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E X A M P L E
The stress distribution in a solid shaft has been plotted along three
arbitrary radial lines as shown in Fig. 510a. Determine the resultant
internal torque at the section.
56 MPa
50 mm
56 MPa
56 MPa
50 mm
56 MPa
(a)
(b)
Fig. 510
Solution I
T (50 mm)
56 N/mm2
(9.82 106) mm4
T 11.0 kNm
Tc
;
J
Ans.
Solution II
The same result can be obtained by finding the torque produced by the
stress distribution about the centroidal axis of the shaft. First we must
express t = f1r2. Using proportional triangles, Fig. 510b, we have
ksi 2
t 568N/mm
=
r 50
mm
2 in.
1.12 N/mm2
This stress acts on all portions of the differential ring element that has an area
dA = 2pr dr. Since the force created by t is dF = t dA, the torque is
dT dF (dA) (1.12)2 d 2.24 3 d
For the entire area over which t acts, we require
T
250
1
3 3
# in.6 Nmm
d dr
2.24
r4 b `
T2.24
= 8pr
= 8pa
= 101
11.0kip
10
4
0
0
0
50
11.0 kNm
Ans.
E X A M P L E
5.2
The solid shaft of radius c is subjected to a torque T, Fig. 511a.
Determine the fraction of T that is resisted by the material contained
within the outer region of the shaft, which has an inner radius of c>2 and
outer radius c.
Solution
The stress in the shaft varies linearly, such that t = 1r>c2tmax, Eq. 53.
Therefore, the torque dT on the ring (area) located within the lightershaded region, Fig. 511b, is
c
2
(a)
T =
Fig. 511a
max
Fig. 511
r3 dr
c>2
So that
(b)
2ptmax 1 4 c
=
r `
c
4
c>2
c
2
2ptmax
c
T =
15p
tmax c3
32
(1)
Tc
Tc
=
J
1p>22c4
or
tmax =
2T
pc3
15
T
16
Ans.
E X A M P L E
5.3
1250 kNmm
3000 kNmm
a
T
x
(b)
(a)
Fig. 512
Fig. 512b
Solution
Internal Torque. The bearing reactions on the shaft are zero, provided
the shafts weight is neglected. Furthermore, the applied torques satisfy
moment equilibrium about the shafts axis.
The internal torque at section aa will be determined from the freebody diagram of the left segment, Fig. 512b. We have
Mx = 0;
# in. - 30
# in. - T =T 0 0 TT = 12.5
# in.
42.5 kip
kipkNmm
4250
kNmm
3000
1250kip
kNmm
Fig. 512c
A
1.89 MPa
Tc
1250 kNmm 75 mm
B
1.89 N/mm2 1.89 MPa
J
4.97 107 mm4
Ans.
0.377 MPa
75 mm
(c)
Ans.
15 mm
5.4
E X A M P L E
200 mm
Solution
C
80 N
300 mm
B
(a)
My = 0;
Fig. 513a
80 N
200 mm
80 N
300 mm
Section Property. The polar moment of inertia for the pipes crosssectional area is
p
J = [10.05 m24 - 10.04 m24] = 5.80110-62 m4
2
Shear Stress. For any point lying on the outside surface of the pipe,
r = co = 0.05 m, we have
(b)
x
Fig. 513b
to =
ti =
= 0.276 MPa
E
T
(c)
Fig. 513
40 N # m10.05 m2
Tco
= 0.345 MPa
=
J
5.80110-62 m4
Ans.
And for any point located on the inside surface, r = ci = 0.04 m, so that
80 N10.3 m2 + 80 N10.2 m2 - T = 0
T = 40 N # m
D=
0.345 MPa
40 N # m10.04 m2
Tci
= 0.276 MPa
=
J
5.80110-62 m4
Ans.
E X A M P L E
5.5
A solid steel shaft AB shown in Fig. 514 is to be used to transmit 3750 W
from the motor M to which it is attached. If the shaft rotates at v = 175 rpm
and the steel has an allowable shear stress of allow 100 MPa, determine the
required diameter of the shaft to the nearest mm.
Fig. 514
Solution
The torque on the shaft is determined from Eq. 510, that is, P = Tv.
Expressing P in Newton-meters per second and v in radians/second,
we have
P 3750 Nm/s
v =
Thus,
P = Tv;
1/3
Ans.
E X A M P L E
5.6
The maximum torque that can be applied to the shaft is determined from
the torsion formula.
Tc
tmax =
J
T10.021 m2
5011062 N>m2 =
1p>22[10.021 m24 - 10.015 m24]
T = 538 N # m
Applying Eq. 511, the frequency of rotation is
P = 2pfT
9011032 N # m>s = 2pf1538 N # m2
f = 26.6 Hz
Ans.
5.7
E X A M P L E
The gears attached to the fixed-end steel shaft are subjected to the torques
shown in Fig. 520a. If the shear modulus of elasticity is 80 GPa and the
shaft has a diameter of 14 mm, determine the displacement of the tooth P
on gear A. The shaft turns freely within the bearing at B.
Fig. 520a2
TCD = 130 Nm
TAC = 150 Nm
150 Nm
Fig. 520a1
40 Nm
D
280 Nm
C
150 Nm B
P
100 mm
150 Nm
280 Nm
0.5 m
0.3 m
0.4 m
(a)
Solution
TCD = -130 N # m
TDE = -170 N # m
TDE = 170 Nm
40 Nm
150 Nm
280 Nm
These results are also shown on the torque diagram, Fig. 520c.
Angle of Twist. The polar moment of inertia for the shaft is
p
J = 10.007 m24 = 3.77110-92 m4
2
Applying Eq. 516 to each segment and adding the results algebraically,
we have
T (Nm)
(b)
Fig. 520b
Fig. 520c
1+150 N # m210.4 m2
TL
fA = a
=
JG
3.77110-92 m4[8011092 N>m2]
+
150
1-130 N # m210.3 m2
1-170 N # m210.5 m2
0.4
130
= -0.212 rad
Since the answer is negative, by the right-hand rule the thumb is directed
toward the end E of the shaft, and therefore gear A will rotate as shown
in Fig. 520d.
The displacement of tooth P on gear A is
SP = fAr = 10.212 rad21100 mm2 = 21.2 mm
Ans.
Remember that this analysis is valid only if the shear stress does not
exceed the proportional limit of the material.
0.7
1.2 x (m)
170
(c)
A = 0.212 rad
P
100 mm
sP
A
+x
(d)
Fig. 520
5.8
E X A M P L E
The two solid steel shafts shown in Fig. 521a are coupled together using
the meshed gears. Determine the angle of twist of end A of shaft AB when
the torque T = 45 N # m is applied. Take G = 80 GPa. Shaft AB is free to
rotate within bearings E and F, whereas shaft DC is fixed at D. Each shaft
has a diameter of 20 mm.
75 mm
C
D
1.5 m
T = 45 Nm
A
2m
B
150 mm
(a)
Solution
(M D) z
( TD)x = 22.5 Nm
(MD )y
Dy
Dz
D
Fig. 521a
Internal Torque. Free-body diagrams for each shaft are shown in Fig.
521b and 521c. Summing moments along the x axis of shaft AB yields the
tangential reaction between the gears of F = 45 N # m>0.15 m = 300 N.
Summing moments about the x axis of shaft DC, this force then creates a
torque of 1TD2x = 300 N10.075 m2 = 22.5 N # m on shaft DC.
+
Dx 0.075 m
Fig. 521b
F = 300 N
(b)
Angle of Twist. To solve the problem, we will first calculate the rotation
of gear C due to the torque of 22.5 N # m in shaft DC, Fig. 521b. This
angle of twist is
fC =
1+22.5 N # m211.5 m2
TLDC
= +0.0269 rad
=
JG
1p>2210.010 m24[8011092 N>m2]
Since the gears at the end of the shaft are in mesh, the rotation fC of
gear C causes gear B to rotate fB, Fig. 521c, where
fB10.15 m2 = 10.0269 rad210.075 m2
fB = 0.0134 rad
B = 0.0134 rad
T = 45 Nm
+
Ey
F = 300 N
Ez
0.150 m
B
Fy
Fz
(c)
Fig. 521
We will now determine the angle of twist of end A with respect to end
B of shaft AB caused by the 45 N # m torque, Fig. 521c. We have
fA>B =
1+45 N # m212 m2
TABLAB
= +0.0716 rad
=
JG
1p>2210.010 m24[8011092 N>m2]
E X A M P L E
5.9
150 mm
100 N
150 mm 100 N
50 mm
Solution
900 mm
(a)
Fig. 522a
150 mm
150 mm 100 N
100 N
TAB
Maximum Shear Stress. The largest shear stress occurs in region AB,
since the torque is largest there and J is constant for the post. Applying
the torsion formula, we have
30 103 Nmm (25 mm)
TAB
max
1.22 N/mm2
J
(/2)(25 mm)4
600 mm
(b)
Fig. 522b
150 mm
Ans.
150 mm 100 N
100 N
Angle of Twist. The angle of twist at the top can be determined relative
to the bottom of the post, since it is fixed and yet is about to turn. Both
segments AB and BC twist, and so in this case we have
LBC
TBC dx
TABLAB
fA =
+
JG
JG
0
3
24in.
# in.2
(30
Nmm)(900
mm)
1300
lb 10
12.5x
dx
=
+
JG
JG
JG 0
600
0
50x dx
JG
2
2
2 # 2
27
10lb6 #Nmm
12.5[1242
>2] lb
50[(600)
/2]inNmm2
in2
10 800
=
+
JG
JG JG
JG
# in2 2
3014400
106lbNmm
=
=0.00167
0.00147rad
rad
4 4
3
1p>2211
5500110
lb>in2 2
(/2)(25in.2
mm)
40(103)2 Nmm
900 mm
TBC
24t
x
t = 50 Nmm/mm
(d)
Ans.
Fig. 522d
600 mm
(c)
Fig. 522
5.10
E X A M P L E
Fig. 523a
c2
c
Angle of Twist. Here the polar moment of inertia varies along the
shafts axis and therefore we must express it in terms of the coordinate
x. The radius c of the shaft at x can be determined in terms of x by
proportion of the slope of line AB in Fig. 523c. We have
c1
c2 - c
c2 - c1
=
x
L
x
y
c = c2 - xa
L
B
Thus, at x,
J1x2 =
(a)
c2 - c1
b
L
c2 - c1 4
p
cc2 - xa
bd
2
L
T dx
2T
=
pG
c2 - c1 4
p
a b cc2 - xa
bd G
2
L
f = a
(b)
Fig. 523b
x
L
dx
c2 - c1 4
cc2 - xa
bd
L
c2
A
2T
b
pG
c2 - c1
c2 - c1 3
b cc2 - xa
bd
L
L
L
1
1
2T
a
b a 3 - 3b
=
pG 31c2 - c12 c1
c2
3a
c
c2 c
B
c1
c2 c1
(c)
Fig. 523
f =
Ans.
E X A M P L E
5.11
The solid steel shaft shown in Fig. 525a has a diameter of 20 mm. If it is
subjected to the two torques, determine the reactions at the fixed supports
A and B.
Fig. 525a
A
500 Nm
500 Nm
D
TA
0.3 m
800 Nm
800 Nm
1.5 m
C
B
0.2 m
TB
(b)
(a)
Fig. 525b
Solution
(1)
Compatibility. Since the ends of the shaft are fixed, the angle of twist
of one end of the shaft with respect to the other must be zero. Hence,
the compatibility equation can be written as
fA>B = 0
This condition can be expressed in terms of the unknown torques by
using the loaddisplacement relationship, f = TL>JG. Here there are
three regions of the shaft where the internal torque is constant, BC, CD,
and DA. On the free-body diagrams in Fig. 525c we have shown the
internal torques acting on segments of the shaft which are sectioned in
each of these regions. Using the sign convention established in Sec. 5.4,
we have
1TA + 500 N # m211.5 m2
TA10.3 m2
-TB10.2 m2
+
+
= 0
JG
JG
JG
or
(2)
1.8TA - 0.2TB = -750
Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 yields
TA = -345 N # m
TB = 645 N # m
TB
TB
TA + 500
TA
TA
(c)
Fig. 525
Ans.
The negative sign indicates that TA acts in the opposite direction of that
shown in Fig. 525b.
TA
500 Nm
E X A M P L E
5.12
The shaft shown in Fig. 526a is made from a steel tube, which is bonded
to a brass core. If a torque of T 250 Nm is applied at its end, plot the
shear-stress distribution along a radial line of its cross-sectional area.
Take Gst 80 GPa, Gbr 36 GPa.
Fig. 526b
Tbr
B
Tst
20 mm
A
T = 250 Nm
1.2 m
10 mm
x
(a)
(b)
250 Nm
Fig. 526
Solution
(1)
=
4 4
4 4
mm)
(10in.2
mm)
]80(10332) kip>in
N/mm22
(/2)[(20in.2
1p>22[11
-10.5
]11.4110
Tbr
brL
44
1p>2210.5
in.2 5.20110
kip>in22
36(103)32N/mm
(/2)(10 mm)
Tst 33.33 Tbr
(2)
(br)max
4.63 N/mm2 4.63 MPa
(/2)(10 mm)4
For the steel, the minimum shear stress is also at this interface,
242.72 N m 103 mm/m 10 mm
(st)min
10.30 N/mm2 10.30 MPa
(st)max
20.60 N/mm2 20.60 MPa
(/2)[(20 mm)4 (10 mm)4]
The results are plotted in Fig. 526c. Note the discontinuity of shear
stress at the brass and steel interface. This is to be expected, since the
materials have different moduli of rigidity; i.e., steel is stiffer than brass
1Gst 7 Gbr2 and thus it carries more shear stress at the interface.
Although the shear stress is discontinuous here, the shear strain is not.
Rather, the shear strain is the same for both the brass and the steel. This
can be shown by using Hookes law, g = t>G. At the interface, Fig. 526d,
the shear strain is
4.63 N/mm2
0.1286(103) rad
G 36(103) N/mm2
10.30 MPa
Fig.
526c
20.60
MPa
0.1286(103) rad
4.63 MPa
max
20 mm
10 mm
Shearstress distribution
Shearstrain distribution
(c)
(d)
E X A M P L E
5.13
The 6061-T6 aluminum shaft shown in Fig. 529 has a cross-sectional
area in the shape of an equilateral triangle. Determine the largest
torque T that can be applied to the end of the shaft if the allowable
shear stress is allow 56 MPa and the angle of twist at its end is
restricted to fallow = 0.02 rad. How much torque can be applied to a
shaft of circular cross section made from the same amount of
material? Gal 26 GPa.
Solution
T
60
1.2 m
56 N/mm2
tallow = 3 ;
a
(40 mm)3
T 179.2(103) Nmm 179.2 Nm
Also,
40 mm
fallow
Fig. 529
3
46T(1.2
m)(10in.>ft2
) mm/m
46T14 ft2112
0.02 rad =
44
63
2 2
11.5
in.2 [3.7110
] ]
(40 mm)
[26(10 2) lb>in
N/mm
T 24.12(103) Nmm 24.12 Nm
46TL
= 4 ;
a Gal
Ans.
1
11.5
in.211.5
(40 mm)
(40sin
sin602
60)
2
c 14.850 mm
pc2 =
56 N/mm2
;
tallow =
J
(/2)(14.850 mm)4
T 288.06(103) Nmm 288.06 Nm
fallow =
TL
;
JGal
3
T(1.2
m)(10in.>ft2
) mm/m
T14 ft2112
0.02 rad =
44
1p>2210.557
in.2 [3.7110
lb>in2]2]
(/2)(14.85 mm)
[26(1036)2 N/mm
Ans.
T 33.10(103) Nmm 33.10 Nm
5.14
E X A M P L E
rm
Average Shear Stress. The mean area for the tube is A m = pr2m.
Applying Eq. 518 gives
tavg =
(a)
Fig. 531a
max
p 4
1r - r4i 2
2 o
p
= 1r2o + r2i 21r2o - r2i 2
2
J =
avg
rm
avg
Ans.
We can check the validity of this result by applying the torsion formula.
In this case, using Eq. 59, we have
Actual shearstress
distribution
(torsion formula)
T
T
=
2tA m
2ptr2m
p 2
1ro + r2i 21ro + ri21ro - ri2
2
p
Since rm L ro L ri and t = ro - ri, J = 12r2m212rm2t = 2pr3mt
2
Trm
Trm
T
so that
tavg =
=
=
3
J
2prmt
2ptr2m
=
Ans.
Average shearstress
distribution
(thin-wall approximation)
(b)
Fig. 531
TL
TL
ds
=
ds
2
4A mG C t
41pr2m22Gt C
The integral represents the length around the centerline boundary, which
is 2prm. Substituting, the final result is
f =
TL
2pr3mGt
Show that one obtains this same result using Eq. 515.
Ans.
5.15
E X A M P L E
The tube is made of C86100 bronze and has a rectangular cross section
as shown in Fig. 532a. If it is subjected to the two torques, determine
the average shear stress in the tube at points A and B. Also, what is the
Fig.
532aat E.
angle of twist of end C? The tube is
fixed
35 Nm
B
25 Nm
A
3 mm
E
B
60 mm
25 Nm
D
5 mm
1.5 m
(b)
3 mm
40 mm
60 Nm
Fig. 532b
60 Nm
0.5 m
(a)
60 Nm
Solution
60 Nm
(c)
Fig. 532c
57 mm
Am
Ans.
35 mm
(d)
Fig. 532d
2.92 MPa
1.75 MPa
A
(e)
Fig. 532
E X A M P L E
5.16
A square aluminum tube has the dimensions shown in Fig. 533a.
Determine the average shear stress in the tube at point A if it is subjected
to a torque of 85 Nm.Also compute the angle of twist due to this loading.
Take Gal 26 GPa.
Fig. 533a
60 mm
10 mm
1.5 mm
85 Nm
60 mm
10 mm
(a)
Solution
Am
tavg =
# ft112
3
8585lbNm
T
(10in.>ft2
) mm/m
=
= 163
psi N/mm2
1.7
2
2tA m
210.5
in.216.25 inmm
2 2)
2(10 mm)(2500
Ans.
Since t is constant except at the corners, the average shear stress is the same
at all points on the cross section. It is shown acting on an element located
at point A in Fig. 533c. Note that tavg acts upward on the color-shaded face,
since it contributes to the internal resultant torque T at the section.
50 mm
(b)
Fig. 533b
A
1.7 MPa
=
f =
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
3
2
(10
in.2 mm)
4A mG C t
416.25
in mm
2 [3.80110
2 lb>in
] ]C 10.5B
4(2500
) [26(10
) N/mm
-1
4 -3
2 in1
= 0.206110
0.196(10
) mm
(c)
Fig. 533
ds
C
Here the integral represents the length around the centerline boundary
of the tube, Fig. 533b. Thus,
Ans.
E X A M P L E
5.17
A thin tube is made from three 5-mm-thick A-36 steel plates such that
it has a cross section that is triangular as shown in Fig. 534a. Determine
the maximum torque T to which it can be subjected, if the allowable
shear stress is tallow = 90 MPaFig.
and
the tube is restricted to twist no more
534a
than f = 2110-32 rad.
T
200 mm
200 mm
3m
T
200 mm
(a)
Solution
60
ds
TL
4A 2mG C t
T13 m2
ds
4117.32110-32 m22[7511092 N>m2] C 10.005 m2
300.0 = T
ds
C
The integral represents the sum of the dimensions along the three sides
of the center-line boundary. Thus,
300.0 = T[310.20 m2]
T = 500 N # m
Ans.
Am
200 mm
(b)
Fig. 534
5.18
E X A M P L E
20 mm
(a)
Fig. 537
Solution
T =30 Nm
30 Nm
(b)
Fig. 537b
2140 mm2
D
=
= 2
d
2120 mm2
max
6 mm
r
=
= 0.15
d
2120 mm2
= 3.10 MPa
Actual shearstress
distribution caused
by stress concentration
(c)
Fig. 537c
tmax = K
Tc
;
J
tmax = 1.3 c
30 N # m10.020 m2
1p>2210.020 m24
d = 3.10 MPa
Ans.
E X A M P L E
5.19
The tubular shaft in Fig. 542a is made of an aluminum alloy that is
assumed to have an elastic-plastic tg diagram as shown. Determine (a)
the maximum torque that can be applied to the shaft without causing
the material to yield, (b) the maximum torque or plastic torque that can
be applied to the shaft. What should the minimum shear strain at the
outer radius be in order to develop a plastic torque?
50 mm
30 mm
Solution
T
Maximum Elastic Torque. We require the shear stress at the outer fiber
to be 20 MPa. Using the torsion formula, we have
(MPa)
tY =
20
(rad)
0.286 (10 3 )
(a)
2011062 N>m2 =
TYc
;
J
TY10.05 m2
TY 3.42 kN m
Ans.
The shear-stress and shear-strain distributions for this case are shown
in Fig. 542b. The values at the tubes inner wall are obtained by
proportion.
Plastic Torque. The shear-stress distribution in this case is shown in
Fig. 542c. Application of Eq. 523 requires t = tY. We have
0.05 m
0.05m
1
[2011062 N>m2]r2 dr = 125.6611062 r3 `
Tp = 2p
3
0.03 m
0.03 m
#
Ans.
= 4.10 kN m
Fig. 542a
50 mm 12 MPa
20 MPa
30 mm
Outer Radius Shear Strain. The tube becomes fully plastic when the
shear strain at the inner wall becomes 0.286110-32 rad, as shown in
Fig. 542c. Since the shear strain remains linear over the cross section,
Elastic shearstress distribution
the plastic strain at the outer fibers of the tube in Fig. 542c is determined
by proportion;
0.286110-32 rad
go
=
0.286 (10 3) rad
50 mm
30 mm
go = 0.477110-32 rad
Ans.
3
0.172 (10 ) rad
Fig. 542c
20 MPa
Elastic shearstrain distribution
(b)
0.286 (10 3 ) rad
Fig. 542
Plastic shearstress distribution
E X A M P L E
5.20
(MPa)
75
0.0016
0.008
(rad)
(a)
Solution
0.6 =
gmax11.5 m2
10.02 m2
Y = 0.0016 rad
max = 0.008 rad
20 mm
Shearstrain distribution
(b)
Y=
20 mm
Fig. 543b
Y = 4 mm
Shearstress distribution
(c)
Fig. 543
Ans.
75 MPa
E X A M P L E
T
5.21
Fig. 546a
c i = 25 mm
co = 50 mm
A tube is made from a brass alloy having a length of 1.5 m and crosssectional area shown in Fig. 546a. The material has an elastic-plastic tg
diagram, also shown in Fig. 546a. Determine the plastic torque Tp. What
are the residual-shear-stress distribution and permanent twist of the tube
that remain if Tp is removed just after the tube becomes fully plastic?
G 42 GPa.
Solution
(MPa)
Plastic Torque. The plastic torque Tp will strain the tube such that all
the material yields. Hence the stress distribution will appear as shown in
Fig. 546b. Applying Eq. 523, we have
Tp = 2p
co
tYr2 dr =
ci
(rad)
0.002
(a)
84 MPa
Tp
(b)
Fig. 546b
52.26 MPa
(c)
= 104.52 MPa
2
(84 N/mm2)[(50 mm)3 (25 mm)3] 19.24(106) Nmm Ans.
3
When the tube just becomes fully plastic, yielding has started at the
inner radius, i.e., at ci 25 mm, gY = 0.002 rad, Fig. 546a. The angle of
twist that occurs can be determined from Eq. 525, which for the entire
tube becomes
3
10.002215
(0.002)(1.5ft2112
m)(10in.>ft2
mm/m)
L
0.120
fp = gY =
= 0.120
rad rad
g l
ci
11
in.2
(25
mm)
Then Tp is removed, or in effect reapplied in the opposite direction,
then the fictitious linear shear-stress distribution shown in Fig. 546c
must be superimposed on the one shown in Fig. 546b. In Fig. 546c, the
maximum shear stress or the modulus of rupture is computed from the
torsion formula
tr =
Tpco
J
6
# in.212(50in.2mm)
1175.9 kip
19.24(10
) Nmm
104.52
=
14.93
ksi N/mm2 104.52 MPa
=
4 4
in.24 4 -11
] ]
(1p>22[12
/2)[(50 mm)
(25in.2
mm)
i (104.52
MPa)
52.26
ti = 114.93
ksi2a
b =7.47
ksiMPa
502 mm
in.
From Fig. 546a, G Y/
Y 84 N/mm2/(0.002 rad) 42(103) MPa, so
that the corresponding angle of twist fp upon removal of Tp is therefore
Fig. 546c
(d)
31.74 MPa
20.52 MPa
fp =
Residual shearstress distribution
Fig. 546
2p
tY1c3o - c3i 2
3
84
6 #
3
in.215(1.5
ft2112
in.>ft2
1175.9 kip
19.24(10
) Nmm
m)(10
mm/m)
0.0747
rad b rad i
=
4
4
3 2 = 0.0747
4
4
(/2)[(50 in.2
mm) -11
(25
mm)
]42(10
) N/mm2
JG
1p>22[12
in.2
]6000
kip>in
TpL
Ans.