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Enthalpy change of solution

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of dissolution, or heat of solution is the enthalpy
change associated with the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure
resulting in infinite dilution.
The enthalpy of solution is most often expressed in kJ/mol at constant temperature. The
energy change can be regarded as being made of three parts, the endothermic breaking of
bonds within the solute and within the solvent, and the formation of attractions between the
solute and the solvent. An ideal solution has an enthalpy of solution of zero. For a non-ideal
solution it is an excess molar quantity.

Contents

1 Energetics

2 Steps in dissolution

3 Dependence on the nature of the solution

4 See also

5 References

6 External links

Energetics
Dissolution by most gases is exothermic. That is, when a gas dissolves in a liquid solvent,
energy is released as heat, warming both the system (i.e. the solution) and the surroundings.
The temperature of the solution then decreases to that of the surroundings. The equilibrium,
between the gas as a separate phase and the gas in solution, will therefore (by Le Chtelier's
principle) shift to favour the gas going into solution as the temperature is decreased. Thus,
decreasing the temperature increases the solubility of a gas. When a saturated solution of a
gas is heated, gas comes out of solution.

Steps in dissolution
Dissolution can be viewed as occurring in three steps:
1. Breaking solute-solute attractions (endothermic), see for instance lattice energy in
salts.
2. Breaking solvent-solvent attractions (endothermic), for instance that of hydrogen
bonding
3. Forming solvent-solute attractions (exothermic), in solvation.
The value of the enthalpy of solution is the sum of these individual steps. Dissolving
ammonium nitrate in water is endothermic. The energy released by solvation of the
ammonium ions and nitrate ions is less than the energy absorbed in breaking up the
ammonium nitrate ionic lattice and the attractions between water molecules. Dissolving
potassium hydroxide is exothermic, as more energy is released during solvation than is used
in breaking up the solute and solvent.

Dependence on the nature of the solution

The enthalpy of solution of an ideal solution is zero by definition. For non-ideal solutions of
electrolytes it is connected to the activity coefficient of the solute(s) and the temperature
derivative of the relative permittivity.

Enthalpy change of solution for some selected compounds

hydrochloric acid
ammonium nitrate
ammonia
potassium hydroxide
cesium hydroxide
sodium chloride
potassium chlorate
acetic acid
sodium hydroxide
Change in enthalpy Ho in kJ/mol in water at 25C[1]

See also

Solvation

Enthalpy of mixing

Hydration energy

-74.84
+25.69
-30.50
-57.61
-71.55
+3.87
+41.38
-1.51
-44.51

Apparent molar property

Thermodynamic activity

References
1.

[1] CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Ed.

External links

phase diagram

Categories:

Solutions

Enthalpy

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This page was last modified on 23 February 2015, at 16:50.

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