<eTeT+<. Cw nq~, y<+|]uw,
X<d>TD|PsyTq eTq' d. d eTqdT jT $wjT+MT<> edTe
MT<> e MT< > ue+ MT< > mTe+{ esuy\, q<
qT <]+# X \T>TT+~. Be\q eTqdT $XeTeT+~, n+f <T'K+,
u< nq$ eTqdTqT+& =\bsTT. |\ds|+> |seTX+ \_+,
eTqX+# b>={ \T& *+, @>+ #dT+~.
nsTT Cw nq& d k~+#yT{? B \+q @~?
n+f, j>Xg+, Cw nq& kqyTT{ k< Xs+ q<
eTqdTqT n& \T|eq n+T+~. kqyT&? n+f, b&T| `
i=eTT, s+&{ eT<. i=eTT | u>+qT+& +s+ yTT<\eT+~ qT =+<sT
+s b&T|L eT< n+{sT. nsTT eqe Xs d #d ~
qs<T. e\+ j>< w ~ | + . <= XsejTe+ <T. }|]T\ T,
jT+ e. <= X +<+. j>T\~ |<s+ <sq$TdT+~. ~
< #q +<+. |<+ C y\T>T |dT+~. B
#q y] >=| X+, q+<+ nqTueeTeT+<q~ j>T\ e.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
87

C
d+ 37 :` Ms>$wjT+ y yT
This is interpreted in two ways : 1) Or, one may achieve concentration
by keeping the mind free from all those things which involve one in attachment
to the world. Vishaya is the worldly object which attracts, engages and entangles
the mind in sensual pleasures, making the person more and more sensuous and
not allowing him to explore the spiritual domain. By training the mind to keep off
those sensual objects, gradually one may achieve one-pointedness. 2) Or, One
may achieve concentration by fixing one's thoughts glued on an illumined soul
like one's own preceptor or on a guru or preceptor of renown like the Buddha, the
Christ, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Sadguru Sankaracharya and so on and so
forth. Thus the practitioner achieves a spiritual communication with the illumined
soul and in due course gets illumination transmitted unto his own self. Either
interpretation boils down to the one truth that the practitioner of yoga should try
to get spiritual illumination which is possible but by keeping oneself free from the
clutches of the senses and their objects.

ds s +&T $<\T> k~+#e#T : 1) s> *+#

$wj\qT <s+> +#+ <s @>qT k~+#e#T. #+#
sDyTq$ |+#+~j\T : qT ` <X+, eTT ` ydq, #$ ` X+
(XeD+), H\T ` sT, #s+ ` ds. j +~j\ e\q j $<\
Cq+ \T>TTq~. Cq+ e\q eTqdT >T \+ @s&TTq~. B *+#
edTe \qT <s+> +, eTqdT >T \+ +&<T , n+<Te\q eTqdT @>+
>\T>TT+~. 2) +~jT|u\qT sd]+q eTVT\| \|+
e\q @> \T>TT+~. ~, yTT<{ nqjT+ #|qT k<
djT+> +~j\ \|&eT , n{ \|& k| k~+q
eTVqTue\qT >TsTue+ d]+, y] s\+| eTqdT qT+,
eTVT\ <+<+ @s&, y] eTVCqds k< e#T,
+~jT+<+ be#T, @> \T>e#T. ~ eTs= |<. |s
|< #sDk<e? + n+{ >=|ysesT, y] <qyT +~jT
$j |k~+# |TqT\T? T<T&T &? dT &? seTw |seTV+d,
u>yH X+s#s s? ++<sT sT eTVT\T? y] MT eTqdT yTq
y] >TsTue+ d]d eTqdTqT *, y] #jT \_dT+~. +
]seTeT+~, @>eTeT+~. <DT >TsTueq #d @\e&T yT{
$\T&H&T <! < +s+ >V+#*. ~ k<esZyT, qT
.... (dXw+)
k<\ d+|&q~.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
88

1
@|, 2015

l'

wy

l u\+=+&seTsjT $$s

~qsyUdV y<qeTTe+sZ
s|wY
X

XBjT dxjT+ d u> y H Xu~uVs> +

# jT< k |eqV]eH uT v d ] jT '
Bs' -| jTj -qTue d+ | >qeT`
|+ ye TTXqBsV <jT ' MT T eTsX'
33
y. k<q$TjD q >V V. X - d u>yXs'
XBjT dxjT+ CH jT |x+ Xu~uVs> + Xu~$wjT |x>V+
# . q qsT K$T ue'. jT<k<e+ k Y nk |eH dx_e
|sT w' d ] jT '. Vsse Hequ~$wj qTv nqTue - >Vr .Y
q q+. kqs ~ ue'. srjT kd Cq+ <e T V Bs .
-| <q' jTjT' jT' ye|+ b|eTTXH eTjTeq'
eTTeTT ] .Y Bs' $<H - ne <V d+ | >qeTqTue |X nqsT Uq eTqd ue'. @e+ $<<qTue d< HqdXv s|_bjT'.
n< VsTKd >eV. nBsV<jT' njT<Bs' MT T,
eTsX ue . |q' |q]jT CjT # s' . d+dsr .Y
33
X jTq dMT < sdd s+X <T'K+ dTK+
s|+ >q> T D+ # C> < d| dTwbe|
nCq+ V<jT j <$~+ jTkd H xq
CkeTVXs+ eT<T uT + Bs q X# eTTyT
34
y. qqT Hd <|<s' jT+ Bs' |X < V. - ' q
|eesZ .Y jTq # H q T~eT bs&H ue'. C> < sdd sH
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
89

C
- s|+ >q> T D+ >q >TD' + >q' >TD' e~' - >q> T Dj deVs
>q>TD+ ~ y. dTK+ <T'K+ # dMT deTX. nq'sD+
# sBjT <s V]sZ |T {~$wj sD |]DeT. nqX dTU<sD
| ] DeT . d @w | ] Dy e ] T # . k # e d &|
# H udsd $ < dr #H ue . j # e Xu~$wjT CqeTe
|sTwd . @e+ d eT bs&# q yTe Xu~CqsD + Hq~ d<y T . q #
sT s qds|yT e # q + <+ sD eTer y#eTs <q'. qT
@d e # q ksT s s D d nq'sD e#< q s + < e#< q sD eT|
ue $<jT $y' . < C>re d|| - n$<eT bs&q jTq # H q
d d' d|<w .Y < HBH <*H dMT . dTwb # '
b'. jTq n$<eeHq #Hq nCqeT|Xu<qq+ # dMT.
dTKeTVeTk|+ q x<y~w $TT|seTs*vZTwbyq
qHCHqTuyqTMTjT q <||' sT+ X ue'. qqT,
#sBjTse sDs' XuBqZV - eTqk # dT<B es
# H uT |>y - V - ' jTq V<jT j ~ dMT - ~|<<T~
>VDyT. jTq V<jTj~ eTeud He Xu~eT| Hd
V<j BH+ Xu~ud $T ue'. q #e + # s<' <+ sD eeVs
y#yT. # s<' <s sZ T~e' <T bs&# q d #$y~. q
# e + # H H y eu d + + # s~H y# y T . # H q
keHsDeud| Xu~'. eT bs&# H q $XcsDeud. @e+
$Xceud @e Xu~s T#. kY # s~eq b~u
<T|s D eyT . q # d$XceudHe Td # q d <+ eT bs&
eD u y#+. dkeq |Vsb|d <s D$Xcs&
eD <VVT<s HY. k# qyTe dseudy T - n @e jTd
#Hq' n$~eTC+ xH| H nd #Hqeudd XXXvZ~
T\~ue' @q ds ><e ud' <k|<s d<y T - ud*vqZ
udqTeHY nd > eTVXseu + eTVqMTXsx nHq
jTHH >~<+ k+ kq @yd <+ C>d $Td +
CjT . e >*v qZ eTVXs qTMTjT # d<y T . x, nr
br y e $uT + ## q'. q # y| >*v qZ
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
90

1
@|, 2015
y|qTeq$T d< . eT<T uT + s |\ usy T . nHq # u>*vqZ
us q Teq+ d< . | X u ds d - dTKV+ <T'KV$T~
|r'. $T Xw' neTT+ # H q+ C k Bs' |D ' q X#
X+ d+ks+ q ||< k w|x XVT d+ksuy~ ue'.
X n< jT' |<e T+ eTVqT<ue s Xs<VD
u k $TV |$X V<j X+ # jTdw
jT' bD-~HeT-s H<ds<y'
dsqeTeTT+ yT |sTc j V CH d'
35
y. | > e |se T+ k| x
. d @edsT+ jT< < T H k|j
T .
n< - eTV H j T ' d s X s< V Dd X< < ' n| V u '
|~y~u '|xu ' |x u u u ' |Ps+ u ' ssD \D k + dV
<ue Y C'. jT' V u k + V<j X+ |$X w #. jT'
ns H<sHeT<H< ' n~HeT' bD' ue . jT' ds <y' eTeTT+
dsq+ VsD>s + |<e T+ jT' |sTw @ y. d' V - |se q+
CH. jTk dTesC+ D\+ dTesyTe ue k<VD
CVsD>s V e ue . X VsD>s C V @e ue' qqT
| >qds+ ee TT|eT VsD>s Vd s <q eTdvZ
$T #HeyT. j T~>TVj+ *vZq k+ w d Je' |>
ds deT|qyT. d # H js e $||' . k #Hq |]V. ds
@ @e VsD>s d sbD V<TVZ j+ u k + wr e#Hq . keTw
*vZb~' | > e VsD>s VsD>s d s V
<q + | dv Z y T e. q # ew |sTw'. | > deTw| sTc VsD>s
y#yT. deTw| sT c]e w| sT cuy<w| sT c]d e Tw| sT cuy#. $u'
|>q' - |]quyq ewj>#. q# Jy dTK<T'U~
kvs$T y#eTq'sD u< q <T || ' . q# | >q' nse e.
|<e T~sD >s q | > y#+ VsD>s k bb~y T e q - q
ku$+ - ddk| |seHY - k< @e |>.
*vZdeTwb~H VsD>s *vZewb~_' - qXq ~XuX
eeVjT. q # |se q @yjT+ eeVs y#yT. | >q @e
|se Y. | + V |Ps + dsqs + <T uj
T + |se qd. |se T+
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
91

C
V <V ~$\D + d+ eTV + # s+ | >qd HeTeu<
@e |T eTeY. k> VsD>s s |D dsT#. VsD>s d
# ds JedeTw s$T.
35
X j-sD]V- s eTVj> s >s e `
H_ss s -|VqV jT' dT T<' ]_'
C>~s$sXjT ' dV<jT jTC # d V `
<Hsq \jT jT jT yT <yd< '
36
y. de VsD>sd n> eV. jT - j-' nsD'
|Pss e T<q wj
]V' d ' . jT' H_ss s >s e Y. eTVj> ' eTVHj >
jTcHs Vj_].Y u ' jT' nVqV | V+ C>~s |eT'
V$sXjT ' C~eT~squeH~eT~X T<s _' ]_X dV<jT jTC
# dT ' k-sV. jT jTk<Hdsd q\j e<j de TjT
ue'. d bDX <V ue - @eeT>+ bD+ # n<
ds <yeV. jT yT ds <y q# H<j
T ' y><jT X ue . jT
jTdHe w. <V VsD>sK+ ' |eq neT.
#je<qs $TD <Tsv ~ ue'.
36
X j V~Dq<V V HH|T kue `
Jy-jT+ sTb~eT\dTKCqds|+ VY
j-$<$Ts|< w< X HHV |X |
VDw d eTTeTx |qssH s q #
37
y. n< | >q @ + V+ # e<H s|+ ]X jT - jT'
HH|T kue Y. V~Dq<V V'. k-jT+ Je' - sTb~eT\dTK
Cqds|+ sTb~e T @yeT\+ jTTKeqqs |+ Cq+ s|+
V<Ve ue. Wb~ @yu< q ku$ . @yTy~rjT+
d<qq\D + V e Je s' . n< u< < ] H q. n$<$Ts|< w< X'
n$<j $TsDe |<w <X T~X]e jTd d <'. jT'
Vdq~rjT-| VD HH< + |X #q y ue'. d @w eT&'
eT' |qsTeTx - j Hsq q' |qsq #x-d+dsr .Y 37
.... (dXw+)

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
92

1
@|, 2015

eDeTT
eTV$l*<d$s

esdeTeeTVeyT
` yU ` sys.
ne] :- n< |<e T+ Y k' X|k<q eTsY su j <X_ '
ej' |k<q+ es
X <bwD esue+
XqeTq'dTeT+ BjTyT
|s|<T<sq+
<se bDTeT<<e
14
|<$u>eTT :- <bwD, yT, sueyT, XqyT, nq'dTeTyT,
BjTyT, |s|Y, Y, <sqyT, <se, bDTeT<<e
nqjTeTT :- Y <bwD sue+ yT nq'dTeT+ BjT+
Xq+ <se bDTeT<<e <sq+ |s|Y
||<seTT :- Y - n\+]+#T eq d\ H=, <bwD
- n>sT<||y&, sueyT - (XeTT\+<Tq) &, yT - ]q~,
nq'dTeTyT - q|P\T>\, BjTyT XqyT - yT XbXeTTqT, <se
- >]L&q, bDTeT< <e - \ ||Pr>, <sqyT - n+<eT>T
eTT&>, |s|Y - eT\q~.
seTT :- n\+]+#T eq d\ H= n>sT<|| y&
XeTT\+<Tq & ]q~. q|P\T>\ yT XbXeTTqT >]L&q
\||Pr> n+<eT>T eTT&> eT\q~.
bsqs\T :- 1. <bwD + - <|q d++

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
93

C
$u\T / jT\T :- 1. Y - nejTeTT, 2. <bwD - <bwD,
< bwuyT, < bw_' qsq' |+*+> < bwHX ' , .@. 3. su eyT
- sueyT, suy, suyH nsq' |+*+>', sueX', ~.@. 4.
yT - yT, , nsq q|+d*+>' X',
|.@. 5. nq'dTeTyT - nq'dTeTyT, nq'dTeT, nq'dTeH nsq'
|+*+> nq'dTeTX', ~.@. 6. BjTyT - BjTyT, BjT, BjH
nsq' |+*+>', BjTX', ~.@. 7. XqyT - XqyT, XH, XHH
nsq' |+*+>' XqX ' , ~.@. 8. <se - <se, <se<yT,
<se~' sq q|+d*+> <seYX', .@. 9. bDTeT<<e
- ...<e, ...<eTuyT, ...<eT_' qsq q|+d* +>', bDT...<eTHX ' ,
.@. 10. <sqyT - <sqyT, <sH, <sH nsq
q|+d*+> <sqX', |.@. 11. |s|Y - jT, |], v |dsZ<jT|PsY, | - |sD <' \v
d+<T\T :1. Y G <sqyT - <T<sqyT - XyT
sa+ X-H (d 8-2-39)
dek\T / $>Vy\T :1. <bwD - <|d }c <bc, q <bwD wwTsTwded'
2. sueyT - sd ue', sue', yT w..
3. nq'dTeTyT - nq]b dTe jTdH d' nq'dTeT'
yT nq'dTeTyT VQMVded'
4. BjTyT - d <+ BjT+, Y, BjTyT - ~e'
5. XqyT - XHyT nq' Xq' yT XqyT - w..
6. <se - <s' d ndH <seY q <se ~
7. bDTeT<<e - bDTeT<d <eT bDTeT<<eT, q
bDTeT<<e w..
8. <sqyT - <s' q' jTd, yT VQMVded'
|<e - |T+T|eD\T - e|j>\T :1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
94

1
@|, 2015
1. <s :- m) (d). <Ts <Ts y, <TsY V+kjyTG n#Y |TTx y
|<jx Bs' |d$Xw', X|]
_) X V] uy< <s... (191), n VjTT<XeTT 2 HeTeTT\qT
|s=q~.
d) 1. <s <T'd|HX...
2. <s neTdeT'
3. @yH <s |qT... n eTVHsjTD|wY (4)
&) X Xse <sjT+ d+dse # u]jyT
jT||s Vy eXyT $XeT
- leTVus -3-110-17
j<seTT :- |s|Y | - |sD dsyT, T<jT' (6) n{,
(ujT) |sd|B, \v - |<eT|sTwe#H+'
|sn|Y - |s|yT - |s|H
.... (dXw+)

$Cq M

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
95

V +
l \* dVd`H#seT Vb] eXesYd,eTT
es+>.
u \ +<]#q T #jT & |P\ |Xd y T q ~, |UyT q ~
l \* dV dHeT k+. y<y deTV] $s+q nc<X |sD\
fq V+& |sD+ s K +&+ ` VjT^y>d d+y<yT q ~
\* dV dHeT k+!
VjT^e&T eTu$ +q Cqds|&T . @$<y T q \weT eTqdT
\y&T e+ e\ X< d{ + > |+#y&T. q+<eT+ jTq Xs+
+& q< nqT +&y&T. ds $<\L <su T&q y&T ` n+f deTd
$<\ *dqy&T. n+{ VjT^e n>d eTV] b]+, jTq <s
\* dV dHeT k+ \TdT=H&T. n>dT & ` deTT< Wbdq
|{qy&T. $+< |s nD|{H&T. eTVeTVeT&T. y|
\\T\e+{ <Tw\ qT + q |CX*. n+{ <s T |d +|qT\T, eTV
eTVeT\T, <s sD sT\T nsTTq y]<s + b#Ts b+~q~
\* dV dHeT k+! k+ $s$ +q $<q+ ` 50 X\
q |Ps|] # > $e]+|&+~.
n>dT &T VjT^e { nH&T ` ds Xg $Xs<T &yq z T~X!
MTsT l<$jTT qeTT, yT |{_ w#qeTT, u+ &dTsT yT d+V]+q
$<qeTT\qT H $e]+#sT. l# yu e eTTqT, |+#<o eTVeT+eTVeTqT
e]+ $e]+#sT. eT+D`<+& <e\ dV dHeT keTT\qT #bsT.
l \* dV dHeT keTTqT eeTT #| <T . n~ MTsT #| +
eT]bjs? C| + +& L& | #Xs? b ` n~ \TdTe{
H q j> <? ` n |+#&T.
n|&T VjT^e&T ` z n>d eTV! n~ sV dyTq $wjT eTT.
<jT+<T d y] #| L&<T . e u eTs\ eTs\ n&T>TTHe
qT |&T #TqT. >TsTe|q T, qT HsT e\dq $<jT+<Tq
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
96

1
@|, 2015
d q w\ >TsTe m+{ sV dyTq $wjT eTTHq qT #| e#TqT. u
|| T \ T y] keTTqT|< +|s<T. <Tw , <jT+<T $XdeTT
y] |< +|s<T ` n #| , l \* dV dHeT bXk $e]+#&T.
B{ k+ |se T sV dyTq <, <jT+<T Cd *qysT eyT
< \TdT{ nsT\ $X<e TeT+~.
sT y VjT^e&T ` \* dV dHeT k $sy, n~
|]+ #e\dq rsTqT, < bXk n>dT q { $e]+#&T :
ny sT DeT] nsTTq \*<$ q u \ VeTTqT ], eH~
y>e \qT |* ` l# sV deTT\qT, le eTTqT $e]+#T
keTTqT deTLseT C|+ +~. $<+ > C|+ #&q ` e, yTX],
y~, $eT\, nsTD, sTT, ds X], [ nH m$T~eT+~ y>e \T,
sV deTT\T`~eeTT\T nsTTq dV dHeTeTT\qT LssT. eT le
~ed~H +& y>e \T, >H #]eT+ *dqysT qT, yT
k+<s eTTqT, yu e eTTqT, X ]d k deTLssT. qT ~
eqeeTT <T. kT <e<eTT e+e\H + bXk
d+]+#Tq~. + u> e BZ L& >=| b#Ts d+b~+#{ n~
kT lw |se eTTK' y\Te&yT n #| | <T. n{> \*
dV dHeT k+ L& y>e \ eTTK' y\Te&q< qT m+ bXk
b+<yT , |u ee+yT q ~> L& dT+ ~.
sT y l \* |sy T X] H&T =\TeB]+~. du bsr
|sy T XsT\T, \HsjTDT\T, yDV\T, dq Hs<~ eTVsT\T, <e\T,
d<T \ T m+<s e#sT. ys+<] m<T y>e \qT k eT #<e eTq~.
y>e \T |]+ #> ys+<s y<eTT< yXs. $<+ > d\ <e\
y< b+~q~ \* dV dHeT k+!
sT y y] \*<$ $<+ > |*+~ ` H #
y>e \T s+q keTT H m+ | *+#~. B MTs+
m|& $+ +&+&. dV dHeTeTTqT mes d+ ksH |]k s
n+{ysT H # w\ T. y] ]\qT rsTkqT. l#eTTq qqT n]+,
|+#<oeTVeT+ |+, sTy H d+| *+#{
dV dHeT k |]+ #eqT ` n #| +~.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
97

C
B{ l#sq #dy], |+#<o |<X + b+~qy] eyT
dV dHeTk+ #d n~seTTq< $X<e TeT+~.
n+ ` l$< eT+ |+H |+#bsTTH,
dV dHe #~$qysT d\ ]\q b+<Ts L& neTys #| +<.
qT l#sq #jT ysT L& dV dHeT k+ #jT e# n|dT + ~.
|<X + y] ns < s | ] L& #| &+~.
sT y s | ] ` dV dHeTk+ deqyTq ~ q
u q u$ w. ~ ds d+|<\ qT y]+#Tq{~ . J$+ keTTqT
k] |]+ q|{, { q\ >+>~ ds rse TT\ kq+ #dq |D+
\_dT + ~. o |D eTT {*+>eTT\qT |w+ q |\ + \_dT + ~. ds>V D
deTjT+ sT + { >e\qT <q+ #dq |* + < T+~. y<$ <Tq
uVDT\ =\~ dTes< q+ #dq |\ + \_dT + ~. >+>rs+ qsT
nXyT<e TT\T #dq |\ + \_dT + ~. s\ yTq m&] { ue\qT $+q
|D+ edT+ ~. iTe sE\ {eT+~ uq+ |{q |D+ < T+~.
qT B deqyTq ys={ <T ` n |X+ d+|&+~.
k eT |]+ # ysT d+eTDeTT\+<TqT, $w|T \ qT,
eTT +q sEqT+& esTd> 3 sE\T, X| qe$T, #T sX \+<T
, XyseTTH&T , $Xw+ |P]eTH&T |]+ #*. |P]eT sEq
#+<_++ \*+_qT <+ k+ #~$ n s>\ q+
BsjT Te \T>TT+~. k |]+ s+ u<| & y ] sdT MT< dd,
s+ bZ T+~. k | + |]+ #y] ds + eou eTeT +~.
<M qesT\ eTVse$TH&T k |] d y+ \_dT + ~.
n+<T ` <M dV dHeTeTT\T =\B HsTT. y{ eTTKyTq $
10 HsTT. |~+{q sV d HeT dV d+ # |Xd y T q ~. n++<T
` l$< eT+|eTT, l#|P , sV d HeT dV d|s q + nH eT&T
m+ >=| |d T #dq y] \_+#e.
l$<bd \ |qsq @$<+ > +&<, \* dV dHeTk+
|]+ #y] L& |qsq +&<T . ysT y b+<TsT.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
98

1
@|, 2015
~ \* dV dHeT kbXd +!
+<T eT]= $Xc\qT \TdT=+<+!
l$<, l# d++~+q nH sV k\T +<T dbjT+>
#| &HsTT. n$ n+<] dT\u+ > *d $wj \T e. n+<Te\q l$<
d+|<jTEq eTVqTue\T, bdH\+e\qT VQ>+< |sq + e\qT
eTT <]+q $wj \qT n+<] *dT k yK\T yXsT.
k y\dq yK\T @ s dV dHee[ e #| e#TqT.
udssjT\y] ku>udseTT, uHsjTDT jTeT+> yK.
Dq+<u srrsk $Ty] Dl\ yK\ |d< y T q $. $
` $eTq+<T w&q $eTsq+<T yK, nq+sD |Pb<T\ wq
$<sD eTTXsT\ yK. X+sT yK, e+{$ L& d+d +H
HsTT.
n{> \T>T ` l s=+& dTuse>] >&sB | , d+V+u
seTeT]Xd> ] |]eT yK, & yT\ es| lydse >] n+ss
$esD\T HsTT. +^w L& ` l sY. nq+ wX d> sT. l mdt.y.
wk$T>sT, & #>+{ dsHsjTD>sT ` yTT<qysT #
b<e TT\ nqTy<eTT\T #XsT.
M+{ mH $Xc\T ksTT.
\* dV dHeT k+ = HeTeTT = eT++ e+{< .
l \*Xr k+ (1`27) ` z n>k! $ e\+ HeTeTT\ eyT
nqT. ={ = eT++ dTe! ` n VjT^e&T #b&T. n<
$wjT + l \*dV dHeT s | ] L& #| &+~. sV d HeT
dV d+ @ He |]+ H, y #dT =q eTV bb\ qksTT
(13) n #| &+~.
eTs= $Xw+ @$T+f ` k+ ysTT He\ e\+ 32
ns \H bs+ue TeTHsTT. < $wjT + dd+ V ` <+X< <
_H# j+ e+< |ssyT n #| &+~. & Xssy T q $wjT +
@$T+f ` dV dHeT k+ He\qT yU\T eT nqTL\yTq
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
99

C
|< $] yK\T yXsT. es >DH<+u n HeT+> udssjT\T
#_, eG>DH<+u n s+&T He\T> uHsjTDT&T $]
yU+#&T. @yTq |{ yK\+{qT HeTeTT\T 32 ns \H
bs+u+ e+ $Xwe TT.
l$< c&X $< X<$ < n |sT. l$< ese TT l
\* |sy T X] <+|+ . n$ e`XeTT\T e+e\q neTy] 32
<+eTT\T> @s&HsTT. < $wjT eTT ` X<$ <+ss~|+ <j
nq dV dHee[ 25e HeT+ #| &+~. $wj udssjT\ysT
# s d `|]uw #bsT.
\* dV dHeT k+ |sXj
T T k+<s + n<T+ >
e]+#&+~. >H `
<<qT dV ku ` <sTT+#T#Tq ysTTeT+~ dsT\ |XeTT \<!
CsTD|u |PseT<V+&eT+& ` q nsTD+# V+&eTT q+{
| ydq ~!
qKB~d+qqeTqy >TD ` q qeTd]+#Ty] nCH+< s q
*> + N*yd~!
|<< jT|u C\|sds sTV ` q b<eTT\ +T\# |< eTT\qT L&
sd ]+#Tq~!
eTseT+<>e TH ` &T V+de+{ eTHVsyT q q& >\~!
eTVeDXe~' ` k+<s eTTq |sw nsTTq~!
$<+ > m+ eTHVs+>, eTVe|< dT +|&+~. n+{
k+<ss dT+#{ L& m+ |D+ #dTy*. n+<T l
X+s#sT\ysT eT k+<s \V] ` |D+T+ kT + y <e T| D'
|ue (11) n, HT e T+ q' e e<qk+<s \V (44) n dT +#sT
>HqT!
n+<T ` yT k+<s esq qT, ds| esq qT #d eTq d+|<jT+
@$T{ L& \TdTe#TqT.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
100

1
@|, 2015
1. yTX <e +>\dX_ + <s ` nq HeT+ eT+>d + <] +#+,
2. eTTK#+< + ue T>H_$Xw ` nq HeT+ d \< sDeTT,
3. s+sk]Hkus D udTs ` nq HeT+ eTT|& <] +#e\dq rsT,
4. +jT T>u | H &T|eT+& ` nq HeT+ #e\<T<T\ T +&e\dq rsT,
5. d|e <T s$s] # | ` nq HeT+ MDH<+> e{&e \dq rsT.
6. >&> T ` nq HeT+ | \T q& +& Te\dq rsT ` e+{ mH
$wj \T |d y T H sTT.
$ w s|DeTT, X<` #+<`eTqT$<~ l$< |kse TT\T
$$< +eTT\T, #T ww \ T, dy|de eseZ TT\T, X LeTT\T ` e+{
nH $wjT eTT\T Hee[ |k$+|&HsTT. y+{ yUH\
#d \TdT=qe#TqT.
dV dHeT bsjTD #dy] = d+<V \T \T>T +{sTT.
y{ >T]+ \TdT=+<eTT `
1. dV dHeT bsjTD d\ T #jT e#TH? ` n.
nd\T kyT y>e \T L]q~ <! n+|&T d+<V +
neds+ <y n|dT + ~. , d H |<X + +fH #j * n e+
>TsT+ #Ty*! >TsTe<s >V +# $< @B sD+#<T <!
2. dV dHeT+ ` k+ #<y ? HeT bsjTD #j ? ` n.
dV dHeT k+H ` k|j n, HeTbsjTD| n
s +&T He\T HsTT. qT neTy] s +& wy T q y. nsTT ` y>e \T
yTqT k+ #XsT. n+ Hee[ |P+#< T <!
qT +{ d+<V \T nqedse T|dT + ~.
yTT+ MT< ` m+ |sy wy T q ~ dV dHeT k+! n+<Te\qH
eT+s|X e , #sCsq+ <
sV dHeTbsX , H\d |d ' |\ yT

n ]+ |&+~.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
101

b`q#s`u>H> je+
<

qTy<
y

K
]
>|
u er<$,

ANU, Nagarjuna Nagar.

dV b+&T &>T yTs bq d+d leT<>e eTT H+B] +#T

q|&T VQesZeTT \e\+_+#qT.
1) jT<eTqTy<eTT : eT\eTTq H{ es\T #jT #\es qTq~
jTTqT> nqTe~+#T +<T<VsDeTT\T +#e#TqT. nq> @ jTT{
s+&T |<eTT\H esT +qqT nseTT eyT{ esT qT+&<T.
X HsjTD+ qeTd qs+ #e qseTyT
<M+ dsdr+ yd+ jTeTTBsjTY
XeTTq H+<u>eeTTq +~ dVqTy<eTT \<T.
+ HsjTDTq, qsTq
us yTT, ydT |<eTT\ qeT
kseTT dd e+T, qT
<s >+<+T <[ qT +<+TH.
d+d eTT nqTw| e H+<eTTq +<eTT $T* q #+<eTT.
nqTy<eTTq eT\eTT jTeTqT e qqT bq + dVyTq
n+bd Xu\+s yTs&q~.
X >|' eY, ujY +k, <cY #<<j qb'
d++<Y ewjT', dVY jTjT+, u ejT+ q|!
X y+s>|, ujTeTTqH >+dT+&T, ysj
keTH Xb\ eTTK q|T, d++<T ew\TH
ueTH MTs\T, u HeTT < #H >+{ yTfq qT
<eT <q >]w"&q V]"C+<H e#T <rXs!
2. neT\ $d : bHeT&T uyX seTT\>T d+<seTT\+<
$$<s d b wDeT>T |T eTT\ jT+<T dsTTeTT |u b+& ks e TT\TqT,
ues|\DdeTeTT\TqT q>T \q\ H{H H+<u>eeTTq
>$+#qT.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
102

1
@|, 2015
Xq~ eTTqT\ w<\ $q> e ]*q< dT #|q
|TeTTq bq neT\eTTq +~ s+&T |<eTT\T s+#qT.
eT es>$+< <dT<sd eTVessT<s |s+
|s\H > T<+<#+<! sTTsbjqTsH $
ds <Ts+ <Ts+ <TdV qTd+u$H <T
ds >+;s ss \w q<yq\+usTH?
d
V]HeT <q <yq\ C\\" `>\y |Ts|TqqeTT\T
y+s<sq yjTT d+|T+T#" ` <=\>y VQ <T'K jTeTT\T
eT\Hu <q +se+T#" ` >\y d+| +seTT\T
HsjTDdsD |us B|" ` Biy w&sZ $Ts T\T
y q[q qjTq u He#" > d+
ks \~ <{ #q>s<T
yjTTH\ e $w |ue+T
\T|ejT d! BdyT!
+< u>e |d~ VTueTT\>T |<eTT\jTT jTeT\
|TeTT\ y.
n_eTqT usjT>T s >seTT <]+q~. nXeT |j+q
uDq\eTT# <+<VeqT&q >sdXe +#qT. |TeTT q+<*
+~ |<eTT\T neT\eTT.

sTT& X , <T<s >eTT |\ qTqy"&, ~

jT~? qH<q jT|&T" <* >D+|$+<T, H
&sTTweV yjTT HjT~ esZeTT? qqT" >eH
jTjT >\+&T? >s|< He&iT+>T <ee.
X s"& #&? deTd ueTT\ s\T y"&#H
"&? biT #ieTT <=\>H >H <H
"&? H&ujT|<q, eT&V+|H qeTTH
>"&? jT+<i">e"& jT&\ eTs+T <H{<.
>|^\ cHwDeTTq >\ +~ |<eTeT\eTT. B
<Te j+<T&T+&&T.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
103

q\y"&T, |<qjTq+T\ y"&T, bsd+T|"

&T y"&T, eT[ |]d] |+#eTT y"&T, qes
&T yeTT y"&="&T #\\ eq<q+T"<#H
eT*jTs! MT b<\ eTq "&T ><eT! #|s!
3. eT\eTTq d#eeTT\T> qTq jTT+&T s+&T |<eTT\qT >V+
y $|\yTq yUqeTT qqT bq djTeTT> $e]+q u>eTT\T
= \e. |Tq H&T eT\eTT |<e TT\qT, ueeTT\qT _qeTT\>T
|<eTT\qT ueeTT\qT #sT#T+&TqT.
sTjTT<eTT eTTdq~. se\sT deTd]. <sw&T
nH<T&jTqT. n|&T \> jTiq $<TsT&T <sw e{&T
d+<seTTq d+d leT<>eeTTq T \<T.
X n eTVjTd +' J$X jTj uyH
;e|e]+ |+&e< >Vb\eY
bq eT\eTT q+<* >Vb\eY (\e) nqT< e<* $T*q
|<eTT\ $<eTT> qT&s| |+| Crj\ |<eTT s+#qT.
+ _&\ T~ d|
>T&" _+&+T e+&= b+&< |"
&& ;eTT+&=i
>=&eTT &+>">&T >T&#< e~b!
=k] bq eT\eTT q+<* XeTT\ qqTe~+#T#T |<eTT
eTTjT+&>H eT\XueeTT |P]jTq# $T*q |<u>eTT H+
seTeTT> qT |P]+#T#T+&TqT. { |PsDeTT \+< ueH XjTT,
W <wjTT #> >#]+#T#T+&TqT. d+d leT<>eeTTq >|
^\ $wXjY, yskY nqT XeTT >\<T. XeTTqT bq
y $w\+T e\q $w<s <qe
e\q, i\yq e\q, eV
e\q, qTqy e\qqT s+
dTeT XsT u]" >\ <>TH.
n *+#qT. eT\ XeTT q+<* ueMT |<eTT q+<T yTT<{ eT&T

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
104

1
@|, 2015
b<eTT\H eyTq~. H\Ze b<eTTqT bq k+eTT> s+#qT.
4. W<w bq eT\eTTq esT#sT\T *+q u>eTT\T =
\e. eT\eTTq ~rjT d+<eTT s VAD+< |[+< |\k nqT
Xe TT >\<T. Xe TT q+<* b|\ |{ H+<T \T L& #]]. nqTy<eTT
q+<T bq eT\ XeTT q+<* +< |<eTTqT e<* sT +~ $<eTT>
|<eTTqT s+#qT.
eT jTeq y< |[+< VADX +;s#+&\d+
ue\TH, <q b|esqT\T, Hu<T d$+ u
>e Xw\ &d, X<qT\H >DT jTT+<Ts
jT$sTH u$w H<T eT~ qX+eTTH yTT<H.
X#sT&T yeTqT eT&&T>T\ H\ sTe\< #|#T d+d
leT<>eeTT
dsd+ $wy < eT&! e]w <yT n nqTqT. +<T eT&!
nqT d+u<q eTqTeTT> qTq~. bq jTHeTTqT =\+
+ |<+Tq u$TjTT
H=" ~~e+T" <= jTTqeT]H
~\T >>qeTT"<H
ydyT jTTq H+<T y&<T? #|e!
n jTqTe~+#qT. * #e] dsZeTT| <+&ue#T u>T<yTq s<eTT
q~sV+#qT. n|&&T ueqeTT q+<T +&dT&q ne |+#q
eT\eTT #|#Tq~. s<yTqy&T +&dT&q ne qT+&q #|
eTT ><T. n+<T# bq eT\eTT +#T e] s<eTTHq * #e]
X\Ks>eTTq |*+#T <y e qTH& sT +~ |<eTTqT s+#qT.
eT |\T<q+T\ $|\H <|, <<\H u+~ |
<\H yTT, $w<e\ q+s" +
s\T" V<T"C] qeTsT"& s<<s&T"&
y*>H <qeus X\Ks<\<y |uH.
jTT|eqeTT eT\eTT q+<* <+f qTsyT *#e] ||
reeTTqT d> d+#T#Tq~.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
105

C
5. d+d leT<>e yK\ qqTd]+ bq u>e+Bs D eTTq H+j
|+| k~+#qT. d+d u>e yK\ u>e uysB | nqT |sT>\
l<s#sT n<yKjTT, u>e#+~ nqT |sT>\ leT<+
c#sT $c< yKjTT, $jT<JjT eTqT |sT>\ leT~jT
<C#sT <yKjTT |d<eTTq$. M l<sk$T yK n~
|#seTTq~. bq yUqeTTH nqTd]+ n<|seTT>H u>eeTT
qqTe~+#qT. n&T eT\eTT bT l<s#sT yKqT L& eTT>
|]o*+ eT\ueeTT >&eTT> qTq# yUq yeTT\qT >&
#> qqTe~+#qT. y<+ $wjT $esDeTT\ d+<seTTq yUqTdsDeTT
V#T> qT|+#TqT. sDeTT# bq leTVu>eeTTqT X< |]+ q#
eT\yUqeTT\T s+&+{ |]+q>TqT.
+r<$ lw dT+#T d+<seTTq d+d leT<>eeTTq
|DXd sjT n \<T. |Tq l<sk$T |DXd R |jTd
<ssd n yUqeTT >$+#qT. <UqTkseTT> bq +~
|<eTTqT ydqT.
+ eT\jTeTTq" +<qeTT jT
y\jT> <sE ] y\sTT+#T
sTT\| que"&T V] jT<T
\eTTq qT<sTT+# q+&T >=+<iq+!
d+d leT<>e rjT d+<eTT $<Ts<e d+uwD
d+<s e TTq lces eTT s|+#Tq|&T u\' &q e n \<T.
&qeTT \q> H$T? |<eTT yUqeTT q|+#T#Tq~. eqH
l<sk$T < &qH D~ ]H eT>H d+VBH jT< n
yUqeTT #dqT. &q |<e TTq D~ ]eTTq d+V~ eT>s |eTT\
jTseTT. bq yKqqTd]+ sT +~ |<eTT s+#qT.
eT ss u\ <DeTT\H d+V~s|+T\H
>syTT|H $s+, y eTs\H K+&+#T #+<+TqH
>sTDrT\T eTs|\>T q+d|jTT b
#sT\H >w"&T d+>s d\eTT\H & >H.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
106

1
@|, 2015
d+d u>eeTT dbesDeTT\T |+#ueTT\T eTTq>Tq$
d+UeeTT# deTT jTT+&, bq y yUq dVjTeTTq |s
L& $e]+#T#T+&TqT. eT\ u>eeTT ~rjTd+<eTTq X"&T
| T q eTT eseZ TT \T|q|&T n+&X Xs -dH dbesD d+jTT
n \<T. dbesDeTT\qT < l<sk$T ueX d*\
dMTsDV+s eTVeTT\ yU+#qT. bq jT&{ |sqT qT
ydq e#qeTT q+<T #sqT. bq l<sk$T yUqeTTH u>e
# + ~ j T qT $c < yUqeTTqT L & m& H & nqTd ] +# q T.
eT\u>eeTT ~rjT d+<e TT q+<T | T lw eTTqT >] #| eT
X |+#qT. X&T V] yTT ces s|Dse TT |PqT=HqT.
n|Tq >\ X+eTTq nqT|\u esH n \<T. B u>e
#+~sT&T nqT|\uesH ` n|]CjT esZjT ` VsT<<>eT
yu y jT n yUqeTT ydqT. bq < qqTd]+jT sT +~ |< eTTqT
ydqT.
eT |sT"&, sTXsT"&, eTVeTVeTT"&, b<Tse kq d+
VsD &qT"&, XjTTT"&, jT+sZ CjT
|syTw |eTTUeTs~|\H u|+| s+&T <T
ds esZ+Tq" <]\T V]H <]H yTT<H.
e ~rjT d+<e TT VesdeTdT jTC VDd+ n \<T.
VDd+ nqT< u>e#+~ Vd+ n jTseTT ydqT.
bq u>e#+~H jTqTd]+#qT.
6. u>eqTy< d+<seTTq bq eT\eTTqT |+ ydq |TeTT
jT~eTTqqT e jT+<* yeTT\H, dyXeTT\H d+>V+q
$&|{q u>eTT\T L& = b<T. n{y d+K $T* e jT
#|e#TqT. yeTHes |TeTTq sdT\T eT s< H$T+| <e\T
Vd |<XeTT qqTd]+ eT <q # <jTT+&]. n|&~r<$
q esT\ *Zq <qeTTqT <\+ <T'+#T#T+&qT. d+<seTTq
X|"&yTqT #&H X\ d+|XeTT >$+#qT. X| |XeTT \+{
q~r<$jTT de<qeTT\T #|qT. bq de<qeTT\ q{ $&y
yT y+H

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
107

|eT jTT+ ~ _&\, _&\ _&\H eTV

;eT &T q<T _&\ q+<i" <* kVk
$T ysT\jTT qeTse H\T#T qTqysT,
eT $q$+T V<jTXs! yT\T <\+ #&y.
n q eTHy<q y\&+qT ydjTT+&qT. T X|&&q keq
|XeTT\ +#TjTT de<qeTT #| jT~ yqTy+H q >&T #|=q
yTT<*&T jyT eTHy<HXjTeTTqT y\& #jTT#T dVeTT> qTq~.
k<sD |]dT\ HqH HyT j |XeTT\ +{ de<qeTT
#|jTT+&&<.
f >C+ <y |T eTTq |s b+esq eTT\ Xe TT\qT, >C+ <
bsqeTT q+<* = XeTT\qT bq e<qT. nweT d+<eTT
c&X<jTeTT q+<* |juDeeTTqT bq |P]> e<qT. <XeT
d+<eTTq essT esqeTT <<|sTe~ XeTT\T |equweTT q$
\e. y q+{ e<* bq d# s#q yTTqsqT.
sTD D |TeTTq w&T sTD s<eTT| &= be#T+&>
sE\+<sT eTeT q>seTT\ ]. |eT sT w y+{& be#T
q+<iT $qT#T+&> nV deTs w eT|y# # sTDyT n |
|{qT d+d u>eeTTq qTq~. sT q |qT HsysT=q C\
bejT T< qeeqeTT L& b+<e\d e#qT. dyXeTTqT
#> |]o*+q bq sT |{q |qqT $&y sT +~ |\T\T
|*qT eyT s+#qT.

*<T, qqT ;w qsb\ es" _q" Cd H

#* sTDH >=qT#T" | +Ty
>=\"&T yjT&H s<eTT" >&>"<\TeTT, \dY
u\ |s+|sH eT<eTT" u|<", p|< H ||eTTH.
7. bsbTqH, <X | P seTT>H bq eT\eTTq _qeTT> s#q k+q
u>eTT\T L& = qe#T#Tq$. d+d u>e ~rjT d+<eTTq
lw&T |Xe\qT s+#T >esq|seTTqT +<eTTe HseTTq
<]+#q \<T. +<eTq> >=&T>T. n~ &T *jTq~. eTV
|seTTqT >& >=&T>T > qe\> Hq ydT jT_bjTeTT.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
108

1
@|, 2015
bq +< |<eTTqT =\+ e\eTT >=&T>TqT eyT jTT|eqeTT>
Cd X\seT#\ #+T>"<* n jTHqT. |V<Tq $s~ XgeTT\T
>i|s VsD|&T #+&eTsT\qT +~+#qT. n|&T ysT qeTD+
q|s |D + nqT Xe TT de<qeTT #| qT d+d u>eeTTq qTq~.
Xe TT dTs +<X nqT VsD| d+u<q eTT \<T. d+u<q eTT
e\q eTV sC! +< X T ey q u d T s +< T \eT> T ej T +< T
H>VeTqTeT jTseTT n l<sk$T eTTq>T yU\T yd]. n{#
H d+u<q yT+j qTeTT> qTq~. bq #+&eTsT$<eTT>
|*qT ydqT.

|\T e e e\q <qeH<! $s~ XgeTT

d|eTT, LsT |sT\T d|sT MT #sD+T q dT
yT|&T, MTesTq +jTT HeTw, jTesTH
C|& b{><T, |+" <\+|eTT HsTe&H.
+ $TT\eTT, |sVT\eTT
bT\yT, eT~jTT"> usZe\eTT
|T T e" CjT>
XT\yT? <\~ #+<eT! $+f.
|< eTT\ jT+<* <qeH<! < \~ #+<eT! nqT keq d+u<q eTT\T
sdeTT> qTq$. dTs+<X nqT d+u<qeTT H\ bq e<H *jT<T.
d+d leT<>eeTTq q|\eeTT> qTq |TeTT\ L&
eTVs y T q q <sX~# bq eeTT Hb~+#TqT. w sDq+se TT
~sVeTT# ]T&q jTsTqT&T VdH|seTTq e#qT. n|&
y\eTTqT # \q <ssE <s de#syTeT |+#qT. nsTqT&T
sT s\eTTq T& =qT#T
eTV~+ >\TbsTTq |< #+<+Tq sT \T &+#T#T <T\T
|*q. d+<s X~ >*q jTT|eqeTT dVb+&T<. y+H
nsTqT&T <T'KeTTqT >TeT]+#qT.
+ eTq ks~, eTq de"&T,
eTq $jTeTT, eTq dKT+&T, eTq u+<e"&TH

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
109

C
eTq $uT"&T, >TsT"&T, <es
eTq\qT $&H& #jT eTqTCBX!
nsTqT&T eq|&T <sq+<qT&T |XeTT\&q rsT e keqeTT>
qTq~. keq |XeTT\H >= bq
+ z&y! XTe\ ` H&y! k<T<wD|eTT\H
>&y! |sdT\qT ` M&y! eq<qeTT MsT\ q&TeTH.
+ |y! sTT#<q ` #|y! | k #dq yT\TH
<|y! XsDsT\ ` s=|y! ~E\", dT\, s>T\, dT\H.
+ n&y! udTsT\qT ` >T&y! u\e< >TsTe\T y*>
$&y! T\qT ` eTT&y! |sT\ $eTT\T ueTTqH.
nqT eT&T |<eTT\ *+#qT. *+| eqT eTV $wjTeTT>
ud+|CdqT.
b q d + d u > e e TT H j j T & T \T | s j T DeTT>
bsjTDyTTq] ydu>yqT\T dw+q | dyXeTTqT, |beTTqT,
| XeTTqT, | |<eTTqT u$+ u$+ $e] #w&jTqT. |dT
qH k>T# u>eu\ jTH >TDeTT\T bHeTq
dueeTT bsTTq$. J$eTT q+<T u>eT\T =+ #qf, u>eeTT
q+<* | u qT bq T =+##TqT. u>e eT $eTT
<T. eTi qT$|. +BsD eT q+<yT <T. eTi eTVw.
The Mother
My word to you is : Do not cherish suffering
and suffering will leave you altogether.
Suffering far from being indispensable to
progress. The greatest progress is made
through a steady and cheerful equanimity.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
110

1
@|, 2015

~ #\T
` eT~ VqTeT+se, V<su<T.
nHjdq eTsD+ $H <Hq J$yT
<V+ e kjTT+ <V yT bsr|!
n_eqe+T&sTTq eTw sT=H~ $T u>u >\T, dTKkU\
<T.
qHS eTs=& eTT+<T #sTT # j+#e\dq neds+
+&, <Tss <]<eT, <q +{ <s>+ +& J$+ >&b,
n< $\Te. + $T+ <q, q, edT, yVH\ e\q |jq+ @MT
<T.
n> n_eqe+T& s, eTTe\+f ujT+ +&<T. ujT+
s>+ >T]+, eTTd*q+ MT< |& |&, y~u<\T +&. <MT
uj
T |&~ <T . eT+#q |& rdT= rdT=, qT u<| & sTTsT \qT u< |{*
edT+<yq ujT+. n +& eTTe b|+, nHjd+> bD+
b, < >T]+ + <T. Cd V <Ty eTT' |{qy& #e
<+.
n_eqe+T& n> eTs q ]. eTTe sT y, M\sTT
eT] |qsq +& *dbsTT XXeTsTTq +<y b+<#y,
n+ $T+ + e\dq~ @MT <T,
#T X s mes *jT<T.
nHjdq eTsD+ ` jd+ +& dTHjd+> eTTe
$H <Hq J$+ ` <q +& J$+
<V n+ e kjTT+ ` eTsD+ s kjTT+
<V yT, bsr| ` H |k~+#T, |syTXs!
]\T qy >, # >&TdT$. ]\T u>e+T&T r]d

||+#+ Jeqj weTH~ qf.

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
111

l e |x kyT
H>qVsjT #HjT ukvZs>jT eTVXsjT
jT X<jT ~>eTsjT d qsjT qeTyjT
eTHd*\#qq#]jT ` qXs|eT<H<eTVXsjT
eTHseTTKVQ|wdT|PjT ` d eTseTVjT qeTyjT
yjT >e<Hs$qdsjT <<sHXjT
l \DjT ew<CjT ` d sjT qeTyjT
ewy<e>e~ ` eTTq<y]XKsjT
#Hs yXqs#HjT ` d esjT qeTyjT
jTdsbjT {<sjT ` |HVkjT dHHjT
~yjT <yjT ~>eTsjT ` d jTsjT qeTyjT
` ><TZsT l X+s#s

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
112

1
@|, 2015

eseTT
d] #T
usD q+
d]#T Xg|]uw |+<dt
m+_ nH |sT |w+# yTT\
T+yTq jTT|]jTd (|+<d)
#+~q~> >T]+|&TT+~. B +>+ m+_, m+_ yTs u\H,
yTsu\H, +&jTH >dtui, eT\ { n n+{sT. ~ s #T.
#T 8 qT+& 18 MT. \ mT m<T>TT+~. B eqT {sT>
e+|\T ], $d]+q =eT\ +T+~. k<sD+>, s*bjT B
q =eT\T 10`20 d+.MT.\ b&e qTqT|> < yT q X\
+{sTT. +& qT+& & (e++) \, <={ <>Zs <>Zs>
q =eTMT< neT] +& B |\T ds+>, |#> +&, q
=eT yTT+ |eY ( e+{) d+jTT | b* +T+~. B
|c\T |# ` |dT| s+>T +{sTT. B |\+ <<| >s+>,
|# ` |dT| s+>T, u> qTqT|>, >{>, sT \Te #s\T /
>&T\ +T+~. Xs<Te |eTjT B jT\qT {sT =eT\ |
qT+& # ksT. jT\T |\T| ` #<T \>*dq sT, u> |#T
+{sTT. eTq <X+ |\ jT\qT k<sD+> |, |dT| *|q
{ Hqu{ sTs+> #dT= +{sT.
y<s+>+ d] : d]| ]q b<$T |]X<q\ eT |]dT\
(Jeeed y\T|\ ` H ${) B ysdtHX, dJeHX >TD\TqT
s|+#&+~. n> djbsddt (meTT\T >T\us+), sTeT{sTT&
s{dt ( H=|\T) d] ks\T (m{\T) D eTsD |s|kjT,
qT esDqT esTkjT nH+<T b<$T <s\THsTT. = s\
qsY esyTq |ueeTTqT L& u$wT TTEe e#T. m\T\
reyTq b+jf{dt (eT d++<yTq y~) d] #dq y~
re >Z+ >eT+#sT. re+> <q eT >+~ eTseTT, |qsT

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
113

C
|jT\qT d] |+b+~+#+ qT>=HsT.
eT< T y T V +, ej T d T d + +< y T q
eT|+&\ y~, y| d++<yTq qsY
e+{ y<T\| ]|q qeTH |j>\
d] \T, us&T < jT\ qT+& jsT
#dq |j>ksTT Ww<\T |uee++>
|#jT>\e *d+~.
eqe\ ]|q qeTH |j>\
k<sD e\qT, n~ =ds y~
|&Tq (V|sY=ds$T) e\qT
L& s+ =ds ksTT\T >Z{
>eT+#sT. nH |] eT<TyTV+>\
m\T\ d] jT\ d\ ks+ (jTdt m) {e\ ]|q
n<jTq+ s+ >C eT]jTT fs&$T ksTT\T >Z{, jT|
|q+ yTsT>T<\qT >eT+#sT.
skjTq |]X<q : |< yTT+ d $$TH (d] eT+) qT *
+T+< d] jT |sTq|{, B $w skjTq n+X\ $wjTyT
@_bjT+ <T. d] j+{&+{ \+ C < n~
k+< +f m{H\T (m+_H @`37%, m+_H _ `33%,
|>H ` 12%, |&HH ` 14%) e\ *q< +&e#T. B
|Pb*H, |H+_H @, |H+_H, + nH s b|H\T
(byHsTT&\T, +|s, m eT+, >* eT+ e+{$) +{sTT.
k+d |syTq, eTd++<yTq beTTK : $we ydeTq qeT+
V+<e\T d] #TqT # |$yTq~> u$ksT. #TqT neT*
@< H&T |PksT. sk>s eT<q+ s <e\T ` sdT\ ={
|e<eXT * u $T| +~q neT| _+<Te\ qT+& d] <$ ++<
= V+< ><\ <q+. eT|syTq $Xd+ e\ d] <<| n
y<T\qT qjT+ #jT>\<, jTTwqT |+#TT+< L& qeTTsT.
d+d u< d+|<jT+ dT|d< usrjT #e] nX&T u<T\
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
114

1
@|, 2015
d+| e] VQeT> +~ ns neT\ |\+ (d] jT d>
u>+). ~ nXe<q +~ $<+> #|&+~.
eTV<, eqyeTT&T, eTs e+X |eTTKT&TqT q nX&T
+B| (us<X+) |uTe ksTT qT+& d>+ d] |uTe ksTT
y[bj&T. d+|Tq m+ beTTK b+~+<+f.. ~ ]q #T
>TsT> H{ |{ q>s+ neT\ d| |] db ]+#sT.
V+<e k+|<j nqTd]+... Xu|<yTq << ~H&T
q _> d]qT q+<T |> |< uVD d d+|<
*+#+<T s #+~q ~X+sT \T eTV\ dT d q< s k
s+, b&s+{sT. l ~X+s#sT\y] n< y<+ <s+>
#dT= neT* nH |sT deTq $ / y s$ jT\eT+*
|d s+#sT.
d+>+ #+~q nysY nH $T esTT, $<Ts\T,
sjTso* BsjTTwqT #+<T>qT d]qT ~jTeTH nH
sE VA]+#&q~ $T Vd+.
sy< u<+ |k nH sy e T<u>yqT&T d]qT u~
e+> CqdeTTbsq |j+#s n+{sT.
k+|<jT |j>\T :
y< + : k+|<jT usrjT y< + #T jTT m+&u{ q , |jT\qT
|j ksT . jTTs< / jTTH y< + y& $$< eT* Ww< \ j
#T jT, +, \T, ysT, us&T, |P\ dV n u>\qT
|jksT.
jTTs<qqTd]+ d] y, |, | <c\qT deTT\+ #dT + ~.
nH jTTs<+ >T]+# sT sT#T\ d] <T sT#T\qT * +&+
nk<sDyTq $wjT +. ~ < >\ r| sT sD+> y, |\qT deTT\+
#dT+~. B >\ b&us >TD+ b deTT\+ #dT+~. B jTTwqT
|+b+~#+<T |qsT+>qT, JsX |+b+~+#+<T, eT\<|
, s Z + # + < T , s X ~ , < > T Z q T Z + # + < T ,
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
115

C
d+ qT+& |XeTH, >T+& \+ #Ls+<T, X\ |sT>T<\
s+>qT, <V dJee++ #d+<T, yT<dTqT |+b+~+#+<T
y&e#T. #eqbd e+{ bNq VQeT* jTTs< Ww<\ d]
|d] b<$T n+X+. #sd+V =*k]> |k$+#&, yTT+ 43
eqeT*+X\bT X~#dq yq, H, qTe\ qH, #sT sk\Tq
V+ # $\Tyq |qsT+. k+|<jT #H $<q+ d]
>=+Ty| y&sT.
bXg+ |j >\T : d] <sT\T, ds| s <sT\ eTVsh n+
|eTTKyTq~. b++ d]jTqT |, qH, eTk ~qTdT\
}s>jT> |&sT. \T>T sc\ d]jTqT |> , $$< e+\
&+> uTksT. < j s\qT y&sT s us+
kyTq r| |<s+ yT eTTsu j #s <eD+ d]
jT\qT Hqu{ y{| # s bs @s& es +#TsT. B uHq+s+
sksT.
s |j>\T : q+ d] jT\qT ds\T, c+|P\T, \ qH\
y&sT. d] n~ yTT+ +& {H ek\| s+>T\qT n<+
ys+{ > eeV]dT+~. d] *|q \qH\T, c+|P\T sC\,
\ eT+ bwDkjT, y+T\T n|]|+> \&{ s~kjT
q+ $XdksT.
]e d+ equH\T d] \ < d] # +< #jT +
eTq b+\ k<sD+. Be\ nH s> u\THjT eTq y]

q$T.
s#sTT\T eT s#q\qT 30 sE\T eTT+<T> ~>Te sTHe
#sTqT\ |+|>\sT. C ed| |H\ ` 1e KT $&T<\>TqT.

sTHe :

s$ yVqse, M.Sc., M.A., (Sanskrit)

>sed+b<\T C

404, +q+ +|, 1 {H bdtdwH m<TsT,

Ns\ ` 523 155, |X+ , +<|<X.
Cell : 9440115411, E-mail : ramorasans@gmail.com

Website : www.samskruti.org/people/ramora/ramoraindex.html

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
116