Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A. General Considerations:
2. It is a self-limiting condition:
b. The host immune status influences the severity and course of the disease.
3. It is a zoonotic disease.
Important Facts
Dermatophytosis is a self-limiting condition but it may take months to resolve
spontaneously.
It is a zoonotic disease.
B. Cause:
1
4. Arthrospores on hairs.
Important Facts
Zoophilic (e.g. Microsporum canis) and geophylic (e.g. Microsporum gypseum)
organisms account for most cases of dermatophytosis in cats and dogs.
Most cases of dermatophytosis in animals will be associated with an ectothrix
parasitism.
2. Microsporum and Trichophyton genera are responsible for 90% of all clinical
cases.
4. The infection is more common when animals are housed in conditions of poor
sanitation and overcrowding, e.g. “puppy mills”, pet shops, catteries.
2
Important Facts
Dermatophytosis is overdiagnosed.
Microsporum canis accounts for at least 80% of the isolates in cats and dogs.
Younger and immunosuppressed animals are predisposed to infection.
D. Transmission:
2. Animal to man (most common) and man to animal transmission can occur.
Important Facts
The main modes of transmission include: direct contact with infected host, fomite, or
contaminated environment.
Remember! Fungal spores can remain viable on the environment for years.
Remember! Asymptomatic carries (especially cats) can serve as reservoir of infection.
E. Pathophysiology:
1. The dermatophyte must invade keratin of the stratum corneum and/or hair.
5. Infection induces the hair to enter telogen. Then the infection resolves in that
hair. But by that time it has spread to a neighboring hair.
3
6. Clinical signs associated with dermatophytosis are reflections of the host’s
response to the fungus.
7. Inflammation expels fungus from that hair and infection spreads peripherally.
Important Facts
Well adapted species (e.g. Microsporum canis) will induce minimal inflammation.
Less-well adapted species (e.g. Microsporum gypseum) will induce marked
inflammation, which will cause more discomfort to the animal but may help reduce
the duration of the infection.
Inflammation expels fungus from the hair.
Incubation periods vary from 4 to 40 days.
F. Immunology:
Important Facts
Cell – mediated immunity is most important for the animal’s protection against infection.
G. Clinical Signs:
1. Canine Dermatophytosis:
4
1. The “classic” lesion is a circular patch of alopecia characterized by
broken stubby hair, scaling, and mild erythema. Lesion appears to be
spreading outward, often with a central healing.
Important Facts
1. Kerions:
Important Facts
5
Kerion is a nodular lesion resulting from the severe inflammatory reaction induced
by the fungus present in the dermis.
2. Onychomycosis:
2. Feline Dermatophytosis:
c. Clinical Signs:
4. Pseudomycetomas:
6
a. Subcutaneous nodules with draining tracts and grains.
5. Check the immune status of cats with the generalized form (FeLV,
FIV).
Important Facts
Most cases in cats are associated with alopecia, crusting and scaling localized to the
head and ears.
Pruritus can be present but, it is rare.
Remember! Cats can be asymptomatic carriers.
Pseudomycetomas are characterized by subcutaneous nodules with draining tracts and
grains due to dermatophyte infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It is
most commonly seen in Persians.
H. Diagnosis:
e. Color seen: apple-green on hair shaft. Be sure that the hair root (portion
present inside the follicle) also fluoresces.
7
f. False positive results can be caused by: medications on hairs; scales. The
false positive fluorescence is not apple-green.
i. The wood’s lamp is useful to select suspected hairs for fungal culture.
a. Wet scalpel blade with water (if using KOH) or apply some mineral oil to
the scalpel blade. Scrape the periphery of the lesions or;
b. Pluck hairs (with roots) with a small hemostat. Be sure to select broken
hairs.
1. 10% KOH; let stand for 30 min. or gently heat for 15 to 20 seconds.
4. Samples can also be examined using just mineral oil, if not a lot of
scales are present.
d. Examine under low power for “sick” hairs, then examine at 40X.
8
1. Use coverslip.
e. Ectothrix spores form on outside of hair shaft – they are very refractile
balls and are not pigmented.
9
f. Hyphae can be found from skin and hair samples.
Important Facts
A negative direct examination does not rule out dermatophytosis!
Accurate sample collection increases your chances to find the organisms.
Pluck the abnormal hairs (broken) located at the periphery of the lesion.
Samples can be visualized using 10% KOH or simply mineral oil (if not a lot of
scales present).
Look for spores and/or hyphae parasitizing the outside of the hair shaft (ectothrix).
a. Specimen Collection:
2. Skin:
3. Nails:
10
a. Difficult to culture.
4. Kerions, pseudomycetomas.
b. Deposit the sample firmly (do not imbed) on the culture media.
g. Media:
11
3. Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM):
b. Pick up the surface of the colony with a clear acetate tape. Spread
on glass slide flooded with lactophenol cotton blue. Add more
lactophenol cotton blue; add a coverslip.
12
Important Facts
Use the same technique previously described to collect samples for direct
examination. However, do a dry scraping (do not put water or oil on your scalpel
blade).
Keep your media plate at room temperature and examine it daily for fungal growth.
Visible fungal growth occurs in 7 to 14 days if the animal has not been treated.
However, it may take up to 3 weeks before any growth can be seen. So, wait at least
3 weeks before giving a negative result.
Dermatophytic colonies are white or light tan in color, saprophytic colonies are
usually pigmented (green, black).
Examine all colonies under the microscope for the characteristic features of the fungal
macroconidia.
1. Topical:
a. Single Lesions:
a. Clip affected area a few inches beyond the edge of the lesion.
13
b. Miconazole (Conofite), clotrimazole, cuprimyxin, haloprogin,
cyclopirox, povidone-iodine, thiabendazole.
b. Multiple Lesions:
1. Dilute to 0.2%.
c. Chlorhexidine 2% - 25 or 50 ml/liter.
e. Chlorhexidine shampoo.
Whole body dip is a good adjuvant therapy for cases associated with multiple lesions.
Lime sulfur and enilconazole have been shown to have better effect than the other
topical products
14
2. Systemic:
a. Griseofulvin:
3. Adverse reactions:
a. It is teratogenic.
b. With the exception of vomiting (divide BID and give with food),
nausea, and diarrhea, signs of toxicity are rare.
2. Angioedema.
3. Ataxia.
4. Depression, fever.
4. Dose:
b. Ketoconazole:
c. Itraconazole:
3. More expensive.
3. Length of Therapy:
16
a. Until one negative culture is obtained.
Important Facts
Remember! Cats can develop bone marrow suppression with griseofulvin. FIV cats
are more susceptible. Perform a CBC every 2 weeks.
a. Vacuum thoroughly.
b. Steam cleaning will not kill fungal spores unless bleach is added.
g. Clean vents.
Important Facts
Always recommend treating the environment!
17
Under ideal environmental condition, fungal spores can survive in the environment
for more than 1 year!
c. Isolate cattery.
2. Repeat monthly.
h. Preventive measures:
18
1. Isolate and culture all new cats.
6. Fungal Vaccines:
Important Facts
So, be sure to perform a fungal culture after treating a case with fungal vaccine.
19
20
21