1.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

2.

The particle theory of matter states that matter is made up of a large number of tiny and discrete
particles.

Particle Theory of Matter:

Matter is made up of a large number of tiny and discrete particles.

Types of Particles

1.

Particles can exist as atoms, molecules or ions.

2.

Atom is the smallest, indivisible particle of an element.

3.

Molecules are particles that made up of two or more atoms.

4.

Ions are particles that carry charge.

a.

Positive ion Cation

b.

Negative ion - Anion

Element And Compound

Matter can be divided into elements and compounds.

Elements
1.

An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.

2.

Element can be either atoms or molecules.

Example:

(Both the iron and oxygen are element because they consist of only one type of atoms)

Compounds
1.

A compound is a substance composed of molecules made up of atoms of two or more elements.

2.

A compound is made up of either molecules or ions.

Example:

(Both the sodium chloride and carbon dioxide are compound because they consist of more than one type
of atoms)

What is Diffusion?
1.

Diffusion is a process of spreading of a substance from a region of high

concentration to a region of low concentration.

2.

It occurs when the particles of the substance move through the space
between the particles of another substance.

3.

Figure below shows how the bromine particles diffuse into the air.

4.

Diffusion occurs in solid, liquid and gas.

5.

The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and lowest in solid.

6.

Diffusion is the proof of the particle theory of matter.

MUST KNOW!

The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and lowest in solid.

Diffusion is the proof of the particle theory of matter.

Diffusion in Solid

Diffusion in Solid

Observation

The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate fills up the

entire test tube after a few days
Copper(II) sulphate crystals are made of copper(II) ions and
sulphate ions which are tiny and discrete.
The particles in the copper(II) sulphate crystal will separate
to become ions and diffuse randomly upwards until the whole
agar turns blue.

Diffusion in Liquid

(Diffusion in Liquid)

Observation
The purple colour of potassium manganate(VII) fills up the entire
test tube after a few hours
Diffusion has taken place in the liquid.
The rate of diffusion of the particles in water is faster than
the diffusion rate of particles in solid.
The occurrence of diffusion proves that potassium
permanganate(VII) consist of tiny and discrete particles

Diffusion in Gas

(Diffusion in Gas)

Observation
The brown colour bromine vapour spreads evenly throughout the
gas jar in a few minutes
Bromine vapour is made of tiny and discrete molecules that
move randomly to fill up space.
Bromine vapour moves randomly and diffuses in all
directions in air from areas of higher concentration to areas of
lower concentration.

Conclusion
The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and lowest in solid.

Brownian Motion

1.

Brownian motion is the physical phenomenon that tiny particles immersed in a fluid move about
randomly.

2.

A fluid can be a liquid or a gas.

3.

Brownian movement, an example of diffusion, supports the kinetic theory of matter.

4.

Examples of Brownian movement are

a.

movement of smoke particles in air

b.

movement of pollen grains in water

Symbol Of Elements
A symbol of element is the chemical symbol written in short form to represent a particular element. Some
elements are represented by the first letter of its name.

Examples:

Element
Fluorine
Hydrogen
Iodine
Nitrogen
Oxygen

Symbol
F
H
I
N
O

Element
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Carbon
Vanadium

Symbol
P
S
C
V

If there are two or more elements that have mane start with the same alphabet letter, a second letter is
added to differentiate between these elements. The second letter used is always lowercase.

Examples:

Elements
Bromine
Calcium
Chlorine
Chromium
Magnesium
Manganese
Neon

Symbol
Br
Ca
Cl
Cr
Mg
Mn
Ne

Elements
Nickel
Silicon
Helium
Argon
Aluminium
Zinc
Platinum

Symbol
Ni
Si
He
Ar
Al
Zn
Pt

Some elements are represented by their Latin names.

Example:

Elements
Copper
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Potassium
Silver
Sodium
Tin

Latin Name
Cuprum
Ferrum
Plumbum
Hydrargyrum
Kalium
Argentum
Natrium
Stannum

Symbol
Cu
Fe
Pb
Hg
K
Ag
Na
Sn

(Notes: You MUST Memorise the symbol for all these 31 elements)