Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Handbook for
Transformation of
Datums, Projections,
Grids and Common
Coordinate Systems
January 1996
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army
position unless so designated by other authorized documents.
The citation in this report of trade names of commercially available products does not
constitute official endorsement or approval of the use of such products.
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2. REPORT DATE
January 1996
Projections,
Grids
QE5113UD01
6. AUTHOR(S)
See Preface
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
U.S.
REPORT NUMBER
TEC-SR-7
11.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
unlimited.
UNLIMITED
This document provides Army orginizations and agencies with general guidance on
selecting the appropriate methods for shifting between local geodetic datums and the
World Geodetic System (WGS), and for converting Cartesian and map projection
coordinates to and from geodetic coordinates.
This guidance is provided to aid the
Army community in selecting datum shift algorithms, in developing, selecting, and
maintaining software using these algorithms, and in implementing this software to
support operational units.
Equations are furnished for map projections and datums
commonly used within the Army, and references are provided for other, less commonly
encountered, map projections and datums.
Cartography
Datums
Geodesy
Coordinates
17.
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OFREPORT
Unclassified
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
Projections
18.
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF THIS PAGE
Unclassified
170
16. PRICE CODE
19.
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OFABSTRACT
Unclassified
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18
298-102
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ix
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
xiii
PREFACE
xv
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
SCOPE
Scope
Applicability
Application guidance
1
1
1
1
2.
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
Government documents
Specifications, standards and handbooks
Other government documents, drawings and
publications
Non-government publications
Order of precedence
2
2
2
2
3.
DEFINITIONS AND UNITS
3.1
Acronyms
3.2
Terms
3.2.1
Convergence of the meridian (C)
3.2.2
Coordinate
3.2.3
Datum
3.2.3.1
Horizontal datum
3.2.3.2
Vertical datum
3.2.4
Earth-fixed
3.2.5
Elevation (orthometric height, H)
3.2.6
Ellipsoid
3.2.7
Equator
3.2.8
Equipotential surface
3.2.9
Geocentric Cartesian coordinates
3.2.10
Geodetic coordinates (geodetic position)
3.2.11
Geodetic height (ellipsoidal height, h)
3.2.12
Geodetic latitude (*)
3.2.13
Geodetic longitude (k)
3.2.14
Geographic coordinates
3.2.15
Geoid
3.2.16
Geoid separation (N)
3.2.17
Grid reference system
3.2.18
Map projection
3.2.19
Map scale
3.2.20
Meridian
3.2.21
Military Grid Reference System (MGRS)
3.2.22
Orthometric height
3.2.23
Parallel
3.2.24
Prime (initial) meridian
3.2.25
Reference ellipsoid
3.2.26
Scale factor (projection)
3.3
Units
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
.6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
2.2
2.3
iii
4
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
Sign conventions
Unit conversion factors
Degrees and radians
Specifying the unit of angular measure
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Introduction
Reference surfaces
Reference ellipsoid
Geoid
Relationships among topography, the geoid,
and the reference ellipsoid
4.3
Earth-fixed coordinate systems
Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z)
4.3.1
Cartesian coordinate system/reference ellipsoid
4.3.2
relationship
4.3.2.1
First eccentricity and flattening
4.3.2.2
Ellipsoid parameters
Geodetic coordinates (0, X, h)
4.3.3
4.3.3.1
Latitude and longitude limits
Coordinate conversion
4.3.4
4.3.4.1
Geodetic to Cartesian coordinate conversion
4.3.4.2
Cartesian to geodetic coordinate conversion
4.3.4.2.1 Finding X
4.3.4.2.2 Finding 4
4.3.4.2.3 Calculating h
4.4
Representation of Geodetic Coordinates
Height Relationships
4.5
4.5.1
Elevations
4.5.2
Geoid separation
4.5.3
The relationships among H, h, and N
4.5.3.1
Notational use of H and h
4.
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
5.
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.5
DATUM SHIFTS
6.
6.1
Introduction
6.1.1
Shifting between two local datums
6.1.1.1
Shifting from NAD 27 to NAD 83
6.2
Seven-parameter geometric transformation
Transformation to WGS 84 Cartesian coordinates
6.2.1
iv
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
13
13
13
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
24
24
24
6.3
24
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.3.6
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.2.1
26
28
28
29
29
30
30
30
6.4.2.2
Estimated errors
( 0 A, 'AXAh)
32
6.4.3
6.5
6.3.1
6.3.1.1
6.3.2
6.3.2.1
6.6
6.7
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.8
MAP PROJECTIONS
7.
7.1
Introduction
7.1.1
The map projection process
Properties of projections
7.1.2
Mapping equations
7.1.3
Conformal projection
7.1.4
7.1.5
Scale factor
Map scale
7.1.6
Convergence of the meridian
7.1.7
7.1.8
Information sources
7.2
Mercator projection
Meridians and parallels
7.2.1
7.2.2
Mercator mapping equations
Finding (x,y)
7.2.2.1
Point scale factor and convergence
7.2.2.2
of the meridian
25
25
26
26
32
32
33
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
35
36
36
37
7.2.2.3
Finding (O,X)
37
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.3
Accuracy
Area of coverage
Transverse Mercator (TM) projection
38
38
38
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.2.1
7.3.2.2
7.3.2.2.1
7.3.2.2.2
7.3.2.3
7.3.2.4
(0
X)
38
39
39
40
40
41
42
42
42
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.4
7.4.1
Accuracy
Area of coverage
Universal Transverse Mercator
UTM zones
43
43
43
43
7.4.1.1
7.4.1.2
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.3.1
7.4.3.2
7.4.3.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.1.1
7.5.1.2
7.5.2
7.5.2.1
7.5.2.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.5.5
7.6
7.6.1
7.6.1.1
7.6.1.2
7.6.1.3
7.6.1.4
7.6.1.5
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.7
7.7.1
7.7.2
7.3.2.5
7.3.2.6
vi
(UTM)
projection
42
44
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
50
50
50
50
51
51
51
51
53
54
54
54
54
54
55
55
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
7.7.3
7.7.4
7.7.5
7.8
7.8.1
7.8.2
7.9
7.10
7.11
and convergence
8.
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.3.1
8.2.3.2
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.2.1
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.3.5
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
Example 8.2
57
57
57
57
57
58
63
63
63
66
66
70
70
70
71
Example 8.3
74
Accuracy
Implementation issues
Preferred shift methods
Software testing
Error Analysis
System model
Error estimates
Error types
Reformulation
Error propagation
Example
Numerical examples
Example 8.4 Convert WGS 84 geodetic coordinates
to Universal Transverse Mercator
coordinates in the NAD 27 reference
system using a three-step datum shift
Example 8.5
Example 8.6
Example 8.7
74
75
76
76
77
77
78
79
79
80
81
85
85
88
90
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
8.4.5
Example 8.8
90
92
8.4.6
Example 8.9
8.4.7
96
98
99
8.4.8
8.4.9
8.5
9.
9.1
9.2
101
NOTES
Intended use
Subject term (key word) listing
PAGE
APPENDICES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
103
103
103
viii
105
107
129
145
149
151
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
4.1
12
4.2
14
6.1
23
6.2
25
7.1
36
7.2
39
7.3
44
7.4
47
7.5
51
7.6
55
59
7.8
60
7.9
61
7.10
62
8.1
66
8.2
67
8.3
Datum shifts.
68
8.4
69
8.5
System Model
84
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
D.1
LIST OF TABLES
Page
3.1
Conversion Factors
6.1
30
7.1
45
8.1
79
8.2
81
A.1
Reference Ellipsoids
106
B.1
108
C.1
130
D.1
147
E.1
150
xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document provides Army organizations and agencies with general guidance on selecting the
appropriate methods for shifting between local geodetic datums and the World Geodetic System
(WGS), and for converting Cartesian and map projection coordinates to and from geodetic
coordinates. This guidance is provided to aid the Army community in selecting datum shift
algorithms, in developing, selecting, and maintaining software using these algorithms, and in
implementing this software to support operational units. Equations are furnished for map
projections and datums commonly used within the Army, and references are provided for other,
less commonly encountered, map projections and datums.
Beneficial comments (corrections, recommendations, additions, deletions) or information that
may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to the Standards Division of the
Digital Concepts & Analysis Center (DCAC) at the Topographic Engineering Center (TEC).
Mail: U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center, ATTN: CETEC-PD-DS, 7701 Telegraph
Road, Alexandria, VA 22315-3864.
Fax: ATTN: Standards Division, DCAC (703) 355-2991
Phone: (703) 355-2761
xiii
PREFACE
This report was funded under the U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center's (TEC) Digital
Topographic Data Standards Program.
This report was co-authored at TEC by the following individuals:
Frederick Gloeckler
Richard Joy
Justin Simpson
Daniel Specht
The report is based on a draft of the Military Handbook, Datums, Projections, Grids and
Common Coordinate Systems, Transformation of (MIL-HDBK-600008), and was revised during
the period July 1994 through July 1995. This Technical Report uses material from MIL-HDBK600008 co-authored by:
James Ackeret
Fred Esch
Chris Gard
Frederick Gloeckler
Daniel Oimoen
Juan Perez
MAJ Harry Rossander
Justin Simpson
Joe Watts
Tom Witte
This work was performed under the previous supervision of Juan Perez, and Richard A
Herrmann and the current supervision of John W. Hale, Chief, Standards Division and Regis J.
Orsinger, Director, Digital Concepts and Analysis Center.
Mr. Walter E. Boge was Director and COL Richard G. Johnson was Commander and Deputy
Director of TEC at the time of publication of this report.
xv
1.
SCOPE
1.1 Scope.
This Technical Report provides methods and
parameter values to shift positions between approximately 113
geodetic datums and provides methods for converting between
geodetic coordinates, Cartesian coordinates and map projection
Guidance is provided on selecting methods
coordinates.
appropriate to the application, and on developing and testing
software to implement these conversions.
The methods provided in this Technical
1.2 Applicability.
Report are used for a wide range of Army mapping, charting, and
positioning applications.
Equations are furnished for the map
projections commonly used within the Army.
References are
provided for other map projections that occasionally may be
encountered.
Special high accuracy applications such as
engineering, construction, and real estate boundary surveys are
outside the scope of this Technical Report.
Appendix B provides
datum shift parameters for approximately 113 datums that are
currently available from the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA).
However, many more local datums exist. For guidance on datum
shift applications or for datum shift parameters not covered by
this Technical Report, contact TEC [address given in the preface].
1.3 ADDlication auidance.
Transformation methods and
parameters should be appropriate to the application.
A system
analyst should do a thorough evaluation of the system requirements
before developing detailed specifications.
This evaluation should
consider the intended use, data types, formats, and required
accuracy of the output mapping, charting, and geodesy (MC&G) data,
as well as the source and accuracy of the input data. Also, any .
hardware constraints must be considered.
The methods presented in
this Technical Report can then be examined for how well they can
meet or be adapted to meet the requirements.
Where more than one
method will satisfy a basic requirement, give priority to Armypreferred methods for standardization purposes.
Additional
application guidance is furnished in Section 8.
2.
2.1
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
Government documents.
The
2.1.1 Specifications: standards. and handbooks.
following specifications, standards, and handbooks form a part of
this document to the extent specified herein.
SPECIFICATIONS.
None
STANDARDS.
MIL-STD-2401
STANAG 2211
(Fifth Edition)
HANDBOOKS.
grids and
None
2.1.2
Other Government documents. drawings. and
pubhinAtinns. The following other Government documents, drawings, and
publications form a part of this document to the extent specified
herein.
Unless otherwise specified, the issues are those cited in the
solicitation.
The date in parentheses indicates for each document the
edition that was used in preparation of this Technical Report.
Document ID/Agency
Title
DMA
(1981)
DMA TM 8358.1
DMA TM 8358.2
Geological Survey
Professional Paper 1395
NSWC/DL TR-3624
U.S. Department of
Commerce, Coast and
Geodetic Survey,
Special Publication
No. 251
Engineer Technical
Letter No. 1110-1-147
Federal Register
v. 55, no. 155, Friday,
August 10, 1990
Docket No. 900655-0165
(Pearson,
Copies of; DMA Instruction 8000.1 and GS Professional Paper 1395 are
available from USGS, Branch of Distribution, Box 25286, Denver CO
80225.
Copies of DoD Glossary of Mapping, Charting, and Geodetic
and DMA TM 8358.2 are available from the
Terms; DMA TM 8358.1;
Director, DMA Combat Support Center, ATTN: CCOR, 6001 MacArthur
Copies of the NOAA Manual NOS NGS
Boulevard, Bethesda MD 20816-5001.
5 and the Coast and Geodetic Survey Special Publication No. 251 are
available from National Geodetic Information Branch, N/CG174, National
Geodetic Survey, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910.
Copies of NSWC/DL TR 3624 (Accession Document Number = AD A037 381 on
paper, or GIDEP #E151-2353 on cartridge) are available on from Defense
Technical Information Center, Bldg. 5, Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA
22304-6145.
Copies of ETL 1110-1-147 are available through the
Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
Copies of STANAG 2211 and MIL-STD 2401 are available
203140-1000.
from the Defense Printing Service, ATTN: DODSSP, 700 Robbins Ave, Bld
4D Philadelphia PA 19111.
2.2
Non-Government publications.
3.
3.1 Acronyms.
The acronyms used in this Technical Report
are defined as follows:
a. BIH
b. CONUS
c. CTP
d. DMA
e. DoD
f.
DTED
g. ECEF
h. GPS
i.
LGS
j.
MGRS
k. MC&G
1. MRE
m. MSL
n.
NAD 27
o. NAD 83
p. NGS
q. NGVD 29
r.
NOAA
s.
t.
NOS
NSWC/DL
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
TM
UPS
UTM
WGS 72
WGS 84
3.2
Terms.
Earth-fixed.
MaD Droection.
A function relating coordinates of
curved surface (usually an ellipsoid or sphere) to
of points on a plane.
A map projection may be
by analytical computation or, less commonly, may be
geometrically.
3.2.22
Orthometric height.
See elevation.
3.2.23 Parallel.
A line on the earth, or a representation
thereof, that represents the same latitude at every point.
3.2.24 Prime (initial) meridian.
A meridian from which the
longitudes of all other meridians are reckoned.
This Meridian, of
longitude 00, was traditionally chosen to pass through the
Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England.
For new refined
coordinate systems, the location of the prime meridian is defined
by the International earth Rotation Service, Paris, France.
3.2.25 Reference ellipsoid. An ellipsoid whose dimensions
closely approach the dimensions of the geoid; the exact dimensions
are determined by various considerations of the section of the
earth's surface concerned.
Usually a bi-axial ellipsoid of
revolution.
3.2.26 Scale factor (Drolection).
A multiplier for reducing
a distance in a map projection to the actual. distance on the
chosen reference ellipsoid.
3.3 Units.
In this Technical Report all distances are
expressed in meters.
Angles are expressed in degrees, radians or
the combination of degrees, minutes, and seconds.
3.4 Sian conventions.
The sign conventions used in this
Technical Report are defined as follows:
a.
Elevation.
Positive outside or above the vertical datum,
negative inside or below the datum.
b.
Geodetic heiaht.
Positive outside the reference
ellipsoid, negative inside the reference ellipsoid.
c.
Geodetic latitude.
Positive in the northern hemisphere,
negative in the southern hemisphere.
d.
Geodetic longitude.
Zero at the prime meridian, positive
00 to 1800, eastward from the prime meridian, and negative
00 to 1800, westward from the prime meridian.
Geoid seoaration.
Positive outside the reference
e.
Cartesian Z.
technical report.
TABLE 3.1
1 meter
=
=
=
=
1 International foot
1 U.S. Survey foot
= 0.30480060960 meter
1 Int'l
Nautical mile
1 Int'l
Statute mile
=
=
=
=
=
1 degree
1 degree
1 minute
= 60 minutes
= 3600 seconds
= 60 seconds
= 360 degrees
18d
(3.1)
4.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
4.1
Introduction.
An understanding of geodesy helps one
understand how to represent the locations of points on or about
the surface of the earth. Terms printed in boldface are defined
in Section 3.2.
a.
b.
c.
10
d.
Coordinates generally are represented alphanumerically (e.g. latitude 380 51' 22.45"N and
longitude 770 26' 34.56"W).
Position data for an area
often are represented graphically, as on a map.
The
planar representation on a map provides a distorted
view of features on the curved earth's surface.
Geodesists have developed various mathematical methods
to minimize certain types of map distortions, depending
on the intended use of the map.
The process of
relating coordinates of points on a curved surface
(usually an ellipsoid or sphere) to coordinates of
points on a plane is called map projection.
The
preferred map projections for DoD are the Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM), used over most of the
landmass, and Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS), used
in the polar regions.
4.2
Reference surfaces.
Reference-surfaces are used as the
bases for geodetic coordinate systems and elevations.
4.2.1 Reference ellipsoid. A reference surface called the
reference ellipsoid (mathematically described in Section 4.3.2)
is used for defining geodetic coordinates (Section 4.3.3) because
it is regularly shaped, is mathematically tractable, and can
approximate the surface of the earth. Since the earth is
flattened at the poles, an oblate ellipsoid fits the shape of the
earth better than does a sphere.
An ellipsoid of revolution is
the reference surface most commonly used in geodesy and is used
throughout this Technical Report.
A geodetic coordinate has a
simply defined relationship with the reference ellipsoid and any
other geodetic coordinate because of the regularity and relative
simplicity of the reference ellipsoid's shape.
The parameters for
the commonly used reference ellipsoids are listed in Appendix A.
A reference ellipsoid is often chosen to fit the geoid.
4.2.2 Geoid.
The geoid is a closed surface of constant
gravity, potential approximated by mean sea level (MSL) and the
theoretical extension of MSL through land areas.
For purposes of
this technical report, the geoid is considered a reference surface
from which elevations are measured.
A reference ellipsoid may fit
the geoid; for example, the maximum difference between the WGS 84
geoid model and the WGS 84 ellipsoid found in Appendix D, Table
D.1 is 102 meters.
4.2.3 Relationships amona topoaraphy. the aeoid. and the
reference elliDsoid. The relationships among topography, the
geoid, and the reference ellipsoid are illustrated in figure 4.1.
11
>1'-
04.
ra)
0-
00
r4~i
C13u
40>
00
0,-
0)
00
+
~r-4
0)0
a) 0
$-i -4
(1) 4-I
(1)
0.
Z,Z
4 -)4 r4
QS 4-)
01)
As
4~0) (d
o
0
ai) 0oa)
Cu
a)0)
4)J
12-
co,
4.3
Earth-fixed coordinate systems.
There are many
coordinate systems used to represent positions on or near the
earth. The coordinate systems used in this Technical Report are
all earth-fixed.
A coordinate system is earth-fixed if the axes
are stationary with respect to the rotating earth. Two primary,
earth-fixed coordinate systems, Cartesian and geodetic, are
discussed in Sections 4.3.1 and 4.3.3, respectively. Conversions
from one to the other are presented in Section 4.3.4.
4.3.1
Cartesian coordinates MX, Y, Z).
The Cartesian
coordinate system used in this Technical Report is a right-hand,
rectangular, three-dimensional (X, Y, Z) coordinate system with
an origin at (0,0,0).
When the origin is also at the mass center
of the earth, the coordinate system is said to be geocentric.
4.3.2
Cartesian coordinate system/reference elliDsoid
relationship. The relationship of the Cartesian coordinate system
to the reference ellipsoid is shown in figure 4.2.
The Z-axis,
the axis of rotation (semi-minor axis) of the ellipsoid, is nearly
parallel to the axis of rotation of the earth. The Z-coordinate
is positive toward the North pole.
The X-Y plane lies in the
equatorial plane, the plane swept out by the semi-major axis as
the ellipse is rotated. The X-axis lies along the intersection of
the plane containing the prime (initial) meridian and the
equatorial plane.
The X-coordinate is positive toward the
intersection of the prime meridian and equator.
The reference
ellipsoid satisfies the equation
X2
T2
y2
Z2
T2 + b
(4.1)
(4.2)
13
P
/
(,,,h)
Reference
Ellipsoid
Figure 4.2
(x, Y, Z)
..h
14
Two important
4.3.2.1 First eccentricity and flattening.
constants are the (first) eccentricity 8 and flattening f that are
related to a and b by
2
82=_ a a2
(4)
a -b
a
and b,
as the
of
4.3.2.2 Elliosoid parameters.
Appendix A contains a list
reference ellipsoids and their parameters.
These can be divided
into two categories: those, such as the Bessel Ellipsoid, that are
used to approximate the shape of the earth for a local area and
those, such as the WGS 84 Ellipsoid, that are used to yield a
global approximation to the shape of the earth.
4.3.3 Geodetic coordinates (0, X, h).
Geodetic coordinates
consist of geodetic latitude (0), geodetic longitude (k), and
geodetic height (h).
Their relationship to the reference
ellipsoid is shown in figure 4.2.
For an ellipsoid that satisfies
equation 4.1, the normal SP intersects the ellipsoid at Q.
The
angle between the normal SP and the equatorial (X-Y) plane is
called the geodetic latitude (0) of point P.
The meridian plane
containing point P is defined as the half-plane containing the Zaxis and point P.
The angle between the prime meridian (X-Z)
plane and the meridian containing point P is the geodetic
longitude (X) of point P.
Geodetic longitude is not defined when
P lies on the Z-axis.
The distance from Q to P is called the
geodetic height (h).
4.3.3.1
00 at the Equator
Longitude limits:
0' at the Prime meridian
180W (-1800) to 180 0 E (+1800)
4.3.4
Coordinate conversion.
Two basic earth-fixed
coordinate systems, geocentric Cartesian coordinates and geodetic
coordinates, have been introduced in Sections 4.3.1 and 4.3.3.
The following section explains how coordinates in one system can
15
Z=
where RN,
by
R+hi
(4.4)
sin
2 0 a+
RN = 4a2 cos
b 2 sin2
S-
82sin
Calculating
4.3.4.2.1 FindingnX.
In the reverse case, when (X,
are known but (0 ,A, h) are unknown,
for
Y,
Z)
X # 0,all Y,
X = 0,
Y > 0,
X = 0,
X = 0,
Y < 0,
Y = 0,
arctan
I
X
X
X
=
=
is
(4.6)
900 E (+900)
9 0 0 W (-900 or 2700 E)
undefined
Finding 4.
When (X,
Y)
is
not
(0,
0),
the general
P given
by
16
tan
o=
a +
b4X-2
Once
f0
is
(4.7)
_+Y
obtained, substitute it
for
f in
the equation
Z + E,2 b sin3
4X2 + Y2
a F 2 cos 3
(.
(
82= a
es2
-b
2f - f2
- b
b2
This approximation to is
tan
a2
(4.9)
E2
- e2
-1
substituted into
f=
(1 - f)
tan 0
(4.10)
Z),
the latitude
(0) is
0 S)
for
4.3.4.2.3 Calculating h.
Once 0 has been calculated,
non-polar areas h can be found from
4 X2
+y2R
h In polar regions it
- RN
(4.11)
is preferable to use
z
h =s
sinf
where RN is
in
RN + C2 RN
17
(4.12)
(e.g.
440 443
44.44",
E).
For clarity, numeric fields representing degrees, minutes and
seconds should be ended by the appropriate symbol, respectively
,0o . ,..,
and
"-".
Height Relationships.
4.5.1
Elevations.
Throughout this Technical Report, the
term elevation (H) is used to denote the distance of a point
above the geoid or vertical reference surface as measured along
the plumb line. A plumb line follows the direction of gravity and
is perpendicular to all equipotential surfaces of the Earth's
gravity field that intersect it.
Points lying outside the geoid
are defined as having positive elevation. For the purposes of
this Techncial Report, elevation and orthometric height are
considered equivalent.
In practice, the reference surface for
measuring elevations may not exactly coincide with the geoid.
4.5.2 Geoid seoaration.
Geoid separation (N) is the
distance from a reference ellipsoid to the geoid, measured along
the ellipsoidal normal.
This is equivalent to the geodetic height
(see Section 4.3.3) of a point on the geoid. Geoid separation is
positive when the geoid lies outside the ellipsoid.
4.5.3 The relationships amona H. h. and N.
Geodetic height
(h), geoid separation (N), and elevation (H) are depicted in
figure 4.1 and are related by equation 4.13.
h = H + N
(4.13)
18
5.
b.
19
By definition, a
5.3 Vertical datums and elevations.
Elevations are
vertical datum is a surface of zero elevation.
Ideally, a
datum.
measured (positive upward) from the vertical
geoid.
the
vertical datum would closely approximate
As a practical matter, it is impossible
5.3.1 Backaround.
to access the geoid surface directly for use as a vertical datum.
Historically, tide gage measurements were averaged over many years
to establish the local mean sea level (MSL) references for
The National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929
vertical datums.
(NGVD 29), which is based on tide gage measurements and precise
leveling surveys, is estimated to be within a few meters of the
geoid. There is greater uncertainty in the relationships between
the geoid and other local vertical datums.
The exact
5.3.2 Vertical datums and mean sea level (MSL).
relationships between different vertical datums are unknown.
Therefore, when shifting datums, all elevations are considered
referenced to MSL regardless of the vertical datum used to
establish them. For Army applications, two exceptions to this
rule are:
a.
b.
a.
b.
d.
e.
f.
purpose of
A
from DMA TRs
(1987).
5.5
WGS 84 referenced elevations.
Sometimes elevations
must be generated from geodetic heights, without reference to a
local vertical datum. For example, satellite positioning systems,
like the Global Positioning System (GPS), establish coordinates
geometrically and cannot directly measure elevations. An
elevation can be obtained from a WGS 84 geodetic height using:
H = hWGS
84
NWGS 84
(5.1)
where NWGS 84 is the value of WGS 84 geoid separation for the WGS 84
geodetic position of the point. Appendix D contains a method for
Table D.1 is a
interpolating NwGs 84 from a table of grided values.
It is useful for moderate
list
of NWGS 84 on a 10 x 100 grid.
TEC will furnish
accuracy mapping and charting applications.
qualified users with either digital 30' x 30' or 10 x 10 NwGs 84
tables or spherical harmonic expansion tables for survey and high
accuracy applications.
Requests should be sent to the address in
the preface.
21
6.
DATUM SHIFTS
6.1 Introduction.
Several methods are available to shift
coordinates from one geodetic datum to another.
To develop these
shifts, coordinates of one or more physical locations must be
known on both datums.
Typically, for the local datum to WGS 84
shifts presented in this Technical Report, the WGS 84 coordinates
of local datum survey control points were determined using Doppler
satellite observations.
Two classes of datum shift methods are
geometric transformation and polynomial fitting techniques.
Only
geometric transformations are discussed here.
a.
b.
c.
d.
22
ZWGS 84
(I)
XG
LZ
YLGS
r7-Ly
YWGS 84
AY
XWGS 84
FIGURE 6.1.
+ AX + ( ) YLGS -
VZLGS + ASXLGS
YWGS 84 = YLGS
AY
ZWGS 84
AZ
VXLGS
ZLGS
23
- YLGS
ASZLGS
For
(6.1)
YLGS = YWGS 84
- AY +
ZLGS = ZWGS 84
- AZ - VXwGs 84 +
(XwGS
84 -
(6.2)
8 ZWGs
84 - ASYWGS 84
-YWGS 84 - ASZWGS 84
b.
24
Z WS
WGS 84
4Z
XLGS
YWGS 84
AY
XWGS 84
FIGURE 6.2.
6.3.1
Transformation to WGS 84 Cartesian coordinates.
In
certain cases, AX, AY, and AZ datum shift parameters can be
applied directly to convert local geodetic system coordinates to
WGS 84 Cartesian coordinates as follows:
+
AX
YLs +
AY
XWGS 84 = XLGS
YWGS
84
ZWGS 84 = ZLGS
(6.3)
+ AZ
C, and
25
c.
To
6.3.2 Transformation to local aeodetic coordinates.
convert WGS 84 Cartesian coordinates to the local geodetic system,
apply AX, AY, and AZ datum shifts as follows
XLGS =
YLGS
XWGs 84 - AX
= YWGS
84
(6.4)
AY
ZLGS = ZWGS 84 - AZ
Equation set 6.4 is a subset of equation set 6.2 with 0), AV, 8, and
AS set to zero.
6.3.2.1 Three-step method: Transformation to local aeodetic
coordinates.
To shift WGS 84 geodetic coordinates to local
geodetic coordinates
a.
b.
c.
6.3.3
Molodenskv shifts.
The standard Molodensky method is
an approximation to the three-step transformation methods of
Sections 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.2.1. To use the Molodensky methods to
transform local geodetic coordinates to WGS 84 geodetic
coordinates, calculate AO, AX, and Ah shifts using the standard
Molodensky formulas Rapp, 1987.
A=
[-
[-sin
26
(6.5)
in
W Aa +
a(l - f)
sin2
4 (Af)
which
= 1 -
W2
2sin22
a(1 -
M=
E2)
W3
= LGS
XLGS
a2
82
.2
- b2
a2
a2
-b22b 2
b2
2f -
f2
82
-82
Note:
Most applications do not require shifting geodetic heights,
so Ah does not need to be computed or applied.
Geodetic heights,
which are used to compute datum shift parameters, are a special
construct that may not be well related to the local geodetic
system.
Do not use Ah to shift local geodetic heights.
If this
is a requirement, seek competent geodetic council.
a.
AOLGS
WGS 84 = XLGS +
AXLGS
*WGS
hWGS
84
84
OLGS
(6.6)
hLGS + AhLGS
27
Aa
Af
Note:
b.
awGs 84 - aLs
= fWGS 84
fLGS
AG's 84
XWGS 84 +
where
AOWGS 84,
XWGS 84,
AXGS 84,
hwGs84'
(6.7)
84
and
Aa = aLGS - aWGS 84
Af = fLGS - fWGS 84
Note that ellipsoid parameters a and f are found in Table A.1,
Appendix A.
6.3.4 AX. AY. and AZ shift values.
Appendix B (Table B.1)
contains the AX, AY, and AZ values for the three-parameter methods
of converting local geodetic systems to WGS 84.
The accuracies,
in terms of error estimates for AX, AY, and AZ, are given in
Appendix B.
A further discussion of the accuracy of these
parameter shifts will be given in Section 6.3.5.
6.3.5
Accuracy of AX. AY, and AZ shift Darameters.
Error
estimates for AX, AY, and AZ are tabulated in Appendix B.
These
estimates include the errors associated with the Doppler stations
as well as the residual differences between transformed local
system coordinates and the reference WGS 84 coordinates used to
develop the datum shifts.
(A Doppler station refers to a position
where the WGS 84 coordinates were obtained by observing and
processing of TRANSIT satellite data.)
a.
28
c.
GA
4(YAx
4( 0&= sin?)2 + ( Ay
4(ax COS COSX)2 +
0
yAh =
cos 0)2
COSX)2
(GAy
(6.8)
29
Transformation Method
1.
Direct (6.4.2)
2.
3.
Two-Step (6.4.3)
Shift method known
4.
5.
Unknown.
(6.4.2)
Direct (6.4.2)
Accuracy unknown
6.4.2
Direct WGS 72 to WGS 84 transformation.
The direct
WGS 72 to WGS 84 transformation reflects fundamental changes
between the WGS 72 and WGS 84 systems.
Changes include a shift in
coordinate system origin, a shift in longitudinal reference
(initial meridian), a change in system scale, and changes in
ellipsoidal parameters.
For WGS 72 coordinates not originating in
the WGS 72 system (i.e., non-Doppler-derived coordinates), take
care when employing the direct WGS 72 to WGS 84 transformation, as
any inaccuracies and uncertainties inherent in the WGS 72
coordinates will be directly transferred into the derived WGS 84
coordinates.
These inaccuracies and uncertainties are generally a
result of local geodetic system to WGS 72 coordinate
transformations using mean rather than localized datum shifts.
Thus, every effort should be made to find the source of all WGS 72
coordinates before doing a direct WGS 72 to WGS 84 transformation.
6.4.2.1 Conversion eauations.
It is important to note that
the relationship between the WGS 72 coordinates and the WGS 84
coordinates cannot be described by a three-parameter model (see
Section 6.3).
30
a.
AWGS 84
XWGS 72 +
hwGs 84 =
(6.9)
AO
A'
72 + Ah
where
AO = 4.5 cosOwGs
awGS 7 2 Q
AX = 0.554
A1
72
Af sin
20WGS
(arc seconds)
72
(arc seconds)
WGS 72
Aa + Ar
(meters)
Af = 0.3121057 x 10-7
aWGS 72 =
6378135
(meters)
Aa = 2.0
(meters)
Ar = 1.4
(meters)
Q=
180
3600
OWGS 84
WGS 72
+ AO
XWGS 84 + AX
(6.10)
Ah
hWGs 72 = hwGs 84 +
where
=-4.5 CsOSwGS 84
aWGS 84
AX
-0.554
Af sin 20WGS 84
(arc seconds)
(arc seconds)
31
84 +
Aa - Ar (meters)
awGs 84 =
6378137
(meters)
Aa = 2.0
(meters)
Ar = 1.4
(meters)
180
3600
= 3 m
(6.11)
= 3 m to 4 m
32
(MRE).
= HWGS 72 +
NwGs 72 + All -
NwGs 84
(6.12)
33
7.
MAP PROJECTIONS
,h = o.
(2)
(3)
35
500
40
300
200-
100
0 0
00
200
FIGURE 7.1.
7.2.2
400
600
800
1000
1200
(latitude)
a ln
(4
(7.1)
-Xo)
C sin
1 + C'sin
+ 2
-tany7
) 2 J
or
in [(1 + sin
l'
2 1( - sin
I
i8 sin ]
1 + e sin
)
36
(7.2)
where
a
e
=
=
),X and
(7.3)
N cos
7=0
where
=-
a
1 - 82 sin2 9
(7.4)
t = e
(7.5)
0=
E-
2 arctan t
n+=-
2- 2+arctan
37
(7.6)
4:
(7.7)
(
Similarly,
(Ao)
sufficiently small.
7.2.3 Accuracy.
The Mercator equations for x, y, k, y, and
are exact.
The iterative equation for 0 can be updated until any
desired accuracy is obtained.
7.2.4 Area of coverage.
in the Mercator projection, as the
latitude (0) approaches the poles, the y coordinate approaches
infinity. Area and length distortion increases with distance from
the equator. For example, the point scale factor is approximately
2 at 600 latitude and 5.7 at 800 latitude.
7.3 Transverse Mercator (TM) Dro-jection.
The Transverse
Mercator projection is a conformal projection for which the point
scale factor equals one along the central meridian.
The line
y = 0 is the projection of the equator, and the line x = 0 is the
projection of the central meridian.
The Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) projection (see Section 7.4) is a modification of
the Transverse Mercator projection.
7.3.1 Meridians and Darallels.
Both the central meridian
and the equator are represented as straight lines.
No other
meridian or parallel is projected onto a straight line. Since the
point scale factor is one along the central meridian, this
projection is most useful near the central meridian.
Scale
distortion increases away from this meridian.
(See Figure 7.2.)
38
0 0
00
FIGURE 7.2.
7.3.2
N A3 cos 3
NAcoso
+
120
N24A 4
N A6
720
-t2
(7.8)
112)
N AScos5
N
A2
N A2
(1
(5
18t 2
14112
4+
58t 21T2 )
sin 0cos
sin
4cos 3 #(5
sin
*cos
4(61
39
-t
-
+ 9112 + 41 4 )
58t
+ t 4 + 270712
330t 2112 )
where
(7.9)
N= 1I -
sin2
E2
=tan
t
=
- 'cos
82
F- 2
(1
a
So
-b2
a2
a[Ao
0
- A6
- A 2 sin 20 + A 4 sin 40
sin 60 + A. sin 841.
Ao2 1 654
21-j
64
A=1
A6 =
E2)
072
35
56
26
32V
41
175
8
16384
)
- +-r( 8
315
A=-
131072 88
A =
- Xo
in
radians
Findina
(OA).
To find (d,
7.3.2.2.1 Findina the footooint latitude (.ki.
X), given x and y, first compute the footpoint latitude (01) using
The equation
the following iterative method (See Krakiwsky 1973).
to be iterated to yield the footpoint latitude (01) is
=
-y
SI,
(7.10)
where
Sl = a[Ao - 2A 2 cos2o + 4A 4 cos4o - 6A 6 cos6O + 8Ascos8o]
(7.1.1)
40
X)
-B4
(X'
determined,
(0,
B6 (x \61
720 ~ 1 J(.2
24 LN
3
- L6-)
+ sec k
0, is
Once
B5
X'
N-J
where
B3
1 + 2t
2t2+1
1 +
(.3
(7.13)
4gt
B4 = 5 + 3t1 + Il-41
B5
22
9 J1
252t 21 2
tj
424
90t4T1
+25
1 '
-82
(1 -82)
e12
T11
24
3- 66 1T 1 4
cos
- 2 21
82
=tan 0 1
a
1i- 82 sin2 41
S(41-
If
Sa(1 - C2)
F2
sin2 O1 )3
+2
2t then 4= 900
(a pole)
41
and
is undefined.
7.3.2.3
As a
k2=-
_ _2
(+
(7.14)
where
2
C2
and tj
1 12
91 4 _- 24t2
1 + 6112+
C4
, 111,
7.3.2.4
(7.15)
41
As a
A4 cos4
24+
2 +
k2COS20
D6
(7.16)
D2= 1 + 112
2 4
D4= 5 - 4t 2 + 14112 + 13114 - 28t 2Tj 2 - 48t 71
D6 = 61 - 148t 2 + 16t 4
(7.17)
in which
and A, t,
N1
N,
15(J
3 NI)
315
N(7.18)
where
2
E2 = 1 + ti2
ill
(7.19)
2111
E4 = 2 + St 1 + 211 + 3t 1 + ti
E6= 17 + 77t 2 + 10t4+
22
9111
24
7tTl
45t 6
42
The
SA2
(1 + F 2
Y=Asin
A4 cos4
cos 2
3
+ F4
15
A6 cos6
+ F6
315
)
(7.20)
in which
F 2 = 1 + 3112 + 2T1 4
2 2
F 4 = 2 - t 2 + 15112 + 3514 - 15t 11
F6 =
and A, t,
17
26t2 + 2t
(7.21)
-
50t 11
7.3.3
Accuracy.
The Transverse Mercator equations for x,
y, 0, /, So, 01, k, and y are approximations.
Within 40 of the
central meridian, the equations for x, y, 0, and X have an error
of less than 1 centimeter.
(See Geological Survey Professional
Paper 1395, 1987.)
7.3.4
Area of coverage.
The equations given here for the
Transverse Mercator projection can be used within 40 of the central
meridian.
If these equations are used with UTM coordinates, then
consult Section 7.4.1 for guidance on the area of coverage for UTM
coordinates.
7.4
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection.
The
UTM projection is a family of projections that differ from the
Transverse Mercator projection in these ways (see Figure 7.3):
a.
b.
c.
d.
+ 6n,
n = 0 ....
59.
43
FIGURE 7.3.
6%
180X - 29
for 0 ,5%<7c
(7.22)
for 7C :X < 27
- 183)180
for (z 31)
for (z 30)
Xo = (6z + 177)1
with Xo expressed in radians.
44
(7.23)
Latitude
Lower 7Upper
Zone
56 0 N
56
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
31
32
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
7.4.2
Longitude
West
East
640 N
64
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
00 E
3
0
9
21
33
Reference source.
30 E
12
9
not used
21
not used
33
not used
42
I
Central Meridian
30 E
9.
3
15
27
39
UTM eauations.
0.9996
XTM +
500,000
YUTM = 0.9996 ym
YuTm = 0.9996 YTM + 10,000,000
kUTM =
(7.24)
(Northern hemisphere)
(Southern hemisphere)
0.9996 kTM
= 7TM
Y
To compute geodetic
7.4.3.2 Comoutina geodetic coordinates.
coordinates from UTM coordinates, a zone, and a hemisphere, first
solve equation set 7.25 for (XTM, YTM), equation set 7.23 for Xo,
and then compute (0, X) from equation set 7.12.
XTMYTM =
YTM
kTM =
YTM =
1
0.9996
0.9996
1
(XUTM-
(7.25)
500,000)
(Northern hemisphere)
(YUTM)
45
(Southern hemisphere)
Latitude limits:
North: 840
South: 800
Zone overlap:
Polar overlap:
46
90W
45W
Pole
900E
00
45 0 E
FIGURE 7.4.
standard parallels,
01 and
02.
one
,Xo.
x = r sin LA
y
= ro-
cos LA
where
-Lq
r=K
ro
(7.27)
K e-LqO
ro
=Ke~
Ni cos 01
Le-Lql
N2 cos 02
Le-nq2
47
( ln e
q = n tan 7c+
62 _
- F, sin
21
a 2 -2 b
41)
n(N 2 Cos 2)
q 2 -q,
qj= q evaluated at Oj , J = 0,1,2
Nj= N evaluated at Oj , j = 1,2
cos
=ln(Nj
q-
X(7.28)
L
in- K
r
L
r -
COS
in which
arctan
(7.29)
ro- Y
Note: When evaluating the arc tangent, the user must take
care to insure that the resulting angle lies in the desired
quadrant.
Once q is found, then 4 can be determined using the Newton Raphson method, which is explained next.
Define functions f and
f',
and an initial approximation 4' by
48
f()=
-q + I in[(1 -
(I-
30)
82
4)cos #
82 sin
= 2 arctan
sin
+ E(sin1(7.
(1- sin
(eq)
- 7C/2
,)
(7.31)
t'
1'', the
into
Finding (xV).
r sin LA
y = ro - r cos LA
where
A=
(7.32)
L = sin
(7.33)
00
K = No cot *o e qO
-Lq
r=Ke
rro
KK eL
e-Lqo
[tan
(44
++4)
2)
qo =q evaluated at 00
No = N evaluated at 00
49
sin
i + E sin#
To
7.5.2.2 Findina WAX) with one standard parallel.
transform in the other direction, suppose that x, y, 00, and Xo
First, compute L, K, No, qo, r, and r. from equation
are given.
Then, as in the previous case, (0, X) can be found from
set 7.33.
S=+
o(7.34)
L
K
in
q -L
in
K
r
which
r
Cos 0
(7.35)
arctan ro-x y
k =(7.36)
N cos
50
7.6
Polar Stereographic orolection.
The Polar
Stereographic projection is a limiting case of the Lambert
conformal conic projection when the one standard parallel
approaches a pole.
In this conformal projection meridians are
straight lines, parallels are concentric circles, and the point
scale factor is one at the pole (see Figure 7.5).
135 0 E
135 0W
1800
900E
45 0 E
Figure 7.5.
135 0 W
900 W
900 W
450
45W
351E
900E
450 E
00
Given (,
X,
the Polar
(7.37)
(Northern hemisphere)
(Southern hemisphere)
in which
=K tan
b= (1 +
K
2a2
a
'2
(1__
- b2
51
1 + E sin 10i
(7.38)
(4,
is expressed in radians.
y)
= (0,
0),
the longitude is
is
undefined.
Otherwise,
given by
S=
arctan
0
arctan
(Northern hemisphere)
(Southern hemisphere)
yl %
sin
e-q
(7.39)
lyl
Use one of
(7.40)
where
22(1
(7.41)
aF
KI
=
f~~
f(2)
-q+
~
+ sin
- sin
-Q+in[
1 - 82
(1-
82
sin
q
0= 2 arctan e
4)cos
R
-2
52
.1
-
E sin
+ sn
(7.42
(7.42)
Then,
n =
(7.43)
f (On-i)
n-1
Alternatively,
an
(7.44)
where
(in radians)
z
tan 2
x
K sinX
tan F = I
x0
cos
Y
K co
2a2
(1_-__
12
5
1
72+
A +2
TV~4++2~
C 7
D
C2
29
81
4279
2
6+
6+-811
161280
a
(7.45)
b2
a2
53
13
-8
3
606
-8
k=
k
4,
replace
by
-4
at the poles
(7.46)
r
elsewhere
c
N cos
where
1 + E sin 101
I} -C
r =K tan (4
2 ( 1 sin 1
K
N-
P2,
b-
(7.47)
a
S
- E2 sin2
(Northern hemisphere)
Y=--
(Southern hemisphere)
The
(7.48)
7.6.2
Accuracy.
For the Polar Stereographic projection,
the equations for x, y, X, and q are exact.
The equation for
can be iterated until the desired accuracy is obtained.
7.6.3
Area of coverage.
There is no general agreement on
the area of coverage for the Polar Stereographic projection.
Section 7.7.5 gives the area of coverage for UPS coordinates.
7.7 Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) projection.
The
Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) projection is the standard
military grid used in polar regions (see Figure 7.6).
The main
reference for the UPS grid is DMA TM 8358.2 (1989). The UPS grid
is a family of two projections that differ from the Polar
Stereographic projection in these ways:
a. Both the x and y values (see Figure 7.6), called easting
and northing, respectively, have an origin of 2,000,000
meters.
b. The scale factor at the origin is 0.994.
54
1800
900 W
1,/
90 0E
00
Figure 7.6.
The limits of the system are north of 840 N and south of 800 S. In
order to provide a 30-minute overlap with the UTM grid, the UPS
0
and 790 30'S.
grid contains an overlap that extends to 83 30'N
(7.49)
X
X
(Northern hemisphere)
(Southern hemisphere)
(7.50)
55
(xups
1
Yps - 0.994
- 2,000,000)
(7.51)
(Yups - 2,000,000)
In particular,
is
undefined.
+=arctan
(Northern hemisphere)
(7.52)
(Southern hemisphere)
(Yaps - 2,000,000)
in which
X
(7.53)
S2
(Xups -2,000,000)
z
tan 2 =
0.994K sin X
Xups 2,000,000
- 2,000,000)
(Yops
0.994K
tanu z2
cos X
Yups 2,000,000
tan z
2
(Yups
(Northern hemisphere)
2,000,000)
0.994K cos
Yups 2,000,000
K
b (
a
a2
(Southern hemisphere)
The values of A, B, C,
56
(7.54)
r
k = 0.994
elsewhere
N cos
(Northern
S=
hemisphere)
A=
(Southern hemisphere)
South zone:
UTM overlap:
30'
overlap,
The
7.8 The U.S. Military Grid Reference System (MGRS).
MGRS is an alpha-numeric system, based upon the UTM and UPS map
An MGRS coordinate
projections, for identifying positions.
consists of a zone designation, alphabetic 100,000-meter grid
square designator, and numeric coordinates within the 100,000
meter grid square. MGRS coordinates are defined for the primary
UTM and UPS areas, but not for the overlap areas.
7.8.1 MGRS coordinates in the UTM area. In the UTM area, MGRS
coordinates are based on the ellipsoid, geodetic latitude, UTM
zone, easting and northing as follows:
a.
The first two characters of the MGRS coordinate are the
two digits of the numeric UTM zone (see sections 7.4.1.1 and
7.4.1.2.)
Leading zeros must be included.
b.
The third character of the MGRS coordinate is a letter
representing a band of geodetic latitude. Beginning at 800 South
and proceeding northward, 20 bands are lettered C through X,
57
omitting I and 0. The bands are all 80 high except band X (72 0 N to
84 0 N), which is 120 high.
c.
The fourth and fifth characters of the MGRS coordinate
are a pair of letters representing the 100,000-meter grid square.
The letter pair can be selected from figure 7.7 and 7.8 (from DMA
First, reduce the UTM northing by multiples of
TM 8358.1.)
2,000,000 until the resulting value is in the range of 0 to
Second, reduce the UTM northing and easting
1,999,999 meters.
Third, locate the
values to the nearest 100,000 meters.
corresponding 100,000 meter northing and easting grid lines for
The grid square identifier
the UTM zone number on the figure.
will be immediately above and to the right of the intersection of
the easting and northing grid lines on the figure.
Note: The alphabetic method of designating 100,000meter grid squares has changed over time. Older products
may have different grid square designations than those
Also, some software was programmed to
described above.
compute MGRS coordinates based on geographic position and
The boundaries between
a map of preferred ellipsoids.
Therefore,
preferred ellipsoids have changed with time.
MGRS coordinates computed with such software may not agree
MGRS computation software
with current map products.
should always require input of the ellipsoid. If MGRS
coordinates are to be used in conjuction with a map
product they should be checked against the map product
to verify compatibility.
d. The remainder of the MGRS coordinate consists of the
numeric easting and northing values within the 100,000-meter grid
The left half of the digits is the easting grid value,
square.
which is read to the right of the 100,000-meter easting grid line
The right half of the digits is the
established in step c. above.
northing grid value, which is read northward of the 100,000-meter
Both the easting
northing grid line established in step c. above.
and northing grid values are within the range of 0 to 100,000
meters (i.e., zone and grid square designators, only) to 1 meter
(i.e., zone and grid designators followed by 10 digits, five for
Both
easting grid value and five for northing grid value).
easting and northing value must have the same resolution and must
include leading zeros.
7.8.2 MGRS coordinates in the UPS area. In the UPS area,
MGRS coordinates are based on the ellipsoid, geodetic latitude and
longitude, easting, and northing as follows:
A in
B in
Y in
Z in
and
a.
the
the
the
the
7.10.
58
z=
o
U00~0,09
in
;
o.v
S
CJ
.~
000,00 9
i5.. a
C&
000-009
C'
-'
C C'
CC'
C'
C'
000,00L
'w
000,00S
0000,00
w
a
=
LL
W0,00'a
o~~i
..
23
W000,00Z
-C77--
~ao
ga.~
CC-
Ea
V
-
~T'
- -
.a
le
- -
Earn.5
aSaa
- -
I-
- -
- -
--
12I
_
-
CCOm
--
000,00L
in
-
-a
000.00t
000 ,009
W000,00C
o~~~S
a
----
---
a. 5.
a
Na e
2'
&
2L
o C e C..
a
2
1.a
am
---
C.
~..C.
.
----
C.
---
C
C.
C
LI
C
LI
a
a
C.0.
a
---
C.0'
~in-----------------------------------------------------------------~
2
~ 5
a
~
a
a
=
a
a
a
a0
a
= a
a
~LI~*a a~~~~~
'
a
I
a
ao~
a .
-a a L
2
-.
C
I
9
000C-0aS
00009~'OOVO
i
a-
,a Eo
000. Z
OOGO
CDm
I"---------------------------------------------------59
000
0.
I*
!=
v-I- r-
-I
S-
__:I'000"00V
= 1=
'-
= = !=
=",
="
=
g
i
'
I, '
I-I
. . .
.I~
~~l
!
:E
,,
u000'00E
AA M
000,00Z
= I
= !
= o, -
,.,.,
I ;
I=
,= ='='l= ,. t, ,
I. r.
000009
000009
000,00;
..E
----
-;_
>
000o009
000,008==
:=
0
000,00,00
i==
000,00;
.. C= __.
.
S-
C'
.,,
m_
=E
, Z
Z0 r-""
oooDoo;
oo
W 000*009
LL
a,
,=
= =,=/=
/
1==.
----- --
5,
--
==..
--
.a
-=-,/
.
!-- ..
U.
-!
-I,=
..
,.
1,..-
=b
-I
1
E= " !=
El:
ast'
,.
-~ ~
C= C
000'00-
I.
a
-.
'-
60
000,009
000,00t
0 '0
, -I
I0,0
E,-
ooooo-000,009
a_____
,a~
-l. aa
".
oooo-___o
-I=
- - -
00*0
t - i=- =!
-
ME
rE
- - -
00=.00a
=I
I
1E
ts
~~~~~
000,00t
000,00E
. . . .
=,-=~~000o
a~
'
--
S-
1=U=-
..
IF
-000.00E
-C[o
- -1
_
-
- -
000009
-o
a a
'-
_
1
ooo0oo0.
000,00t
---- = - = 222
00
Or0 >~.
z
z
0z
.LLJC~)
C_
(i,6*
0i
<
~LLJ
10
-elH
21NP
-61
Ci
F3
'W
-OGG
wiu
z
L-LiJ
ow
0-~
SL
Is..
p>
CD
'cn
78
.06
C)
._jO
L14
-0.
c o~
0.6 2
i62
96_j
_____
i0
--a
-4
'o \40Yr
u
.o
________o__
.o
L.,
-j
zL0
CL
CY~
i
co -
2.
3.
63
E, N, at
necessary.
4.
X =koXp + E
Y =kYp + N
(7.55)
k =kkp
7=YP
where
E = false X-value (in meters) at the origin
N = false Y-value (in meters) at the origin
ko = scale factor along the appropriate line.
Along the equator for the Mercator projection,
along the standard parallel(s) for the Lambert
Conformal Conic projection, and along the central
meridian for the Transverse Mercator projection.)
5.
64
Y = koYTM + N - koSo
(7.56)
where
ko= scale factor on the central meridian, Xo
YTM = Transverse Mercator Y value computed from equation
set 7.8
N = false Northing in meters of the origin
So= value computed using equation set 7.9
65
8.
SELECTION OF TECHNIOUES.
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT,
AND TESTING
2.
3.
(datum shifts)
Figure 8.1.
where
x,y = map projection coordinates
= geodetic latitude
= geodetic longitude
66
b.
X,Y,Z
FIGURE 8.2.
where
X,
4,
Y,
Z = Cartesian coordinates
X, h = geodetic coordinates (latitude, longitude,
geodetic height)
H = elevation
d.
2.
67
L~Q~LIDatimWGS
84
x-
o xyJiii~zi
Figure 8.3.
Datum shifts.
Note elevation values (H) do not generally change when
changing datums,
where
X, Y,
Z = Cartesian coordinates
e.
68
WGS 84
x, Y, z
Bh
,IHX,
___HH
Figure 8.4.
where
x, y = map projection coordinates
X, Y, Z = Cartesian coordinates
4, X, h = geodetic coordinates (latitude, longitude,
geodetic height)
H = elevation
69
g.
h.
i.
b.
C.
d.
e.
8.1.2
Procedural examples.
8.1.2.1
x
l
..
Horizontal geodetic coordinate-based
datum shifts ((,X,,h)LGs to (0A)WGs 84) (Local datum geodetic
heights (hLGs) typically are not available.
It is not recommended
they be transformed to WGS 84).
This Technical Report has discussed two methods of doing
datum shifts.
These methods are the three-step method, and
Molodensky shifts.
Either the three-parameter AX, AY, AZ shift or
the seven-parameter shift may be used in the three-step method.
This example corresponds to a "BB" shift of figures 8.3 and 8.4.
70
a.
b.
2.
Compute (X,Y,Z)wGS 84 from (XY,Z)LGsusing the sevenparameter shift equation set 6.1 and shift parameters
from Table E.I.
3.
AY,
AZ shifts
1.
2.
3.
1.
Compute AO
Molodensky
Table B.1,
parameters
2.
can
84 using the sevenparameter shift equation set 6.2 and parameters from
Table E.1.
71
b.
2.
3.
4.
Aooroach 2
AY,
AZ datum shift
c.
2.
3.
4.
1. Compute (,X,,h)wGs
2.
3.
kGS 84 ,H).
72
a.
Aporoach 1
b.
2.
3.
4.
OWGS 84,
3.
4.
c.
OWGS 84,
2.
OWGS 84,
73
b.
b.
c.
d.
e.
75
b.
c.
b.
Test
Poles
Polar regions
Discontinuity in % (transition between 0,360 degrees or
-180, 180 degrees)
Origin expressed in (4, )
4= 0
=0
equator,
b.
c.
d.
An example is
given in
77
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
78
Table 8.1.
Sublect
4.3.4
4.4.3.
6.2.4
6.3.1, 6.3.2
6.4.2.2
6.7, 6.7.1, 6.7.2
7.2.3
7.3.3
7.4.4
7.5.4
7.6.2
7.7.4
Appendix B
Appendix E
Section 6.4.2.2
79
a.
b.
c.
d.
+2(x
OV)
[(N )2
(N 2 ) 2
....
(Nn)2]2
(8.2)
80
Table 8.2.
Notation
Error
Form
Standard Error
(One Sigma)
Probable
Error
Map Accuracy
Standard
Linear
(68.27%)
PE (50%)
MAS (90%)
Circular
ac
(39.35%)
CEP (50%)
CMAS (90%)
Spherical
a8 (19.9%)
SEP (50%)
**SAS = Spherical Accuracy Standard
**SAS
(90%)
Near Certainty
Error
30 (99.73%)
3.50c(99.78%)
40s (99.89%)
50%
68.27%
90%
99.73%
From
50%
68.27
1.0000
0.6745
90
99.73
0.4101
0.2248
1.4826
1.0000
2.4387
1.6449
0.6080
0.3333
1.0000
0.5483
4.4475
3.0000
1.8239
1.0000
39.35%
50%
90%
99.78%
From
39.35%
50
1.0000
0.8493
1.1774
1.0000
2.1460
1.8227
3.5000
2.9726
90
99.78
0.4660
0.2857
0.5486
0.3364
1.0000
0.6131
1.6309
1.0000
Spherical Error
To
(Three Dimensional)
19.9%
50%
90%
99.89%
19.9%
50
90
1.000
0.650
0.400
1.538
1.000
0.615
2.500
1.625
1.000
4.000
2.600
1.600
99.89
0.250
0.385
0.625
1.000
From
(Note:
8.3.5 Example.
The commander wants a printed product
showing the transportation routes near Seoul, Korea with WGS 84,
UTM coordinates, at a scale of 1:50,000.
The data source is a
Class A, 1:50,000-scale topographic map on the Tokyo datum.
The
product will be created by digitizing the transportation routes on
the map sheet, shifting the coordinates from the Tokyo datum to
WGS 84 using the three-step method, and plotting the shifted data.
81
a.
b.
In this model,
The system model is shown in Figure 8.5.
it is assumed that computer-related issues will
not degrade coordinate conversion and datum shift
Also, it is assumed that the
calculations.
representation of the digitized data will not change
Often this assumption
through the rest of the process.
is not valid because digital data representation must be
Such data
changed to a predetermined format.
modifications can introduce error.
The error estimates for each of the elements in the model
are
Error
Element
Map accuracy (horizontal)
Digitizer
UTM to Geodetic conversion
Geodetic to XYZ conversion
Datum shift equations
Datum shift parameters: YAx
aAY
(YAz
XYZ to Geodetic conversion
Geodetic to UTM conversion
Plotter
0.02" CMAS(90%)
+0.005"
<1 cm
0.0
0.0
5 m
3 m
3m
0.1 m
<1 cm
+0.01"
2.
It is assumed that the digitizer error is a near
certainty, circular error specification that must be
scaled from the map to the ellipsoid and converted to
CEP.
Digitizer error = 0.005" max x 0.0254 W/in x 50,000
= 6.4 m max x 0.3364
= 2.1 m CEP
82
3.
The datum shift parameter error estimates, YAx,
GAz, must be converted to YAO and GA, then to CEP.
GAY,
Using the above values for GAx, GAY, and GAz, 0 = 37.50
and X = 1270, equation set 6.8 yields CA = 3.34 m
and GA = 4.38 m.
CEP = 1.1774 x Gc = 1.1774 x
(YAo
+ Gx)/2 = 4.5 m
4.
It is assumed that the plotter error is a near
certainty, circular error (99.78% probability)
specification that must be scaled from the map to the
ellipsoid and converted to CEP.
Plotter error = 0.01
x 50,000
RSS =
d.
83
Figure 8.5.
System Model
1:50,000
Class A Map
Digitize
Convert UTM to
Geodetic
Convert Geodetic
to XYZ
Datum Shift1
3-S'Dte
Shift Tokyo Datum
('.Datum.
Shiftto
WGS 84
Convert XYZ
to Geodetic
Convert Geodetic
to U TM
Plot
84
Paraeters
, AY, AZ
(,A,h)WGS
Exanmle 8.4.
Convert WGS 84 geodetic coordinates
84 to Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates
(XuTM,YuTM)
in
AY,
AX,
AZ datum shift.
420 56'
2880 22'
h = 203.380 m
Step 1: Convert WGS 84 geodetic coordinates to NAD 27 geodetic
coordinates using the three-step AX,AY,AZ datum shift.
1.1 Convert
4.4 and 4.5.
(pXh)wGs
84
to (X,Y,Z)wGs
a = 6378137
f = 0-.00335281066474
E2
2f - f2 = 0.00669437999013
b = a(l
- f)
6356752.3142
a
RN
1- E2a sin2
=
I
6388070.57383009
XWGS 84 =
(RN
+ h)
cosocosX= 1473933.5413
YWGS 84 =
(RN
+ h)
cos~sin=
-4437679.0666
85
84
RN +
ZWGS 84 =
1.2
Convert
sino= 4323399.2717
(X,Y,Z)WGS
to (X,Y,Z)NAD
84
27
6.4 and AX,AY,AZ datum shift values from Table B.1 NAS-C.
XNAD 27 = XWGS 84
AX =
YNAD 27 = YWGS 84
Ay
ZNAD 27 = ZWGS 84
AZ
1473933.5413 - (-8.0)
1473941.5413 m
-4437679.0666 - 160.0
-4437839.0666 m
a Z
b 4X2
+ y2
Substitute
Po
for
0.74788820090716142 radians
3 in
approximation for .
E Z+
Sarctan
q-X2
82 = 2f - f2
8'2
+ Y2
b sin3
-a
82
cos
0.74958142853674489 radians
0.0067686579973
.
and
8'e2
12 -le e2 = 0.0068147849459
.
86
(180
z = greatest integer
<I
29
z = 19
X0 =
(6z + 177)
(62
as
5 6 _175
--e
A2 =
A4
1 -
Ao
6'2
175- 8
0.998305681856
0.2542555420215 x 10-2
153677-8
(--81--8)
A6
35
F6
302
41
-
0.2698010542695 x 10-s
8)X
=
00.3502448582027 x 108
315
A 8 = - 131072 88 = -0.5044416191579
So
x 10-11
So= 4756711.680282
V1 - E2a sin2
N =N =
N=RN=
6388250.562973
=0.6042571576496 x 10-1
= tanO = tan(0.74958094822852639)
A=
--
= -0.04585156272818
radians
87
= 0.9308149267480
2.2.2
coordinates (xTMyT
xTm =N
125CS50
y~m
t21 + 112 )
Acos4)+ N A3 6cos 3
so +
(5
2 + t4+
18t8t
N A2
-2 sin 4cos
N 24 sin 4cos3 * (5
N720
sin *co 5
21I
2)
14112 -
(61
9112 + 4114)
-t2
2
-58t
t4+
270T12
-330t
2 71
2)
-214408.9715411
xTm
yTm= 4760061.989246
2.3
Convert the Transverse Mercator projection coordinates
(x~m,y~m) to universal Transverse Mercator projection coordinates
(XUTM,YUTM) using equation set 7.24 (Northern hemisphere) .
xum=
yuTm
0.9996
(4760061.989246)
YUTM
4758157.964
8.4.2 Exmle85
Convert WGS 84 geodetic coordinates
(4),,h) to geodetic coordinates (OA,,h) in the NAD 27 reference
system using the standard Molodensky method.
This example converts WGS 84 geodetic coordinates to NAD 27
coordinates using the standard Molodensky method.
Beginning WGS 84 coordinates:
4)=420
X=1080
h
56'52.16311 N =0.749580918883376
22'24.326", W =1.891473118
=203.380
88
radians
radians
Step 1: Compute Aa, Af, W2, M, N, E2, and e,2 using equation set
6.5.
Obtain aWGs 84, ANAD 27, fWGS 84, and fNAD27 from Table A.1.
Aa
= aWGS 84 -
aCLARKE 1866
fCLARKE 1866 =
Af =fWGS 84
82 = 2f - f2
-69.4
3.726463863 X 10-5
0.006694379990
82
E82
0.006739496742
E2
4i
RN
=:
82 sin
= 0.9984449805
a(1 - 82)
W3
6388070.574
6365086.681
Step 2: Compute AO and AX, and Ah using equation set 6.5, and
AX, AY, and AZ datum shifts from Appendix B for datum code NAS-A.
In this example, the signs of AX, AY, and AZ are reversed from
those of Appendix B due to the direction of the datum shift (WGS
84 to local coordinates).
8 2 sin4~cosAa+
A=
[(-sinocosXAx - sinosinXy + cos4Az +
W
+
sinocos4(2N + e' 2 Msin 2)(1
AO
f)Af] /[M
+ h]
0.131,,
[-sinX&x + cosXAy]
{(N + h)cos2]
X
a(l - f)
snfA
2f
Ah = 28.65 m
Step 3: Compute the NAD 27 geodetic coordinates (O,X,h) from
equation set 6.7 that results in the following valuesl;
89
Af
ONAD 27
= *WGS
84
+ AO = 420 56'52.294"N
XND 27 = XWGS 84 +
hND 27 = HWGS 84 +
X)WGS
232.03 m
8.4.3
8.
Convert WGS 84 geodetic coordinates
84 to Mercator projection coordinates (x,y).
(0,
OWGS 84 =
XWGS 84
= 2880 22'
X) =
6378137(5.033057346 - 5.026548246)
= 41569.357
[t
y = a ln [tan (+
0.0818191908426
2>
1 - 8 sin
"2)1 +
8 sin 0
21
5274911.868
=)1
90
x2a
Xo
Step 2:
a_
5274911.8684
6378137)
35.674"W
= .43734619376064
2 arctan(t)
= 0.746233651 radians
2f -
f2 =
0.00669437999013
0.0818191908426
On+1
n1
2 - 2 arctan (t
0.7495688569418636
r-
Li
sin On
+8
sin
52.163"N
420 56'
52.163"N
91
(O,X) are:
X=
2880 22'
8.4.5
coordinates
35.674"W
Examole 8.8.
(XuTm,YuTM)
in
XTM
(Xu
500,000)
= -214,408.4314
1
- 0.9996 YUTM = 4,760,058.8796
YTM
(XTM,YTM)
(6z +.177)(j-8)
(X0)
to
using
= 5.078908123303 radians
2f - f2 = 0.6768657997291 X 10-2
82
8.2
= 0.6814784945915 X 10-2
92
12
8
A0
63 64
6
1586
128
3(214
8:f+2
A2 =
A_ _ (
35
-41
3072 (8-6
A8 =
- 131072 88 =
0.2698010542695 X 10
)
88
855
0.2542555420215 X 10-2
4096 C8=
-8
A6 -
0.998305681856
77
3 6
15
6
175
16384
25 p6
256
0.3502448582027 X 10-8
315
-
0.5044416191579 X 10-11
= 0.7463005398433 radians
So = a[Ah0
- A 2 sin 20 + A 4 sin 44
So = 0.4735829138159 X 107
2.6 Calculate S'O using equation set 7.11 and the estimate of
0o 4i.
s'=
a[A0 - 2A 2 cos 24
+ 4A 4 cos 4 -
6A 6 cos 64
+ 8A 8 cos 84]
i(updated)
4i(current)
so
_S
0.7501073756426 radians
are as close as is
desired.
93
0.7501073020563 radians
ti
tan (0.7501073020563)
a
N, =
4i
1i
- 82 sin2
a (i1-
6,388,261.949762
2)
(,i ai- 82
( sin2
R
i2
8,2
cos 2
6,365,044.225886
1 = 0.3647692467262 X 10-2
B4
5 + 3t, 2
+ 111 2 -
3 111 4
- 66t 1 2111 4
t 1 Nr~
L
.B4 (X' 4
X-2
01 R,12
I (N ) -24
=
(X
sec 0
5(
3(
61
+ 720 (NJ)
S=
~NJ
B6
52.168"
22.464"
94
= 420
56'
4s 84 = 2880 22'
Standard parallels:
01= 420
02= 430
00,
00.000"- = 0.7504915783575617
radians
Origin:
0=
420
30' 00.000-
3= 2880
'Step 1:
F =
42f - f
Step 2:
= 0.0818191908426
Calculate q at 0,
in
[=
tan
where i = null,
q(O)
= 0.74.17649320975901 radians
I- e sin
xO
.(
1, 2,
1 ,02 and
= 0.8270301921136922
q(01) = 0.8164293462094778
q(02)
= 0.8282703592274435
q(40)
= 0.8164293462094778
sin2
i
95
N(OO) = 6387903.46785173
N(02)
= 6388090.05758619
Step 4:
in(Nlcos!) - n(N2cos02)
c q22
= 0.6788029306559900
qi
L =
Step 5:
K=
Step 6:
r
E-LqI
1
LNcos
L
E-
= 12076169.25203636
-
=K-Lq(O)
= 6888432.18075871
r0=K-LQ(o) = 6938179.32109766
= r0 - r
X0)
cos L(X
=
-
30474.8898082
XO
0)
= 49814.5521555
are
= 30474.890
= 49814.552
01 =
02 =
k =
Xo =
420
430
420
2880
30'00"
00'00"
30'00"
00-00"
= 0.7417649320976 radians
= 0.7504915783576 radians
= 0.7417649320976 radians
= 5.0265482457437 radians
96
standard parallels
+
tan
in
qi7=
7
S0.81642946+207+
sin in
sin8
qo= 0.8164293462094778
ql = 0.8164293462094778
0.8282703592274435
q2 =
Ni=a
1 - E2 sin2 *.
N, = 6387903.467851727
N 2 = 6388090.057586191
Nic=so,
Le-IQ
Step 2:
ro=
Ke-
6938179.321097849
Step 4:
N2cs2
Le-Lq 2- = 12076169.25203651
o=
arctan
0.6788029306559713
-ql
Step 3:
ro - y
- 6888432.18091526
L= + Xo
5.0330657221511255
97
24.326,
Step 5:
ln
q
- 0.8270301920802524
)' =
2 arctan (eq)
Step 7:
2 = 0.746233650926621
f(W') = -q + I ln LL1-sin4'
+ 8 sin
')
f'(4')
f
(1)
1 - e2
1s-
-')cos' 1.357001593456580
4)"
=f(4)
0.7495861530575
4)"
are
52.163".
)=
S
42 56'
2880 22'
52.16324.326"
98
0.0067226700623
8 = 0.08199189022
Step 2:
2
K=] 2a
b
Step 3:
(1 - 6)
a + e)
12713920.17558161
Step 4:
+ E sin 10l1
r = sin 1
2
21)
303059.087879879
x = 2,000,000 + 0.994 r
sin
y = 2,000,000 - 0.994 r
cos
8.4.9 E.12.
coordinates (XMY)
2222991.410
1797464.051
Step 1:
99
X
=
Xups - 2000000
0.994
-s
224337.434205231
Yus- 2000000
0.994
YPS =
Step 2:
= -203758.500100604
- ,) E
2a2 [(1
(
K =
Step 4:
12713920.17558161
K Icos I
q = 3.73652495299514
Step 5: Compute an initial estimate
using equation set 7.42.
0= 2 arctan eg -
Step 6:.
1.52313176628106 radians
-q + L
f()1
[(
2 =n
f(4o)
f()
sin
(1-
E sin
sin 0)(1+
, sin
I - F2
1i2sn)os
82
= 20.9875717033244
sin2o) coso
-0.006730109061328
(I
On
E)
- ff' (n-1)
= 1.523452437445710
100
using equation
Step 8:
14.4"S.
)=
S=
870 17'
14.4"S
1320 14-52.303"E
Mercator
Central Meridian = 1800
Ellipsoid
= Clarke 1866
)=
350 N
= 750 W
(2850 E)
x = 11,688,673.7 m
y = 4,139,145.6 m
k = 1.2194146
4 = 400
S=
x =
y =
30' N
730 30'
(2860 30'
E)
627,106.5 m
4,484,124.4 m
k = 0.9997989
Lambert Conformal Conic
Ellipsoid
= Clarke 1866
Standard parallels = 330 N
= 450 N
Origin:
00 = 230 N
Xo = 960 W
(2640 E)
101
= 350
=
x =
y =
750 W (2850 E)
1,894,410.9 m
1,564,649.5 m
k = 0.9970171
870 17'
14.400"S
1320 14'
52.303"E
y = 1,797,464.051 m
x = 2,222,991.410 m
102
9.
NOTES
103
APPENDIX A
REFERENCE ELLIPSOID PARAMETERS
10.
GENERAL
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
105
44
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APPENDIX B
AX,
10.
GENERAL
10.1 Scop._
This appendix identifies the ellipsoid center shift
transformation parameters used to transform a local geodetic system
to WGS 84.
An identifier, the reference ellipsoid, AX, AY, AZ
shifts, and the estimated errors (0) in the shifts are listed for
each local geodetic system.
20.
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
30.1 Aoolication.
The AX, AY, and AZ shifts are used for datum
transformations using the three-step method discussed in section
6.3, and shown by equation sets 6.3 and 6.4.
accuracy unknown.
***
++
+++
&
107
1963.
accuracy unknown.
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APPENDIX C
DATUM LIST
10.
GENERAL
20.
of countries and
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.
This section is not applicable to this appendix.
30.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
30.1 Apl.
The intended use of this appendix is to establish a
table of countries or geographic areas for quick reference to their
respective datum.
129
TABLE C-I
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
DAT
Afganistan
Herat North
Alaska
1983
Alberta
1983
Antigua
Argentina
Campo Inchauspe,
South American 1969
Ascension Island
Australia
Austria
European 1950,
Bahama Islands
Cape Canaveral,
North American 1927
Bahrain Island
Baltra, Galapagos
1979
Islands
Bangladesh
Indian
Barbados
Barbuda
1984
(cont'd)
TABLE C-I
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
DAT
Belgium
European 1950
Belize
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Corrego Alegre,
British Columbia
Brunei
Timbalai 1948
Burkina Faso
Adindan
1983
Point 58
Burundi
ARC 1950
Caicos Islands
Cameroon
Adindan
Minna
Canada
Canal Zone
Canary Islands
1983
TABLE C-I
(cont'd)
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
DATUM
Caribbean
Caroline Islands
Central America
Chatham Island
Chile
Cocos Island
Colombia
Bogota Observatory,
1983
PS Chile 1963
CONUS
Costa Rica
Cuba
Cyprus
European 1950
1983
TABLE C-1
(cont'd)
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
DATUM
Denmark
European 1950
Diego Garcia
Djibouti
Aybella Lighthouse
Dominican Republic
1983
East Canada
1983
Easter Island
Ecuador
Eftate Island
Bellevue
Egypt
European 1950
Old Egyptian
El Salvador
England
Erromango Island
Bellevue (IGN)
1983
(IGN)
1983
TABLE C-1
(cont'd)
Countries and Their Associated Datums
.COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
DATUM
Eritrea
Massawa
Santo (DOS)
Ethiopia
Adindan
Federal Republic of
Germany (before 1990)
European 1950
Federal States of
Kusaie 1951
1965
Micronesia
Finland
European 1950,
Florida
Cape Canaveral
North American 1927,
France
European 1950
Gabon
M'poraloko
Ghana
Leigon
Gibraltar
European 1950
1979
1983
TABLE C-1
(cont'd)
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
DAT
DOS 1968
Graciosa Island
Graciosa Base SW
Grand Canyon
Greece
European 1950
Greenland (Hayes
Peninsula)
Guadacanal Island
Gux 1 Astro
Guam
Guam 1963
Guatemala
Guinea-Bissau
Bissau
Guinea
Dabola
Guyana
Hawaii
1983
1969
Old Hawaiian
North American 1983
Honduras
1983
(cont'd)
TABLE C-1
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
DAT
Hong Kong
Iceland
Hjorsey 1955
India
Indian
Iran
European 1950
Iraq
European 1950
Ireland
European 1950,
Isle of Man
Israel
European 1950
Italy
European 1950
Iwo Jima
Jamaica
Japan
Tokyo
Johnston Island
Jordan
European 1950
Kalimantan Island
(Indonesia)
Gunung Segara
Ireland 1965
TABLE C-1
(cont'd)
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC ARE
DATU
Kauai
Old Hawaiian
North American 1983
Kenya
Arc 1960
Kerguelen Island
Korea
Tokyo
Kuwait
European 1950
Lebanon
European 1950
Leeward Islands
Liberia
Liberia 1964
Luxembourg
European 1950
Madagascar
Tananarive Observatory
Madeira Islands
Mahe Island
Mahe 1971
Malawi
Arc 1950
(cont'd)
TABLE C-i
Countries and Their Associated Datums
DAT
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
Malaysia
Maldives,
Timbalai 1948
Republic of
Gan
Mali
Adindan
Malta
European 1950
Manitoba
Marcus Islands
Marshall Islands
Mascarene Island
Reunion
Masirah Island
(Oman)
Nahrwan
Maui
Old Hawaiian
1983
Micronesia
Kusaie 1951
Midway Island
Mindanao Island
Luzon
1983
TABLE C-1
(cont'd)
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
DAT
Montserrat
Morocco
Merchich
Namibia
Schwarzeck
Nepal
Indian
Netherlands
European 1950,
Nevis
New Brunswick
1983
New Foundland
1983
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Point 58
Nigeria
Minna
Northern Ireland
Ireland 1965
Northwest Territories
Norway
European 1950,
1979
1979
1983
TABLE C-1
(cont'd)
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREIA
DAT
Nova Scotia
Oahu
Old Hawaiian
1983
Tokyo
Oman
Oman
Ontario
Paraguay
Chua Astro,
Peru
Philippines
Phoenix Islands
Graciosa Base SW
Pitcairn Island
Portugal
European 1950
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
1983
TABLE C-i
(cont'd)
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC ARE
DAT
Qatar
Qatar National
Quebec
Salvage Islands
Sao Braz
Graciosa Base SW
Sao Braz
Timbalai 1948
Sardinia
Saskatchewan
Saudi Arabia
1983
1983
European 1950,
Nahrwan
Scotland
European 1950,
Ordnance Survey of
Adindan
Shetland Islands
European 1950,
Ordnance Survey of
TABLE C-i
(cont'd)
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
DATUM
Sicily
European 1950
Singapore
Kertau 1948,
Somalia
Afgooye
South Africa
Cape
South Chile
South Greenland
Qornoq
Spain
European 1950,
Sri Lanka
Kandawala
St. Kitts
Sudan
Adindan
Sumatra Island
Djakarta (Botavia)
(Indonesia)
Surinam
Zanderij
Swaziland
Arc 1950
South Asia
1979
(cont'd)
TABLE C-1
DAT
COUNTRY/GEOGRAPHIC AREA
Sweden
European 1950,
1979
Switzerland
European 1950,
1979
Syria
European 1950,
1979
Taiwan
Hu-Tzu-Shan
Tanzania
Arc 1960
Tasmania Island
Terceira Islands
(Azores)
Graciosa Base SW
Tern Island
Thailand
Indian
Naparima,
Tristan da Cunha
Tristan Astro
Tunisia
Carthage
Nahrwan
Uruguay
Yacare
1984
(cont'd)
TABLE C-1
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/QEOGRAPHIC AREA
Venezuela
Vietnam
Indian
Virgin Islands
Puerto Rico
Indian
Wales
Ordnance Survey of
Great Britain 1936
Wake Atoll
Western Europe
European 1950
West Malaysia
Kertau 1948
1983
Yukon
1983
Zaire
Arc 1950
Zambia
Arc 1950
Zimbabwe
Arc 1950
APPENDIX D
WFS 84 Geoid Separation Computation
10.0
GENERAL.
10.1 Scope.
This appendix provides the bilinear method for
interpolating geoid separation and WGS 84 Geoid Separations on a
100 x 100 grid. These separations are expressed in meters.
20.
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
a 0 + ajX + a 2 Y + a 3 XY
(D.1)
Where
NP(0,1)
Geoid Separation
a 0 = N,
a,
a 2 =N
a
N1
= N2 -
x=
- N,
N1 + N 3 - N 2 - N 4
(0
(02
01)
145
(N)
to be interpolated at Point
N((
0)Ns(
N4,0)
0 X2,
N(
N(Or
X)
N2(01, X2
Figure F-I Coordinate System Associated with
Geoid Seperation Bi-Linear Interpolation Method
NwGs 84 values are tabulated on a 10' x 100
30.2 NwGS e4 Tables.
The values in Table D.1 are suitable for use
grid in Table D.1.
Qualified
in moderate accuracy mapping and charting applications.
on
84
values
users may obtain digitally-stored tables of NWGS
30' x 30' and 10 x 1 grids for survey and high accuracy mapping
and charting applications.
146
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APPENDIX E
Seven-Parameter Geometric Datum Shifts
10.
GENERAL
Scope.
This appendix provides the data needed to perform
seven-parameter geometric datum shifts between two local geodetic
systems and WGS 84.
10.1
20.
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
30.1 A-plication.
Table E-1 lists the coverage area, ellipsoid
applicable to the local geodetic system, ellipsoid center shifts
(AX, AY, AZ), axes rotations (8, AV, (0), and scale factor change
(AS) for use in seven-parameter
geometric
datum shifts between
two local
geodetic
systems
and WGS
84.
The
root-mean
square differences
between Doppler-derived WGS 84 geodetic
coordinates and WGS 84
coordinates, computed from local system
coordinates using the seven-parameter model, are provided as an
indication
of
the
datum
shift
consistency.
149
TABLE E.1
DATUM:
EUROPEAN 1950
COVERAGE AREA:
ELLIPSOID:
Western Europe
International
AX = -102 m
AY= -102 m
C = 0.413"
DATUM:
AZ =-129 m
0) = 0.385"
V = -0.184"
AS = 2.4664 x 10-6
RMS DIFFERENCES
A0 = 2 m
(EUR-M)
A=
3 m
AH = 2 m
COVERAGE AREA:
England,
Isle of Man,
and Wales
ELLIPSOID:
AX = 446 m
8 = -0.945"
Airy
Ay =-99 m
V
AZ = 544 m
(0 = -0.435"
= -0.261"
AS = -20.8927 x 10-6
AX= 2 m
150
= 1 m
APPENDIX F
Old Hawaiian Datum with International Ellipsoid'
10.
GENERAL
10.1 Scope.
This appendix provides the information needed to
shift coordinates between the Clarke 1866 and International in the
Old Hawaiian datum.
20.
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
30.1 Backaround.
Positions on the Old Hawaiian datum may be on
either the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid or the International ellipsoid.
Users of Old Hawaiian datum positions must determine which
ellipsoid applies. Datum shift parameters from Old Hawaiian datum
to WGS 84 have been determined only for the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid.
Old Hawaiian datum coordinates on the international ellipsoid must
be converted to the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid before being shifted to
WGS 84.
The conversion between International and Clarke 1866
ellipsoids has been defined in terms of UTM coordinates.
Geodetic
latitude and longitude must be converted to UTM before changing
ellipsoids.
Height conversions should not be attempted as no
conversion method is available.
30.2 ApDlication.
To convert Old Hawaiian datum UTM coordinates
on the International ellipsoid (EIN, NIN) to UTM coordinates on
the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid (EC66 , Nc 66 ) use:
In UTM Zone 4
Ec 6 6 = EIN
NC6 6 = NINT -
3
169
(I.l)
In UTM Zone 5
Ec 6 6 = EIN
+ 13
Nc66 = NINT -
(1.2)
169
151
In
(1.3)
3
169
UTM Zone 5
(1.4)
13
EINT = Ec 6 6 -
= 1570
25.610"W
58'
Convert
OINT,
XINT
to UTM:
Zone = 4
b.
EINT=
606,428
NINT =
2,358,722
c.
2,358,553
19' 37.425"N
58' 25.631"W
d.
e.
Shift
OC66,
three-step method.
152
for example,
the
(OWGS 84 =
XWGS 84 =
153